Strength Test: 3D Prints VS Wood
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 15 พ.ค. 2024
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I tested different types of wood and 3D printing material for their strength and stiffness. Which is the best and what's the strongest and stiffest material?
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Chapters
00:00 Introduction
01:35 Material Selection
05:15 Stress (MPa) vs Load
06:44 Sponsor
08:06 Bending Tests
11:02 Machining the hook samples
13:28 Hook Tests
15:45 Summary
#3dprinting #wood #strengtest
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Howard huges built an entire plane out of wood that could fly a tank's. so you are right. They do and have used wood in plane's
Are you "Shtephan" or "Stephan"?
I'd avoid 100% infill. If you want solid, I suggest use 1000 parameters. prints faster, AND stronger too.
hey, im in a project that takes plastic water bottles, and turns them into filament. Its called re-creator 3d and we have a discord as well. I'm reaching out in behalf of josh the owner to see if you want to work with us. We also plan on selling a kit down the line to help make it easy to recycle yourself. think you would be willing to reach out to set something up?
@@odeball22 Well, sorta. They used a product called Duramold. You can think of Duramold as a kind of advanced plywood maybe even approaching something like layered fiberglass. Wood was layered and molded, impregnated with phenolic resins and pressed into shape. It was an advanced material for its day and outperformed aluminum in many ways. So yes, it was wood. But it was more than that too.
I love the engineering lessons integrated into these videos.
Fun fact, wood can have similar specific properties as some metals such as aluminum and steel. While I was cursing a subject about aerospace structures at college, I learnt that if wood is used properly it can match or surpass some AL alloys, regarding its specific properties, but due to the lack of permeability and effects of moisture, low heat resistance, it loose its place in planes in the 1930-1940.
there exist transparent wood, fire resistant wood, non propagant fire wood , immersible wood ( some naturally , or after industrial treatment ) ...
i mean, we have a much larger choice of woods than 70 y ago. also, we understand them better, and have set stress tests ...
I'd not say it looses it place in aircraft that early - for me wood only really becomes very rare in aircraft once composites come in as well, for military use wood certainly lasted longer than you suggest, as the first flight of the de Havilland Mosquito wasn't until 1940, and was still in service in the 60's if memory serves... Its not the only wooden aircraft in more recent decades either - really wood in flight only dies when aircraft design requirements tend to either stupidly large or stupidly light - so its probably not even gone now somebody is bound to be building a wooden aircraft, its just rarely used as composites can be made easier and stronger/lighter for the scale and flight profiles that wood might get used.
Many types of wood have great strength to weight ratios, but it cannot hold up to harsh environments the way aluminum can.
my guess is you were attending a course or following a course, because... cursing... means swearing at, using negative connotation words including but not limited to obscene, politically incorect, naming bad names and mentioning certain obscure dark beings that God has casted away from heaven and for some damn reason they decided to come here to bother us.
@@severpop8699 Given how fed up I am already with academic life and as glad as I am that it's finally ending, at 1st I didn't even consider it a typo but then later it did come to mind.
Nice testing! Perhaps two things to note with the engineered wood products:
The hook test does not load the materials in the direction the sheet goods were engineered to be strong in. Sure, they can take some load in that direction, but they're mostly designed for the type of loads seen in the bend test. If they ever see what I guess would amount to a shear load across the sheet when used in construction, you've got a huge mechanical advantage due to the size of the sheet, so even when the material itself is (relatively) weak, it will still easily be hold up.
Also, especially with OSB and the finer particle board: When used in construction, due to the larger sheet size they're used in, the strong sections will support individual weak spots across the whole area of the sheet, so it's really just the strong sections that determine their overall strength. However, with the small 9x9 samples in the bend test, you'll always capture at least one weak spot, so in that testing, it's exclusively the weak spots that determine their strength.
I'm not so sure that's how it works. A large sheet has a large cross section and can therefore handle large bending loads. A 9x9 piece has a smaller cross section so naturally it can only handle a smaller load. The ratio between load vs the cross sectional should roughly be the same since the mechanical properties (tensile strength) of the wood does not change.
@@OU81TWO true, if it were a homogeneous material.
Gotta agree with Thomas. Producing let's say a 2mm x 2mm stick is totally doable for polymers and any solid timber, but such a stick made of almost any of the many fibre boards would not possibly even stay as one piece to begin with. Does it mean the material is infinitely worse as the part breaks apart on it's own? Or course not.
Not that I'm a fan of fibre boards, they suck up moisture and deform over time. Low grade furniture makers love it - makes for self-disassembling stuff that creates need for new furniture.
@@jaakkopontinen "Does it mean the material is infinitely worse as it breaks apart on its own?"
That's exactly what it means. The mechanical properties of the material usually tells you that up front. There's no real need for testing. It's the first thing you look at when selecting a material to do a specific job. As an example...
Particle board tensile strength = 145psi
White oak tensile strength = 768 psi
PLA tensile = 7250 psi
Compressive strengths comparisons however are closer.
White Oak = 7440 psi
PLA = 13400 psi
A 2mm x 2mm stick of wood is not as strong as a 2mm x 2mm stick of PLA. It doesn't matter the size or the shape. PLA has higher tensile, compressive, and shear strength so a given shape will always be stronger in comparison.
@@OU81TWO Thank you. Though I feel you missed the "infinitely" part of what I wrote. There's a gradient. Only truely infinitely worse material for a job is no material at all. There's a reason I used the word - it was to show the existence of the gradient, not to actually place any other material on the gradient.
Congratulations on the new studio. I'm not surprised by the results. Wood is a remarkable material due to its cellulose fibers. What's really interesting is the super wood created by Liangbing Hu at the University of Maryland. He removes much of the lignin and hemicellulose in a boiling solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphite, then compresses and heats the material. This increases the stiffness by up to 20x, and the strength under compression by 50x. The density is 3x higher.
Thanks, gotta find out more about that stuff. Interesting!
Is that the stuff that NileRed tried recreating?
@@taj1994 who? I don’t know who that is.
@@JonS He does chemistry videos. I'll see if I can find the video again
@@JonS th-cam.com/video/CglNRNrMFGM/w-d-xo.html
Looking forward to your review of X1 Carbon. Can't wait for mine to arrive.
I wonder if you could possibly get your hands on some lignum vitae wood or another one of similar density to compare. I recently got to hold a piece of one and it almost feels like plastic
bot
Or lignofol, lignoston its modified wood used to produce mechanic parts like gears, sliders etc.
I would love to see layer adhesion versus grain adhesion tests
At 0:42 you have a X1 cabon. I would like to know what you think about the machine.
I'm surprised at how well the polymers did in comparison. Great idea to include the birch plywood and the particle boards. Maybe add solid oak/birch into the mix as well? They would obliterate spruce in these applications :)
Yeah, that's good idea! I'd also like to add particle boards filled with epoxy. I bet MDF + epoxy will perform really good (being also super easy to work, waterproof and super cheap for DIY makers).
Your videos are always amazing Stefan. So much hard work to create a thorough and complete video. Thank you.
Congratulations, my friend. I've seen that the theoretical background and standardization of your tests has improved a lot! Great video!
Love the new shop! Looks great! Really interesting to see those test results and how, even off axis, some of the wood performed quite well!
Brilliant analysis Stefan. Interesting outcomes for sure
Thanks, Stefan! I’m always learning with your videos!
My open pull machine is working very well!
I do like it a lot when you do the explanation of the stress measuring unit !
Thank you for doing all of this hard work.
Awesome work as always, Stefan! Congrats on the new studio space! Looks fantastic!
Thanks! Really looking forward to showing more of it.
I love your new workshop/studio!
Cool stuff Stefan. Love the comparison to different materials then polymers.
Your video is always professional and amazing, thank you for giving us good watching time!
Great video. Yes, I'd love to see more tests, especially regarding different infill percentages in comparison to different infill patterns! Cheers and thanks for sharing.
He's made videos on that subject before.
Love your videos since about two years ago. And they just keep getting better. Love it. 😻😻😻
Thanks! Highly appreciated. 😍
One thing that would be interesting is to try the bending test on the multiplex again, but with it rotated 90deg, so the force is in line with the glue layers instead of across it. It might alter the results, or it might not, but it would still be interesting to see the results.
Always a pure moment of interest and pleasure : CNCkitchen is a nice/perfect mix of science and fun. 🖖👌👍
We dont deserve your dedication !!! Thank you very much for all this work.
My pleasure!
I love that the new Studio really is a Kitchen!!
Hopefully with the new place you can upload more! Love your videos!
That was an excellent analysis, thanks for sharing! Super interesting results, some fit what we 'know' and others maybe not so much.
Harder woods would be interesting, in addition to testing with the grain compared to layer adhesion in the FDM prints. For that matter, throwing in some resin prints would also be interesting, in both orientations.
Seconding this! Soft woods are good for carpentry, but when you compare to 3d-printing it is more about joinery/cabinetry
And especially interesting is maple, not so much because it is popular, but for having a weak direction not just perpendicular to the grain, but also perpendicular to the growth rings, unlike most woods, breaking alonggrowth rings.
resin prints orientation is irrelevant, thank God.
Mathias Wendel has a series on testing wood strength. th-cam.com/video/MBfzDEgfA0I/w-d-xo.html
@@severpop8699 With the right curing type and a good resin, it shouldn't matter, but it's still a fact that layer adhesion in resin printing is a variable.
Nah , hardwoods glue poorly and blunt your tools. The efficiency loss makes them totally inappropriate for prototyping.
Strength to weight is also inappropriate. You can cut out marine ply with a Japanese detail saw in seconds in complex shapes. Doing that with hardwood is impossible. The saw will blunt, Teeth too fine. I'm not a carpenter but I build 20m hardwood fences, retaining walls and furniture on my cabinet saw. As well as using marine ply for prototyping.
Another important use for OSB is where moisture is potentially present and you want the surface to be able to "breathe" and not trap the moisture (eg building walls). The voids are an asset in this case.
I'm afraid this is nonsense. OSB is a vapour barrier. It barely allows any vapour through. It is a scandal waiting to happen that it is used on the outside of timber frames, and thousands of houses have been demolished already because of this stupidity. I am an architect, and have been rpedicting this problem for 20 years now. OSB sheathing should be used on the INSIDE of the frame (in countries where space heating is required), not the outside.
@@MikeAG333 Incorrect.
@@DD-DD-DD Thanks for that well thought out and comprehensive rebuttal. I can point you to the studies. I am 100% correct. OSB is less vapour-open than plywood.
@@MikeAG333 I dunno, man, it's a convincing argument
@@SavageGerbil What is?
If you want the easy to read version, look up greenbuildingadvisor osb vapour resistance. The article there refrences a PhD project which examined this subject more carefully than anyone else has done. At some humdity levels OSB is three times as vapour resistant as marine plywood. It can be used as a vapour barrier, without any plastic. Anyone who knows that and uses OSB on the outside of a frame is a fool.
Fascinating comparison. Thanks! PLA/PETG strength comes out looking good against wood, especially where weight is not a concern.
Great video over the testing!
Nice video Stefan!
Really interesting to see this. Thank you for all the hard work testing and collecting data! I'm hoping to make something akin to the universal testing machine for combat bot impact testing someday soon. I really admire the data driven approach to testing strength of materials.
Oh hey, it's this guy.
Fancy seeing you in the wild.
I figure I might as well ask what you think of the Bambu Lab X1 Carbon seeing as how you run your printing business
Fantastic data, as always. Thank you so much for putting in the work to study all these things, Stefan. We all benefit from your data!
I’d love to see some comparisons of the different fill options available in filaments, like carbon fiber or glass fiber. Most of these are just powder, so I wouldn’t expect much of an actual change, but perhaps some of the fiber filaments available do actually have some longer fibers and it would be nice to see the results. It would also be pretty great if you could convince someone with one of those Markforged continuous CF printers to make you some of your standard test specimens and add those into the mix!
What an Extraordinary video it is!!
Depends on the time of day for me! Very interesting video!!
Great video as always
Great tropic
I would have loved to see Siebdruckplatten. This was super helpful. Thank you so much!
This was such an interesting video and it would be cool to see more orientations
Love your new Intro.
Haven't even finished this video, and already I know its good!
This was very cool and somewhat reinforced what I thought about these materials but also I learned quite a bit. I would absolutely love to see tests about wood material's layer adhesion
Yes, me too! 👍
Excellent study. I can't say I'm surprised though. I grew up building model planes out of balsa, and I've never been able to match (or exceed) the strength/weight except with an epoxy glass/cf composite.
Used properly balsa, spruce, and similar woods, can provide an amazingly strong structure with minimal weight. It's even better when used to create plywoods tuned for the application.
I used to use a five ply laminate of 1/32" balsa for fins on rockets. It was much lighter than the recommended 1/8" plywood but was also stiffer and plenty strong. The trick was to construct the layup with the grain aligned for normal bending, and to protect against torsion.
Lots of work though. It's much easier to just 3D print it if you can get away with it!
Stefan, I'm a huge fan of your videos. It would be great to see a comparison of some of the more robust materials like nylon and polypropylene compared to wood. It surprises me how well PLA and PETG compared to wood. Good video. Thanks for the engineering analysis of these materials! You provide great info!
The only downside is that you almost have to sell a kidney to buy larger quantities of Multiplex - for example the 12mm version went from 9€/m² in 2019 to almost 34€/m² in Mid-2022.
Well, that's why you've two of them!
Always interesting, entertaining, and educational.
As always this is great content, thank you! A few things that I would have liked included in this is the price per gram, as you opened by talking about the rising cost of wood. Also a consideration or notation of the test environment ambient temperature. By comparison the wood will greatly outperform filament as temperatures rise.
I would love to see a cost and strength comparison of Balsa vs light weight filaments like LW-PLA & LW-ASA.
i like you're new studio! it looks so organized!
Thank you! Let's see where the organization goes when I moved everything in 😅
Congratulations and best wishes for new studio! Nature is far forward on technology way and is reference for all new technical implementation, especially in mechanics. Acute and curious eyes like yours notice that wherever they land.
Excellent video thank you sir!
really great video and nice new studio
I wanted to let you know, that whenever you release a video, it makes my day better, because I know your videos are well drive and original, and I know I'll learn something.
Thanks! Highly appreciated.
I just got into woodworking, and was wondering if I could use 3d printed tools to substitute common (but complex) shop-made wooden hand tools. This video came in just in time! Thanks again for the science, Stefan!
Oh wow, it looks like you have an actual cnc kitchen now. Good job, man.
I like the educational aspect. Keep that in future videos
My goal is always to trick you into learning at least a tiny bit 😅
Someone's got that Bambu X1 carbon going to work! Guessing there will be a review from you coming up?😁 love your videos so looking forwrad to it
The natural wood samples broke exactly where I would have expected, the point where the grain was weakest
Great vid! I would be very interested in wood layer adhesion =)
Yes, me too! 👍
Really nice methodology used in this video :)
For the bending strength test, it would be interesting to see the strengths of all the materials when they're put on their sides. I think multiplex plywood might have been even stronger.
I was looking for a comment like this.
Amazing work
Of course Stefan has a Bambu X1 testing model LOL, Can't wait to get mine!
Amazing results! Thanks so much! I am curious how CF reinforced nylon would perform in these tests
Putting that CNC in the CNC Kitchen I see :)
Hi Stefan. Great test and something that I've been very interested in. Just curious how many samples you used for each specimen/test? If you already mentioned it in the video then I must have missed it - sorry. Keep up the good work.
Stefan, I love your videos for your thoroughness of testing and explanations! I have to ask though, how does a brilliant guy like you, not have a mount for your shop-vac hose on your router? I got a great laugh watching you hold the vacuum :) Danke for the great videos. Tschüss.
very cool. i love these videos im always a little surprised at the results
A nice objective test as usual, thank you! However the sheet materials (MDF, ply, particleboard) are best used in shear with edges constrained so without taking anything from this series of tests - it would be interesting to see the results when the deflection load it applied parallel to the grain. This of course highlights the advantages of composites. How would a honeycomb PLA core and a single veneer skin perform for instance?
Finally, the CNC kitchen has an actual CNC kitchen
Nicely done. Did you use baltic birch plywood? Would also have been interesting to see solid hardwood speciments.
Great video as usual. Would be interesting to see if different machining techniques impact the strength. Cnc router compared to laser cutter
Interesting study. It would interesting to see how hardwoods such as oak, maple, ash, walnut, etc. perform.
harder to carve, maybe his miling machine is unable to carve them ... or would take longer time.
Also these materials compared to carbon composites
Overall a very interesting video with lots of solid data. That said, it would be interesting to see how homemade balsa-plywood (various layer counts bound by epoxy resin) would perform compared to the plywood you tested as it would gain multiple grain directions for the hook test, but still be very light weight.
Thanks a lot for using MPa on the tests, as it makes it comparable to literally anything, you can check it against metals, the filament's claims, anything tested correctly can be compared.
awesome testing, really interesting to see! Hope you do more ;) Too bad plywood is extremely expensive right now.
Some wood/bamboo filaments would be interesting to see as well, have always been interested in thermal resistance but never found any research
what I liked was that the results really showed the strengths of the different materials especially the hooks. what surprised me was that the spruce performed better than the plywood
cnc kitchen:but wood is getting more expensive
me waiting for strength per dollar chart:
Being very familiar with wood and using it as a go to material, this actually opened my eyes a bit to using printed parts in more applications where I normally would use wood as the printed parts are likely to be plenty strong enough for my purposes
I saw that bambu lab x1 carbon in the one shot in the beginning. Hope you do a video on it soon
Great Video Stephan!
What is that Filament Rack you are using? I am currently looking for one and that looked very cool!
This is a great base line for the materials used I would find it interesting to compare this to intentionally maximizing the usage of materials. Like intentionally designing the infill to eliminate weak points maybe using an infill pattern to spread the forces involved to a larger area of the hook. Or designing your own plywood to maximize hook strength based on grain structure for the Spruce or Balsa.
Very interesting, useful and thorough analysis. Thank you!
I would have thought a big advantage of the 3d printed parts is that they’re pretty much unaffected by water. MDF is pretty terrible to start with, and when it gets wet just collapses. I’d be interested to see how carbon fibre and glass fibre compare. It would also be interesting to try bamboo, as used for scaffolding in Asia, and the engineered type which appears everywhere nowadays - flooring, chopping boards …
Very interesting. The density was an interesting factor to add. What would’ve been even more interesting to me - would’ve been the cost per sample (although sometimes that’s hard to calculate)
A great follow-up test would also look at the bending stiffness of multiplex birch when rotated 90 degrees, so that it is not being bent in the “sandwich stack” direction
Nice testing. The results are pretty much what I expected but my formal education is in the field of engineering. I have also built several aircraft, one was a glider out of spruce and plywood and another was the first man-rated aircraft to fly with a carbon fiber spar; a two seat aircraft using foam core composite construction. I have also designed and constructed many boats both large and small. Some used foam core composite construction and some were mainly plywood. The largest was a high performance 55 foot plywood motor yacht. Both wood/plywood and foam core composite construction lend themselves to one-off DIY building including high performance man carrying aircraft and relatively large boats. None of my major projects were 3D printed of course.
As it turns out, plywood construction using a certain amount of wood framing (all protected by a light covering of fiberglass cloth set in epoxy resin) is hard to beat for DIY builders who want to construct strong, stiff, and long lasting boats (even large ones) without investing in expensive tooling. These home built boats nearly always out perform typical factory built fiberglass boats especially when cost is a consideration. The primary reason is because wood is such a great engineering material which can be worked by using relatively simple tools.
Foam core composite construction is pretty good for too, but it's generally more expensive, more work, the materials are a little bit nasty, and fiberglass is not as nice to work with when compared with wood.
Full disclosure: When I need a soap dish, I always use my 3D printer.
Definitely would like ot see more materials especially for engineered components
Great video! I'd like to see the test done with oak, ash, and hard maple to see how they perform. Bubinga and ebony would probably do best but their cost is very high.
Very informative test, though I pretty muck knew that particle board was the reject material. I was also surprised to find PLA beating pretty much everything else in the test, and was expecting PETG to do better than it. Let's get some metrics on nylon and ABS/ASA if we haven't already.
I would like to see also an ABS/ABS+/ASA samples, they're quite lighter than PLA and seems to have quite a good bonding in heated chamber.
Agree. Would like to see the results of ABS and ASA.
Gotta love nature's Carbon Fiber!
A few times I've printed figurines hollow and filled them with Portland Cement for weight (don't forget to vibrate the bubbles out).
I would be interested to see how this and maybe other mixed materials do on your tests.
Very interesting video. Thanks you very much !!!!
Just a thought, (as an aircraft homebuilder) I would love to see a comparison of layered fiberglass and perhaps also carbon fiber blocks made into hooks (different strand orientations and weaves, maybe also mat)
Good job with this.
Thanks!
Great video!
This was fascinating, thank you. The multiplex showed its strength by design, so I wonder what would happen if you layered a 3D printed part in a similar way; laminating alternating layers of vertically and horizontally printed parts to make a super-strong part. Perhaps going further and making it a snap-together design instead?
I've also wondered what would happen if you printed a hollow hook or with little gyroid infill and filled the parts with ... something. Resin? Epoxy? Plaster? Fine PLA dust and then heat-cured? Hot glue?
Multiplex is great but not optimal if you consider its (high) weight. It's the shell that counts - there you want high tensile strength. The stuff on the inside is (mostly) under compression so it needs to be rigid to hold the outer shell in place and prevent it from buckling. Have a look at aerospace composite panels: high-strength composite on the outside and a light "spacer" core from aluminium or phenolic paper honeycombs...
I'd love to see some hardwood tests.
Very interesting, I was not expecting spruce to do so good!
Now I kinda wonder how fancier woods like oak would fare...
Thank you for explaining your methods and choices of incremental measurement units. It always confused me somewhat and i'm happy to now be on the same page. Great video....cant wait for my X1 Carbon Combo to get here and kill off some XL waiting jitters!!
I see a Pink Floyd fan right here, love the band