During my time as an undergraduate, I've only been asked to remember reactants of the citric acid cycle and the number of carbon atoms. Drew Barry has gone one step above by showing us the enzymes and subcellular location of the reactions.
It just appears synchronized in the video to simplify the animation, but they're much more chaotic (not random) in reality. Also: if you depict the chaos 100%, you wouldn't be able to understand what's going on or what you're even supposed to see.
Basically, a whole bunch of tiny robotic modules pass around various inconveniently assembled molecules, adding and subtracting stuff in a very bureaucratic way, until the cells end up getting what they asked for.
@@kirbyallen1905 Welp, we are them. They are us. Within us they get large amounts of resources and safety, they do things that keep us alive so we can do what we do that powers them. A cycle where we power ourselves, so that we could do stuff. Just so happened that we are able to do stuff except the stuff to keep us alive, like figuring out things with an evolved body control system, and figuring out how we work in the future.
Thank you for uploading this informative video, and for portraying the environment inside the cell as tightly crammed with molecules jostling and banging into one another, which is closer to the truth than most such videos which are far too "neat and clean." It was nice having the names of the molecules pronounced properly, too, for the most part. Some videos use machine voices which massacre the pronunciations at times.
I bet no one who ever asked "what is life" could have imagined the answer was "it's all nanobots controlled by chemical computers doing incredibly complicated chemical reactions"
It is absolutely amazing... Congratulations for all the team: You are incredible! All schools should teach with these animations. Thank you so much! ^^
Visualizing the procedures of life like that is like watching the sky in time-lapse - the difficult-to-believe rotation of the Earth starts to be obvious and starts to make sense!
I love the fractal nature of it all. All these little, busy droids removing and adding everywhere on a micro level. On a macro level, we do the same. On a super-macro level, maybe a multi-dimensional being is looking at its version of a microscope at us and wondering why we do what we do.
yes, it is all Intelligent Design and zero evolution - notice that there is no randomicity and natural selection in the commentary...it would be absurd
@@j.ianlindsay9322 I'm no expert but isn't the Citric Acid Cycle happening in the matrix of the mitochondria and not in the cytosol of the cell? Or can you call the fluid in the matrix Zytosol as well?
@@j.ianlindsay9322 I know what the question was I'm talkig about the answer you gave. Im confused about the place where the Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the first place.
@@LinuxelYT I mean, depending on how you look at it, the matrix is the cytosol of the mitochondrion, and the cytosol of the host cell is the external environment.
Although citrate is a symmetric molecule, aconitase reacts with citrate asymmetrically (atoms originated from acetyl-CoA is not used). This asymmetric behavior is the result of channeling or the transfer of the product of citrate synthase directly onto the active site of aconitase, without entering free solution. This channeling provides integration of citric acid cycle activity and providing citrate in the cytosol as a source of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis. Citrate is only available in free solution to be transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis when aconitase is inhibited by accumulation of its product, isocitrate.
@@gray.crawford. Thanks. Would those empty spaces mainly be filled with water? Have you slowed down time in the videos too...I think I read somewhere that ATP is made at about 10 per sec in the ATPase.
@@gray.crawford. Thanks again. Keep up the great work! How about following a glucose molecule all the way to pyruvate as an entry to this video? Or even photosynthesis if you've got a few spare months! 😂
Crazy! Adds to my video knowledge of the separate area of ATP Synthase / Protein Complexes / Electron Transport Chain. With the Citric Acid Cycle, the energy aspect is basically harvesting electrons for the ETC, while producing CO2 as waste - and some Protons for later as well. Whereas the Cristae complexes, embedded in the Mitochondrial membrane, then use those electrons to drive the ETC while also pumping protons back out to the Intermembrane Space. That ultimately sets up the Proton Gradient, which spins the ATP Synthase turbine, by flowing back into the Matrix. There, that rotating Synthase complex uses ADP, while consuming Oxygen of course, to drive the super-efficient production of the Cell's ultimate Energy molecule ATP - at levels sufficient to power multi-cellular organisms ! Carbon, Electrons, CO2, Protons, and Oxygen ... Respiration, wow! Footnote: Evolution via mutation and speciation is easy to grasp. But the Billion years or so where Inorganic planetary processes brought about Abiogenesis - and then all the spontaneous Organic Chemistry steps that led to confounding Molecular Machinery, all somehow coming together to collaborate in the symbiosis that brought about the Cell - is surely one of the most astounding Inquiries we have yet to discover.
I really love these protein videos and they're such a wonderful tool for visualising the reactions taking place, but I wish I could get voice-over versions without the sound (or proper captions so that I can mute the video). I know it's artistic & I'm probably in the minority, but the sound effects are really overwhelming for me and make me feel nauseated 😭
What I find most fascinating is that every component shown here is made from our DNA. That all these moving parts are mirrored on our DNA. 🧬 That our DNA is the combined single strand that makes all this possible. That’s not even the half of it! It’s way more fascinating than even I can articulate. 🫨
These videos are SO FASCINATING! It looks like a fair bit of what underlies the dynamics of this entire set of processes is brownian motion. Is that the case? These videos want me to learn more about the actual science behind what's going on here. I suppose chemistry is the relevant field? Deeper of course is physics in how molecules, atoms and electrons combine and exchange etc... Anyway, WOW, this stuff is so cool.
Oh yea, at these scales molecules randomly bumping into eachother is the main way anything happens. Cells of course have many ways to actively move, restrict, enrich, etc. but in the end the molecules still have to find eachother. I'm very glad you find this biochemistry stuff so fascinating. What happens to all the high-energy electrons generated in this step is also very fascinating. In essence they're moved to a chain of proteins which pump protons through a membrane to create a higher concentration on one side than the other. These protons of course want to flow back and they do so through a protein complex which literally is a tiny mechanical turbine. This makes the central axis rotate, which then physically smashes two molecules together to create ATP, the main way your cells powers stuff. I think it's really cool that basically everything we do is powered by trillions of tiny turbines in our cells.
This is a wonderful Blessing but I don’t know anything. I never studied this in High School but I want to learn. I love this but I don’t understand exactly where this is taking place. If someone wants to help me get grounded I apologize for my ignorance! 🙈🖖🏼
Who stoll believes this is a product of mere "fortunate" accidents? If you do, then Feel free to elucidate the pathway for mere chemicals to produce exactly what we see here without life existing first.
This is what kills me. All science people always trying to embarrass and humiliate…. It doesn’t make any sense at all to me that any of this could have EVOLVED from vastly more primitive structures, it just doesn’t make any sense because they wouldn’t have been able to accomplish anything. It doesn’t make sense that it could’ve been “created“ by God and it doesn’t make any sense that it “evolved“ by accident. I said this before it’s so incredibly complicated even if it was missing just one, just one tiny element none of if it would work. I really get the feeling it we’re looking at it backwards, and I can’t say I feel it emerged fully formed miraculously. It seems vastly too complicated to “evolve“ and it would have had to have been a stupendously brilliant intention to make that thing work. It blows my mind that biological processes can liberate an electron! WTF?!
@@williamwixon oh so just because it doesn’t make any sense to you, it doesn’t make any sense to anyone else! time to discredit all science just because it doesn’t make sense to you
@@DustWolphy there is no evidence for that. To just claim such is not science as all obversations show the contrary. Atoms and molecules left to themselves dont organise themselves in such a manner. Never. They have no need to do so. That's clearly what we can observe. If I look at this I see a highly complicated biochemical fabric. Very sophisticated. The process is amazing. The photosynthesis process is a similar highly sophisticated biochemical process so advanced try and repeat it in a lab. It's not possible, but your saying cells came up with this just like that on there own? Seriously?
@@DustWolphy why do you say something so foolish? Tell me? First of all I did. Secondly you don't seem to realise that state today over 1000 professors in science have come out to express there doubts about abiogenesis. Its currently a very debated part of science and you are trying to imply something very stupid... we can talk science here, debate abiogenesis yes, but please insults and childish remarks are clearly not my cup of tee. Thank you.
@@xtratub ridiculous? Okay, please tell me how evolution can build something like that? It can’t. Darwin himself feared irreducibly complexity, and that is exactly what we see here. So please tell me. Also, mutations are damaging. How can a damaging process happen for millions of years? It’s you who needs to grow up.
Absolutely revolting background sound effects. Why not just have fingernails scratching a chalk board the whole time. Unlistenable, therefore, couldn't listen to what might be a very informative video.
When you realise how many years of research have gone into this video...
@@rogerscottcathey Hang in there, Roger. You will find happiness yet.
We are standing on the shoulders of giants
At least 2
@@rogerscottcathey “ughsome” makes me want to pull my intestines out of my ass and use them to self-asphyxiate
how they do the animations
Some of the most beautiful videos on TH-cam. 😘
Love how you incorporate the brownian motion of the proteins in your animations.
During my time as an undergraduate, I've only been asked to remember reactants of the citric acid cycle and the number of carbon atoms. Drew Barry has gone one step above by showing us the enzymes and subcellular location of the reactions.
How on earth does it all stay synchronised - absolutely mindblowing.
It just appears synchronized in the video to simplify the animation, but they're much more chaotic (not random) in reality. Also: if you depict the chaos 100%, you wouldn't be able to understand what's going on or what you're even supposed to see.
I didn't understand anything but it's very interesting
Basically, a whole bunch of tiny robotic modules pass around various inconveniently assembled molecules, adding and subtracting stuff in a very bureaucratic way, until the cells end up getting what they asked for.
That feeling when you realize we may just be protein robots
What do you mean by "may" hahah
The more I learn about cellular biology the more convinced I become that “we “ are nothing more than servants to the cells. 😄
We are!
@@sweetsue4204 isn’t it reciprocal though? We help them, they help us.
@@kirbyallen1905 Welp, we are them. They are us. Within us they get large amounts of resources and safety, they do things that keep us alive so we can do what we do that powers them. A cycle where we power ourselves, so that we could do stuff. Just so happened that we are able to do stuff except the stuff to keep us alive, like figuring out things with an evolved body control system, and figuring out how we work in the future.
This video is great! I just got more information in 6 minutes than in a 2 hour lecture on the citric acid cycle.
Marvelous! Thank you so much for providing us the unique opportunity to see this as we were inside a cell, and explained so well too!
You produce the best videos about biochemical reactions. Amazing stuff. It really comes to life. Better than blackboard scribbles.
I wish I had Drew Berry's videos when I was a student......
Thank you for uploading this informative video, and for portraying the environment inside the cell as tightly crammed with molecules jostling and banging into one another, which is closer to the truth than most such videos which are far too "neat and clean." It was nice having the names of the molecules pronounced properly, too, for the most part. Some videos use machine voices which massacre the pronunciations at times.
I bet no one who ever asked "what is life" could have imagined the answer was "it's all nanobots controlled by chemical computers doing incredibly complicated chemical reactions"
I absolutely love this! Thank you for making it! Love the sound effects too.
It is absolutely amazing... Congratulations for all the team: You are incredible!
All schools should teach with these animations.
Thank you so much! ^^
The capacity to visualize this amazing biochemical processes is a dream come true. Thank you.
Visualizing the procedures of life like that is like watching the sky in time-lapse - the difficult-to-believe rotation of the Earth starts to be obvious and starts to make sense!
I love the fractal nature of it all. All these little, busy droids removing and adding everywhere on a micro level. On a macro level, we do the same. On a super-macro level, maybe a multi-dimensional being is looking at its version of a microscope at us and wondering why we do what we do.
whoa... very interesting.
My thoughts exactly.
yes, it is all Intelligent Design and zero evolution - notice that there is no randomicity and natural selection in the commentary...it would be absurd
turtles all the way down
@@MyMy-tv7fd why would there be natural selection in your body lol
In a better world, this would be a viral video.👍🏻
Impressive but zoom in, slow down and annotate more to give the vast amount of academic and experimental labour that brought this its due.
I wonder if the reactants diffuse from one enzyme to another, or are guided somehow?
They diffuse
@@j.ianlindsay9322 I'm no expert but isn't the Citric Acid Cycle happening in the matrix of the mitochondria and not in the cytosol of the cell? Or can you call the fluid in the matrix Zytosol as well?
@@j.ianlindsay9322 I know what the question was I'm talkig about the answer you gave. Im confused about the place where the Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the first place.
@@j.ianlindsay9322 Thanks for the clarification!
@@LinuxelYT I mean, depending on how you look at it, the matrix is the cytosol of the mitochondrion, and the cytosol of the host cell is the external environment.
I've been waiting for this video for a year!
One of the coolest things I've seen. Thanks.
Although citrate is a symmetric molecule, aconitase reacts with citrate
asymmetrically (atoms originated from acetyl-CoA is not used). This asymmetric
behavior is the result of channeling or the transfer of the product of citrate synthase directly onto the active site of aconitase, without entering free solution. This
channeling provides integration of citric acid cycle activity and providing citrate in
the cytosol as a source of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis. Citrate is only
available in free solution to be transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol for
fatty acid synthesis when aconitase is inhibited by accumulation of its product,
isocitrate.
I love it! Thank you
Wow This so interesting and useful Thanks'
Perfect video. I have not never seen before this kind understandable video.
It seems like everything is driven by brownian motion and by the fact that all the enzymes are packed so closely together.
I love this video so much. Not only is it incredibly useful as a study tool, but it is also just fascinating to watch and think about.
This is better than our college professor in Biochemistry in Medical Laboratory Science
Amazing visuals. Sound effects give me the heebie jeebies though.
Excellent graphics... and sound too! Is the molecule density close to in vivo conditions?
No it’s still super decimated. In reality it would entirely fill with molecules, no large empty space
@@gray.crawford. Thanks. Would those empty spaces mainly be filled with water? Have you slowed down time in the videos too...I think I read somewhere that ATP is made at about 10 per sec in the ATPase.
@@philsmith7398 yes lots of water and other molecules
@@gray.crawford. Thanks again. Keep up the great work! How about following a glucose molecule all the way to pyruvate as an entry to this video? Or even photosynthesis if you've got a few spare months! 😂
@@philsmith7398 aha this is Drew Berry et al! I’m just a fan and microbiology nerd
Preparing for viva🌱
Thanks for updating video
Crazy! Adds to my video knowledge of the separate area of ATP Synthase / Protein Complexes / Electron Transport Chain.
With the Citric Acid Cycle, the energy aspect is basically harvesting electrons for the ETC, while producing CO2 as waste - and some Protons for later as well.
Whereas the Cristae complexes, embedded in the Mitochondrial membrane, then use those electrons to drive the ETC while also pumping protons back out to the Intermembrane Space. That ultimately sets up the Proton Gradient, which spins the ATP Synthase turbine, by flowing back into the Matrix. There, that rotating Synthase complex uses ADP, while consuming Oxygen of course, to drive the super-efficient production of the Cell's ultimate Energy molecule ATP - at levels sufficient to power multi-cellular organisms !
Carbon, Electrons, CO2, Protons, and Oxygen ... Respiration, wow!
Footnote: Evolution via mutation and speciation is easy to grasp. But the Billion years or so where Inorganic planetary processes brought about Abiogenesis - and then all the spontaneous Organic Chemistry steps that led to confounding Molecular Machinery, all somehow coming together to collaborate in the symbiosis that brought about the Cell - is surely one of the most astounding Inquiries we have yet to discover.
Does your knowledge make you think about God?
I really love these protein videos and they're such a wonderful tool for visualising the reactions taking place, but I wish I could get voice-over versions without the sound (or proper captions so that I can mute the video). I know it's artistic & I'm probably in the minority, but the sound effects are really overwhelming for me and make me feel nauseated 😭
Thank you for sharing.
What I find most fascinating is that every component shown here is made from our DNA. That all these moving parts are mirrored on our DNA. 🧬 That our DNA is the combined single strand that makes all this possible. That’s not even the half of it! It’s way more fascinating than even I can articulate. 🫨
These videos are SO FASCINATING! It looks like a fair bit of what underlies the dynamics of this entire set of processes is brownian motion. Is that the case? These videos want me to learn more about the actual science behind what's going on here. I suppose chemistry is the relevant field? Deeper of course is physics in how molecules, atoms and electrons combine and exchange etc... Anyway, WOW, this stuff is so cool.
Oh yea, at these scales molecules randomly bumping into eachother is the main way anything happens. Cells of course have many ways to actively move, restrict, enrich, etc. but in the end the molecules still have to find eachother. I'm very glad you find this biochemistry stuff so fascinating.
What happens to all the high-energy electrons generated in this step is also very fascinating. In essence they're moved to a chain of proteins which pump protons through a membrane to create a higher concentration on one side than the other. These protons of course want to flow back and they do so through a protein complex which literally is a tiny mechanical turbine. This makes the central axis rotate, which then physically smashes two molecules together to create ATP, the main way your cells powers stuff. I think it's really cool that basically everything we do is powered by trillions of tiny turbines in our cells.
Extremely fascinating! Loved it
Wish I can view the raw video that isn’t ruined by the compression algorithm
The 2160p really helps
You can find the 1080p file here
www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/citric-acid-cycle
Wow. Great job putting this together. 👏👏👏
Can anyone tell me why everything's shaking? I remember that there's a specific reason for it.
Thermal energy (heat) kinetic activity. More: Brownian motion en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion
@@WEHImovies Thanks!
This is incredible
Is this a fully simulation or merely animation??
Mostly animation. The small molecule shape changes are sampled from molecular dynamics simulation. All structures are from PDB.
@@WEHImovies Do we have the computer power to do simulation on the big molecules?
@@Synthesizers1 yes
Excellent Belfast Ireland 🇮🇪
Can't imagine this whole stuff had to evolve like everything else in our body 😵💫
“Warm little ponds,” Darwins words, sure are creative. How does this debunk irreducible complexity?
Oh my god amazing presentation
This is a wonderful Blessing but I don’t know anything. I never studied this in High School but I want to learn. I love this but I don’t understand exactly where this is taking place. If someone wants to help me get grounded I apologize for my ignorance! 🙈🖖🏼
can someone help. i thought the 8 steps break apart 6 carbon atoms, not 2. Am I missing something?
Hypnotic and fascinating !
very cool and awesome video
Its amazing..
Wwaaaww !!.. funcionamos como el juego de "tetris"..
Is this realtime?
Somewhat slowed down. In reality it goes faster and more jiggly and violent.
It's so beautiful
Thanks❤❤❤
So cool
Nice video. Shame about the constant misuse of terms.
Its a good thing I do not understand quantum physics as it makes understanding these biologic processes less confusing.
Well, quantum physics applies to individual atoms and subatomic particles, but we're dealing with molecules here.
great animation
Beautiful
so the dots hit the thing and it makes us alive... got it
While it may not be pretty on a small scale, the beautiful planet as a whole depends on these reactions.
Wow!
This is terrifying
Citric acid = citrate?
Citrate is a negative ion form of Citric Acid.
❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
Nice
We give names to these but really it's just order and patterns emerging in random noise.
But why there ate dislikes?
what are the ones who study this kind of stuff called?
Biologists
@@WEHImovies not biochemists? i believe it falls under cell biology.. so i am guessing it's studied by both biologists and biochemists?
And we wonder why we are so naturel industrial. Our buddy's are full of factory's.
i understand nothing but its not the videos fault. its me. im a pure potato
Who stoll believes this is a product of mere "fortunate" accidents?
If you do, then Feel free to elucidate the pathway for mere chemicals to produce exactly what we see here without life existing first.
And remember, all of these molecular machines emerged by accident, never distrust Wikipedia _(irony)_
This is what kills me. All science people always trying to embarrass and humiliate…. It doesn’t make any sense at all to me that any of this could have EVOLVED from vastly more primitive structures, it just doesn’t make any sense because they wouldn’t have been able to accomplish anything. It doesn’t make sense that it could’ve been “created“ by God and it doesn’t make any sense that it “evolved“ by accident. I said this before it’s so incredibly complicated even if it was missing just one, just one tiny element none of if it would work. I really get the feeling it we’re looking at it backwards, and I can’t say I feel it emerged fully formed miraculously. It seems vastly too complicated to “evolve“ and it would have had to have been a stupendously brilliant intention to make that thing work. It blows my mind that biological processes can liberate an electron! WTF?!
@@williamwixon oh so just because it doesn’t make any sense to you, it doesn’t make any sense to anyone else! time to discredit all science just because it doesn’t make sense to you
@@heybestie6440 well, we share some thing in common, over reacting to social media posts. ❤️
"By accident" is such a creationist-manufactured narrative, it's also basically just _reductio ad absurdum_ (absurdity by reduction/simplification).
And this all came from Natural Selection and Random Variation...uh, sure.
....♥
SHOW
.♥
Intelligent Design.
nah, inefficient design.
中医学没考虑到这些现实所以非常落后！
Anyone who thinks that this process came about by chance is foolish!
So this highly sophisticated biochemistry organised itself? We really should believe this?
It's a self propagating reaction. It makes sense that we only see what propagates most effectively over time.
@@DustWolphy there is no evidence for that. To just claim such is not science as all obversations show the contrary. Atoms and molecules left to themselves dont organise themselves in such a manner. Never. They have no need to do so. That's clearly what we can observe. If I look at this I see a highly complicated biochemical fabric. Very sophisticated. The process is amazing. The photosynthesis process is a similar highly sophisticated biochemical process so advanced try and repeat it in a lab. It's not possible, but your saying cells came up with this just like that on there own? Seriously?
@@platzhirsch4275 there is evidence you just need to study at university to understand it.
@@DustWolphy why do you say something so foolish? Tell me? First of all I did. Secondly you don't seem to realise that state today over 1000 professors in science have come out to express there doubts about abiogenesis. Its currently a very debated part of science and you are trying to imply something very stupid... we can talk science here, debate abiogenesis yes, but please insults and childish remarks are clearly not my cup of tee. Thank you.
It is organized because there is potential for this. And probable there are many places where no such potential. So, no wonder
How did that come from evolution? Jesus loves you.
gradually. Jesus is dead
@@xtratub Jesus is alive!
@@RedefineLiving Just a ridiculus dream. Grow up!
@@xtratub ridiculous? Okay, please tell me how evolution can build something like that? It can’t. Darwin himself feared irreducibly complexity, and that is exactly what we see here. So please tell me. Also, mutations are damaging. How can a damaging process happen for millions of years? It’s you who needs to grow up.
@@RedefineLiving it can, you just do not understand evolution and how nature works. Educate yourself
Absolutely revolting background sound effects. Why not just have fingernails scratching a chalk board the whole time. Unlistenable, therefore, couldn't listen to what might be a very informative video.