What is Biological Information? | Episode 2302 | Closer To Truth
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 มี.ค. 2024
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What is information in biology? information is essential for analyzing data and testing hypotheses. But what is information in molecular genetics and neuroscience? What in evolution, population genetics, and levels of selection? Why is computational biology transformational?
Featuring interviews with Peter Godfrey-Smith, Paul Griffiths, Samir Okasha, Alan Love, and Josh Swamidass.
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I love how Dr. Kuhn introduces his academic guests like they are about to engage in a heavy weight prize fight.
One of the most important types of biological information not discussed in this episode is how biochemical gradients influence development. For example, imagine a fertilized egg that appears to be symmetric, yet it somehow contains all the information required for differention of tissues, structures, organs, etc during development. From a single cell you get front/back, left/right, head/tail, and all of the unique properties therein.
Those initial concentration gradients set the stage for development from a fertilized egg to a fully differentiated organism because DNA sequences carry more information than simply being templates for protein synthesis. There is also information in the DNA sequence that regulates when and how much of those genes are expressed.
As the second guest mentions, there are also myriad feedback mechanisms that regulate just about every biological process. At the fundamental level, these regulatory elements serve to maintain homeostasis. There is indeed stochastic "noise" in these processes as well as susceptibility to being heavily inflenced by environmental factors.
You're referring to Turing's initial impact on developmental genetics, namely hypothesizing gradients.
Developmental regulatory genes like the Hox genes and the homeobox (and their analogues in nonhuman animals) form what is now called "evolutionary developmental biology", or "evo-devo" for short.
Dr Robert Kuhn tip of the hat sir , you fill my metaphysical/ science void, you and I same page , minus my knowledge, love your guests , your proper questions, Closer To Truth and you sir 🤔👌👀
very good episode, well done, informative
Great episode! Thank you so much for all the good work.
Another great vid. Solid bloke you are.
Quality episode as always
Absolutely wonderful! What is information?
Fun subject!
Speak to Michael levin
Great
Anything to avoid idealism
Does the DNA create the organism or does the organism evolve to contain and protect the DNA?
In other words, is the DNA in neurons the source of our sentience and ultimately consciousness?
Does Nature have the chicken-egg or dualism paradigm for DNA and Consciousness?
Beauty is the index of a larger fact than wisdom
An interesting book I like has to deal with Evolutionary Epistemology by Karl Popper and Gerald Radnitzky. Evolutionary Epistemology is the theory that knowledge itself evolves by natural selection. Richard Dawkins concept of memes or units of information in culture that are similar to genes and also evolve like fashion, songs, and catchy phrases.
Does rationality and logic also evolve?
Robert, Closer to truth. Post-science combines computer science and life science by establishing a completely automated foundation for both. Post-science initiates Logical Life Science, where life science is the programming and the documentation of DNA with source code 0, 1, 2, and 3, which is constructed physically with chemical A, C, G, and T.
I don’t see how ‘life is information’ can be controversial.
We make the analogy with computer code but even computer code on a disc is meaningless. If you came home and couldn't open the door because somebody changed the lock. The information is mainly the computer hardware that interprets the code on the disc. The genetic patterns are more analagous to the organism itself. We derive an information artifact from them.
Forty years ago I was introduced to the concept that the three words, information, change, control have exactly the same meaning, thus the product of information is change and the application of information is control, anything that does not change what it is applied to is therefore not information, likewise withholding information obstructs change and is therefore not real control, no change no control.
I have yet to find any circumstances in which this rubric does not apply in fact it makes understanding of biology much more simple and straightforward, in genetics all the instructions on the genome that are not applied a just data, only the bits that are implemented are information and the changes to the body corporate are controlling it, no other external agency is required.
This also allows unlimited freedom for evolution where all sorts of new genetic can occur spontaneously but only when they act in concert with others does anything actually happen, the mutation of an old structure into a completely new one comes about as a product of a random sequence of biological events that may or may not have a viable function but is the product of chance not design.
Cheers, Richard.
Information is the TimeStamps embedded in the Atoms. Life gets its energy from the time differences of the biological elements in our body. I am able to explain every physical, chemical and biological processes using this discovery.
That's an interesting perspective, it sounds like some of the stuff cyberneticists talk about. I come from an information science background which looks at thinks in a similar way. To me the information is the structure of something and meaning is relational, in terms of correspondences between sets of information. In particular I think it's actionable correspondences, with the mechanism of action being basically an interpretive process. That sounds very much like the way you talk about change and control.
@@ShonMardani Hi Shon Mardani, thank you for this, I am intrigued and would like to know more. While I understand that the concept of an atom and the 'particles' they are made of is one component of a systematic description of matter each of those component has to be identified in some way, usually by a reliable consistent description of its dynamic relationships with the other components. So then what exactly is that time component so embedded in the system?.
Cheers, Richard.
@@simonhibbs887 Hi Simon, thank you for this reply, as you suggest the concept does come from cybernetics, several decades ago I had the pleasure of reading a copy pof Stafford Beer's 'The Brain of the Firm' in which he goes to some considerable lengths to describe and explain how operational research can work and what observations of human behaviour are revealed.
This reading combined with an earlier study of Karl Popper's 'Logic of Scientific Discovery' has given me the foundation for effective work and life management that relies heavily of observation and critical thinking and rejects all prescription dogma and doctrine.
In the process I have had to completely abandon certainty and conviction, I would probably call myself an existentialist utilitarian!, but for the fact that I have no need or desire for any title!.
Cheers, Richard.
Thanks to millions of scientist who experimented and measured atoms to compile the periodic table, and those who experimented with biology I was able to connect the dots and develop my hypostasis. I spend the last few years to validate it by looking for conflicts with observed and experimented data, I found none. We had all the information to be able to find the true explanation for life more than a century ago, unfortunately incompetence of a few fake scientists extinguished every light and destroyed every brave mind. I wanted to disclose my findings as a gift to the humanity since I received it as a gift from God, before I die. I am able to explain every physical, chemical and biological processes consistent with this theory.
In a nutshell, Gravity arranges and rearranges the atomic particles. The arrangement of the particles becomes the timestamp stored in the atom. When atoms with different time come to contact, they react toward equilibrium (half time). The reason we have 7 days in a week, is the Nitrogen atoms.
Thank you Richard for your interest and your reply.@@richardharvey1732
Yea yea, information..and asymmetry. It's all very curious.
I don't quite get what all the conversation is about here. Claude Shannon clearly defines what information is in 1948, and his mathematics indicates information can be defined as unexpectedness or improbability that is capable of being contained in ANY physical system. So why does it matter if it is living or not.
Shannon's definition doesn't fully capture the essence of biological information. Shannon's information is all about surprise or unexpectedness. A random string of letters can have high Shannon information, but in biology, information needs meaning. A specific DNA sequence doesn't just tell us it's unexpected, it tells us how to build a protein or perform a cellular function. Biological information goes beyond just the pattern itself. It's about the instructions encoded in that pattern and how it affects the organism. A single DNA mutation might have very little Shannon information, but it could have a drastic impact on an organism's development. Think of it this way. Imagine finding a message in a bottle. The message itself has Shannon information (it reduces uncertainty about what's in the bottle). But the true biological information comes from understanding the meaning of the message, what instructions or knowledge it conveys. So why does it matter if it's living or not? Shannon information is a useful tool. But in biology, we're interested not just in surprising patterns, but in patterns that have functional significance for living things. That's the realm of biological information.
nowadays genotype information has replaced phenotype informations in classification of related organisms because different organisms(genetically different) adopt similar phenotypes when exposed to similar environmental stressors rather then modifying ther genetic information... there seems to be a gap between both types of information the same as conscious and unconscious activities 🤔
where could the linear order for genetic code come from? might a linear order be produced by quantum wave function? and could quantum gravity play a role in developing information?
It puts a lot of heavy lifting on biology when everything is based on it; endemic to it.
Summary of this video in song lyrics. “What is love, baby don’t hurt me”.
Information is the TimeStamps embedded in the Atoms. Life gets its energy from the time differences of the biological elements in our body. I am able to explain every physical, chemical and biological processes using this discovery.
Could DNA store information about memories acquired during an ancestor's life?
"information" is a concept developed by humans.
According to some "thinkers", everything contains information.
And it is preserved. It cannot be destroyed ! Even in a black hole !
Information cannot be destroyed per se…. But it can be reduced to such an extent that it can’t be useful anymore….
@@jimliu2560
That reminds me of something Jesus said
(John 15:6)
12 monkeys headquarters ?? 1:56
anyway, wonderful episode.
information + relationship - life
is the coding of information in a gene represented by a molecule, an atom or other?
This video didn't have anyone from the opposing view, just those who Lawrence was able to agree with. They should have invited Dr. Stephen Meyer to talk about genetic information.
I have to agree with you I don’t see were biological processes it has to do with philosophy but they had the PhD’s so I trust her knowledge more than my own with a high school diploma but I love science
As a semi truck driver it amazes me that one can make a living in something as esoteric as 'biological philosophy'. What says evolution that we can become extinct and they will succeed us?
I do understand, I'm from the more practical science and engineering side of it. The philosophy stuff is fascinating, but for me just a side interest. I suppose to some extent philosophers of science are keeping an eye on science and making sure it stays intellectually honest. The biology side of it is new to me though.
"The 17th century view that an organism is like a watch when It's not like a watch at all" - but a watch is made up of many highly specialized components that interact together to provide a function is exactly the same as some cellular process, so how are they not similar? He doesn't answer that.
Indeed! What we learned about the cell in the last 70 years make it more like the most sophisticated piece of technology we know about, vindicating the view expressed by Paley that he is trying to dismiss for ideological reasons.This guy is clueless.
Biology is run by information (digital code)
Robert.... You will get closer to the truth if you get out of the west view of the universe 🎉🎉🎉
So the point of the existence of biological information is what exactly?
I'm thinking of eugenics and brain augmentations first for the elites. Second, so man can control the minds and lives of other men. Ultimately: merging man in with computers so that man can become God! This is what I learnt - is it true? Viewing mankind, and their development, man is always raising the bar, breaking new world records and pushing the boundaries. Why shouldn't man push the boundaries when it comes to knowledge and computers? Why not - what could possibly go wrong? Man could live longer, transfer psycho physical consciousness into new bodies, become immortal, and control all of the cosmos. Man has an innate desire for control and power. Even though evil is not designated to any particular man, it seems there is a collective evil that has many a persons working for it. Evil man, however, doesn't acknowledge that he's evil - as crazy people do not know that they are crazy. Great evils some how unfold even from good intentions man has. I allude to Platonics, such as in Plotinus, to understand better matter and how it is necessitatively evil, like a shadow, dark because of lacking light. And because of man's lack of conviction in KNOWING THYSELF, therefore unaware of the principles, universals and virtues, he's incapable of realizing his docile and servile complacency, therefore you will never hear from a "scientist" what i am here conveying. Such groups will campaign, selling to the stupid masses, that they're raising money so to find away to cure cancer, and to save the children, capturing everybodies hearts and assent, all the while, though this be true for a select few, have another completely different agenda.
I'm thinking of eugenics and brain augmentations first for the elites. Second, so man can control the minds and lives of other men. Ultimately: merging man in with computers so that man can become God! This is what I learnt - is it true? Viewing mankind, and their development, man is always raising the bar, breaking new world records and pushing the boundaries. Why shouldn't man push the boundaries when it comes to knowledge and computers? Why not - what could possibly go wrong? Man could live longer, transfer psycho physical consciousness into new bodies, become immortal, and control all of the cosmos. Man has an innate desire for control and power. Even though evil is not designated to any particular man, it seems there is a collective evil that has many a persons working for it. Evil man, however, doesn't acknowledge that he's evil - as crazy people do not know that they are crazy. Great evils some how unfold even from good intentions man has. I allude to Platonics, such as in Plotinus, to understand better matter and how it is necessitatively evil, like a shadow, dark because of lacking light. And because of man's lack of conviction in KNOWING THYSELF, therefore unaware of the principles, universals and virtues, he's incapable of realizing his docile and servile complacency, therefore you will never hear from a "scientist" what i am here conveying. Such groups will campaign, selling to the stupid masses, that they're raising money so to find away to cure cancer, and to save the children, capturing everybodies hearts and assent, all the while, though this be true for a select few, have another completely different agenda.
@@S3RAVA3LM >you will never hear from a "scientist" what i am here conveying
History is full of examples of scientists that warned about the dangers of the discoveries they worked on, and campaigned against using them for military purposes. Many scientists refused to work on the Manhattan project, notably Lise Meitner who discovered fission and Nobel prize winner Isidor Rabi, but many others. A few years ago 1000 researchers signed a petition opposing a European military R&D effort. There's nothing about being a scientist that prevents someone from studying philosophy, or even being religious, I think they are independent concerns.
13:36 Genes for being altruistic to relatives still don't make evolutionary sense. In fact it's a paradox ie. the gene wouldn't spread unless it was already common. An altruistic mouse helps his brother who has a lot of same genetic info, but not necessarily the altruistic gene...in fact most likely not since it's me helping them and theyre not helping me.
"Nature writes information over time."
Well nature must have one heck of a memory.
@paulm8885 memory yes chemical and electrical memory and if it fails (dies) it just starts over in a hundred million years I'm sure there's a lot of start overs.
Information is the TimeStamps embedded in the Atoms. Life gets its energy from the time differences of the biological elements in our body. I am able to explain every physical, chemical and biological processes using this discovery.
@@louiscolborn6715 I was implying an informer.
Information "informs" who? "Conveys" from who to whom?
Meaning can be "permanent" as with "facts", but what about measurement? Measurements are, by definition, impermanent yet the "scale" of measurement seems permanent -conveying an "in form", "informed" fact.
Consciousness is subjective. Of this there can be no argument. That is why consciousness is a problem for the material philosophy called "science" -physics, chemistry and biology.
Is self-consciousness subjective? I don't think so. The linguistic mind is indoctrinated: forced into permanent fact. A revealing example of this is spelling. Children in school spell "English" words how it sounds to them, but teachers force children to spell words according to some previous tradition. Why?
If information is to be more that a materialist fad, it must present evidence that it can "bridge the gap" between consciousness and self-consciousness, between subjectivity and objectivity.
Now that I've read my words objectivity should be reconceived. Objectivity is misnamed. It should be called "willed" concensual, information. Willed by culture, politics, religion, science, etcetera. Those self-conscious strategems imposed by evolutionary memory.
Since subjectivity involves no concensus I strain at finding an appropriate counter-definition.
"The idea that the instructions in building an organism are in the genetic code is simply not true." The truth is the instructions for building an entire organism ARE in the code. We see it in action every time a baby is born. Of course other processes are involved, but the fact is if a mutation occurs in a significant and required section of DNA the baby will not develop as it should. A missing amino acid and it's related protein, at a specific time in development, is responsible. Those amino acids are determined by DNA.
You're totally right. I'm a biologist and a pathologist and what Griffith said there is complete nonsense. He clearly doesn't know what he's talking about. Unfortunately, many so called "philosophers of biology" will do all they can to try and deny the obvious informatic (syntactic and semantic) nature of biology because of the metaphysical implications that conflict with naturalism.
@@jonatanblais957 What he said was that DNA only encodes information about how to construct proteins, but the information that leads to the resulting structure and organisation of the organism as it grows is not in the DNA but elsewhere in the other mechanisms of the cell. This would include those that are responsible for managing cell division and growth. DNA is a recipe for making the building blocks, it does no tell the organism how to put them together, that's there in the organism and he's not denying that, but it's not in DNA.
@@simonhibbs887 The information encoded in the DNA is carried downstream to the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of the proteins. Everything the cell does is ultimately determined by the information encoded in the genome including the rules for transcription regulation. That's why identical twins are identical and non-identical twins are not. The former have identical genomic sequences while the later don't. Identical genomic sequences produce identical organisms but different genomic sequences produce different organisms. This is basic biology but ideologues will deny reality when it conflicts with their metaphysical commitments...
@@jonatanblais957 He is not denying that the information that controls the structure of the organism is physical, nor is he denying that it is inherited, nor is he denying that it is subject to evolution, so what metaphysical commitment are you talking about?
@@simonhibbs887 What non genetically determined "cell mechanisms" are you talking about ?
Obviously, this particular CTT video pulls at my heartstrings because I am a strong proponent of information being more fundamental than matter or energy (with the latter being "after the fact" conduits for exchanging information). Here we are discussing "biological information" because it seems more relative to us - since we are representatives of biology. However, I argue that "biological information" is just a more highly evolved form of information that emerged from prior "inanimate information" that became redundant over time.
I propose that the cosmos has a *minimalistic core intelligence* embedded into its information-based framework that only manifests the smallest amount of orchestration necessary to keep evolution (biological and nonbiological) pushing forward.
It's "minimalistic" as in purposely rolling a snowball down a hill and then "documenting" all the unknown havoc it causes as it rolls, grows and starts smashing everything in its path.
My theory also proposes that "Existence" is a constantly evolving database of all information that has ever existed / generated. The moment any new information is generated, it gets added to the collective database and no information is ever lost.
Your personal information also gets added to this collective database after you pass on.
All information that has ever been generated can be instantaneously accessed once you pass on and become a part of the same database, but while you are "alive" and physically interacting with other information-generating mechanisms, your access to information is restricted via physical laws and other environmental conditions.
*"What happens in Existence stays in Existence."*
Agree, I add; at now there is only minimum intelligence is required because beyond that will lead us to infinite regression.
@@christianrelloso2649 *"Agree, I add; at now there is only minimum intelligence is required because beyond that will lead us to infinite regression."*
... Curious as to how that would that happen? I know that an explanation would be required for any level of intelligence above what is deemed absolutely necessary for "minimal orchestration," but I don't know how that would lead to infinite regression.
Just because the environment affects how an android behaves and interacts with its environment does not mean the android is not programmed or constructed deterministically.
Very good, Dr. Kuhn! Thank you! I am of the opinion that there is no biological information. The elaborate "talking" between proteins and nucleic acid repositories is a high level interconversion in which energy flow via the exchange of phosphoryl groups, in cyclical chemical conversions, is a more accurate description. The term "egentic coding" is not reallly encoding but rather a biochemical (quantum?) correpondence based on cyclical chemical transformations!
Biological information orders you to be a human instead of a squirrel.
I thought you have said many many times that mater can't order anything. Biological anything would be matter. Oops, you proved yourself wrong yet again.
@@tomjackson7755 information is immaterial so there is no contradiction
I have a Ph.D. in geography, and as a professional geographist I've been doing a lot of work on the philosophy of geography. It's a relatively new field, actually, but it promises to greatly enhance our understanding of...well, everything basically.
If you'd like for me to discuss this with you on your show, do give me a ring-a-ling.
Ba- *nannn* -nah!
What are some philosophical topics in geography?
What? Philosophy of Geography? So like save often because ArcMap likes to crash? You're talking the Art and History of Geography right? Not the math part I presume. Relatively new based on hundreds of years of field work... sure.
Have you located Atlantis?
@@sentientflower7891
No.
Atlantis is a fictional land imagined by Plato, 427 - 348 BC, who was not---and I repeat NOT---a credentialed geographist. Plato was the greatest master of disinformation right up until the time of the Biden Administration, and his reliability has been questioned in various academic disciplines including philosophy, chemistry, and psychology. Plato's theory of forms has become a laughingstock among real scientists who have proven that matter is all that exists.
@@Minion-kh1tq Plato was a philosopher and a geographer.
Wouldn’t information just be an abstracted state from a more complex non coherent substrate. Thus information is just activity that appears as coherent when layered and abstracted.
This video abstracted me.
1:15 "meaning beyond metaphor"
The very import for metaphor is in conveying that which is beyond the mere apparent.
Gee, if only we had a Religion that told us more than 2000 years ago that the Universe was created by an all powerful personal mind, maybe we could have a framework to explain why we find information and meaning where materialism says there should be none.
Religions have been saying that for a lot longer than 2000 years, even about the same personal mind, although several others predate that one. Why do you think materialism says any such thing though? Are you sure you actually know what materialism is and says?
Religions have said many things and violently forced others to believe what they say, historically many of the biggest religions have proven to not handle disagreement with their beliefs very well.
Could you tell me which of those religions you mentioned said "a lot longer than 2000 years ago" that Creation ex Nihilo by an all powerful mind is the explanation for the birth of the Universe? Asking for a friend.
@@pedropinho573 Judaism is a lot older than 2000 years, genesis goes back to around the 10th to 5th century BC.
In Zoroastrianism, Ahura Mazda is the beginning and the end, the creator of everything that can and cannot be seen, the eternal and uncreated, the all-good. The religion is monotheistic, messianic, taught that humans have free will, that there would be a judgement after death, heaven and hell, angels, demons, clean and unclean animals (same list as judaism), resurrection of the body in a day of judgement. It’s holy books, the Avesta go back to the mid 2nd millennium BC predate the bible and it is widely considered the world’s first monotheistic religion. It was highly influential on Judaism from the period of the Babylonian exile around 650 BC. For example before then god directly manifests in human form in the bible, after then he sends angels as his representatives. Before responsibility before good is inherited (sins of the fathers visited in the sons), after it is individual.
BioData... Like in Doctor Who
Apologists are not gonna like this one😂
Animals operate by instinct which is endemic to them and operates automatically.
For more primitive animals like fish and reptiles this is the dominant factor, but all animals with nervous systems can learn new skills such as how to navigate a novel environment. Higher animals such as most mammals are still very instinctive driven, but can learn new behaviours and adapt their behaviour to novel situations. I’ve watched cats teach their young how to hunt, and even how to open a door that is slightly ajar. Then there’s humans which can mostly learn and develop new skills, but whose long term motivations and desires are still largely instinctual.
Tell that to a crow.
Do we take it that you believe that humans don't? Neo-Darwinian instinct theory needs to go extinct. Dumbest theory of all time.
There is no chosen ones. Ridiculous. We will all one. Get over it.
Altruism is Perceived. The underlying reason has to be self-interest by virtue of natural selection and survival of the fittest. In short, Self-interest is the only Altruism
You omit the third prong of the competitive speciation of the predator-prey complex - symbiosis. "You serve my self-interest, and I'll serve yours."
No idea. And who cares in anyway
Robert... please drop the word 'biological philosophy '. There is only biological information. There is nothing like biological philosophy.
Biology is all about experimentation, observation, and uncovering the rules that govern life. But behind the scenes, there's another layer of inquiry that delves into the very foundation of those biological principles: philosophy. This specific area of study is called the philosophy of biology.
Here's how philosophy sheds light on the world of living things:
Examining core concepts: Biological concepts like evolution, natural selection, and even the definition of life itself are scrutinized by philosophers of biology. They ask questions about how these concepts are defined, how evidence supports them, and whether there might be alternative explanations.
Methods and reasoning: Scientists use specific methods to gather evidence and build theories. Philosophers of biology analyze these methods, considering how well they truly reflect reality and how they might be improved.
Big picture questions: Biology confronts us with profound questions like: Is there purpose in life? What's the relationship between mind and body? Philosophy offers tools to grapple with these weighty issues, considering the implications of biological discoveries on our overall understanding of the universe.
Ethical considerations: Advances in biology, like genetic engineering, raise a host of ethical concerns. Philosophers help us think through these issues by analyzing the potential benefits and risks, and exploring the moral implications of manipulating the building blocks of life.
In essence, philosophy acts as a critical partner to biology. It doesn't tell biologists what to do, but it provides a framework to analyze their findings, strengthen their methods, and consider the wider significance of their discoveries.
Dear Sujok: “Philosophy” means [in Greek] “Love of Wisdom”, where “wisdom” aims to mean “making sense of information”. In prior centuries, the polymath scientist giants who strived to look at the bigger picture (rather than just narrow fields) were called “Natural Philosophers”. We still need those.
@@cristianarvinte4660yeah. Philosophy is a yoga. It is union with That; to yoke. Philosophy distinguishes between Wisdom and information. Information being empirical data; Wisdom is of soul, essence, energy.
Shouldn't be 'Philosophy of biology,' rather 'epistemology of biology'. In schools, that portray to teach Philosophy, really is only epistemology.
Biology is all about experimentation, observation, and uncovering the rules that govern life. But behind the scenes, there's another layer of inquiry that delves into the very foundation of those biological principles: philosophy. This specific area of study is called the philosophy of biology.
Here's how philosophy sheds light on the world of living things:
Examining core concepts: Biological concepts like evolution, natural selection, and even the definition of life itself are scrutinized by philosophers of biology. They ask questions about how these concepts are defined, how evidence supports them, and whether there might be alternative explanations.
Methods and reasoning: Scientists use specific methods to gather evidence and build theories. Philosophers of biology analyze these methods, considering how well they truly reflect reality and how they might be improved.
Big picture questions: Biology confronts us with profound questions like: Is there purpose in life? What's the relationship between mind and body? Philosophy offers tools to grapple with these weighty issues, considering the implications of biological discoveries on our overall understanding of the universe.
Ethical considerations: Advances in biology, like genetic engineering, raise a host of ethical concerns. Philosophers help us think through these issues by analyzing the potential benefits and risks, and exploring the moral implications of manipulating the building blocks of life.
In essence, philosophy acts as a critical partner to biology. It doesn't tell biologists what to do, but it provides a framework to analyze their findings, strengthen their methods, and consider the wider significance of their discoveries.
But in the end philosophy is just one's individual opinion.... It should not be counted as real.
Mammals will evolve to battle other mammals for territory.
Birds engage in no such warfare.
Tell that to a pebble-stealing penguin.
Birds or prey are very territorial about the area around their nesting sites, for up to a dozen or so square miles in some species, but not so much their hunting territory. I wonder why this is, it's an interesting difference. Maybe flight makes birds so mobile that territoriality isn't efficient.
@@simonhibbs887 I had a similar thought, that if they are not locked to land except as you say, when they are nesting. Humans of course dispute geographic and political territory; and Trump was a real estate developer.
What a load of mumbo jumbo babble! If you can't explain what you mean, you obviously don't understand what you're talking about.
You haven't explained what you mean. What are you trying to say?
But they're getting *paid!*