@@ChatGPT1111 OOoohh god bless you for asking about cats and videos because without cats what hair would we have to eat so god bless cats and hair and god bless god for making cats have hair well there are cats without hair so god bless the weirdos who bred hairless cats and the weirdos who buy them ohhhhhhhoh
yes it is amazing. universe created the most powerful object in existence and it only weighs 3 pounds and you can hold it in your hand. the human brain. we are extraordinary
I'm in IT and worked in a university computing science department, and this is as good an explanation of the past, present, and future of transistors as I have heard.
I became a grad student at UC Berkeley's EECS department in the Fall of 1984. Following my undergraduate degree in electrical engineering and med school, I wanted to know more about semiconductor device physics. I prepared for prelim exams with an undergrad course taught by professor Chenming Hu. He was a superb teacher and communicator. I subsequently learned he is also a superb human being. Professor Hu, if you are out there, this humble medical device scientist is great full for your teaching and the gift of putting to use the FinFET electronics to better manage heart diseases. God speed, professor.
I'm Brazilian, and I graduated in microelectronic processes. Only 7 people graduates in this area per year in Brazil. Later (about 10 years ago), I attended a course on chip design. I'm among the select few who had some education in microelectronics in this country. Needless to say that I never worked in the area. My diploma is gathering dust, and I actually work with software development, where I built a career out of grit and stubbornness. I like to watch your videos, to reminesce about the 5 years of my life that I wasted studying those topics, how even back then the course was hopelessly obsolete, how now my knowledge is about 50 years out of phase with current trends (It was already 30 when I was a student). It was a difficult course, with high turnover, and no hope of employment. I was a fool for going through it. At very least it was State sponsored and I paid nothing.
Semiconductor fabrication, only has industries in Asia region, particularly china taiwan korea.... unless you r in those countries, speak korean or mandarin... if not i do not foresee your country capable of producing any related job for it. Do what ur country,Brazil good at...maybe burn down amazon, be farmer or play soccer...
Yes look into jobs in for example the US. They are building lots of new fabs here in the news recently, I can only imagine people with your knowledge is highly sought after. Doesn't hurt to apply and look into.
Hey I just wanted to tell you how much I enjoy and am informed by your videos - love your choice of topics, sometimes quirky (Venera Program), sometimes highly topical (Hardware for AI) but always insightful. Your level of engagement with the physics and math hits just right for me. Congratulations and best wishes for a prosperous 2023!
My commendations for how you manage to keep these videos both informative AND entertaining. I have no particular skills in CPU or semi-conductor architecture yet I find your videos fascinating. I'm a double STEM grad (physics/finance) so I know how tough it is to make subject matter like this appeal to specialists or students within the field, let alone casual observers like myself. Well done sir!
Thank you for this! I had to smile when you mentioned your father at NSC...that's where I worked first...at their first fab (I don't think we called them that at the time!) in Danbury CT
Very well written and paced, love the narrative! If I can make a suggestion, for those of us viewing at night or on a home projector, it would be great to show article screenshots in dark mode or at least a lower contrast background (something like the warm brown color of parchment) to reduce the sudden switching between graphics / photos / video and the full blast of a 255-255-255 bright white page of paper.
Just want to thank you for making this content! There is not a lot of quality content on the industry I both work and am interested a lot and it's great to have something where I can say, hey I have worked on this or I have seen this or I found that interesting as well. I have shared this channel to so many customers and colleaugues I work with and shared on every unviersity or workshop lecture I gave, You are amazing! I always had the idea of starting content creation on Semicon in the back of my mind, and this is really inspiring!
Another outstanding video, great summary and great visuals. Slight correction: Intel moved to high k metal gate for 45nm. Their 32nm node was a shrink of 45nm, the second high k metal gate node, and, as you noted, final planar node. Samsung tried to squeeze one more planar process for 20nm, but it was a disaster. 14nm yielded far better with finFETs.
I cranked the volume on my headphones to force this information into my brain. Asianometry does a stupendous job of informing, what was, what is, and what's will be. Technology keeps throwing curve balls, Asianometry shows us the pitch.
Small correction: I was at a factory making military devices containing 3-D bipolar transistors and other devices, in MMIC's in the early 1980's. The difference was that they were much larger devices than the modern versions.
Everyone forgets that DARPA is often the mother of our modern invention era. They only focus on where commercial production ends up. A whole era of innovation in technology usually begins at DARPA
You do a SUPER human job of taking theese abstract concepts and making them readily available to all. I am a technologist with almost foury years in semiconductors and learn something everytime I tune into your channel. Thank you for all your hard work!
It’s nearly twenty years since I was in the semiconductor industry, your videos give me an excellent insight into modern developments. Thank you for taking the time to make them.
Great video, saw you got 400k subscribers now too! I remember when you only had like 40k but the videos were the same high quality and well researched as they are now. Glad to see you finally get the viewers/subs this level of content really deserves
Yeah which is why his non semiconductor/hardware videos has more views. Hopefully he gets paid more (cpm) for the high IQ videos which are his signature ones.
I like these videos. I am no engineer, but I understand the "problems and hurdles" with new processes and like knowing more details rather than "there are yield problems with the new technology"
Awesome content as usual, spent 16 years in semi as equipment tech, late 90s to early 2000s started in military ceramic packaging and ended up in R&d fab dry etch, your content is fantastic thanks
Thanks for that explanation, I kind of actually understood this one a bit. Like in buildings, each floor you build comes free as you pay for the lot size only once. But the higher you go the more they cost per floor. Charles
Kind of, kind of not. In architecture, each new floor costs marginally so little compared to the marginal value it adds that it makes sense to build higher. A more apt analogy is that building higher was what they did before hitting the limitations described in the video. So finfets is as if now everyone would have to build cantilever buildings or buildings with holes in them to pass wind flow, to compensate for not being able to build higher. So in my opinion examples of "finfet buildings" might be The Link in Dubai (cantilever skybridge between two buildings) or 432 Park Avenue in NYC (a very tall building in comparison to its footprint.)
Executive summary: Great video! As a software person working closeto hardware I know much of the information in your video but not necessarily the background such as history or who invented what an its great to see all this information to be presente in around 15 min. Considering you also need to edit etc. these videos I'm sure you have Snowwhite's dwarves and many more minions working for you in the background ;-)
At 11:32, I believe fin pitch is the distance from center to center (or side to side) of adjacent fins. The area between fins is for electrical isolation to prevent crosstalk.
Nice video, this info reminds me some words in the datasheets of some discrete power semiconductors transistors like: TrenchFET (Vishay), HexFET (Infineon-Int.Rect), SuperMesh (ST), HiperFET (IXYS) and CM2 (CREE). Some techonologies are for lowering the RDS_on and other to withstand high open voltage (some mosfet are rated to 1.7 kV OMG!)
I always thought HexFET sounded weird but didn't look it up until today. Turns out that it indeed consists of a hexagonal lattice as the name might imply. Zeptobars even has a die shot of it.
Long time subscriber but first time commenting, your videos has inspired me to go back to university to study electrical engineering as an adult learner. Thank you so much ❤
As developing new nodes gets more expensive, it'll just happen slower. Given time, paying for it is no question. Once the entire market has bought the last node and doesn't want more of it, the payoff for coming up with node n+1 becomes astronomical. Right now that's not the case, previous node is just a few years old, and node n+2 is coming soon enough, no problem to skip a node or few.
Hmmmm... The way I see it, the next step is full 3d. Not merely adding 3d features to existing 2d basic structures, but outright building those structures in 3d, floating anywhere in the volume of the chip, all the way from up against the pads, to down against the substrate. If you can additively manufacture a gate, an insulator, and a channel, you can (probably) additively manufacture a source and a drain. Maybe even a structurally weak breakaway layer to save substrate. Maybe mixing sizes on a single chip for power and stuff. Added bonus: if you can stack logic on top of itself, you need less chip area for the same device size, allowing the use of smaller (and hopefully easier) photomasks (at the expense of more of them). Though it might be time to abandon photomasks altogether in favor of scanning the pattern (resin 3d printers do this exact thing at macro-scale).
Hopefully N2 has good yield. Unless there is a major improvment in power consumption, smaller chiplets with high yield coefficient will be needed for any significant advance in value to the end user. It has been almost 10 years since N32 and I still don't see much incentive to upgrade, as someone that had a home computer all through the '90s when 2 years without an upgrade was a long stretch,that is shocking. A decade for few more cores that I rarely need, maybe 20% boost in clock speed, AVX512, compatibility with slightly improved motherboards (PCIe and DRAM generation bump), and maybe 5% energy savings [whole machine], all for the low low price of 3 times what I paid for the n32 based machine.
in spite of all the terrible going on in the world, its things like this that make you think that its really a great time to be alive and seeing all this happen.
Well, statistically speaking there was no better time to be alive. Never has a larger percentage of the human population lived in peace, didn't starve and so on. Problem is that nowadays you have the means to inform you about all the crap that happens anyways.
@@Noise-Bomb that is true but human brains are wired to react far stronger to threats and negative emotions than positive ones. Its a beneficial survival strategy in the wild but anachronistic in modern society
That was awesome video! Thanks and happy new year! I think at the moment the computing power in smartphones is sufficient to do all things I could think of. We are lucky that physics allows to produce stuff like modern smartphones without spending too much money, this limit could have been reached couple of years ago and that would mean laggy gps, slow low res youtube and no 3d smartphone graphics and no refresh rates above 60hz, with all mentioned stuff being available before that limit I am not worried too much. I might be a bit of a oldtimer (I just had my birthday today finished 38 years)
The true geneous of FinFET was it allowed scaling using traditional equipment. The next generation when likely be far to complicated and difficult to yield to be economically viable apart for millitary applications. The next evolution to home computing will be multi processor systems and a return to multi GPU architecture. As for improved efficiency we are at the end.
i feel like if programmers wrote more efficient code we wouldn't need so much computing power. there's probably a lot we can do in terms of WHAT gets processed rather than HOW it gets processed.
The smaller transistors used less power because their capacitance was lower. There was a smaller amount of energy needed to transition the gate from off to on (or vice versa). This is what has enabled computers to become more powerful whilst not using more energy.
back in my school days (80's) asked my teacher why dont cars park themselves? My Teacher (Alan Bleasedale, i'll never forget you sir) replied.. "its already possible.. But it's a lot of cost. putting too much advancement into products that people cant realistically afford leaves a void. yes you a great thing, but you have no customers"
@@Palmit_ Yeah The same Fallacy present in all humanity lives there is many thing that or so called Artifacts has been created in the past that amaze us still this day but usually they only exist a few and only leader of a tribe, nation or a wealthy man in a nation with particular interest can afford it. Economic feasibility is what hold back innovations.
With the last litography when you have multiple channels per gate... you can't control those channels individually then, right? What are the applications of that?
This is really the key issue. If cost/transistor stops declining, ever smaller nodes will become increasingly niche. You will get more bang for the buck by just stacking 28nm chips. For everything other than the most power constrained devices, it would make little sense to go below 28nm.
We've been dealing with the exclusionary aspect of electrons (i.e. one signal on one lead) and how to work around it for a long time now. I truly believe photonics will be the future. The tech is still very immature, but we're already got photonic AI chips and photonic data relays on integrated circuits. Once we can figure out how to do the same sort of general purpose Von Neumann architecture or something analogous it will just be a matter of materials science on how to construct them at smaller and smaller scales.
My thoughts on this are in the 90s it was already clear we see the end and I was still a pupil but one way I saw was 3D CPus . Yes I know like he said they are already do some more layers on the CPU/GPU these days but you can't go far with this because you trap the heat inside with this. I watched a video on youtube about a different type of transistors which solve this by not blocking the current but just switch over basically you have 2 inputs and 2 outputs with something like this it would be possible. The down side like he said such a unit would have 100th if not 1000th of layers basically ^3 the amount of transistors but even more the costs . This is not a consumer product.
13:53 That comment from ASML's CTO about reaching the end of lithography is certainly interesting. If we're reaching the end of lithography, what is next? Is anything next? Some might say new materials, but a new material is more or less a one-time jump and an expensive one at that. I wonder if perhaps the next big game in town is innovating on the manufacturing processes/equipment to reduce the cost of going to higher layer counts.
Really nice and interesting video, as always! Looking forward to your video on the next gen technologies involving superlattices and atomic layer deposition.
The good news is that once we’ll reach the electron minimum size, they’ll be forced to optimize the software and instruction sets rather than just shrink and add more transistors.
Interesting to think they can make such complicated 3D structures using lithographic methods. One kind of wonders if this kind of technology would allow for some other potential things as well in due time. To bad the cost is only going up these days though, I guess they will have to find a way to reduce costs in future or accept things starting to slow down once more. Maybe some kind of self assembly technology could help here? Or will it be yet another extra cost? Well I guess we'll find out.
I might be wrong, but wasn't 20nm (instead of 28) the last node with planar transistors (for all fabs but intel)? It didn't work out well, so 16nm of TSMC/Samsung were basically 20nm BEOL with "16nm" FinNET based FEOL.
Great video. But all this talk about transistors and I have zero clue on how they actually work. could you give a demonstration on logic and how transistors function and just basics to how to get multiple of them to work simultaneously like in a processor? Ive some demos on this using basic logic functions using Minecraft or a basic demo in my python class, but I’m just wondering like how it works on these Silicon transistors.
Transistor are tiny on off switches. If you put voltage on the gate it turns on the source to drain line. Imagine you have a redstone line with a cut off device in between. When you put a redstone signal to the side of the device it cuts off the redstone line. I believe this is how locking relay works. If you put a redstone relay in between a redstone line then put a strong signal to the side it locks the relay and cut the redstone line.
Hard to explain it all in a chat post, people actually go to school for several years getting a degree in computer engineering to understand it. But like the post above said, a cmos transistor is simply a voltage controlled switch, put a positive voltage on the gate, you turn on the switch and let the current flow from source to drain terminal of the transistor. Once you have a switch, you can build all kinds of logic circuits to perform invert/and/or functions and eventually build very complex system that performs complex logical function. There are many other concepts like finite state machine/touring machine that you need to fully understand how computer works. It requires ability to remember and save data or code that can denote a state and be able to move from one state to the next to perform any computational algorithm. But in short that one switch is the building block to create all these elements (logic gates and memory or sequential clocked controlled data storage components). You put all these things together, you can build a very complxed computation automata machine that akin to modern CPU today.
One vitally important note: You need 2 logic functions. One that can combine 2 signals (such as AND or OR, but not XOR), and an inverting function (NOT). Because of this, the transistors in CPU are designed such that a logic 1 signal at the gate will stop the conduction through the chanel. Remember the name of these transistors: Field Effect Transistors. It is the electric field around the gate connection that gives the name. Referring to the drawings of the planar transistors... Source, drain, chanel, and gate. With no signal at the gate, electrons can flow through the chanel from source to drain. If the gate is charged with electrons, they repel the electrons that try to flow from the source, meaning they no longer reach the drain. So the transistor has provided the NOT function. If, instead of a single gate between source and drain, you put 2 gates, charging either gate (or both gates) will stop electrons reaching the drain. That will provide a NOR function (same as OR, but with the output inverted). Note that FETs can be designed to operate in many different modes depending on the chemical doping of the source, drain and chanel. Above i described one where negative (surplus electrons) gate charge will stop the flow, they can be made such that a gate charge is required to enable flow (by assisting electrons to overcome the chemical doping). They can be made so that it is positive charge that does the switching too.
Years later after being laid off. When I listen to these vlogs about how the technology progressed. I wished I'd worked as an operator/tech at a fab that was a builder of this new tech. Seeing/inspecting wafers watching this new stuff being built on a wafer would be so exciting.
it is so insane that humans can draw a really small picture on a rock, zap it with lightning and make it do math
Yes but can it do cat videos?
Natural evolution of humans drawing on rocks over tens of thousands of years... :D
We're still cave men at heart :D
@@ChatGPT1111 OOoohh god bless you for asking about cats and videos because without cats what hair would we have to eat so god bless cats and hair and god bless god for making cats have hair well there are cats without hair so god bless the weirdos who bred hairless cats and the weirdos who buy them ohhhhhhhoh
OOOOOOOOOOOohhhhhhohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
yes it is amazing. universe created the most powerful object in existence and it only weighs 3 pounds and you can hold it in your hand. the human brain. we are extraordinary
I'm in IT and worked in a university computing science department, and this is as good an explanation of the past, present, and future of transistors as I have heard.
I became a grad student at UC Berkeley's EECS department in the Fall of 1984. Following my undergraduate degree in electrical engineering and med school, I wanted to know more about semiconductor device physics. I prepared for prelim exams with an undergrad course taught by professor Chenming Hu. He was a superb teacher and communicator. I subsequently learned he is also a superb human being. Professor Hu, if you are out there, this humble medical device scientist is great full for your teaching and the gift of putting to use the FinFET electronics to better manage heart diseases. God speed, professor.
I'm Brazilian, and I graduated in microelectronic processes.
Only 7 people graduates in this area per year in Brazil.
Later (about 10 years ago), I attended a course on chip design.
I'm among the select few who had some education in microelectronics in this country.
Needless to say that I never worked in the area. My diploma is gathering dust, and I actually work with software development, where I built a career out of grit and stubbornness.
I like to watch your videos, to reminesce about the 5 years of my life that I wasted studying those topics, how even back then the course was hopelessly obsolete, how now my knowledge is about 50 years out of phase with current trends (It was already 30 when I was a student).
It was a difficult course, with high turnover, and no hope of employment. I was a fool for going through it.
At very least it was State sponsored and I paid nothing.
brutal, and your country is headed by l*la now as well
its over for you
Did you applied to the overseas chip manufacturing firms?
Eu nem sabia que tínhamos um curso disso no país, era em qual universidade?
Semiconductor fabrication, only has industries in Asia region, particularly china taiwan korea.... unless you r in those countries, speak korean or mandarin... if not i do not foresee your country capable of producing any related job for it.
Do what ur country,Brazil good at...maybe burn down amazon, be farmer or play soccer...
Yes look into jobs in for example the US. They are building lots of new fabs here in the news recently, I can only imagine people with your knowledge is highly sought after. Doesn't hurt to apply and look into.
Hey I just wanted to tell you how much I enjoy and am informed by your videos - love your choice of topics, sometimes quirky (Venera Program), sometimes highly topical (Hardware for AI) but always insightful. Your level of engagement with the physics and math hits just right for me. Congratulations and best wishes for a prosperous 2023!
Thank you, Mr. Horselover. I love horses too.
🐴
horselover fat as in from VALIS??
@@jesse4202 only one I know...
The 3D model at 6:25 is phenomenal. Your 3D animator should be out more often. ;-) Perfectly clear demonstration of the concept and hilarious. 💯
My commendations for how you manage to keep these videos both informative AND entertaining. I have no particular skills in CPU or semi-conductor architecture yet I find your videos fascinating. I'm a double STEM grad (physics/finance) so I know how tough it is to make subject matter like this appeal to specialists or students within the field, let alone casual observers like myself. Well done sir!
Thank you for this! I had to smile when you mentioned your father at NSC...that's where I worked first...at their first fab (I don't think we called them that at the time!) in Danbury CT
I fondly remember my father taking me to his office at National Semiconductor back when I was a child. I loved that campus.
11:28 The fin pitch is distance between same feature to feature. The arrow points to fin space. Pitch = Width + Space. :-)
Babe wake up, there's a new Asianometry video
This made me lol. 😁
Well this meme is getting old real quick
Doggie, so we can both watch
@@curiodyssey3867 Only because you sleepy
fax lol
You are always so straight to the point and it is so calming to watch your videos…
Very well written and paced, love the narrative! If I can make a suggestion, for those of us viewing at night or on a home projector, it would be great to show article screenshots in dark mode or at least a lower contrast background (something like the warm brown color of parchment) to reduce the sudden switching between graphics / photos / video and the full blast of a 255-255-255 bright white page of paper.
Just want to thank you for making this content!
There is not a lot of quality content on the industry I both work and am interested a lot and it's great to have something where I can say, hey I have worked on this or I have seen this or I found that interesting as well.
I have shared this channel to so many customers and colleaugues I work with and shared on every unviersity or workshop lecture I gave, You are amazing!
I always had the idea of starting content creation on Semicon in the back of my mind, and this is really inspiring!
Another outstanding video, great summary and great visuals.
Slight correction: Intel moved to high k metal gate for 45nm. Their 32nm node was a shrink of 45nm, the second high k metal gate node, and, as you noted, final planar node.
Samsung tried to squeeze one more planar process for 20nm, but it was a disaster. 14nm yielded far better with finFETs.
„14nm“ is 20 with FinFETs, there was no shrink. This was the point there Intel was a node „behind“, because people only look on marketing numbers.
I cranked the volume on my headphones to force this information into my brain. Asianometry does a stupendous job of informing, what was, what is, and what's will be. Technology keeps throwing curve balls, Asianometry shows us the pitch.
Epiphany! I had never thought to really crank the volume and FORCE the understanding deep into my brain. I like it.
S curve balls
Small correction: I was at a factory making military devices containing 3-D bipolar transistors and other devices, in MMIC's in the early 1980's. The difference was that they were much larger devices than the modern versions.
Everyone forgets that DARPA is often the mother of our modern invention era. They only focus on where commercial production ends up. A whole era of innovation in technology usually begins at DARPA
You do a SUPER human job of taking theese abstract concepts and making them readily available to all. I am a technologist with almost foury years in semiconductors and learn something everytime I tune into your channel. Thank you for all your hard work!
It’s nearly twenty years since I was in the semiconductor industry, your videos give me an excellent insight into modern developments. Thank you for taking the time to make them.
Great video, saw you got 400k subscribers now too! I remember when you only had like 40k but the videos were the same high quality and well researched as they are now. Glad to see you finally get the viewers/subs this level of content really deserves
"Hu's team invented it."
"I'm asking YOU whose team invented it!"
Th animation is a definite major boost in your videos, keep it going !
Cutting edge Cardboard Animation Design !
Damn, the topic is hard, but I greatly appreciate your skill at explaining it. Thanks a lot!
Yeah which is why his non semiconductor/hardware videos has more views. Hopefully he gets paid more (cpm) for the high IQ videos which are his signature ones.
I like these videos. I am no engineer, but I understand the "problems and hurdles" with new processes and like knowing more details rather than "there are yield problems with the new technology"
Yes I'm also ignorant and found this video clear and simple (until about 3/4 the way through. ☺).
Awesome content as usual, spent 16 years in semi as equipment tech, late 90s to early 2000s started in military ceramic packaging and ended up in R&d fab dry etch, your content is fantastic thanks
I love this channel! Keep up the excellent work.
That box illustration was.......a treat
Thanks for that explanation, I kind of actually understood this one a bit. Like in buildings, each floor you build comes free as you pay for the lot size only once. But the higher you go the more they cost per floor. Charles
Kind of, kind of not. In architecture, each new floor costs marginally so little compared to the marginal value it adds that it makes sense to build higher. A more apt analogy is that building higher was what they did before hitting the limitations described in the video. So finfets is as if now everyone would have to build cantilever buildings or buildings with holes in them to pass wind flow, to compensate for not being able to build higher. So in my opinion examples of "finfet buildings" might be The Link in Dubai (cantilever skybridge between two buildings) or 432 Park Avenue in NYC (a very tall building in comparison to its footprint.)
Executive summary: Great video!
As a software person working closeto hardware I know much of the information in your video but not necessarily the background such as history or who invented what an its great to see all this information to be presente in around 15 min. Considering you also need to edit etc. these videos I'm sure you have Snowwhite's dwarves and many more minions working for you in the background ;-)
Professor ... Hu? Does he have a PhD, could you not have added a "Dr Hu" caption? Oh the missed opportunity to start the New Year right!
Congrats on 400K subs!
Every leap forward begins with a "You son of a bitch, I'm in."
At 11:32, I believe fin pitch is the distance from center to center (or side to side) of adjacent fins. The area between fins is for electrical isolation to prevent crosstalk.
Happy New Year, thanks for all the hard work you put it in these videos, take care
Nice video, this info reminds me some words in the datasheets of some discrete power semiconductors transistors like: TrenchFET (Vishay), HexFET (Infineon-Int.Rect), SuperMesh (ST), HiperFET (IXYS) and CM2 (CREE).
Some techonologies are for lowering the RDS_on and other to withstand high open voltage (some mosfet are rated to 1.7 kV OMG!)
It was great when the first HexFETs came out by IR, I quickly used them in my designs. Happy 2023 to you.
@@favesongslist Happy new year, I think HexFET was like (more or less) GaN or SiC of today
@@tejonBiker Yes it was, It was a big improvement at the time.
I always thought HexFET sounded weird but didn't look it up until today. Turns out that it indeed consists of a hexagonal lattice as the name might imply. Zeptobars even has a die shot of it.
Long time subscriber but first time commenting, your videos has inspired me to go back to university to study electrical engineering as an adult learner. Thank you so much ❤
@whatapk.17078 Do people who make these bots think people are idiots or something?
~ 7:30 - I recall reading on "trench transistor" proposals in, I believe, McGraw-Hill's "Electronics" journal.
Another great video. Thank you for the effort you put into these and happy New Year 2023.
As developing new nodes gets more expensive, it'll just happen slower. Given time, paying for it is no question. Once the entire market has bought the last node and doesn't want more of it, the payoff for coming up with node n+1 becomes astronomical. Right now that's not the case, previous node is just a few years old, and node n+2 is coming soon enough, no problem to skip a node or few.
I was under the impression that atomic layer deposition (ALD) was already widely used during the implementation of HfOx for gate dielectrics.
You would be correct.
HafniumOxide is NOT a metal.
its a crystaline salt like every other oxidized metal.
Excellent work on explaining a highly complex subject.
Hmmmm...
The way I see it, the next step is full 3d. Not merely adding 3d features to existing 2d basic structures, but outright building those structures in 3d, floating anywhere in the volume of the chip, all the way from up against the pads, to down against the substrate. If you can additively manufacture a gate, an insulator, and a channel, you can (probably) additively manufacture a source and a drain. Maybe even a structurally weak breakaway layer to save substrate. Maybe mixing sizes on a single chip for power and stuff.
Added bonus: if you can stack logic on top of itself, you need less chip area for the same device size, allowing the use of smaller (and hopefully easier) photomasks (at the expense of more of them). Though it might be time to abandon photomasks altogether in favor of scanning the pattern (resin 3d printers do this exact thing at macro-scale).
How about the heat ??. Even 2d structure
Make enormous heat 🤔🤔
Loving your videos, Happy New Year from the UK.
Who needs 3D animation? When you can innovate with boxes! Love the videos
Hopefully N2 has good yield. Unless there is a major improvment in power consumption, smaller chiplets with high yield coefficient will be needed for any significant advance in value to the end user.
It has been almost 10 years since N32 and I still don't see much incentive to upgrade, as someone that had a home computer all through the '90s when 2 years without an upgrade was a long stretch,that is shocking. A decade for few more cores that I rarely need, maybe 20% boost in clock speed, AVX512, compatibility with slightly improved motherboards (PCIe and DRAM generation bump), and maybe 5% energy savings [whole machine], all for the low low price of 3 times what I paid for the n32 based machine.
in spite of all the terrible going on in the world, its things like this that make you think that its really a great time to be alive and seeing all this happen.
Well, statistically speaking there was no better time to be alive. Never has a larger percentage of the human population lived in peace, didn't starve and so on. Problem is that nowadays you have the means to inform you about all the crap that happens anyways.
@@Noise-Bomb that is true but human brains are wired to react far stronger to threats and negative emotions than positive ones. Its a beneficial survival strategy in the wild but anachronistic in modern society
Happy 2023*CE !
I'm emailing this video to my nano fab prof! Keep up the fantastic work!
That was awesome video! Thanks and happy new year! I think at the moment the computing power in smartphones is sufficient to do all things I could think of. We are lucky that physics allows to produce stuff like modern smartphones without spending too much money, this limit could have been reached couple of years ago and that would mean laggy gps, slow low res youtube and no 3d smartphone graphics and no refresh rates above 60hz, with all mentioned stuff being available before that limit I am not worried too much. I might be a bit of a oldtimer (I just had my birthday today finished 38 years)
Thanks!
The true geneous of FinFET was it allowed scaling using traditional equipment. The next generation when likely be far to complicated and difficult to yield to be economically viable apart for millitary applications. The next evolution to home computing will be multi processor systems and a return to multi GPU architecture. As for improved efficiency we are at the end.
10:30 This is about a decade after Digh Hisamoto's publication.
I like Hu Cunming’s book about the basics of semiconductor devices
I've been struggling with this topic for a while, thanks for the straightforward explanation
i feel like if programmers wrote more efficient code we wouldn't need so much computing power. there's probably a lot we can do in terms of WHAT gets processed rather than HOW it gets processed.
It's great to be alive in the future!
As always, fantastic work, thank you.
This is all amazing!! we live in awesome sometimes. Thanks Asianometry.
The smaller transistors used less power because their capacitance was lower. There was a smaller amount of energy needed to transition the gate from off to on (or vice versa). This is what has enabled computers to become more powerful whilst not using more energy.
back in my school days (80's) asked my teacher why dont cars park themselves? My Teacher (Alan Bleasedale, i'll never forget you sir) replied.. "its already possible.. But it's a lot of cost. putting too much advancement into products that people cant realistically afford leaves a void. yes you a great thing, but you have no customers"
edit: "yes you HAVE a great thing, but you have no customers"
@@Palmit_ Yeah The same Fallacy present in all humanity lives there is many thing that or so called Artifacts has been created in the past that amaze us still this day but usually they only exist a few and only leader of a tribe, nation or a wealthy man in a nation with particular interest can afford it. Economic feasibility is what hold back innovations.
This is really great -- well done and thank you!
This is some grade A stuff. Subscribed and recommended to friends, family, and random strangers on the bus.
I choose to believe "GAAFET" is pronounced "Gay-Fet" because it sounds funny
Thanks for making this! It's not just a fad.
With the last litography when you have multiple channels per gate... you can't control those channels individually then, right? What are the applications of that?
This is really the key issue. If cost/transistor stops declining, ever smaller nodes will become increasingly niche. You will get more bang for the buck by just stacking 28nm chips.
For everything other than the most power constrained devices, it would make little sense to go below 28nm.
We've been dealing with the exclusionary aspect of electrons (i.e. one signal on one lead) and how to work around it for a long time now. I truly believe photonics will be the future. The tech is still very immature, but we're already got photonic AI chips and photonic data relays on integrated circuits. Once we can figure out how to do the same sort of general purpose Von Neumann architecture or something analogous it will just be a matter of materials science on how to construct them at smaller and smaller scales.
My thoughts on this are in the 90s it was already clear we see the end and I was still a pupil but one way I saw was 3D CPus . Yes I know like he said they are already do some more layers on the CPU/GPU these days but you can't go far with this because you trap the heat inside with this. I watched a video on youtube about a different type of transistors which solve this by not blocking the current but just switch over basically you have 2 inputs and 2 outputs with something like this it would be possible. The down side like he said such a unit would have 100th if not 1000th of layers basically ^3 the amount of transistors but even more the costs . This is not a consumer product.
13:53 That comment from ASML's CTO about reaching the end of lithography is certainly interesting. If we're reaching the end of lithography, what is next? Is anything next? Some might say new materials, but a new material is more or less a one-time jump and an expensive one at that. I wonder if perhaps the next big game in town is innovating on the manufacturing processes/equipment to reduce the cost of going to higher layer counts.
I've heard about "electron beam" (?) lithography?
Good summary and video. FYI, your arrow showed the FIN space cd, not the FIN pitch.
5:20
“You son of a bitch, I’m in!”
This guy makes the most boring topics interesting. The stories of companies battling it out are our modern day epics.
I like zero hype ending. No corporate channel would do that, as they need to lie if this means more engagement
6:25 What’s the pest control cockroach boxes are used as illustration for channel and gate? :-)
Really nice and interesting video, as always! Looking forward to your video on the next gen technologies involving superlattices and atomic layer deposition.
Loved the animations.
"Who's team? "
"Right"
"No, who's team figured it out?"
"Exqctly."
the energy of electricity isn't the flowing electrons; but, the compression waves moving through the (electron river?)
Watching this on my phone while realizing what is actually going on inside is pretty mind blowing.
Let's chat Whatsapp ☝️☝️
They'll probably go with nested octangonal offset so you can closely pack 9 gates per sequence.
@12:25, looks like a dental x-ray
The good news is that once we’ll reach the electron minimum size, they’ll be forced to optimize the software and instruction sets rather than just shrink and add more transistors.
Interesting to think they can make such complicated 3D structures using lithographic methods. One kind of wonders if this kind of technology would allow for some other potential things as well in due time.
To bad the cost is only going up these days though, I guess they will have to find a way to reduce costs in future or accept things starting to slow down once more. Maybe some kind of self assembly technology could help here? Or will it be yet another extra cost? Well I guess we'll find out.
You're an inspiration. Thanks for making these videos. - sophmore ECE student
i wonder if in these price chart inflation is already calculated into it
Let's chat Whatsapp ☝️☝️
My prediction: 30 years from now we’ll see topological valleytronics 👏
6:16 Funny that this picture using “roach killer” as demonstration. 🤣
I remember there was a 1979 Scientific American article about 3-D chip architecture...but cooling made it impractical!
I might be wrong, but wasn't 20nm (instead of 28) the last node with planar transistors (for all fabs but intel)? It didn't work out well, so 16nm of TSMC/Samsung were basically 20nm BEOL with "16nm" FinNET based FEOL.
Another superior video to start the new year!
been waiting for this video. so interesting, thanks for catching me up. here we are, end of the road i guess idk
Great show. And great job. Love these videos
Always the best-est
The best tech channel
Great video. But all this talk about transistors and I have zero clue on how they actually work. could you give a demonstration on logic and how transistors function and just basics to how to get multiple of them to work simultaneously like in a processor? Ive some demos on this using basic logic functions using Minecraft or a basic demo in my python class, but I’m just wondering like how it works on these Silicon transistors.
Transistor are tiny on off switches. If you put voltage on the gate it turns on the source to drain line. Imagine you have a redstone line with a cut off device in between. When you put a redstone signal to the side of the device it cuts off the redstone line. I believe this is how locking relay works. If you put a redstone relay in between a redstone line then put a strong signal to the side it locks the relay and cut the redstone line.
I believe he has a transistor history video.
Hard to explain it all in a chat post, people actually go to school for several years getting a degree in computer engineering to understand it. But like the post above said, a cmos transistor is simply a voltage controlled switch, put a positive voltage on the gate, you turn on the switch and let the current flow from source to drain terminal of the transistor. Once you have a switch, you can build all kinds of logic circuits to perform invert/and/or functions and eventually build very complex system that performs complex logical function.
There are many other concepts like finite state machine/touring machine that you need to fully understand how computer works. It requires ability to remember and save data or code that can denote a state and be able to move from one state to the next to perform any computational algorithm. But in short that one switch is the building block to create all these elements (logic gates and memory or sequential clocked controlled data storage components). You put all these things together, you can build a very complxed computation automata machine that akin to modern CPU today.
@@thep751 thanks!
One vitally important note:
You need 2 logic functions. One that can combine 2 signals (such as AND or OR, but not XOR), and an inverting function (NOT).
Because of this, the transistors in CPU are designed such that a logic 1 signal at the gate will stop the conduction through the chanel.
Remember the name of these transistors: Field Effect Transistors. It is the electric field around the gate connection that gives the name.
Referring to the drawings of the planar transistors...
Source, drain, chanel, and gate.
With no signal at the gate, electrons can flow through the chanel from source to drain. If the gate is charged with electrons, they repel the electrons that try to flow from the source, meaning they no longer reach the drain. So the transistor has provided the NOT function.
If, instead of a single gate between source and drain, you put 2 gates, charging either gate (or both gates) will stop electrons reaching the drain. That will provide a NOR function (same as OR, but with the output inverted).
Note that FETs can be designed to operate in many different modes depending on the chemical doping of the source, drain and chanel.
Above i described one where negative (surplus electrons) gate charge will stop the flow, they can be made such that a gate charge is required to enable flow (by assisting electrons to overcome the chemical doping). They can be made so that it is positive charge that does the switching too.
Darpa must be that one agency that has put America to superpower status single handedly.
I remember reading trade journals of the High-k metal gate.
Years later after being laid off. When I listen to these vlogs about how the technology progressed. I wished I'd worked as an operator/tech at a fab that was a builder of this new tech. Seeing/inspecting wafers watching this new stuff being built on a wafer would be so exciting.
Keep up the great work!
is short channel effect the same as electron tunneling? or dielectric breakdown?
Alternate video title:
“Why the 1080Ti was so bad ass.”
So NVIDIA is just getting in early and conditioning the consumer market for future higher prices with $1000+ consumer GPU boards...
Do their I(V_DS) and I(V_GS) differ significantly from those of traditional MOSFETs?