Languages of Europe
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 7 ก.พ. 2025
- Languages of Europe, Germanic Languages, Italic (Romance) Languages, Slavic Languages, Celtic Languages, Baltic Languages, Greek Language, Iranian Languages, Armenian Language, Albanian Language, Caucasian Languages, Basque, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Mongolic, Semitic, Berber, Daco-Thracian, Anatolian, Illyrian, Paeonian, Lusitanian, Cimmerian
Music:
A Tale of Vengeance - Aakash Gandhi
Ignosi - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
"Ignosi" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License
creativecommons...
We’re trying our best to keep a Celtic language alive here in Wales. Yma o hyd, Cymru am byth!
it's amazing that speakers of it still exist somewhere
@@Elekem the numbers are increasing. It currently stands at around 899,000 people in Wales who are either fully fluent or can understand the basics of the language. That’s around 30% of the population. Apparently there’s 110,000 in England. Probably mostly people who left Wales.
Either way, the language more than just exists. It’s thriving.
@@welshed This is good news =)
I live in cornwall and I want the same but nobody seems to care about Cornish or the Cornish culture
Primitive language. Embrase latin and civilization. (Just a joke,)
I'm surprised to see how the Thracian (or Daco-Thracian) languages were once so expansive, all the way around the western and northern parts of the Black Sea.
According to the father of history Herodotus: "The Thracians are the most numerous people after the Indians". So it is not a surprise. The Thracians existed even in today's Turkey, the Trojans were most likely Thracians or proto Thracians and were helped in the Trojan War by other Thracian tribes. But the Thracian language disappeared, today there are only some words preserved in Romanian , Albanian , Serbian language .
@@Claude-ut2oe Why are you so sure the thracian is extinct???
@@Claude-ut2oe When Herotodus wrote that the Daco-Thracian language was already extinct from the Pontic steppe lol
I wasnt.
@theotheagendashill818 ot was extinct because they used it without writing it. So other languages were used to write and their own slowly dissapeared. Roman Empire was a big problem too because they complicated the situation even more with the Roman writing sistem and Alphabet and language was easy to use.
about the baltic substrate in the north, finnish words like musta, saari, höyhen, hiili, jano and etc. are of unknown origin, there are no cognates in germanic or indo-iranian. The saami languages have a bigger set of such substrate words of unknown origin
Well, the uralic languages have yet to be conclusively shown to be related to indo-European, so really you should be comparing finnish to magyar or one of the more eastern languages
Brodie Finnish is Uralic
wasnt there a proto lappish language?
The word of water in the saamik for example
But it isn't related to baltic substrate
The reason why half of Central-Eastern europe is partly "Italic" is because Latin was second official language of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and seems that Czechs and Slovaks did the same thing
That's a cool fact
If one only looks at the old continent, the Slavic languages are by far the biggest winners. They went from having a small area smudged between the Baltics and the Balkans, to dominating almost all of eastern Europe and beyond.
Adding the Americas, Africa and Australia completely overturn the tables in favour of Italic and Germanic though.
If WW1 didn't happend, only eastern and southern slaves would remain today. Poles and czechs would became Germans.
I think it is quite inaccurate regarding slavic languages at least when it comes to central europe. I doubt e.g. Silesia was ever mainly germanic. Mainby within upper class, but majority of people? I dont think so. And there are more regions similar. I think it is inaccurate regarding slavic laguages after middle ages.
Dont mistake Ukrainians as Slavs. They are khazars not slavs
@@Yahoo99123 that is same as when you say - Dont mistake Poles as Slavs, they are germans. Same bullshit.
damn slavs
not the ukrainians tho they're cool
This is definitely your Magnum-Opus. Amazing work!
Thank you very much
No. I would say the Indo European spread video was. This one just has too many theoretical implications or oversimplification in terms of the substrates shown when Indo European ones are so detailed.
The unknowns should rather be left unknown unless they are known all of a sudden.
Yeah, we waited and finally, here it is, one of the greatest works of this channel!!
Thank you very much
Nice video. Just point out that the expansion of the Celtic languages starting from Central Europe is under strong academic discussion.
Thank you
Please, what is discussed there? I live in an area (middle and southern germany) with many signs of very early proto-celtic influence even more than 1200 years bce. So I am very interested.
@@CostasMelas also celtic languages at germany are likely to be dead at 4 century
@@brauchebenutzername for instance:
th-cam.com/video/rg0hr87Adok/w-d-xo.html
Regards
There are theories that the people we know as "Celts" actually originated around the periphery of the Atlantic (Britain, Ireland,western France, northern Spain, Portugal) and migrated eastwards.
It’s crazy how he Celtic languages were once wide spread but now they’re very endangered
Welsh is going from strength to strength. The other Celtic languages on the other hand, are in trouble.
That is because of the Germanisation and Romanisation of Western Europe.
@@welshed I happen to be an American who happens to have an Irish dictionary so I might learn the language. I do know what Erin go bragh means being Ireland forever. I also understand Oro Se Do Bheatha Bhaile meaning oro-welcome home.I also understand Gaelidge is the name for the Irish language in Irish.I know the word Eire translates to angry so Ireland's name in Irish translates to Angryland.
In Welsh I understand Cymru am byth means being Wales forever.
Well I also did one of those DNA test but only to find out my ethnic blood.
Here is my result being 100% European in terms of race.
English/Irish/Scottish 63.5%
Irish regions my blood is closest to:County Cork,County Dublin,County Kerry,County Mayo,County Galway,County Waterford,County Donegal,County Clare,County Limerick,County Sligo,Belfast.
English regions my bloodline is closest to:Greater London,Greater Manchester,Merseyside,West Yorkshire,West Midlands,Tyne and Wear,Lancashire,South Yorkshire. Scottish regions my bloodline is closest to:Glasgow.
French and German 20.4%
German regions my bloodline is closest to:Hessen,Rhineland Palatinate,Canton of Bern.
French regions my bloodline is closest to:Pays de la Loire.
Finnish 0.9%
Broadly North Western European 3.9% from Sweden and Norway
Greek and Balkan 10.3%
Parental Haplogroup group E-V13 that is DNA that originates in The Middle East and Western Asia but people of that group migrated into Europe 4500 years ago yet the ancestor of that group of people E1b1b1a originates in The Middle East and is around 22500 years old.
Maternal haplogroup J1b1a which is DNA that is between 4600 and 12000 years old that originates in Anatolia
60% more Neanderthal DNA than the average person.
Well I guess I know more Irish than most of the posers and I know that the Irish are not fans of Lucky Charms and I am not either nor are the Irish usually violent until something brings them to the boiling point. I know the Irish are not really into Lepercons either. I also did some research into Irish history and I find it interesting that they preserved Roman history and I also learned of the Irish version of Julius Caesar being Brian Boru but unlike Caesar he was not assassinated but instead he died fighting against the enemy.
Because of Roman Empire and the Germanic conquests
We have take so much genocide in the mouth so....
Basque, in ancient times was spoken mainly in the Pyrinees. The first written records of basque have been found in Aquitaine, from the time of the roman empire. After the fall of Rome, Basque spread to Navarre and after it to the Basque Country (Alava, Viscay and Gipuzkoa). At the greatest extent of the kingdom of Navarre, basque was also spoken in La Rioja and northern Aragon.
Thats been discussed and there's no clear evidence about it, neither of the opposite. A lot of people has criticised the theory of the ''euskalduntze berandua''
The Valley of Aran in Catalonia is supposed yo tske its name after the word in basque for valley (haran), so maybe more. Even un Toulouse you can find place with basque influence
Isn't Basque very similar to "brithonic" that was spoken by the Britons ?
@@lightfootpathfinder8218 I believe it's like Etruscan a non indo european language. So it's not celtic as far as I know
@@arthurreede4478 Oh right but Etruscan and Brithonic share the same alphabet which has lead some people to believe the Ancient Britons weren't Celts at all just as the Etruscan weren't.
An exceptionally well made video. I also really liked the detailed language family accolades on the right side.👍
Thank you
Well he did miss they Georgian language ISNT CAUCASIAN language by the group it’s called Georgian just like Armenian AND has its own language family branch named kartvelian languages where 4 languages derived from Porto Georgian language are but I do guess it’s easier to just say BOOM Caucasian language! Done even tho all the languages in Caucasia are different because of the mountains dividing them and letting them from differently that is the only problem I have
@@georgiancountryball202 Cope harder, it's armenian
You fucking crazy? If you'd show that video to an European linguist they would strangle you.
@@ll-nd1cj please don't tell me ur saying Georgian is Armenian 💀
Absolutely fantastic video! You are the only creator which makes this kind of maps, and at this level of detail.
Thank you very much
Very impressive. One thing that caught my eye, though: It looks like Swedish arrives in Finland around 1800. In fact it did so between 1200 and 1300, and the proportion of Swedish-speakers has declined pretty much since day one (they probably were 20% or so in the beginning). The relevant area was only slightly bigger than now, however, so in a European context, you need not adjust the area (in case you should ever update this), but only the timing. Other than that, I enjoy your videos a lot, and it would be surprising if minor mistakes didn't creep in here and there.
Thank you very much
Also Swedish was technically the official language for a long time but most people spoke Finnish
@@jopeteus Sure, but the video doesn't aim to capture official languages.
great video, I would add, regarding Czech republic from medieval times onwards, Sudetenland (the area bordering to Germany and Austria 10-40km wide) was German-speaking from 12-13century until their expulsion after the end of WW2 (over 3milion people, about 1/3 of the population), whereas the central parts of Bohemia and Moravia would have been monolingual Czech speaking, except for some larger cities with German settlers. Also, as for latin, overlaying much of Catholic Central Europe, it would have been used by only a very small number of people like the clerical staff and the nobles.
One can't make a video about thousand years of whole Europe within months... :)
What an amazing video, to complete the History of European languages!
May we see more of your work, it’s very precious!
Thank you
As a Greek, this type of video must be especially hard to do. Especially as you come up to the end of the Byzantine Empire.
granted the celts and phyrgians have it much, much worse.
@@zapness What are u on bro?
@@zapness so complex you must check it!
Byzantine Empire❤
Didn’t exist
0:05 this stage was Pre-Proto Germanic or Paleo-Germanic, not Proto-Germanic. Proto-Germanic was spoken around 500BC.
It never ceases to amaze me how Slavic was pretty small and then completely dominated, and also how Celtic was so dominant and is now relegated to the westernmost fringes, barely hanging on. The tides of history can change so dramatically
I agree. The contraction of Celtic resulted from the conquest and Romanization of Celts on the continent and from the invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and the spread of English throughout the British Isles. Slavic expansion was all directions. As Germanic groups moved west into the Roman Empire, Slavic groups moved west to occupy the vacated lands. From pre-history to now, the Slavs moved north to overwhelm the Balts and Finns. Slavs moved east especially after the collapse of Mongol power and by the time the Pilgrims reached Massachusetts, the Russians had reached the Pacific. The burst of the Avar barbarians over the Danube in 600 AD spread the Slavs south to the Aegean Sea. Lastly gradual Russian victories over the Ottomans enabled them to reach the north Black Sea area about 1700AD.
It's a good video, but the timing of the arrival of Finno-Ugric (or Uralic) to Finland and elsewhere in northern Europe seems off a lot. Finno-Ugric had most likely already arrived there by 2000 BC, when this video starts. It possibly had already arrived as early as 5000 BC. (And possibly it was spoken also in the areas of the early Germanic and Baltic languages before those languages formed.)
DNA studies seem to indicate that carriers of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N, which is associated with Finno-Ugric (or Uralic), migrated to Europe from around Manchuria through the taiga areas of northern Eurasia. They seem to have reached Europe possibly as early as 8000 BC, and likely by 6000 BC.
Cool video! Maybe the author will see this comment, but in the video "about the Germanic languages", it is indicated that the German language remained in Siberia, Russia. However, I was born in Omsk (Siberia), officially 50,000 Germans live here, but in my whole life I heard German only once. So the conclusion is that the Russian Germans who remained in Russia have almost completely assimilated and do not speak German
You may wanna check the term russification and that pretty much almost always it was a forced process.
@@bohomazdesign725 I'm not going to talk about processes, I just saw some inaccuracy in the maps about "Germanic languages". If you want to discuss the policy of Russification, then you are not to me.
It’s so sad seeing swathes of German speaking areas completely wiped after the USSR took over
@@bohomazdesign725 Like everywhere else?
@@bohomazdesign725 it was mainly eastern Europe and the Caucasus. The Russian Germans simply assimilated
It would have been cool to imagine what language families existed before the Indo-European invasion. What would a Pre-IE language map look like? What language families lived and died without leaving a trace behind? Of course including such things in a video like this would have been entirely too speculative. In any case, terrific video as always.
welp, no need to speculate for that, the basque language in northern Spain is actually a pre-indoeuropean language of unknown origin!
@ғ я ᴀ ɢ ᴍ ᴇ и ᴛ you also have the finno-ugric languages of Finland, Estonia and Hungary, yeah they migrated from the Urals after the indo-europeans but they are still technically European languages in geographical origin
@·♃I· you also have Georgian which by all means has a separate language branch named after itself in its native language kartvelian with 4 languages in that branch being Georgian megrelian svan and laz all of them derived from same proto-Georgian language so you also have Georgian that developed before the info European invasions and was mostly untouched because of Caucasian mountains protecting them
What about Georgian? Ancient language with its own group that is not endo European
@@georgiancountryball202 true, but it technically isn't a European language, but it's still interesting since the Indo-European migrations went through there and it survived
Although there are some things that could be fixed (like showing the Germans in the Sudetenland during the 17th 18th and 19th centuries) I really loved this, and seeing this is like eye candy!
They were there though. The expansion of German in Bohemia started in the 17th century.
@@Teapoid oh, I see
17th century? Germans started settling in the Bohemian lands in the 13th century (1200s) during Ostsiedlung. Many were invited to settle by the Bohemian royal dynasty and also to populate areas that had been decimated by disease outbreaks.
@@Qwerty-hy5mj Exactly. As far as I know, the local population in Bohemia at the time inhabited mostly the central lowlands (for farming) and the German speakers started settling and developing the heavily-forested mountainous border regions that were previously pretty much just wild nature. They had the know-how from Bavaria/Austria.
I always thought they had a clear majority in these areas
Great video, I noticed one small mistake though, Slavic languages (Polish/Silesian) was still spoken by the majority in Upper Silesia until shortly before the outbreak of WW1, whereas its shown to be Germanic/Romance from ~1400 here.
Harder to prove this next point due to a lack of censuses at the time but Slavic (Polabian/Sorbian) was likely also spoken East of the Elbe for much longer than was shown. Modern Upper Saxony, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern should be Slavic majority from ~600AD-~1100AD. The area was only definitively subdued and converted by the German Crusaders in the 1140s, yet here by 1000AD only the Westernmost parts of Pomerania are shown to be Slavic majority.
Ja słyszałem,że nawet na Dolnym Śląsku większość ludności (szczególnie wśród chłopstwa,którego było najwięcej) co najmniej do połowy XVIII wieku mówiła po polsku
I believe Oberschlesien was majority polish even in 1937.
To add sth... Austria people were germanized in 9 century... before that they spoke slavic as well
@@robertspychalski1267 This is not true. While maybe some were, austrians werent slavs. Its just that in todays austria there were slavs. Dont forget, the slavs came later to europe themselves.
@@stanisawkowalski4804 Może i prawda, trudno powiedzieć. Z tego co ja wiem z danych ze Pruskich spisów ludności, to już odkąd Prusy przejeli Śląsk od Austriaków było już raczej mało Polsko/Śląsko języcznych ludzi na Dolnym Śląsku. W okolicach Wrocławia na przykład, Polacy byli około 8% ludności w roku 1819.
Według danych to tylko w Górnym Śląsku była Polska większość, jakieś 65-70% w 1819, i ~57% w 1905.
Ale ponieważ Prusi raczej próbowali wytępić Polską i Katolicką kulturę to może i by mieli powód by wyolbrzymiać tę dane. Pewnie nigdy się nie dowiemy definitywnie. W tamtych czasach ludzie inaczej patrzyli na koncepcje narodu i większość ludzi mówili w wiecej niż jednym języku.
You are so hard working, the amount of detail is incredible I learned a lot thanks
Thank you very much
Cant wait to watch this tommorow when i have more time. I think i rewatched the ''spread of Indo-European languages in Eurasia'' video like 50 times by now lmao
So interesting how climate change pushed a powerful patriarchal society with a good military and economic strength while being semi-nomadic pastoralists.
Imagine if more languages like Basque still existed...
Πολύ καλή δουλειά. Σε θαυμάζω αδερφέ 👍
Ευχαριστώ πολύ
I see maths
What language is this, greek? I see summation and theta, and the rest is greek to me
Is this Cretan?
i wish we knew so little about paleo-european languages let alone etruscan, basque and iberian
Why would you wish that? I think you meant something different
@@CorvusLeukos he totally did.
One major problem from the get-go: the Atlantic Substrace you have were populated by Indo-European Bell Beaker folk across all of Britain and continental Western Europe except for Northern Spain, and almost certainly spoke an Indo-European language. They absolutely would not have spoken a pre-IE language, as there was a 90%-and-up population turnover in these regions. Other than that one point, great video.
Bell beaker is pre IE
There is contention between if Bell Beaker was IE or originally something else and adopted IE. Its also contented if it was migrational or accultural as there is genetic evidence for IE in the north and major genetic difference in the south. We probably are too broadly characterizing Bell Beaker, Atlantic Bronze Age Europe and languages native to specific areas too broadly
How can I learn Bell Beaker language?
Hard to do but I would love to see a East/Southeast Asian version of this
I just simply love the way costas makes these videos.I like all the details and how slowly things change on the map.Keep up the good work!!🤗🤗🤗🤗🤗
Thank you
In video Crimea shown as Slavic since 1850. However Crimean Tatars biggest group in most part Crimea (except south coastline) until deportation in 1944.
But it's not easy with the Tatars either. They came to Crimea in the 13th century with the Mongol army and were a minority there. The majority before the 16th century were Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, descendants of Ostrogoths and Italians. But the Muslim Tatars eventually assimilated them, destroying Christianity. In the 18th century, history turned back and Crimea became part of the Orthodox Russian Empire. But after the mass betrayal during the 2nd World War, when the Crimean Tatars massively served the Nazis, Stalin (Georgians) ordered you to be evicted to Kazakhstan. It's your own fault.
There’s a mistake : the Italian language did not decline in Istria until after WWII when Yugoslavia forced them to emigrate.
They chose to emigrate. The ones that stayed enjoy the status of national minority with their own language in schools and all official matters.
hope this video is seen more. SO that people will stop saying "French is different because it's a lot of Germanic too." And will instead understand that Celtic is the second language that made French after Latin.
Not really. There is far more Germanic influence on French than Gaulish. Something like 30% of Old French vocabulary was Frankish loanwords. The figure for Gaulish was nowhere close to that. Frankish also influenced Old French structure and grammar and other things in a way that Gaulish either didn't, or did so in a far less pervasive manner.
Even today, French is still around 15% words of Frankish origin. Words of Gaulish origin are maybe 1-3% or something.
No
@@XR190190 That's the reality, whether you accept that or not. There may have been more Gaulish influence in some of the regional Romance languages of France that were ultimately replaced by French historically. But I'm not aware of that if there was.
@@palepilgrim1174 why would what you say the truth? When ethimologically, French is based on Latin and Greek with Celtic words and was influenced a bit by Frankish for the pronunciation?
30% Frankish? You're dreaming lmao do you even understand what you're saying? Just like Gaulish, Frankish brought only one or two hundred words.
Old French is the Langue d'Oïl that was the GALLO-ROMAN language spoken in Northern France without much words from Frankish
@@XR190190 Old French was literally 30% Frankish loanwords. Even Modern French is still 15% Frankish loanwords despite heavy Latin and Italian borrowings in the Middle Ages.
French was far more influenced by Frankish than by Gaulish, and not just in terms of vocabulary, any linguist with half a brain can see that. There’s some Gaulish influence on French, but it’s incredibly minor.
Do yourself a favor and read about your own language before attempting to talk about it.
Do the Uto Aztecan family, it'll be interesting to see how colonialism affected it
Not very accurate. Until 1812 there were close to 0 speakers of slavic in the R.Moldova. Almost all spoke latin-romanian. The slavs came to that region only after 1812.
I have been waiting for this for soo long since i subscribed very interesting seeing on the large scale of the impacts languages have on each other!
During the Ottoman period, Turkish was spoken in various regions of the Balkan geography.
Almost never shown on the map
In Istanbul, Greek was spoken extensively in various settlements in the European part, but this was not the case in central Istanbul.
In the last days of the Ottoman Empire, the number of people who came to Europe was quite numerous.
In cities such as Istanbul and Izmir, Romance languages were spoken at a considerable rate.
And in the city of Thessaloniki, the Jewish population spoke the Ladino.
İts shown in the map but its shows it as mixed but yea i feel like it should be more turkic dominated. Also agean and Mediterranean regions was more Turkish dominated i mean otherwise why agean and Mediterranean turks now have the highest East Eurasian and medieval turkic ancestry among Anatolian turks?? I mean turkmens especially settled on western regions more since western regions werent easy for us to dominate
@@k1r4z. Yes, there is a high amount of eastern Eurasian genetic heritage among the Turks living in the west of Anatolia.
It would have been more accurate to show those regions on the map with Turkish density.
The number of Turkish speakers is more dominant in various regions of Anatolia
As a bosnian I agree. The Turkic language heavily influenced the way us Bosnians speak. It’s very interesting tbh. The Illyrians had their language. Then came the Roman Empire. After that the slavic people migrated to the balkans. And then the Ottoman Empire influenced the language and culture.
Exaclty.
@@Pekara121 The culture? Lucky guy😂
I take back what I said about your Indo-European video! This is your magnum opus! Incredible! Now imagine if you did the Western Hemisphere, or Australia, or Africa. Simply incredible.
Thank you very much
@@CostasMelas Any chance for a paleo-European video of the known paleo European languages? Also do you think it’s okay to call Baltic languages north Slavic?
It is fascinating that Hungarians in Panonian plains didn't get assimilated. The way they seem to come to Pannonian strait is much alike to Huns, Avars and others who are no longer there as they got already assimilated till 900 AD.
It is difficult for a farming nation to be assimilated
no one wants to assimilate a mongol steppe
@@ZlHl1999 yeah especially if they become christians they can form long lasting kingdoms, back then it was a huge geopolitic deal
@@ZlHl1999 Except the hungarians were as semi pastoral and arrived mainly as after the Pechenegs conquered their homeland their number estimated between 20 000 and 200 000. And probably on the lower end. They weren't even a single people. They were some ten tribes some finno ugric some Turkic some Iranian. It is extraordinary that their language survived with no influx from neighbouring areas.
One hypothesis is that previously in Pannonia there were two distinct Avar conquest. Avars like other nomadic steppe groups were not of a single ethnicity. There ruling class seemed to have East Asian origin most of the Avars were European from the western steppe. In the 8th century a a new archaeological culture appeared quite suddenly that use very similar motifs than the later Hungarian conquerors. Therefore it is hypothesized that by the time the 10 hungarian tribe arrived there was a large finno ugric speaking population in Pannonia. Still you see many larger languages washed away in history without a trace.
all migrant warriors have been assimilated, their language could survive. don,t confuse language with DNA
These videos that show history of a region are among my favorites in this channel, I would like to see one about Mesopotamia, and one about Syria and Judaea, or you can combine these into one video since they are close and they make the map proportions more horizontal. It would be really interesting to see Sumerian, the neighboring Elamites, Akkadian and Aramean, the various Canaanite languages, Hurrian and Mittani, Persian and Median, and so many others
It's a work I'd love to make
I wish I would have seen the Germanic Sudeten majority areas in Czechia. I mean, It was in a similar version like in Poland with the north, west and south regions inhabited mainly by Germanic speakers.
I am of Sudetengerman family background & this comment just made me check the map in the video again. They did do an error in that part of the map. Not just from what I can personally say, but the decades around 1900 had more than one population census with focus on language in particular.
Its better today
@@Argacyan Yeah, I'd say it's not wrong but just very simplified at this scale, since it shows a mixed Slavic/Germanic area in Bohemia and Moravia 1000-1945, but doesn't go into the detail of the particular areas with majority German speakers etc.
@@danreznicek7617 There's a missing legend in that sense, but the thing you're looking at appears to be political borders showing administrative language which is used the same way everywhere else on the map & with other languages (for example the Russian empire is shown in this way, or the Ottomans). Local language here is simply erroneously mapped.
@@davidson3658 Nope, these areas are widely culturally dead regions today, because the replacing slavic population, like most modern "refugees", went to urban areas. Same happend in Romania and Hungry, you can still see and feel something is missing, because there is a cut in history.
I noticed a small mistake when Finland joined Russia. Our two official languages still stayed as finnish and swedish (we were grand dutchy a.k.a had our own laws, languages, church etc.) We did not know how to speak russian.
Only our represantives in russian meetings knew how to speak it. Some in the army also learned it but everyone else was completly clueless
Да? А то в комментариях один чел доказывает, что русификация была принудительным процессом. Короче, вы врёте. После присоединения Финляндии финский язык уничтожили. Это если ему верить
I think he fails miserably trying to add "prestige lanuages"
”Joined”, huh, well Russia waged a war to occupy and cease it
Germans in west poland just got vanished 💀
Great video as always!
Nice job 👍
Thank you
Wow, you didnt forget about volga-germans!
Danke!
Καλή δουλειά Κώστα και μπράβο σου.Αλλά η σλαβική γλώσσα ίσως να είχε πιο έντονο χαρακτήρα κατά τον μεσσαιωνα στην ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα.Μην ξεχνάμε ότι για δυο αιώνες η ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα ήταν υπό Σλαβική κυριαρχία.
Σημειώνεται με ρίγες. Στην πραγματικότητα ήταν περιστασιακή παρουσία στην ορεινή ζώνη κυρίως της δυτικότερης Ελλάδας. Τον 7ο αιώνα μ.Χ. ήταν εντονότερη η Σλαβική παρουσία στα ορεινά της Ηπείρου και Θεσσαλίας, ενώ κατά τον 8ο εξασθένησε η παρουσία τους στη Θεσσαλία, αλλά ενισχύθηκε στην Πελοπόννησο.
Wow! Great work. Thank for more accuracy.
Thank you
Ακόμα ένα τρομερό βίντεο, ευχαριστούμε!!
Ευχαριστώ πολύ
OAOAOAOAOAOAOAAOAOAAOOAOAOAAOAAOOAAOAOAOAOAOA
This is literally the best video you have ever made. congrats
Thank you
Always great videos
Thank you very mych. I have note them with pink stripes.
You really should have done native languages only, as for example latin in the midle ages was spoken by like 2% of the population, meanwhile in the modern day everything should be covered in germanic as 30% of the population speaks english.
So languages related to Basque were once spoken throughout Western Europe and even Norway? That's pretty cool. Do we see Basque-like substrates in languages spoken in those areas today?
Atlantic substrate isn’t only Aquitanian, but also include Iberian, Tartessian, and possibly Goidelic substrate. And in this video, Caucasian, which are unrelated languages, are lumped together.
@@ふらっと-u7r Oh I see, thank you
Yes, the three substrates of the map include unrelated languages with shared cultural elements. The Atlantic corresponds mainly to the Bell Beaker culture
Wow, this is possibly the best video you've ever made so far
Thank you very much
Nice video ! I'm looking forwars 2090 to hear a new langage in France. The french-arab dialect.
In UK : english-hindi-arab-dialect
In Germany : turkish-german dialect.
It's gonna be fire
Hindi-Arabic dialect is called Urdu. 90% Hindi, 10% Arabic, Persian words here and there.
🙄
Basque just chilling through the whole video
Atlantic substrate possibly included some extinct Indo-European languages that derived via Bell Beaker people prior to Celtic expansion.
From what I can tell I noticed one error: Czechia (or Bohemia & Moravia) in this video doesn't show local Germans. Very easy to spot & correctable mistake if you know about it.
Actually, outside of Samara at the Volga this video ommits Germans anywhere in Russia.
There are many many mistakes. For example, Romanian language borders are as like nowadays from the 5 century, altought theye were in the balkans until the 16 century.
@@xerxen100 what language was spoken in 15 century?
@@gege1103 In where?
instead of Romanian
In proportion to its size, historical and political importance (with all due respect), it is tiny Ireland that has had a great impact on the world of the English-speaking area and quite a ‘brand’ and 'image' around the whole world - something I congratulate Ireland on as a Pole
I see on the video that the border between Slavic and Baltic languages doesn't change in Vilnius region. It's worth to mention that in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobility started to polonize themselves. In the interwar period Vilnius was part of II Polish Republic. The city population was in great majority Polish. All changed after 2ww when Stalin moved Polish borders to the west and majority of Polish people living there needed to leave their homelands.
Despites, great video!
Καλή δουλειά κάνεις!
Thank you very much
Very correct, the close contact with Poland and the cultural situation of Lithuanians brought about the phenomenon of polonisation in Lithuania, where people assimilated themselves into Polish culture for socio-economic benefits and opportunities. Vilnius was a beacon of Polish culture in Lithuania during the hay day of this phenomenon.
This process persisted well into the 19th century, but due to various factors such as czarist Russian divide and conquer tactics between the two peoples, nationalism and disillusionment of Lithuanians with union and close relations with the Poles, both peoples bitterly parted ways and began fostering their nationalities completely separately and on each other's expense. Historically the 1919 Polish-Lithuanian war was the nail in the coffin for the relations between Lithuania and Poland.
@@esteebangus least propagandist pole
@@antanassmetona4054 Aš lietuvis kaip ir tu, tik stengiuos aplinkiniams nuosaikiau pateikti mūsų istoriją.
Toliau, tai tikrai tikiu, kad lenkai mums daugybė neteisybių įvykdė. Nuo Versalio taikos konferencijos, kada savo palygintinai su lietuviais stiprią padėtį derybuose naudojo, kad sumenkintų tarptautinį lietuvių įvaizdį savo naudai ir taip bandytų prišlieti Lietuvą į kažkokią lenkų federacinę valstybę. Vilniaus užėmimas ir apskritai lenkų visiškas lietuvių tautinio grindimo bei išsireiškimo norų nepaisymas kaip Lietuvos valstybės sienos jos etnografinėse ribose, kurios buvo nurodytos pagal 1920 m. Maskvos taikos sutartį bei lietuvių kultūrinių įstaigų uždarymas ir lietuvių išvarymas iš Lenkijos okupuotų teritorijų. Ir iki 1938 m. ultimatumo, kada lenkai prievarta vertė Lietuvai diplomatiškai skaitytis su Lenkija ir elgtis, lyg tarp abiejų pusių nieko neįvyko.
Lenkai istoriškai gobšiai ir grobikiškai elgėsi su lietuvių tauta, ją matė tik kaip kokį įrankį savo tikslams.
About the Polish rural people in the region, It is even more complicated. The language shift included the Vilnius region and the bordering areas in today's Belarus, and especially in villages, was from Lithuanian to mixed Belarusian-Polish language, usually qualified as Belarusian dialects with strong Polish influence. Many of these people didn't have clear national identity, and they referred themselves simply as "locals" ("Tutejszy"). During the interwar period under Poland, most of these who were Catholics, got registered as Polish. Ironically, today the "Poles" in Belarus have preserved the Belarusian language better than the Belarusians themselves, who have mostly switched to Russian, or a mixed Russian-Belarus language ("Trasianka").
Hey, Romania never had a Slavic language but Daco-Romanian! There was a time when WRITING was done with Cyrillic letters (for church reasons) but the language was never Slavic! A Romance language has always been spoken in Romania!
How do you say yes in Romanian?😂
@@themisargyros1528 Slavic people was a migratory one who lives near tha romanians much years, fleeing to the Romanian Carpathians from the barbarians. The Romanian people assimilated them because the sedentary majorities always assimilate the nomadic minorities. It is normal for some Slavic words to have entered the Romanian language just as Turkish words have entered, for example. From the Slavs we also have locality names. But the Romanian language is a Romance language, documents written in Cyrillic letters are in Romanian, not Slavic! Let's see how to say "NO":
Romanian: Nu
Latin: Non
Italian: Non
Spanish: No
Portuguese: Não
French: Non
Always? from the 13th century at the earliest! The Romanians were a pastoral people, so by no means an elite.
You are a little enchanted by the Romanian language, as if it were so original and ancient. Only the lying Romanian propaganda likes this.
@@benyovszkyistvan408 Romanians, Daco-Romanians or Vlachs (as the foreigners call us, speakers of the Latin language), have always been the masters of the mountains, retreating into the forests from the barbarian raids. That's why we are everywhere, from the wooded Carpathians to (Poland, Czech Republic, Serbia, Croatia, Albania, Greece) to the Balkan Mountains.
Romanians have always been there, speaking other dialects:
Dacoromân - in historical Dacia - present-day Romania
Aromanian - in the south of the Balkan Peninsula (Greece, Macedonia, southern Albania and Bulgaria, rarely in Romania);
Meglenoromân - in the south of Bulgaria and the north of Greece, on the Vardar river valley, in the region called Meglenia; the speakers of this dialect are the descendants of Romanians from the Romano-Bulgarian Empire;
Istro-Romanian - spoken today in the Istrian Peninsula of Croatia
i from Chile, Russia and Greece are my favorite countries
and everyone doesn't care where you are from and what your favorite countries are
Big video about Slavs, thx 🙏❤️
Can't get how you put the basque (pre-indoeuropean) starting from 700s AC, being the oldest language in Western Europe and spoken in the very same corner of the continent for thousands of years until anybody proves the opposite
I love your videos, and I wish you make a video about Afro-Asiatic family languages as you maked one for Niger-Congo family languages and one for Indo-European family languages, please 🧡🧡🙏🙏
He already made those.
Congo Nigerian? 👄
@@Yunahsky No, he didn't, he did'nt make yet a video about history of afro-asiatic family languages
@@oluwadamilola6233 I mean Niger-Congo family languages
@@الضحاكأبوالمحبة True, I thought he did. He did make one for the other ones you mentioned though. :)
All languages: "normal"
Pictish: 🗿🗿🗿
We do not talk about what the soviets did to the germans after ww2.
Nor what the turks did to the armenians in ww1.
How do we know that Atlantic substrate was in Norway?
Almost nothing except some Old European hydronymies
Is Cimmerian just a mixture of Dacian and Scythian?
It is quite possible. Ancient sources link them to both
If only there was a way to bring back the old Greek and Armenian populations in Anatolia RIP
I wish there was a way to bring back the ancient Caucasian peoples in Anatolia.
@@tanhukim9963 they may have been a missing link between Greek and Armenian but it’s hard to know now that they are gone. I believe Issaurian was the last of them.
@@tylerchurch2373 *Kurds are the missing link*
@@Zeyede_Seyum not exactly, they speak an Iranian language more closely related to Persian and Pashtun
@@tylerchurch2373 do you know Adam and Eve spoke Kurdish?
I don't think that Hungarian language was only a majority language in the post-1920 Hungarian areas and Székelyföld, all through at least 1000 years.
Sure. Based on the overall politician point of view of the Antant community. We could see a state-of-the-art presentation technique with a full lie due to the Carpathian Basin.
@@GÓRAL-o2j ???
@@GÓRAL-o2j Underrepresented researcher. His exaggerated ideas about the Slovakianness of the former Slavs were probably born as a counterbalance to the Hungarian revivals after Trianon. His work is considered almost ridiculous in terms of today's scholarship, and only the extreme Slovak nationalist trends mention his name. However, his works related to the development of the Slovak language are epoch-making.
@@GÓRAL-o2j Searching is a good thing, finding it is even better. The ancestors of today's inhabitants of the Carpathian Basin must have lived together peacefully longer than the inhabitants of the last century. R1a does not reveal anything. There is no Slovak gene, neither Slavic nor Hungarian. You can find the R1a haplogroup from Afghanistan to Denmark and France. However, this is also a reason to know that we have more in common than what separates us.
CENTRAL EUROPE
Before World Wars: "Harmony"
After World Wars: "Tension"
Pictish was not a paleo-Indo European language, it has been thoroughly confirmed as a Celtic language, your continuing to show it as paleo-indo European is misinformation at worst and indicative of poor research at best :(
Its just one mistake, not one attempt at spreading misinformation? 🤨
This map is kind of sub-par but it gets it roughly right. It should not be so eager to fill in the gaps in areas with unknown language with a neighboring language, for many places in time we just do not know exactly and this map should not be afraid to show just that...
Long live Romania! It's a miracle how my ascentors preserved our beautiful Romance languace, in a sea of slavs and other migrating populations!
What do we know about the Cimmerian language?
100/10 video good job
Thank you
Spotted a mistake! According to this map after WWI Italian wasn’t spoken anymore in Istria and Dalmatia (regions of the Balkan on the Adriatic), but that’s absolutely incorrect. Italian was widely spoken there until 1945-1947 when the genocide and forced deportation of Italians in the region occurred.
I loved it!!❤️🤗
Thank you
this was so good I watched it twice, thanks so much
Thank you
@@CostasMelas you're welcome
Can you make the history of Eskimo-Aleut languages as your next language video? Thank you🧡
Amazing Video, good work Costas Melas
Thank you
Very detailed video, nice!
Are you planing to make a video about sibirian or native american languages?
Thank you.
Polabian was spoken in Lower Saxony and Brandenburg for a long time. This needs updated.
Very inaccurate you literally just used the modern linguistic borders and used them for literally the past 2000 years only using the major changes
What do we know about the Baltic substrate language family?
Almost nothing except some Old European hydronymies such as the Atlantic substrate
so sad, that Celtic languages are loosing speakers :(
Georgian is not a "Caucasian" language it is a Kartvelian. It has no relation whatsoever to North Caucasian languages. Hopefully you will edit the video.
He knows that there is no relationship, he only put Caucasian there to simplify the map, just like in the case of the Atlantic substrate
Also, North Caucasian isn't proven, most linguists still consider Northwest and Northeast Caucasian to be unrelated
There is no Caucasian language family, the author united them to have them ordered, but all the three families, Abazg-Adyghe, Kartvelian and Nakh-Dagestani are unrelated
@@georgianguy3191 Nakh
-Dagestan and Abazo-Adyghe are related however, it's called North Caucasian language family. Only the Kartvelian is totally unrelated.
@NorthCaucasianPatriot It hasn't been proven and it's most likely incorrect, as Proto-Abazg-Adygheans arrived later on in the Caucasus in comparison with Proto-Nakh-Dagestanis, making it more likely to have a different origin. I know you are a North Caucasian nationalist but it isn't cool to exclude us Kartvelians, the 3 language families may be unrelated but we are united culturally and genetically.
@@georgianguy3191 Sorry, but we are not the same culture. North Caucasians have a different history, different religion, different language, and I would even say genetically not the same as Kartvelians. We have significant steppe ancestry, which Kartvelians lack. It's not about what's "cool" it's about what's right.
holy shit
You don't know how long I've waited for this, thank you
What makes your map unscientific is at least the fact that proto-Thracians and Thracians never lived on the territory of Ukraine and Southern Russia. As for the Cimmerians, whom you singled out as a separate group, they were the Iranian people (they are considered the first people recorded on the territory of Ukraine and Russia). In addition, in general, the range of Iranian peoples in Eastern Europe in ancient times and in antiquity was much wider than it is shown on the map.
I believe the presence of Thracian in the Pontic steppe is based off the theory of Thracian cultural influence on Cimmerian
Amazing video, I just wish the last 500 years would go slower, and the last 200 years even slower
Thank you
turks in anatolia just felt like they came out of nowhere in the past millennia and later quickly kicked out the indo-europeans
Ιt was exactly what happened linguistically.The great majority of the people living now in Asia Minor still has indo-european roots.
Turks are actually a mix of Armenians and Greeks
@@ZlHl1999 of anatolians and some semites too, caucasians...
@@ZlHl1999 aaa is it hahahahahha :D
@@ZlHl1999 no lmao Turks are direcly descant from Oghuz tribes that came from iran and Turkmenistan today modern Turks has no genetic similarity with armenians and maximum 5% with greeks
Well, this video contains more political information rather than real linguistical. If one looks at Baltics in period since early 1800s AD up to today, it says that up to 1917 Baltic/Slavic or Baltic/Ugro-finnic languages were widel spolen trere. But in period since 1917 to 1940 these areas have used only one particular group of languages. Same applies to the periods since 1945 up to date. I would like to ask the creator of this video: where did all the slavic-speakers go? Did they die in 1991? All of them?
yes half of the population of the Baltic countries speaks Russian, but they don't exist.. Judging by this map))
Woah, I didn't expected this
Great video
Thank you
As a Bulgarian it pains me to see the Celtic languages used to dominate most of Europe long time ago and then gradually over time got pushed further and further to the west until today there's only a tiny spot of them left on the map. I'm so happy that the people in Ireland, Wales and Scotland are reviving their authentic Celtic languages today! Maybe one day they will prevail and become official languages of these countries, pushing English back. Who knows.
If you're a Bulgarian you should learn Gaulish, the people in Bulgaria once spoke it. Also the Scottish Gaelic language in the last 10 increased its number by 2,5 times. As well as Welsh increased its speakers in Wales by 5% of overall population. The Celtic languages are slpwly coming back, hope the Gaulish will be revived one day.
@Edarnon_Brodie That is fascinating! I'm happy the celtic languages are making a comeback. But when did Bulgarians used for speak Gaulish?? I've never heard this before. Do you have more information on this?
@@KarrieDreammind5 Of course:
By Bulgarians I mean the people who lived in Bulgaria from 300 BC to around 0 or 100 AD. Despite in this video the author decided to not include the spread of Celtic into Bulgaria, in reality, there are a lot of questions where the Celtic languages (mostly Gaulish) were spoken. Anyway, we know that somewhere in 3d century BC Celts conquered Thracia, and formed their own kingdom called Tylis. By soon after, the Alexander the Great of Macedon will appear, and the Tylis will be destroyed. After Alexander, the new wave of Celtic migration will begin, so even if we don't know much about Bulgarian Celts, we know that they existed, I think, till 1 century AD.
Also I need to mention that Celts really like to build sities, especially very big ones, which later will become the capital of future countries. For exaple, Celts build Ancara, capital of Turkey, Belgrade, capital of Serbia, and of course Sofia, capital of Bulgaria. Sadly, only Ancara saved its original name, but Sofia once was called Serdika, by the name of Celtic tribe called Serdi, who build a city there. After that, the Slavs came, and thought that "Serdika" is very similar to "Sertze", "serce", "сердце", "sered-", which are the slavic words for "heart" or "middle", as you most likely know. But soon after the Byzantine Empire came, and decided to call the city by Sofia Cathedral, and everything ended)
@Edarnon_Brodie Wow, this is really cool! By the way, we Bulgarians know the old name Serdika very well. Today, our central metro station in the capital has this name, and the centre of the city is often referred to as the Serdika region. I never thought about where the name came from, but now you mention it, it does indeed sound very celtic! 😀 Serdii (btw the 'i' sound at the end of a plural word is the same as Slavic and Latin languages)
I knew the Celts passed through our lands a long time ago as well. I never saw the word 'conquered', though, to describe their presence in our lands. I have, however, always found a lot of similarities between the Thracians and the Celts. Was it just influence from the Celts? I've been wondering whether it is possible that the 2 ethnic groups were distantly related. What do you think? Also did the Thracians end up entirely speaking the Celtic language Gaulish or did they retain their own language..? 🤔
I've never heard the name Tylis - the Celts' first king kingdom in our lands, so I will look into it. Thank you!
Also do you know the old names of Ankara and Belgrad too?
@@KarrieDreammind5 Of course when Celts entered Thracia, Thracians weren't very welocome to them, so Celts, lead by Comontorius conquered Thracia, and created Tylis (there's a Wikipedia article about it).
The similarities between Thracians and Celts are real, actually. And not because Celts assimilated Thracians, its because they were similar to each other from beginning. It is still unkown why and how that happened, by we also know that Illyrians were similar to Celts that way, and they all were a part of La-Tene culture. Though their language weren't similar.
Celts didn't assimilate Thacians, becase firstly Celts conquered Thracia, and then the Roman Empire conquered Celtic Tylis. So in Roman Empire these languages coexisted for some time, but I think Celtic language died in Bulgara first, and Thracian survived for a bit longer. The reason why Celtic language was so well assimilated by Latin is most likely because of real similarities between them - I think you heard about Italo-Celtic branch of Indo-European, which later broke up into Celtic and Italic separate. And Thracian wasn't so similar to Latin, so assimilation were longer, not a lot actually.
The ancient name of Belgrad is Singidun, or "round fort" if translate from Gaulish.
The ancient name of Ankara is... Ancyra. There are a lot of questions who and when and how this town was build. Some people say that it was build by Greeks, though the first mentioning of this town was as capital of Galatia, a Celtic kingdom. All we know is that the name most likely means "anchor", but here's the question - who created this word? Was that Greeks? Probably. Was that Latins? Maybe. Or maybe Celts also had their own name for "anchor" which just came from Indo-European, and was very similar to Greek and Latin words? Possibly. Anyway the name of this town is in Galatian language of Celts, though maybe the word itself is a borrowing from Greek, the Galatians who named this town thought it was their own unique word for "anchor".
Edited: I found a hypothesis that the wors Ancyra may be Pre-Indo-European or Hittite.
Well done! But the blue in Romania shouldn't be so big. Also most people there also speak Romanian
Yeah, it looks a bit big but red ruled so that's indicate they can speak Romanian too. What I missed is the small blue ruled part next to the north Romanian-Hungarian border like at south Slovakia.
@@tbarna yeah it just is way too big and the red line seems faded as if barely anyone there speaks romanian. i live there and all people speak romanian and everything's in romanian- there are just a few towns where only Hungarian is spoken in the highlighted counties. all those 3 counties should not be counted
Well, we know that Basque is sometimes known as a Modern iteration of the Old (Non-Celtic nor IndoEuropean) Iberian language. Has Agricultural terms similar to those of Sardinia, other terms similar to Amazigh words and genetically are somewhat linked with some Caucasian migrants (similar to Kartvelians).
And THAT Pre-IndoEuropean language has NOTHING to do to the Pre-IndoEuropean languages that coexisted with the Germanic invadors a bit north and gave them other Agricultural terms
Sad ☹️ to see Ireland and Scotland loosing their languages
Turkey and Xinjiang are the worst, Anatolian and Tocharian have disappeared
@@ZlHl1999 lmao sayed by a han( more like south asian mix northern nomandic nations) :)
Irish is actually making a comeback in Ireland
@@crashclash2866 glad to hear :D
@@xxxxxx-rg6qr said*
Εξαιρετική δουλειά!
Ωραίος!
Ευχαριστώ
In Poland, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungaria, Slovakia and Czechia be east germanic languages 1-400 AD. Not slavs