Curious if you are aware of the main reasons REEs were not extracted much in the US? The amusing answer is thorium. Most REEs, particularly the ones with the heavier (more protons) REEs are found with a lot of thorium, usually on the order of single-digit percent levels. This naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) could not legally be disposed of, and resulted in considerable legal risk (ie expensive), so the materials extraction and purification was taken over by China. Recently (~10 years) there has been a migration to other countries getting back into this as it was recognized. If/when we get thorium nuclear reactors taking off, this waste full of liabilities will become fuel instead. There are a number of videos discussing REEs and thorium on YT.
I feel like Thorium reactors are further away than nuclear. The Manhattan project cost 24b$ inflation adjusted. A Thorium reactor would probably require some 500bn$ government project these days to make it viable. (That or another way of making a bomb from them). That would already get a whole lot of other proven electricity generation methods or investments in storage technology and implementation that I doubt it would readily happen. I feel like the only private investors that could make it happen outside governments would be Elon Musk...
my tinfoil hat guess is strategic reserves, my less tinfoil hat is environmental concerns. you can't really mine without a huge environmental impact, and that is of large social concern in this country. Why do it yourself when you still get a fair price from foreign production, and none of the messy cleanup. The real answer is probably labor costs. china just does it cheaper, and canada produces some but I think that is a biproduct.
"Rare earth" of our silicon age is roughly equivalent to tin in the bronze age. Relatively rare, and much rarer large scale deposit sites, it needed a complex trading system to circulate it to numerous Empires at the time, but when noumerous problems arrive (may be it for enviromental, political, sea people, etc), straining it to destruction. It only accelerates the collapse of the era of bronze.
Ooops, small mistake: The scintillator crystals in PET scans do not receive the positrons, but the gamma rays created when the positrons annihilate with electrons in our body. So proud to know one subtle detail better than this amazing guy…
@@xavierdemers-bouchard2747 I've noticed him putting some very dry humor in his more recent videos. Glad he's having fun with it, it certainly gives me a chuckle.
When he talked about the D shrinking I suspected he was making a diameter joke. When he said the follow-up comment I was certain he was making a diameter joke.
People in general don’t know how complex our supply chains are. A war could easily shut down all industries due to lack of a few critical materials or components. No country is self sufficient in the world today.
Thats why a countries best way to defend its self is not building more rockets, rather integrate their economies globaly so they become crucial for other's survival and intrests.
For people who think disconnecting our economies from the wider economy will save us, good luck with that. It’ll take decades to pull that off and you’ll be much poorer because of it
In the optical communications industry, Erbium is used extensively as a doping material in the core of an optical fiber to provide the necessary gain in the low attenuation wavelength range. The so-called Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is by far the most common type of optical amplifier for wavelengths around 1550 nm. Other rare earth materials are used for different wavelengths as well (e.g. ytterbium)
I collect physical rare earth elements. They're very interesting. Gadolinium is magnetic just like steel, but only in warm weather, on cooler days it's no longer magnetic, but if you hold it in your hand for a while, boom it's magnetic again!
Semiconductor Industry Association: "Rare Earths - Rare earths used in memory, logic, and analog are largely sourced in China, and the primary rare earths of concern include lanthanum, cerium and scandium. Lanthanum is used in the fabrication of logic devices of 14nm and below technology. Cerium is consumed to produced ceria slurry critical for advanced semiconductor production. Scandium is used in an aluminum-scandium alloy piezoelectric film critical for RF filters and other sensors." SIA, Risks in the Semiconductor Manufacturing and Advanced Packaging Supply Chain (March 15, 2021)
Had yttrium coated chambers in dry etch and our TEL chambers had fixxed magnets driven on a ring to stir plasma and applied had electromagnetic coils that stir plasma via coil energizing. Excellent meal for thought thank you
In the early days of colour TV, the red phosphor used on CRT is a Yttrium compound. Prices of Yttrium or Yttrium minerals such as xenotime went through the roof. Malaysian placer tin mining produces "associated" heavy minerals which had little value and hence were dumped. Many mines went back and recovered large quantities of xenotime for a bonanza. I am sure there is still large quantities of xenotime lurking in many old mine sites!
I wish I could say ive gotten smarter watching your videos, but every video I realize how little I know about these brilliant topics you pick and how the detail you go into is way above my head. At the least I can say I an thoroughly entertained and at best I am hopefully getting a bit smarter. Surely though, I am humbled as well as terrified how our everyday lives are dependent on such intricate technology and hard gained knowledge achieved through the work of people who's names are unknown to the many who rely on their acomplishments
@apoco_lips9957 you are not alone I reason that over time I will gain familiarity. It's like leaning another language. Just today I had discussion about PET CT.
Not semiconductors per se, but MLCCs are frequently doped with REEs. It’s the difference between y5v and x7r grade capacitors. Which REEs, how much, etc seem to be a trade secret. Generally speaking, as dopants, REEs are not going to be called out, as their addition is generally secret.
@@nicholasvinen- Y5V is better than Z5U, so not really bad for those who understand the variation of value with temperature for the different materials
Chemical mechanical polishing with CeO2 or colloidal silica or Al2O3 etc is because of the chemical (ph differences in the carrying solution/media leading to slight chemical attack of very small ridges ie scratches) and mechanical from the physical media particles grinding the surface. The pad is just the carrier, albeit different pad knaps (how it is woven) may enhance or suppress the mechanical grinding aspect
The photo for “Semiconductor Laser Wafer Cleaning Visualized” at 4:40 made me laugh and rewind so I could pause and look at it more closely 😂 Your videos are the best man! Everything you talk about keeps me interested and always waiting to come back for more! ❤ Cheers from St. Louis, MO USA 🇺🇸
Erbium is also used for erbium doped fibre amplifiers, which are vital to optical networks and revolutioned it in early 90s, allowing to transmit multiple wavelength channels. Niobium, beyond being used for it superconducting properties (Fermilab uses toroidal shells as radio frequency filters to select the particle energy of a beam, for instance), is also a component of litium niobate (which is a birefringent ferroelectric crystalline material), often used for high performance optical modulators. (not to be fussy, but Lutetium should be pronounced as Lutezium).
I enjoy to range of topics you cover. The supply chain issue is fascinating and has proven to be one of the downsides of globalization, where one company or country rises to dominate a sector giving them tremendous power.
1:03: 💡 Rare earth elements, particularly lanthanides, are essential for various industries including semiconductors. 3:17: 💡 Rare earths play critical roles in modern technology, including laser cleaning in semiconductor fabrication. 6:04: 🔬 Plasma material processing and rare earth elements in the semiconductor industry. 9:39: 🔦 Rare earth elements play a crucial role in the production of white color LEDs and silicon photonics. 12:28: 💡 Rare earth elements are not significantly present in semiconductor manufacturing, but they play a crucial role in equipment used for production and in adjacent areas like optoelectronics and silicon photonics. Recap by Tammy AI
Would be nice to fund scaled research to look at tailing refinement. Nice piece. Modern chemists are doing amazing work. The Homestead experiment with Ray Davis & John Bahcall (neutrino flavors) Patterson & Tilton (Pb/lead).
Great video! Especially liked how you mentioned such a broad range of applications. One note: with FinFETs and GAA devices, they are not going away from high-K gate, they are still critical for device performance, manufacturability/yield etc., as you'd need impossibly thin regular SiO2 films to have the same effective performance (gate control). I expect since we're now getting closer and closer to physical size limits, there will be more innovation in materials (due to neccesity), like Pat Gelsinger said: "We are entering a period of sustained, if not Super Moore's Law. We expected to even bend the curve faster than a doubling every two years, and we will not rest until the periodic table is exhausted. We as the stewards of Moore's Law will be relentless in our path to innovate and the magic of silicon. Like I said, Moore's Law is alive very well,"
Great video, I found this topic quite interesting. I think that an Economist would say that the semiconductor industry would likely get the rare earths it needs because it's a high end use of these materials and would be willing and able to pay higher prices. Other lower cost uses of these rare earth elements would likely have to shift to using something else. For instance I suspect if there was a supply chain or tariff issue with China lanthanum electrodes for welders could become too expensive so welders would switch to using other types such thorium.
Honestly, I don't know much at all about the inner workings behind the semiconductor industry. Thank you for this little look, and I look forward to more episodes about rare earths in other industries. God be with you out there everybody. ✝️ :)
The problem is not with the lack of sources of material but with NIMBY: Not In My BackYard. Australia have to send their rare earths overseas for processing because their environmental laws prevent them from processing within their borders. The collective west can keep on saying "mineral of strategic importance" all they want but until the day they recognize that they if they want their ipongs, they need to process hazardous materials within their borders instead of hoping some third world country will do it for them. Why China is in such a dominant position is because they decided that these resources were important enough to justify some sideeffects as the west NIMBY'ed themselves. China just took the opportunity given to them.
earlier this year it was announced that they found a large rare earth deposit in sweden, so europe may actually move in the direction you suggested. but as usual in europe these days (or decades), it's just a reaction to stuff that happens rather than a strategy
Germanium occurs with zinc in many deposits around the world, so it is not difficult to locate supplies. I saw a video where a lump of germanium about the size of a football was in the safe of a semiconductor company and the CEO said there was enough there to keep them producing semiconductors for a century.
@@karhukividepends on what kind of semiconductor. You would need a lot of them in high power applications. Like radars and sonars, lidars, super chargers for electric cars...etc. They would need to process millions of tons other metals in order to get them. all the chemicals that involved are part of other industries too. It took China over 30 years to gain the current capacity and all the related industries in order to extract them at current capacity.
Warehouse farming are starting to switch to white LED instead of the traditional blue & Red LED, if we actually get a real upgrade to fission reactors like Thorium Molten Salt Reactor the feasibility of warehouse fram's wii increases and put greater demand on white LED sources.
Small note. Van der Waals forces, are pronounced with a German/Dutch V on that W. Just like the first letter in English. Yes it’s dumb that we mix it like that. But it is the way it is. 😂
Erbium is even more key in optoelectronics as it used to make the optical fiber amplifiers used in long haul fiber links (e.g. deep sea). Also why the dye laser as the thumbnail?
Since the semicondutor photonics video I've looking for a superconducting semiconductors vs photonics semiconductors paper or article comparison. I know, right now, this is all theoretical, but if some research group or companies are investing money in researching these topics then certainly someone tried to compare those two before committing to try to pursue one, right?
He's done plenty of videos on battery technology. None of them use rare earth as far as I'm aware. For example, lithium ion batteries use elements like lithium (which is an alkali metal) and cobalt and manganese (which are transition metals).
13:04 they don’t receive the positrons-positrons annihilate with electrons in the patient. The crystals receive the gamma rays that result from the annihilation.
The effect will be most felt in Europe I imagine. The USA will most likely find a way around this. Indeed, the actions of the US government in provoking the Chinese into making these moves might be really aimed at damaging Europe and making it more dependent on the USA à la natural gas.
Excimer laser's used in photolithography use optical coatings made with Lanthanum Fluoride. Yttrium stabilized silicon nitride is also a good bearing material for harsh environments were conductive metal bearings cannot survive due to electrical arcing or chemical corrosion. I think they started using them on a lot of space craft too. I heard a few very expensive space craft failed due to gyroscopes seizing up when their metal bearings formed pits due to electrical arcing.
A few months ago, Elon Musk tossed off a remark (somewhat lacking in details) about Tesla having developed a permanent magnet with no rare earths (cheaper to manufacture) but exhibiting a stronger magnetic field than rare earth magnets currently used in Tesla motors. He said nothing about how far along this magnet might be towards commercialization. His remark left me with more questions than answers. But if Tesla can commercialize a better permanent magnet at lower cost, there's a sizable market for it, I think, besides its use in BEVs.
Valence electrons, band gaps, it would be great if they were mentioned and importance expanded upon every time these elements come up. That is why they are important right?
The quantity of rare earths needed for lasers and magnets in semiconductor manufacturing can’t be that high on an ongoing basis: they don’t replace the magnets and lasers on a daily basis.
Much better than the simple, "oh supply chains will move" argument presented by FT and WSJ
So much better
What a proper report does. So much effort.
The subtle small dee joke was cute😂
Loved it😂
“Very difficult indeed”, dealing with small Ds 😂
Commenting to feed the TH-cam algorithm
Comments for the comment god!
Agree good content needs the extra support
Feed me Seymour
yum yum
Agreed
Curious if you are aware of the main reasons REEs were not extracted much in the US? The amusing answer is thorium. Most REEs, particularly the ones with the heavier (more protons) REEs are found with a lot of thorium, usually on the order of single-digit percent levels. This naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) could not legally be disposed of, and resulted in considerable legal risk (ie expensive), so the materials extraction and purification was taken over by China. Recently (~10 years) there has been a migration to other countries getting back into this as it was recognized. If/when we get thorium nuclear reactors taking off, this waste full of liabilities will become fuel instead. There are a number of videos discussing REEs and thorium on YT.
Very interesting I didn’t know this, thanks for sharing
I feel like Thorium reactors are further away than nuclear. The Manhattan project cost 24b$ inflation adjusted. A Thorium reactor would probably require some 500bn$ government project these days to make it viable. (That or another way of making a bomb from them).
That would already get a whole lot of other proven electricity generation methods or investments in storage technology and implementation that I doubt it would readily happen.
I feel like the only private investors that could make it happen outside governments would be Elon Musk...
We do not haue a REE shortage in the US. We have a Scientific literacy shortage.
@@rkan2 Thorium reactor research continued in other countries, like India and China, even if the US turned its back on them.
my tinfoil hat guess is strategic reserves, my less tinfoil hat is environmental concerns. you can't really mine without a huge environmental impact, and that is of large social concern in this country. Why do it yourself when you still get a fair price from foreign production, and none of the messy cleanup. The real answer is probably labor costs. china just does it cheaper, and canada produces some but I think that is a biproduct.
4:32 "Things can, indeed, get very difficult for those dealing with small D's" - This made me chucke more than it should have.
"Rare earth" of our silicon age is roughly equivalent to tin in the bronze age.
Relatively rare, and much rarer large scale deposit sites, it needed a complex trading system to circulate it to numerous Empires at the time, but when noumerous problems arrive (may be it for enviromental, political, sea people, etc), straining it to destruction. It only accelerates the collapse of the era of bronze.
Are you suggesting that we're going to have a silicon age collapse?
@@ronmaximilian6953 its a possibility, just seen a similarity between the two.
Ooops, small mistake: The scintillator crystals in PET scans do not receive the positrons, but the gamma rays created when the positrons annihilate with electrons in our body.
So proud to know one subtle detail better than this amazing guy…
Nice 😎👍
Thank you for this video. I myself am dealing with a small D, and it is indeed difficult.
I love how he really sweet that one up so dryly. Like it wasn't a gag at all. So so funny
@@xavierdemers-bouchard2747 Gagging on Small D would not be professional
@@xavierdemers-bouchard2747 I've noticed him putting some very dry humor in his more recent videos. Glad he's having fun with it, it certainly gives me a chuckle.
He has a very dry wit. Very funny.
I'm sorry for that, it can be a hard situation . I mean, one hopes, right?.
4:30 couldn't help yourself could you
When he talked about the D shrinking I suspected he was making a diameter joke. When he said the follow-up comment I was certain he was making a diameter joke.
People in general don’t know how complex our supply chains are. A war could easily shut down all industries due to lack of a few critical materials or components. No country is self sufficient in the world today.
Thats why a countries best way to defend its self is not building more rockets, rather integrate their economies globaly so they become crucial for other's survival and intrests.
@@Faisal-ep3fe You should talk about it with the Russian gov.
For people who think disconnecting our economies from the wider economy will save us, good luck with that. It’ll take decades to pull that off and you’ll be much poorer because of it
@@HanSolo__ First you need to talk to Biden. The whole de-coupling/de-risking start way earlier than the Ukraine war.
@@HanSolo__ He is talking about North Korea.
In the optical communications industry, Erbium is used extensively as a doping material in the core of an optical fiber to provide the necessary gain in the low attenuation wavelength range. The so-called Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is by far the most common type of optical amplifier for wavelengths around 1550 nm. Other rare earth materials are used for different wavelengths as well (e.g. ytterbium)
I collect physical rare earth elements. They're very interesting. Gadolinium is magnetic just like steel, but only in warm weather, on cooler days it's no longer magnetic, but if you hold it in your hand for a while, boom it's magnetic again!
woooooah! that's trippy!!! you would be like magneto!!!
Gadolinium loses its magnetism at higher temperatures, not the other way around
Curie point 20° C or thereby if remember correctly.
Semiconductor Industry Association: "Rare Earths - Rare earths used in memory, logic, and analog are largely sourced in China, and the primary rare earths of concern include lanthanum, cerium and scandium. Lanthanum is used in the fabrication of logic devices of 14nm and below technology. Cerium is consumed to produced ceria slurry critical for advanced semiconductor production. Scandium is used in an aluminum-scandium alloy piezoelectric film critical for RF filters and other sensors." SIA, Risks in the Semiconductor Manufacturing and Advanced Packaging Supply Chain (March 15, 2021)
He mentioned the cerium slurry briefly, but not scandium for piezoelectric films. Interesting!
Had yttrium coated chambers in dry etch and our TEL chambers had fixxed magnets driven on a ring to stir plasma and applied had electromagnetic coils that stir plasma via coil energizing. Excellent meal for thought thank you
In the early days of colour TV, the red phosphor used on CRT is a Yttrium compound. Prices of Yttrium or Yttrium minerals such as xenotime went through the roof. Malaysian placer tin mining produces "associated" heavy minerals which had little value and hence were dumped. Many mines went back and recovered large quantities of xenotime for a bonanza. I am sure there is still large quantities of xenotime lurking in many old mine sites!
I wonder if that would be true for Cornish tin mine waste in the UK.
I wish I could say ive gotten smarter watching your videos, but every video I realize how little I know about these brilliant topics you pick and how the detail you go into is way above my head. At the least I can say I an thoroughly entertained and at best I am hopefully getting a bit smarter. Surely though, I am humbled as well as terrified how our everyday lives are dependent on such intricate technology and hard gained knowledge achieved through the work of people who's names are unknown to the many who rely on their acomplishments
Realizing how little you really know demonstrates you're getting smarter, or at least that's what I keep telling myself...
Very well put.
@@jameswyatt1304I know that I know nothing
@apoco_lips9957 you are not alone
I reason that over time I will gain familiarity. It's like leaning another language.
Just today I had discussion about PET CT.
😮
Not semiconductors per se, but MLCCs are frequently doped with REEs. It’s the difference between y5v and x7r grade capacitors. Which REEs, how much, etc seem to be a trade secret.
Generally speaking, as dopants, REEs are not going to be called out, as their addition is generally secret.
X7R good, Y5V bad.
@@nicholasvinen- Y5V is better than Z5U, so not really bad for those who understand the variation of value with temperature for the different materials
Life can be difficult for those dealing with small Ds WAY-OOH😂
Your channel is packed full of info and you present it very well. Thank you.
Thanks, I've gotten so much smarter watching your content. You're the first person I recommend for this stuff.
Chemical mechanical polishing with CeO2 or colloidal silica or Al2O3 etc is because of the chemical (ph differences in the carrying solution/media leading to slight chemical attack of very small ridges ie scratches) and mechanical from the physical media particles grinding the surface. The pad is just the carrier, albeit different pad knaps (how it is woven) may enhance or suppress the mechanical grinding aspect
The photo for “Semiconductor Laser Wafer Cleaning Visualized” at 4:40 made me laugh and rewind so I could pause and look at it more closely 😂
Your videos are the best man! Everything you talk about keeps me interested and always waiting to come back for more! ❤
Cheers from St. Louis, MO USA 🇺🇸
4:42 Semiconductor laser wafer cleaning visualized. 😆
Thank you for making this video. Such a great diversity of knowledge!
Erbium is also used for erbium doped fibre amplifiers, which are vital to optical networks and revolutioned it in early 90s, allowing to transmit multiple wavelength channels.
Niobium, beyond being used for it superconducting properties (Fermilab uses toroidal shells as radio frequency filters to select the particle energy of a beam, for instance), is also a component of litium niobate (which is a birefringent ferroelectric crystalline material), often used for high performance optical modulators.
(not to be fussy, but Lutetium should be pronounced as Lutezium).
I enjoy to range of topics you cover. The supply chain issue is fascinating and has proven to be one of the downsides of globalization, where one company or country rises to dominate a sector giving them tremendous power.
This channel keeps on giving
Your work is appreciated. Thank you.
Very interesting, as usual! And I love the casually dropped sarcastic jokes here and there ☺!
1:03: 💡 Rare earth elements, particularly lanthanides, are essential for various industries including semiconductors.
3:17: 💡 Rare earths play critical roles in modern technology, including laser cleaning in semiconductor fabrication.
6:04: 🔬 Plasma material processing and rare earth elements in the semiconductor industry.
9:39: 🔦 Rare earth elements play a crucial role in the production of white color LEDs and silicon photonics.
12:28: 💡 Rare earth elements are not significantly present in semiconductor manufacturing, but they play a crucial role in equipment used for production and in adjacent areas like optoelectronics and silicon photonics.
Recap by Tammy AI
I get stoked when i see a new video here!
I never thought I would listen to subtle _D_ jokes on a semiconductor video...
Would be nice to fund scaled research to look at tailing refinement.
Nice piece. Modern chemists are doing amazing work. The Homestead experiment with Ray Davis & John Bahcall (neutrino flavors) Patterson & Tilton (Pb/lead).
Great video! Especially liked how you mentioned such a broad range of applications. One note: with FinFETs and GAA devices, they are not going away from high-K gate, they are still critical for device performance, manufacturability/yield etc., as you'd need impossibly thin regular SiO2 films to have the same effective performance (gate control). I expect since we're now getting closer and closer to physical size limits, there will be more innovation in materials (due to neccesity), like Pat Gelsinger said: "We are entering a period of sustained, if not Super Moore's Law. We expected to even bend the curve faster than a doubling every two years, and we will not rest until the periodic table is exhausted. We as the stewards of Moore's Law will be relentless in our path to innovate and the magic of silicon. Like I said, Moore's Law is alive very well,"
Really interesting. It's always nice when you upload a new video ❤
Great video, I found this topic quite interesting. I think that an Economist would say that the semiconductor industry would likely get the rare earths it needs because it's a high end use of these materials and would be willing and able to pay higher prices. Other lower cost uses of these rare earth elements would likely have to shift to using something else. For instance I suspect if there was a supply chain or tariff issue with China lanthanum electrodes for welders could become too expensive so welders would switch to using other types such thorium.
4:33
Things can get very difficult for those dealing with small "D"s
He didn't even skip a beat... 😂
This channel should have millions of subscribers.
Honestly, I don't know much at all about the inner workings behind the semiconductor industry. Thank you for this little look, and I look forward to more episodes about rare earths in other industries.
God be with you out there everybody. ✝️ :)
You are awesome. And funny.
That time you said "and now I'll talk about x, because I want to" 😅
The problem is not with the lack of sources of material but with NIMBY: Not In My BackYard. Australia have to send their rare earths overseas for processing because their environmental laws prevent them from processing within their borders. The collective west can keep on saying "mineral of strategic importance" all they want but until the day they recognize that they if they want their ipongs, they need to process hazardous materials within their borders instead of hoping some third world country will do it for them.
Why China is in such a dominant position is because they decided that these resources were important enough to justify some sideeffects as the west NIMBY'ed themselves. China just took the opportunity given to them.
That first line could have been the opening for a Caspian reports video
earlier this year it was announced that they found a large rare earth deposit in sweden, so europe may actually move in the direction you suggested. but as usual in europe these days (or decades), it's just a reaction to stuff that happens rather than a strategy
Very cool to see so little use of REMs in manufacturing
Manufacturing of this particular product... semiconductors. They're all over magnets and LEDs as noted.
4:32 Damn, I wasn't expecting to get attacked in this channel.
I forgot how enjoyable these are to watch, on any topic
When are you going to make a video on Applied Material's Centura Sculpta machine?
With China limiting exports of Gallium and Germanium, I expected special attention for those. Perhaps it is an idea to do a more specific deep dive?
Germanium occurs with zinc in many deposits around the world, so it is not difficult to locate supplies. I saw a video where a lump of germanium about the size of a football was in the safe of a semiconductor company and the CEO said there was enough there to keep them producing semiconductors for a century.
@@karhukivi not a big semiconductor company then
@@morganangel340 The amounts of these metals required to make semiconductors is small.
Gallium and Germ. aren't the impactful ones to look out for. I think China is sending this to signal a warning.
@@karhukividepends on what kind of semiconductor. You would need a lot of them in high power applications. Like radars and sonars, lidars, super chargers for electric cars...etc. They would need to process millions of tons other metals in order to get them. all the chemicals that involved are part of other industries too. It took China over 30 years to gain the current capacity and all the related industries in order to extract them at current capacity.
Are high k transistores related to the negative capacitance transistor trick?
Warehouse farming are starting to switch to white LED instead of the traditional blue & Red LED, if we actually get a real upgrade to fission reactors like Thorium Molten Salt Reactor the feasibility of warehouse fram's wii increases and put greater demand on white LED sources.
very informative. thanks
My favorite channel.
I'm looking forward to your video on gallium and germanium.
Small note.
Van der Waals forces, are pronounced with a German/Dutch V on that W. Just like the first letter in English. Yes it’s dumb that we mix it like that. But it is the way it is. 😂
4:32 Mood...
Eye opening as always
Thank you for the content.
Erbium is even more key in optoelectronics as it used to make the optical fiber amplifiers used in long haul fiber links (e.g. deep sea). Also why the dye laser as the thumbnail?
Since the semicondutor photonics video I've looking for a superconducting semiconductors vs photonics semiconductors paper or article comparison.
I know, right now, this is all theoretical, but if some research group or companies are investing money in researching these topics then certainly someone tried to compare those two before committing to try to pursue one, right?
Might not be public
Are there any batteries that use rare earth elements? Have you done any videos on Battery technologies?
He's done plenty of videos on battery technology. None of them use rare earth as far as I'm aware. For example, lithium ion batteries use elements like lithium (which is an alkali metal) and cobalt and manganese (which are transition metals).
I mean there a bunch of rare earth material everywhere, its just hard to get it because the heavier material is in the center of earth or in the sea.
It's silly, but Lutetium is pronounced "Loo-tee-shee-um" (or "Luh-tee-shee-um" in UK)
Another great video!
Love your content Thank you
Regarding a specific chapter, what's your significant takeaway from this video?
@@defeatSpace 🙂 Is there a 'Trophy' with this Teat? 🧐
13:04 they don’t receive the positrons-positrons annihilate with electrons in the patient. The crystals receive the gamma rays that result from the annihilation.
In Response to export restrictions for high end semiconductors to china, china has just restricted export of Germanium and Gallium.
Very cheeky 4:33... I caught that!
Damn your videos are good!
Great Video!
Author very knowledgeable . Impressive . So little I know about our world.
4:32 I see what you did there....
Love this guy
I wonder what the effect of Chinas export ban for Gallium and Germanium would be. Or which industries would be affected.
The effect will be most felt in Europe I imagine. The USA will most likely find a way around this. Indeed, the actions of the US government in provoking the Chinese into making these moves might be really aimed at damaging Europe and making it more dependent on the USA à la natural gas.
once again.. I HAD NO IDEA!!!! - lol - THANK YOU!
I love this channel
4:32 the jokes sometimes write themselves
Why you change between aluminum and aluminium?
Another awesome video
Excimer laser's used in photolithography use optical coatings made with Lanthanum Fluoride. Yttrium stabilized silicon nitride is also a good bearing material for harsh environments were conductive metal bearings cannot survive due to electrical arcing or chemical corrosion. I think they started using them on a lot of space craft too. I heard a few very expensive space craft failed due to gyroscopes seizing up when their metal bearings formed pits due to electrical arcing.
I'm going to sign up to the news letter to see if I get one a week, two a week or one every two weeks.
"things can get difficult for those dealing with small Ds" 😂
Could the logistical and technical nightmare that is the semi conductor industry require the spicy elements 🤔
They name of the force is 'van der Waals'.
A few months ago, Elon Musk tossed off a remark (somewhat lacking in details) about Tesla having developed a permanent magnet with no rare earths (cheaper to manufacture) but exhibiting a stronger magnetic field than rare earth magnets currently used in Tesla motors. He said nothing about how far along this magnet might be towards commercialization.
His remark left me with more questions than answers. But if Tesla can commercialize a better permanent magnet at lower cost, there's a sizable market for it, I think, besides its use in BEVs.
The Thumbnail has a typo...
Lithium is also a strategic element.
What role, if any, does Lithium have in the semiconductor industry?
Thanks.
4:34 That's what she says.
what's that?... It's blue light... what does it do?... It turns blue
Valence electrons, band gaps, it would be great if they were mentioned and importance expanded upon every time these elements come up. That is why they are important right?
The quantity of rare earths needed for lasers and magnets in semiconductor manufacturing can’t be that high on an ongoing basis: they don’t replace the magnets and lasers on a daily basis.
Fascinating
I did not expect a The Wire reference from this channel.
Halfnium oxide is like a 40 degree day. 😂
'So anyway if we turn this into a math equation' Lmao
Anything for a diameter joke!
4:32
"Things can get indeed very difficult for those dealing with small D's"
_Asianometry, 2023_
a gecko would argue otherwise.
Yes
I love your videos
I'm not sure is this still relevant but some rare earth metals was used in lcd and/or touch screens
Commenting to feed the TH-cam algorithm to show me more such content.
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