There is no such thing as greek empire. "For if any non-Greek power, whether Persian or Macedonian, were to achieve world dominion, the typical form of the Greek state would suffer death and destruction." [p.188]
The language of 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 people Su=water /水 (Suv)=fluent-flowing/Suvu>Sıvı=fluid, liquid/Suv-up=liquefied Suy-mak=to make it flow away /flow>movement=suîva=civa=جیوه=水銀>cyan=جان=人生>civan>cive>जीव Suv-mak=to make it flow on/upwards >suvamak=to plaster Süv-mek=to make it flow inwards >süv-er-i=cavalry Sür-mek=to make it flow ON something =to drive/apply it on/make spread on it (Su-arpa)>chorba>surppa=soup /Surup>şurup=syrup /Suruppat>şerbet=sorbet /Surab>şarap=wine /Surah>şıra=juice şire=milky Süp-mek=to make it flow outwards /Süp-ğur-mek>süpürmek=to sweep -mak/mek>umak/emek=aim/exertion (machine/mechanism) -al/el=~get via -et=~do/make -der=~set/provide -kur=~set up -en=own diameter/about oneself -eş=each mate/each other/together or altogether -la/le = ~to present this way/show this shape Sermek=to make it flow in four directions =to spread it laying over somth Sarmak=to make it flow around somth =to wrap, to surround Saymak=to make it flow drop by drop /one by one from the mind =~to count, ~to deem (sayı=number >bilgisayar=computer) Söymek=to make it flow through > Söy-le-mek=to make sentences flow through the mind=~to say, to tell Sövmek=to say whatever's on own mind=swearing Sevmek=to make flow/pour from the mind to the heart >to love Süymek=to make it flow thinly (Süÿt> süt= दूध/ milk) Soymak=to make it flow over it/him/her (to peel, ~to strip )(soygan>soğan=onion) Soy-en-mak>soyunmak=to undress (Suy-ğur-mak)>sıyırmak=~skinning ,skimming Siymek=to make it flow downwards=to pee Siÿtik>sidik=urine Say-n-mak>sanmak=to pour from thought to the idea>to arrive at a guess Savmak=to make it pour outward/put forward/set forth >sav=assertion Sav-en-mak>savunmak=to defend /Sav-ğur-mak>savurmak=to strew it outward (into the void) Sav-eş-mak>savaşmak=to shed each other's blood >savaş=war Savuşmak=scatter altogether around >sıvışmak=~run away in fear Sağmak=to ensure it pours tightly >Sağanak=downpour >Sahan=somth to pour water Sağ-en-mak>sağınmak=to spill from thought into emotions> ~longing Sormak=to make it spill the inform inside/force him to tell Sekmek=to go (by force or difficulty) over it forwards Sakmak=to get/keep/hold-back by force/hardly (sekar=?) Sak-en-mak>sakınmak =to ponder hard/hold back/beware Sak-la-mak=keep back/hide it >sak-la-en-mak=saklanmak=hide oneself Soğmak=to penetrate (by force)> Soğurmak=make it penetrate forced inward= to suck in Sokmak=to put/take (by force) inward Sökmek=to take/force out from the inside(~unstitch/rip out) Sıkmak=to suppress (forcibly) from all sides=squeeze (Sıkı=tight) Sığmak=fit barely /Sığ-en-mak>sığınmak=take refuge in Sezmek=to keep it gently flow mentally =to sense, intuit Sızmak=to flow slightly =to ooze Süzmek=to make it lightly flow from top to bottom >to filter Suŋmak=to extend it forward, put before, present Süŋmek=to get expanded outwards /sünger=sponge Sıŋmak=to reach by stretching upward/forward Siŋmek=to shrink oneself by getting down or back (to lurk, hide out) Söŋmek=to get decreased by getting out or in oneself (fade out) Tan=the dawn /旦 Tanımak=to get the differences of =to recognize Tanınmak=tanı-en-mak=to be known/recognized Tanıtmak=tanı-et-mak=to make known/introduce Tanışmak=tanı-eş-mak=to get to know each other/meet for the first time Danışmak=to get inform through each other Tanılamak=tanı-la-mak=diagnose Tıŋı=the tune (timbre) /调 Tıŋ-mak=to react verbally >Tınlamak= ~to take into account/respond Tıŋı-la-mak=to get the sound out Tiŋi-le-mek=to get the sound in >Dinlemek=to listen/ 听 Tiŋ-mek=to get at the silence >Dinmek=to keep calm Denk=Sync>登克>~equal /a-thank*Deng-e=balance Thenğ-mek>Değmek=achieve a harmonious reaction/ to touch Thenğe-mek>Denemek=to try to get a harmonious response in return teğet=tangent /tenger>değer=sync level >worth /teng-yüz>deŋiz=sea eşdeğer=equivalent /eş diğerine denk=equal to each other Deng-en-mek>değinmek =to mention/touch upon Deng-eş-mek>değişmek =to turn into somth else equivalent /get altogether a change Deng-eş-der-mek>değiştirmek =to change it /exchange Çığ (chuw)=avalanche /雪崩 Çığ-ğur-mak =çığır-mak= ~to scream /read by shouting Çağırmak=to call /inviting /称呼 /邀请 Çığırı >Jigir >Şiir=Poetry /诗歌 Cığır-la-mak >Jırlamak >to squeal /shout with a shrill voice Çığırgı >Jırgı >Şarkı=Song / 曲子 Çiğ (chee)=uncooked, raw / 生 Çiğne-mek =to chew / 咀嚼 (Çiğnek) Çene=chin /下巴 Çiğ (chiu)= dew/ 汽 , 露 (çi’çek=flower/ çi’se=drizzle) Taş=the stone (portable rock)/大石头 Taşı-mak =to take (by moving) it >to carry Taşı-et-mak =Taşıtmak> to have it transported Taşı-en-mak =Taşınmak>to move oneself to a different place Kak-mak=to give direction (kak-qa-eun> kakgan=which one's directing>Kağan>Han) (Baş-khan>Başkan=president) Kak-der-mak>kaktırmak=~to set aside Kak-el-mak>kağılmak =to be oriented via /be fixed somewhere >kalmak= to stay Kakıluk-mak=to tend upward >kalkmak=to stand up /get up Kak-el-der-mak>kağıldırmak>to make it being steered away>kaldırmak=to remove Kak-en-mak>kağınmak=to be inclined>kanmak /ikna olmak=to ac-know-ledge it's so /be convinced Kak-en-der-mak>kağındırmak>kandırmak (ikna etmek)=~to trick (to persuade) Der-mek=to provide bringing them together to create an order /der-le-mek=to compile /deri=derm Dar-mak=to bring into a different order by disrupting the old >tarkan=conqueror /tarım=agriculture /tarla=arable field /taramak=to comb Dar-el-mak>darılmak=to be in a disturbed mood towards someone Dur-mak=to keep the same order /keep being, /survive /halt on (thoru>diri= alive) durabilir=durable /boğa-thor>bahadır=冒頓=survivor-victim> war veteran boğa=sacrificed by strangling >buga > buhag > pigah> 피해자> pig Dur-der-mak> durdurmak=~to stop /diri-el-mek>dirilmek= be revived Diremek=make to stand against /direnmek=resist /diretmek=insist (Tüz-mek) Dizmek=to keep it in the same order /the same line Dür-mek=to roll it into a roll /dürülmek=get rolled /dürüm=roll of bread (Tör-mek) Dörmek=to rotate it on its axis >to mix up Thöre-mek>türemek=become a new layout/form by coming together in the same medium (tür= kind /type) Thörük=order formed by coming together >Türk Töre=order established over time=tradition /torah=sacred order /tarih=history Thör-et-mek>türetmek=to create a new layout combining= to derive Thör-en-mek>dörünmek=to rotate oneself /turn by oneself Törünmek>törnmek>Dönmek=to turn oneself /döner=rotary /turna=flamingo Dön-der-mek>döndürmek=to turn something Dön-eş-mek>dönüşmek=turn (altogether) into something Dön-eş-der-mek>dönüştürmek=to convert /transform (Edh) Ez-mek=to thin something down by pressing over=to crush /run over (Edg) Eğ-mek=to turn something the other way or to a curved shape> to tilt it eğim =inclination Eğ-el-mek>eğilmek=to get being inclined /bend Eğ-et-mek>eğitmek=to educate Eğir-mek=to cause it another shape by spin it crosswise around itself > eğri=curve,awry >ağrı=crossways >uğru=~aspect of >doğru=true, right direction Evirmek= to make it return around itself or transform into another shape Çevirmek=turn into/encircle Devirmek =turn outer/overturn Eğir-al-mek>eğrilmek=to become a skew /be bended by Evir-al-mek>evrilmek=to get a transformation over time /evrim=evolution /devrim=revolution /evre=stage Uğra-mak>=to get (at) a place or a situation for a certain time=drop by/ stop by Uğra-eş-mak>uğraşmak=to drop by (altogether) each other for a certain time=to strive/deal with Uğra-et-mak>uğratmak=to put in a situation for a specific time Öğre-mek=to get an accumulation above a certain stage Öğre-en-mek=to get (at) a knowledge or info level at a certain time> öğrenmek=to learn Öğre-et-mek=to make somebody get (at) a knowledge or info level at a certain time=to teach Türkçe öğretiyorum =I’m teaching turkish İngilizce öğreniyorsun =You’re learning english Öğren-i-yor-u-sen (learn
29+ tenses in turkish language Istanbul Turkish verb conjugations A= To (towards /~for) (for words with a thick vowel in the last syllable) E= To (towards /~for) (for words with a thin vowel in the last syllable) Okul=School U (ou)=it’s that/ it’s about Mak/Mek (umak/emek)= aim /exertion (machine/mechanism)(activity purpose / effort process) (verb)>Git-mek= to Go >> getmek = effort to go >> to get there 1 .present continuous tense (right now or soon, currently or nowadays) Used to describe the current actions or planned events -for designated times YOR-mak =to tire ( to try ,engage in) >Yor= go onto it too much (yorgunum=I’m tired) A/E Yormak=(to arrive at any idea of what it is) I/U Yormak=(to be fully occupied with it) used as the suffix=” ı/u - i/ü + Yor" positive Okula gidiyorsun ( you are going to school)= Okul-a Git-i-Yor-u-Sen >School-to Go-to-Try that-You < (please read backwards) Evden geliyorum ( I'm coming from home) = Ev-de-en Gel-i-yor-u-Men >(from Home I’ try to Come) =Come-to-try that-Me < then-at-Home< negative A) Mã= Not B) Değil= Un-equivalent examples A: Okula gitmiyorsun ( you’re not going to school)= Okul-a Git-Mã-i-yor-u-Sen >You don't try to Go to school B: Okula gidiyor değilsin ( you aren’t going to school)=Okul-a Git-i-yor değil-sen >You aren't try..to Go to School Question sentence: Mã-u =Not-it> isn't it? Used as the suffixes =" Mı / Mu / Mi / Mü “ Okula mı gidiyorsun? ( Are you going to school )= Okul-a Mã-u Git-i-yor-u-sen (To-school/ Not-it / You-try-to-go)>Are you going to school or somewhere else? Okula gidiyor musun? ( Do you go to school )= Okul-a Git-i-yor Mã-u-sen (To school /Try-to-go /Not-it-you)>~do You (try to) go to school (at specific times) or not ? Okula sen mi gidiyorsun ?= Are you the (only) one going to school? 2 .simple extensive tense ( used to express our own thoughts on a subject) (always, since long , for a long time, sometimes, currently, sooner or later/ inşallah) positive VAR-mak = to arrive at /be there (var= ~being there) used as the suffixes >"Ar-ır-ur" (for thick vowel) ER-mek= to get at /to reach (er= ~achieve ) used as the suffixes >"Er-ir-ür" (for thin vowel) examples Okula gidersin (You get to go to school)= Okul-a Git-e-er-u-sen= You get a chance to go to school Gölde balık tutarsınız (all of) You have the chance to fish in the lake)=Göl-de balık tut-a-var-u-sen-iz Bunu kolayca satarız (We've the possibility of selling this easily)=Bunu kolayca sat-a-var-u-weñ-iz Bunu görebilirim (I can see this) = Bu-ne’u Gör-e-Bil-e-er-u-men =~I get at the knowledge to see what this is Question sentence: In interrogative sentences it means: isn't it so /what do you think about this topic? Okula gider misin? (Do you get to go to school) Okul-a Git-e-er Mã-u-Sen =You get to Go to School -is Not it?=~How about you (getting to) go to school? Okula mı gidersin? =Do you (get to) go to school ?(or anywhere else) negative Mã= Not Bas-mak =to tread on/ dwell on/ stand on (bas git=get out of here > pas geç= pass by> vaz geç=give up Ez-mek = to crush/ to run over (ez geç= think nothing about > es geç= stop thinking about) Mã-bas=(No-pass/ Na pas) > (give up on/not to dwell on) >the suffix "MAZ" (for thick vowel) Mã-ez=(Don’t/ Doesn’t)> (to skip/ avoid) >the suffix "MEZ" (for thin vowel) for the 1st person singular and 1st plural is only used the suffix “Mã” ,except for questions examples Okula gitmezsin (you don't/won't go to school)= Okul-a Git-mã-ez-sen > You skip going to school Babam bunu yapmaz (my dad doesn't do this)= Baba-m bu-n’u yap-ma-bas > My dad doesn't dwell on doing this Bugün okula gitmem (I won't go to school today)> Okul-a Git-mã-men =I don't (have to) go to school Bugün okula gidemem (I can’t go to school today)= Okul-a Git-e-er-mã-men >I don't get (a chance) to go to school Bir bardak su almaz mısınız?(Don't you get a glass of water)> Bir fincan çay al-ma-bas ma-u-sen-iz > Do you (really) give up on getting a cup of tea? Kimse senden (daha) hızlı koşamaz (No one can run faster than you)=Kimse sen-den daha hızlı kaş-a-al-ma-bas 3.simple future tense (soon or later) Used to describe events that we are aiming for or think are in the future Çak-mak =~to tack ,~fasten,~keep in mind ,~hit them together (for thick vowel) Çek-mek=~to pull, ~take time, ~feel it inside, ~attract , ~to will (for thin vowel) positive.. Okula gideceksin ( you'll go to school)= Okul-a Git-e-çek-sen = You fetch-keep (in mind) to-Go to school Ali bu kapıyı açacak ( Ali’s gonna open this door)= Ali Kapı-y-ı Aç-a-çak = Ali takes (on his mind) to open the door negative A. Okula gitmeyeceksin (you won't go to school)= Okul-a Git-mã-e-çek-sen =You don't take (time) to go to school B. Okula gidecek değilsin (you aren't gonna go to school)= Okul-a Git-e-çek değil-sen =~you won't go to school and nobody is demanding that you 4 .simple past tense (currently or previously) Used to explain the completed events we're sure about Edû = done / Di = anymore Used as the suffixes= (Dı /Di /Du/ Dü - Tı /Ti /Tu /Tü) positive Okula gittin = You went to school = Okul-a Git-di-N Dün İstanbul'da kaldım= I stayed in Istanbul yesterday Okula mı gittin ? (Did you go to school)= Okul-a Mã-u Git-di-n> You went to school or somewhere else? Okula gittin mi ? (~Have you gone to school)= Okul-a Git-di-n Mã-u> You went to school or not? negative Okula gitmedin =You didn't go to school / Okul-a Git-mã-di-N Bugün pazara gitmediler mi? =Didn't they go to the (open public) market today? Dün çarşıya mı gittiniz? = where Did you go yesterday, to the (covered public) bazaar? Akşamleyin bakkala (markete) gittik mi?= Did we go to the grocery store in the evening? 5 .narrative/reported past tense (for now or before) Used to describe the completed events that we're unsure of MUŞ-mak = ~to inform (umuş=perceive/notice muştu>müjde=evangel) that means > I've been informed/ I heard/ I found out/ I noticed /I learned used as the suffixes= (Mış/ Muş - Miş/ Müş) positive Okula gitmişsin= I heard you went to school Yanlış birşey yapmışım=I realized I did something wrong negative A. Okula gitmemişsin (I found out- you didn't go to school)= Okul-a Git-mã-miş-sen (heard you haven't gone to school) B. Okula gitmiş değilsin =(Okul-a Git--miş değil-sen)=Apparently- you haven't been to school In a question sentence it means: Do you have any information about- have you heard- are you aware -does it look like that? İbrahim bugün okula gitmiş mi? =Did you hear whether Ibrahim went to school today? İbrahim bugün okula mı gitmiş? =Are you sure Abraham went to school today? or s.w else 6.Okula varmak üzeresin =You're about to arrive at school 7.Okula gitmektesin (You're in (process of) going to school)= ~you’ve been going to school 8.Okula gitmekteydin =~You had been going to school =Okula gidiyor olmaktaydın 9.Okula gitmekteymişsin =I found out you've been going to school 10.Okula gidiyordun (Okula git-i-yor er-di-n) = You were going to school 11.Okula gidiyormuşsun (Okula git-i-yor er-miş-sen)=I noticed you were going to school (at the time or right now) 12.Okula gidiyor olacaksın (Okula git-i-yor ol-a-çak-sen)=You’ll be going to school 13.Okula gitmekte olacaksın (Okula git-mek-de ol-a-çak-sen)=You’ll have been going to school 14.Okula gitmiş olacaksın (Okula git-miş ol-a-çak-sen)=You’ll have gone to school 15.Okula gidecektin (Okula git-e-çek er-di-n)=You were gonna go to school > I had thought you'd be going to school 16.Okula gidecekmişsin (Okula git-e-çek ermişsen)=I found out you're gonna go to school>~I hear you wanna go to school 17.Okula giderdin ( Okula git-e-er erdin)=You used to go to school >~You'd have had a chance to go to school 18.Okula gidermişsin ( Okula git-e-er ermişsen)=I heard you used to go to school> I realized that you’d get to go to school 19.Okula gittiydin ( Okula git-di erdin)= I had seen you went to school >I remember you had gone to school 20.Okula gittiymişsin = I heard you went to school -but if what I heard is true 21.Okula gitmişmişsin = I heard you've been to school -but what I heard didn't sound very convincing 22.Okula gitmiştin (Okula git-miş er-di-n)= you had gone to school 23.Okula gitmiş oldun (Okula git-miş ol-du-n)= you have been to school Dur-mak=to remain in the same way/order/layout Durur=remains to exist / keeps being / seems such used as the suffixes=(Dır- dir- dur- dür / Tır- tir-tur-tür) (in official speeches these suffixes are used only for the 3rd singular and 3rd plural person) its meaning in formal speeches> it has been and goes on like that Bu Bir Elma = This is an apple Bu bir elmadır= (bu bir elma-durur)= This is an apple (and keeps being) Bu Bir Kitap = This is a book Bu bir kitaptır= (bu bir kitap-durur)= This is a book (and keeps being) informal meaning in everyday speech>it seems/ likely that/ remained so in my mind Bu bir elmadır= (bu bir elma-durur)=It seems like- this is an apple Bu bir kitaptır= (bu bir kitap-durur)=It's likely that -this is a book Bu bir elma gibi duruyor=(looks like an apple this is )>This looks like an apple Bu bir kitap gibi duruyor=This looks like a book 24.Okula gidiyordursun =(guess>likely-You were going to school 25.Okula gidiyorsundur =(I think> you are going to school 26.Okula gidecektirsin =(guess>likely- You would (gonna) go to school 27.Okula gideceksindir=(I think> You'll go to school 28.Okula gitmiştirsin =(guess >likely- You had gone to school 29.Okula gitmişsindir =(I think> You've been to school
Hava = Air Es=blow / esi=blowing Heva-Esi =air blowing ( a feeling of air blowing in the mind / a sensation or breeze of thought in the mind) Heva >> Heves = whim / desire / wish Heveslemek / Heves etmek = to desire and like Heveslemek> Eslemek > İstemek = to want / to ask for / ~to desire / ~to wish Havası / Hevası / Hevesi > Esi = (sense) ~its feeling / ~a feeling Aydın Havası = (feeling) the cultural atmosphere of Aydin -Esi= feeling of desire for verbs Heves-u bar > hevesi var > -esi var -Esi Var = have eagerness / feel a desire / take up a passion -Esi Yok = have no eagerness / not feel a desire / not take up a passion (Git-e-esi var) Ali’nin eve gidesi var= Ali feels the urge to go home /~ Ali wants to go home (Bugün hiç çalış-a-esi-m yok) Bugün hiç çalışasım yok= I have no desire to work at all today Bunu yapasım var = I want to do this ( ’cause I like doing this)>> I feel like doing this (Su iç-e-esi-n bar ma-u?) Su içesin var mı? = Do you feel like drinking water (Su iç-e-esi-n bar ma-u er-di?) Su içesin var mıydı? = Would you like to drink water -Esi =(giving that feeling) / like that for objects Bebek-Esi > Bebeksi =(conveys the feeling) like a baby Bebeksi bir ten = (just) like a baby skin Çocuksu bir yüz = ( just) like a child's face Yanıksı bir koku= like a feeling of burning smell Yakınsı= It feels like it's very close Birazıcık yalansı= It feels a little bit like a lie for verbs Gör-el-Esi > görülesi = requiring sight / must-see / worth seeing Sev-el-Esi> sevilesi = requiring to love / worthy of love Bil-en-esi > bilinesi = requiring to be known Okunası kitaplar =~(recommended) books worth reading Olası= expected to be happened /~must be / > possible Bit-esi = ~expected to reach result Kör olası= ~is asked to be blind Kahrolasıca= ~as if it required to be destroyed / as if it were a damn thing Kab= what's keeping something inside Kab kacak= pots and pans (and similar kitchen utensils) Kapmak= to pick up quickly and keep in the palm (or in mouth or in mind..etc) Kapan= ~the trap kapamak = to keep it closed kapatmak=~ to close > kapı= door / (kapı-tutan) kaptan=captain kaplamak=to cover kapsamak= comprise /contain > kapsam=scope > kapsatı=~ capacity Kab/Küp/Kafa/Kova/Kupa/Küfe/Kaba/Hava.. Cap/Cup/Cave/Keep/Have.. Kabar/Köpür/Geber/Kıvır/Kavur/Kavra… Kabir/Kibir/Kebir/Küfür/Kafir… Cabre/Coffer/Cover/Cable… Kop > Köp= extremely / too much / very Kopmak =(proliferation/mitotic division)>> to be parted / be apart from / be separated from each other Kop-der-mak = koparmak =to pluck / break off /tear off Kom =(com) entire, all ( unity, combine) Kom-u > kamu = all of.. Kamuya ait= (belong to all the people of the country)=state property (kamusal=publicly / kamuoyu=public opinion / kamu hizmeti=public service) Kamu >> Hamu >>Hæmi >Hemi-si >Hepi-si >Hepsi = all of them , entirety, the whole (Hæm-ma) = Amma > ama =(not exactly so)>>(I mean).. but (Hæm-an) = Hemen =(exactly-momently)= right away Hem =as a whole / ~ the lot / ~ mostly Hem-Esi (-imsi) = almost like for objects Yeşil= green / Yaşıl-hem-esi = Yeşilimsi = almost like green = greenish Al/ Kızıl/ Kırmızı= red / Kırmızı-hem-esi= Kırmızımsı = almost like red Limon-hem-esi = Limonumsu = tastes- almost like lemon Kek-hem-esi = Kekimsi ( Kekremsi) = it tastes- almost like cake Sarığ-hem-esi =sarı-emsi >>Sarımsı= yellowish Sarığ-hem-esi-ak=yellowish-white > sarımsak = garlic for verbs Beniñ-hem-esi-mek > Benimsemek =feeling like this is all mine Az-hem-esi-mak> Azımsamak=feeling/thinking that it's all too little = to undervalue Küçüğ-hem-esi-mek > Küçümsemek = to belittle /underestimate Yañıl-hem-esi-mak > Yanılsamak = feeling like it's exactly wrong
As a Turkish speaking person, the spelling is extremely simple. It’s one letter for each sound and is written exactly as it heard. Even foreigners who barely speak Turkish can write down totally new words with a close to perfect accuracy.
@@thedinobros1218 No, I think [arabic+farsi / ottoman turkish] Alphabet is not fits our language. For example mahmoud, mehmed, muhammad written in same letters.
@@thedinobros1218and I suppose you said Türk-i Osmanlı da esendir! Which comes from my knowledge of Azerbaijani language written in perso-arabic alphabet.
Another important point is that Turkey back then was culturally influenced by France, well, tremendously. Most people with formal education were somehow familiar with the French language, and so the Latin letters were not at all alien to them.
Turkish Latin alphabet was designed after the French one after all, that's why we use y instead of j for sounds like "yet, year" and use umlauts for vowels (ö, ü)
Romanian switched from the Cyrillic Alphabet to the Latin Alphabet in 1860, though the side of Moldova in the control of the USSR stayed with the Cyrillic alphabet until the independence of the Republican of Moldova.
Important to note the Romanian and Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet are completely different. The first was based on the Old Church Slavonic and the second was created by the USSR
funny thing about the word malaka is that when we are at ages of 14-17 we call our friends malaka instead of their name for example: what's up malaka how are you doing. i'm fine malaka.
I know that Arabic has a standard version called Modern Standard Arabic (MSA or الفصحى [fus’ha]). It’s largely based on Classical/Quranic (and I heard that those that are fluent in MSA can basically understand 90% of the Quran). It is taught in schools all across the Arab World, but since its inception in the 19th century, not a single community casually speaks it on a regular basis. So be careful when using Google Translate there, since the Arabic it uses is MSA. They will understand you, but because they don’t use MSA often, they’ll either attempt to respond in MSA, or straight up respond in their native dialect.
Approximately all of Arabs can understand and speak the MSA, the Quranic Arabic. But it’s easier for them to speak the common language. Its like accusing brits with why they are not speaking with Shakespeare’s English
@@hasankaynar1487not really. Shakespeare's English is very much not standard English, and other than slang and certain regionalisms everyone can and will speak to you in proper English, with slight spelling differences etc depending on the country. The comparison doesn't hold up at all, as many Arabic "dialects" (such as Moroccan Maghrebi/Darija) are actually different languages that are not mutually intelligible.
@@hasankaynar1487 I think the situation with MSA is more similar to Latin in middle ages in Romance-speaking Europe. Every educated person could speak Latin, each with a completely different accent, but in everyday situations they all spoke their "local dialects of Latin", like the "French dialect", or the "Spanish dialect", which were not mutually intelligible. Not sure which point in time in the middle ages corresponds to current Arabic situation, but I'd say somewhere around Charlemagne or a bit before that. And it was Charlemagne (a Frankish, therefore Germanic speaker) who finally said "Guys, stop claiming you speak Latin natively, when you're clearly not, and start pronouncing Latin correctly as written, I got this English guy called Alcuin, he'll teach you". I don't think Arabic will have its Alcuin moment though, rather, modern international communication will slowly turn Arabic into a more unified language. But it'll take a lot of time.
Ottoman alphabet was so impractical that the words "gel"=come, "gül"=rose, "göl"=lake were all written the same. This alphabet was extremely deficient and illogical to express the vowel rich words/lexicon of Turkish language. It was accepted centuries ago by kings and royals, not by linguists. It was hard to read by regular folk. The literacy was low. Ottoman alphabet was an abjad, not a real alphabet. It best suits for Semitic languages, which are abundant in guttural and pharyngeal sounds. There are many consonant clusters in many Semitic abjads (Arabic, Aramaic, Phoenician, Hebrew, etc) for these sounds. Turkish has no guttural and pharyngeal sounds! Those consonant letters occupied unnecessary space and had no use, when it came to Turkish. But match made in heaven for any Semitic language. There were no developed science of linguistics, centuries ago in the world, as well. Turkish Latin alphabet was linguistically developed specifically for Turkish! After accepting this alphabet, the literacy among regular folk skyrocketed literally and drastically! It was a huge success!
But a problem with the Latin one is that it favors the Istanbul standard over the diverse regional varieties of Turkish. In the Ottoman script, most varieties could be represented without favor to a specific dialect. And you could represent short vowels using harakat. The Latin script was adopted more for the sake of europanization rather than convenience.
Well we do not find this issue as Arabs. Many words are written in the same way because we do not have vowel letters (ottoman alphabet was taken from Arabic alphabet) but we still understand, since it is all about context.
I do agree with bakrahabibi that although standardizing the language helped with practicality, changing the alphabet was more for europeanization rather than convenience.
Im from Singapore. The use of English as a common lingua franca was ironically a post-colonial move for the linguistic diverse city state. Before that, people mostly spoke a creolised form of Malay as a vernacular lingua franca, while English is limited to administration and formal stuff like further education. Similarly, Chinese migrants to Singapore spoke mant Chinese "dialects" like Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese etc. To streamline everything after independence, Mandarin was made the common dialect for Chinese, at the expense of suppressing content in other dialects.
One large area of this topic you didn't touch on is the problem of coming up with a standard to promote a minority language. Examples are Breton, Irish, Romansh and probably others. In trying to "save" a language, you're faced with a decision--do you adopt one region's dialect and let the others die out, do you support a pluricentric model where you've got 6 different standards for 50,000 people (See Romansh) or do you Frankenstein a standard which means creating a version that is native to no one, undeniably altering what you're trying to preserve--and thus the few natives that are left are told they speak their language wrong? (See Breton)
kurdish nationalists are faced with a difficulty as there are majorly dialectical differences between kurdish peoples. iraqi kurdistan actually splits between two major dialect groups and i read somewhere that they’ve attempted to make radio in a “standard” that married the two but since haven’t been able to find a source
Catalan has adopt the Barcelona's dialect as the main one, but letting other region's dialects being also correct forms of the language. That has been quite successful to unite the language as apart from Barcelona almost all regions know they are speaking Catalan. There are exceptions such as half the population in the Valencian country and the Aragon strip that thing they speak a different language (most of them only speak spanish), but these are regions were spanish nationalists have extremely politicised the language
@@marcpegueroles6769The last part was completely unnecessary... but Catalan as a whole is a pluricentric language. There are two main standards, the Catalan variety is regulated by IEC (Catalan Institute of Studies) and the Valencian variety is regulated by AVL (Valencia's Language Academy)
@@Nero-idc yep, though let me point out that Catalan and Valencian are not varieties, but different names of the language, the frontier of which is political (Catalonia/Balearic Islands and València). What actually are varieties are the western and eastern dialects
@@marcpegueroles6769 Well... I would like to clarify that I used the term "variety" as a synonym of "dialect". It's true that the Catalan language is primarily divided between Western and Eastern dialectal blocks, depending specially whether they have "neutralised e" [ə] or not, but there are far more varieties or dialects of the Catalan language. For instance, in the Valencian Country there are 5 dialects: transitional (or tortosí), northern (castellonenc), central (apitxat), southern (diànic) and alacantí These specific dialects are the ones the AVL cares of, and thus, form the Valencian standard of the language: the Valencian variety
French is another one like Italian where the state started trying to standardize the language over a large area with numerous languages and dialects, beginning after the French Revolution. Iirc even into the 20th century there were some people in France speaking minority languages as distinct as Lombard as their primary or sole language!
Everyone kinda brushes off the terrible war crimes the various revolutionary gouverments in Paris did to ensure French and one “nation” ruled over France, a lot of force was used to subdue and diminish languages like Occitan, you can even look at a linguistic map pre and after revolution It was not the most popular” but rather the powerful Paris who dictated central authority
12:00 the thing about Turkish is, people often confuse the governments Turkish and the general mass Turkish. the ottomans needed a hybrid form to better the connection with various different people under their rule, but the same rule didn't apply on the average turk. the language of the mass was the anatolian turkic dialect which sounded pretty similar to azerbaijani dialect of oghuz Turkish. when the ottomans fell, the language took on a more regional form and basically cut the ties with the ottoman Turkish. among us turks and azerbaijan we don't call the language spoken in turkey ' Turkish' we call it Istanbulli türki or Istanbul türkcəsi. because the mainstream Turkish is pretty much based on the Istanbul dialect. as you go eastwards in anatoli proper and eastern anatolia the dialects resemble each other the most with the kars and diyarbekir and erzerom being so close to the azerbaijani that if you are not from these places you wouldn't know who is from turkey and who is from azerbaijan.
9:52 "kaba Türkçe", I guess that's literal translation for vulgar Turkish? Well, that that expression doesn't exist in Turkish. Halk Türkçesi (popular Turkish) is the term
Vulgar has multiple implications and meanings. Most notoriously, it is used to define the commonality of a given language linguistically speaking. One can use it to describe the actions of commoners. I mean it used to back when monarchs or oligarchs refer commoners' primal behavior. That was a clear distinction between educated and uneducated. The one with the power and the pleb. So, normally, vulgar can be used to reflect something unrefined. Uncivilized and so on. We can assume it would mean proto-standardized or unstandardized dialects for languages that are commonly used and accepted by large populations. This is the reason why monarchs used their own standard versions of languages. With time, the standardized versions become the new vulgar for commoners, since the revolutions, etc. After the fall of monarchy and such, developing countries and nation states see the light and potential in farmers and commoners so newly found states all around the world started to educate people in masses to keep their country stable and thriving. Monarchy was fueled by the uneducated, vulgar populations and fear. The meaning of vulgar, is directly connected or rooted to this timeline, imho.
One particularly odd one for me is Norwegian, where they standardized around _two different_ standard written forms: Bokmål and Nynorsk. Norway was united with Denmark for centuries (1380-1814), so for a long time the standard written language was standard written Danish, with Dano-Norwegian as a prestige spoken dialect. Bokmål grew from this, though with some spelling and usage differences from Danish to better reflect spoken Norwegian dialects. It remains the preferred written form in Oslo and a lot of eastern and northern municipalities. (Multilingual instructions will often combine this with Danish, and use slashes/strokes for words that are different/dissimilar between the two.) Meanwhile, Nynorsk was developed in the 19th century out of a bunch of rural Norwegian dialects, based on commonalities they had with each other -- and with Old Norwegian -- as something more distinct from Danish. It's spelled rather differently (though it still looks like a closely related language to Danish and Swedish) and is the preferred written form in a bunch of western municipalities.
Yes. A discussion about language standardization and simplification is not complete without mentioning Chinese, but on the other hand risks more than doubling in size if you do properly discuss Chinese.
@@superpowerdragon One form of chinese _script_ was standardised over _2000_ years ago during the Qin dynasty, called small seal script. It is very different to the regular script used today, which evolved later, and really hasn't been properly standardised arguably even now. And as for written chinese, that was never standardised per se but the prestige written form was called wenyanwen, based on the writing style of the classics 2500 years ago during the Zhou dynasty. This more or less remained intact until the vernacularisation movement of the 1910s where radicals advocated ditching wenyanwen in favour of writing "as spoken" per se. There's been many more things since including changes in character standards and simplification, that makes written chinese not so easy to describe on a single line.
@@bocbinsgames6745 i was talking about standardization, not finalization, I know that written Chinese changed over time after qin dynasty, but it was from that time that all Chinese people wrote with the same characters and can understand each other even when they are thousands of miles away. also the spoken form of written Chinese are also part of written Chinese just like wenyanwen, people just preferred to write in wenyanwen because its more space efficient
Turkish has a lot of accents region by region. Turks from Bulgaria speaks like Gagauz, Turks from Kars, Erzurum speaks like Azerbaijani. Turks from Central Anatolia, Teke region(places around Antalya, Burdur), East Blacksea, West Blacksea, Agean, Turkmens from Southeast(Gaziantep, Urfa) etc. all have different accents. Turkish from Istanbul is official language.
@@RadenWA I think maybe Anglish written using the Thai script is better since it could represent all the vowels plus the consonant characters could be adapted for english
@@RadenWA Ah, I assumed you were talking about Younger Futhark, used for Old Norse. I didn't know there were distinct Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Frisian runes! Yes that alphabet might work better
The same thing happened in India with Hindi. Hindi is really just a Sanskritized register of a Persianized Dehlavi dialect spoken by the old elites of the Mughal courts, which was imposed over dozens of other North Indian dialects and languages like Garhwali, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Marwari, Malvi, and more.
It is a false dichotomy between the classical and medieval periods (influenced by various factors). Koine Greek had overlapped with the Greek dialects spoken in Magna Graecia already in the Hellenistic era, and those areas remained in continuity with the rest of the Greek world even during the Roman era, so expecting Griko to be more similar to Ancient Greek seems foolish; however, being a lateral area, at the same time it retained features that cannot be explained by the medieval period (for example several words unknown to Byzantine writers, or the preservation of the ancient infinitive).
Regarding Greek: You left out that "Demotic" simply means Vernacular. And while Vernacular eventually won out (albeit with many Katharevousa influences), Demotic was actually several dialects. Modern Standard Greek is specifically based on the Peloponnesian + Ionian Islands dialects (the "mainland" isn't a monolith). The reason for this is because the Ionian Islands were very prominent in the Enlightenment, and a lot of literature was written in Ionian Greek, and because the Peloponnese is where the Greek Revolution kicked off in 1821, and Peloponnesian emerged as a lingua franca for Greeks that arrived from all over, to fight the Ottomans. And then both these regions would heavily influence Athens, after it was chosen as the capital in 1830. The "Greek language question" actually long predates Katharevousa: Koine emerged in Late Antiquity as an Attic-based common Greek that was a bit simplified. But in the Middle Ages, the vernacular language continued to evolve, while the Byzantine (aka East Roman) Empire and the Church continued to officially use Koine. Koine was itself becoming "ancient". After the fall of the Byzantine Empire (1453), Greece is mostly split between Venetian and Ottoman rule. The Venetians controlled and ruled many areas, but would gradually lose a lot of territory to the Ottomans. In Venetian Greece (and Cyprus), we see the emergence of literature in the local Vernacular; the first examples being in Crete and Cyprus during the Renaissance. In Ottoman Greece, there was (at first) a period of cultural paralysis and economic decline; but as the Ottoman Empire started to reform in the late 17th century, the emerging Greek bourgeoisie and intellectuals in the Ottoman-ruled regions (for example, Constantinople) much preferred continuing the medieval diglossia of the Byzantine era, and disdained writing literature and documents in the vernacular. Indeed, Katharevousa was the brainchild of Adamantios Korais, a Greek Enlightenment figure who was from Smyrna (now Izmir, Turkey), and whose family was from nearby Chios (ruled by the Ottoman Empire since 1566). The funny thing is, while Katharevousa was officially adopted by the Modern Greek state, and heavily promoted, it was the Peloponnesian-Ionian Vernacular (or Demotic) that arose as the lingua franca, largely because of its heavy influence on Athens (which was chosen as the capital in 1830) and on radio and film after WWII. So, this was the precursor to Katharevousa. It didn't just appear in the 19th century.
Great comment. Also, we conveniently say that demotic ultimately won, but what counts as demotic today is very very different from that 100 years ago. Modern demotic is full of katharevousa vocab and grammar, and Katharevousa of 1970 was also a lot closer to demotic than the Katharevousa of 1850. So I believe it's fairer to say that the varieties merged into one and by 1975 they had become almost identical anyway.
@@pelagaki97I you are fluent in French or familiar with older forms of Greek check out Adamantios Korrais works that make all his ideological arguments for reverting to an modernized version of ancient Greek 😉
@@greek_sahabmodern standard Greek has a lot of katharevousa but basically different grammar, that's because it gradually became awkward to use foreign vocabulary - especially Turkish and Albanian and a big chunk of that said vocabulary was replaced by katharevousa one 😉
Calling breton a dialect of french or basque a dialect of castillian and so on is a complete misnomer, since they are complete different languages, not "dialects" subservient to a "main" language.
correct but KhAnubis did not do either of those, at most I can give you that the map of choice to show castillean in contrast to the other languages in Iberia is a poor choice as it showed more and was kind of sloppy, but in the case of France Brittany was mostly excluded from the northern dialects map. Unless I missed something else in the video.
Arabic is one language. Stop this non-sense. We do not learn the other dialects we just understand them. if these are languages than I speak 15 languages what A giga chad.
@@Itisjustasaganow The Arabs all of them understand each other without need for prior Exposure to the other dialects except three dialects which are Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian. these dialects are full of french loanwords and berber and because of that we do not understand them. and this only in three countries out of 26 Arabic countries/regions. taking an exception and trying to imposed on the language is just not gonna work. We Arabs know our language and we speak to each others in our own dialect we do not switch dialects and we all speak.
Turks can understand about 30% of Ottoman Turkish because Turkish and Ottoman Turkish are different languages. Ottoman Turkish was a creole elite language and most Turks did not know it. Even Uzbek-Uyghur is easier for Turks to understand than Ottoman Turkish. We can also easily understand the writings of Yunus Emre, Karacaoğlan, Pir Sultan Abdal, etc. written in old Oghuz Turkic.
Your introduction for the Turkish language is wrong (even though the body of information is true). 0:10 Turkey didnt use to speak a very different Turkish. It was indeed different consedering it was 100 years ago, and it had more arabic and persian words. Main change was the alphabet. Alphabet changed to the latin alphabet. I can read understand 70%-85% of books written in that time. Also most of the persian and arabic words are still in use, with their turkish counterparts.
Partially correct. Written Ottoman Turkish was reformed to make it comply with the popularly spoken Vulgar Turkish. Ottoman Turkish was composed primarily of Arabic and Persian vocabulary and genitive structures, which no longer function in modern Turkish. Vulgar Turkish also shared many similarities with Old Anatolian Turkish, but these are also not the same languages.
@@Otto500206colloquial = vulgar. Vulgar (latin vulgare) in language means colloquial, because is vulgar (=aka dirty, poor) so of the people, because they can not speak "clean". So there is vulgar latin like vulgar turkish.
When it comes languages of states, a lot of people in Europe didn't even speak the "language" of their countries until well into the 20th century. Even in the early 20th century, southern France still spoke Occitan and it was an ongoing effort for Italians to learn Italian. I remember reading a comment that mentioned the importance of the Italian TV show "Non è mai troppo tardi" [It's never too late]. This was a show in the 1960s that helped raise literacy rates in the country and to teach adults the Standard Italian language. My opinion of standardized languages in Europe is that some are good and some could be better. For example, I actually think Italian is one of the closest to perfect examples of a standardized language in Europe because even though it was based on the Tuscan language (a central Italian language), it was already based on a literary tradition from Tuscany, and to some extent, Sicilian. This is in contrast to a language like French, a standardized form of the "langue d'oil" continuum, where France has almost eradicated Occitan (more similar to Catalan and Northern Italian languages) instead of promoting a language that was linguistically or geographically central in France.mment that mentioned the importance of the Italian TV show "Non è mai troppo tardi" [It's never too late]. This was a show in the 1960s that helped raise literacy rates in the country and to teach adults the Standard Italian language. My opinion of standardized languages in Europe is that some are good and some could be better. For example, I actually think Italian is one of the closest to perfect examples of a standardized language in Europe because even though it was based on the Tuscan language (a central Italian language), it was already based on a literary tradition from Tuscany, and to some extent, Sicilian. This is in contrast to a language like French, a standardized form of the "langue d'oil" continuum, where France has almost eradicated Occitan (more similar to Catalan and Northern Italian languages) instead of promoting a language that was linguistically or geographically central. Language standardization is definitely tricky because at the end of the day, no matter how good one's solution is, it all comes down to politics.
As a native speaker of Turkish, it's safe to say that after the reforms of the 30s, our language changed so drastically to a point where texts written with the pre-30s vocabulary (hell, even with pre-60s) are literally *unintelligible* with the language we normally speak today, to varying degrees. I cannot read and fully comprehend a 1960s text without frequently consulting a dictionary, and this situation applies to all social classes and levels of education. Nearly half the words we use in everyday communication stem from the ingenious inventions of the Turkish Language Association.
sen osmanlı dönemi yetişmiş yazarları okudun demek ki cumhuriyet dönemi yetişmiş ya da osmanlı dönemi halk arasında yetişmiş yazarları oku bir de hatta yunus emreyi dadaloğlunu kaşgarlı mahmutu ziya gökalpi aşık veyseli gaspıralıyı oku bakayım ya da Atatürk'ün geometri kitabını oku
@@jojo-fr6fj dediğim anlaşılıyor herhalde. 28-65 arası kaleme alınmış cumhuriyet dönemi literatürünün hatrı sayılır kısmı eski dilden hayli kelime içeriyor. onları tekte okuyabil de ben de bir bakayım. özellikle yalın türkçeyle yazılmış, zaten dil reformunun nihai amacını felsefesi edinmiş kitaplardan tabii ki bahsetmiyorum.
What about the Turkish speakers (minoroties), who were outside of Turkey during the reforms? Have you spoken with Turks from Balkan countries? Have they learned Modern Turkish? Or do they need to adapt, when visiting Turkey?
@@preslavpetrov5823i guess it became much more easier because ottomanish was very different language than traditional Turkish, it has too many arabic persian greek loanwords and words and we start to use traditional Turkish after the reform
5:08 LOL! The fact that I know basically nothing of Greek but understood this reference says a lot about brazilian culture regarding early cellphones in the late 2000's/early 2010's Basically, "malaka" is Greek for "idiot"
As a turkish native speaker I want to say that the language reform in terms of vocabulary replacement isn't too noticeable in everyday life. Even though many Arabic and Persian words have been replaced most basic words in Turkish are still loanwords. There are only some weird people who're obsessed with not using loanwords wherever it's possible because of ideological reasons. But we're able to understand recordings or writings from the late ottoman period (as long as they're written in the new script)
@@moralmanmanmoralwhat are you talking about? Even "Merhaba" (hello), "ve" (and), "Aile" (Family), "Sene" (Year), "Saat" (Hour) .... and countless more words without reasonable alternatives are Arabic. And when I talk about ottoman Turkish I don't mean the court language but the normal spoken language. The early Turkish Republic pre-reform used the exact same language as the ottomans. Bro, we don't talk about centuries ... there isn't even a 1 year gap between Ataturk and the last ottoman sultan
@@Kaan-f4q we can integrate those words into the daily language. Like we did earlier. I am not an öztürkçeci but i get angry when someone says they think arabic words are better
@@moralmanmanmoralthese are your pseudo linguistics facts. Even the Quran which is 1400 years old uses these words. Back then central Asians didn't even discover the alphabet. Are you seriously claiming ancient Arabic borrowed these words from Turkish? And I don't claim that any language is objectively superior to another. It's a matter of taste. But you don't have weirdos in the English speaking realm who meticulously avoid any word that's non-germanic. It's unnatural and proves nothing except that the people who do that are obsessive losers. Educated people with common sense understand that loanwords actually enrich the language and make learning foreign languages easier
As far as I know one of the most recent and successful language standardisations was that of the Basque Language (Euskara Batua). Its standardisation only began in 1968. And only after Spain's return to democracy in the late 1970's the language could be taught officially. From then onwards young Basques learnt this new standardised version in school. An incredable achievement.
As an Italian, we should also include (on top of the later coming of television) the masterwork made by the ministry of culture after unification, that worked with many popular writers (like Manzoni) in order to write new books in Italian that will soon become the roots of pop Italian culture (Promessi sposi Is One of them). Having a common ground of conversation, such as a book that almost everyone likely read, truly shaped the diffusion of a language much more than any education could do on its own
Books in Italy were primarily printed in Italian since the XV century and Italian was already the official language of all pre-unification states (even Lomvado-Veneto) and had been for 300 years.
@@barrankobama4840if you follow the video you can clearly tell that the author is clearly referring to language *unification* as in "getting everybody to speak the same language". Italian was not a unified language during the 300 years prior to Italian unification and will not fully be a properly unified language until a generation later the political unification. The key here is not whether Italian existed, but if it was spoken by everyday people.
As a fun fact, many scientific terminology and obscure jargon was also predominantly referred using Arabic or Persian words in the Ottoman Empire. So, when Atatürk was working on the language reform he literally wrote a geometry book where he created new terminology out of pure Turkish words. He wrote a math textbook for schools and created new equivalent words for the reformed Turkish language!
The Philippine standard language Filipino derives from the ethnic plural regional dialect of Tagalog and written mostly in established Latin alphabets and the recently reintroduced Malayan Sanskrit derived kawi Baybayin script (with slow and weak results!).
It's so funny to me how there are so many videos on TH-cam about phenomena that are common in so many languages and hundreds of milions of people are familiar with them and take them for granted (like standardized spelling), but they have to explained to English-speakers like some exotic, quirky and rare curiosities.
That's just how it is. I'm sure some English speakers would know whatever concepts you're thinking of, but it's still the responsibility of the presenter to make the information accessible to the largest quantity of people possible.
Every large country standardized their language at some point one way or another. Before printing press, most people didn't read or write anything at all and spoken languages diverge very fast. Two village 10km apart from each other can become unintelligible in a couple of generations unless they trade and marry each other. When we read historical texts, that's generally the language of a very small elite minority most people didn't understand. If you wanted, and allowed to become part of that elite class, you had to learn their language.
a similar thing happened with German with the dialect of Hannover being declared "high German" and made the standard language and everything else "dialect". While in Germany itself speaking Dialect is being frowned upon as a hillbilly-backward thing to do, Swiss and Austrian are very proud of the dialects they speak which vary a lot even between the different regions of those countries, while they use the "standard" German to write - with some adaptations.
On the other hand, neither standard Italian nor standard German is based on the idiom of the political capital of either nation. Neither Italy nor Germany had achieved political union in their modern forms before 1870-1871. But the linguistic standards were already in place (Tuscan in Itsly, Obersâchsisch with some more southerly features in Germany).
The Ottoman Empire rapidly distanced itself from its Turkish identity after the conquest of Egypt and the acquisition of the caliphate. Turks were reduced to a secondary ethnic group within the empire. Nearly all of the rulers were individuals who had converted to Islam from minority backgrounds. Over time, a peculiar language made up of Arabic, Persian, and some Turkish, far removed from the authentic Turkish spoken by the Turkish ethnicity, became the language of the palace and administration. This strange language, referred to as Ottoman Turkish, was never a spoken language among the public, and the vast majority of people were illiterate in the Arabic script. These factors played a significant role in the successful adaptation of the Latin alphabet to the Turkish language and the rapid learning of this alphabet by the public.
Most Turkish people never spoke Ottoman Turkish but Vulgar Turkish which was over 90% Turkic in vocabulary. And we are still speaking it. In addition, all dialects except Istanbul have fewer loanwords and none has French loanwords.
I read a good book about the Turkish language reform that explained Ataturk's reasoning for the three-month switchover pretty well. Basically, if you wait too long to impose a new standard, it gives opposition to the reform enough time to develop resistance and take advantage of external events, like wars, natural disasters, and economic recessions. If you implement the standard as quickly as possible and people get used to it, it's much harder to revert to the older system when a setback does eventually occur. His thinking on this was informed by his career as an officer in the Ottoman military, which is another good example of generals often being better at politics than actual politicians. Just look at Napoleon, who considered his legal reforms to be his most important legacy. Even after the Bourbon Restoration, the Napoleonic Code was so entrenched that the monarchy just decided to keep it instead of trying to repeal it.
Well i really wouldn't say that the Ottoman script was a heavily modified version of the Arabic/Persian script that much. They just added "ñ" sound since there was not much you can change in Arabic script because of it's abjad nature. We kinda have a similar situation that ancient Greeks faced when they were come accross to Phonecian letters. It just wasnt working so either we will hope it will eventualy work somehow or do something about it like either modifiying the Arabic in a level to create a new alphabet (which Enver Pasha tried this, it's called as "huruf-ı munfasıla") or switching to a new alphabet. We understand the old Turkish (even the one from Yunus Emre's times) so i would really doubt that loanwords in the language ever has passed 35%, we can't understand Ottoman Turkish, which there are counts that the usage of loanwords has reached 80% above.
Oh and i would also say that Istanbul dialect/accent is a pretty important subject on standart Turkish issue, since the official Turkish accent/dialect is the Istanbul one, rest of the Turkey'a accents/dialects have been altered a lot. It's the posh and "correct" accent so everyone trying to speak it especially in formal situations.
@@recep2939 But the usage of the letters etc was quite modified, from my understanding letters like qaaf, suad etc would only be used with certain vowels, and kaaf and seen with other set of vowels. And archaic spelling like sometimes writing bi when one meant bu. And the nin was often just written as a kaaf which still made reading very confusing cause by late ottoman period the ng sound just became a in/nin if I'm right.
@@Aaaaaa-028 well you're definitely right for the latter especially for the Istanbul accent. You seem more knowlagable especially for a comparison so i really can't make a comment on that. But if do more of an educated guess, what i can say is that when i read both Ottoman script and Arabic script, i could not feel a difference (other than well, both of them beign a completely different language) on how they read other than vav could being 5 different letter. Maybe it's more of a natural evolution rather than an alteration. Which i still wouldn't call it a "heavily modified" version, people just used what already there.
11:37 This is inaccurate, the vulgar vernacular of Turkish wasn't as heavily dominated by Persian and Arabic loanwords as the "higher" vernaculars. And the vulgar vernacular is what today's Turkish is based on.
Malay speaker from Malaysia here. Standardized Malay (derived from Johor-Riau Malay) has several forms here I would argue: 1) official form (Bahasa Rasmi) : known as Bahasa Malaysia (incorporates terms and vocab from all over the world and languages and used by the government). Neologisms and borrowings are present here as well due to our cosmopolitan past 2) creole form (Melayu Rojak) : means mixed (also a type of dish) is basically everyone's everyday speech and incorporates slang terms alongside the inputs from other dialects and languages in Malaysia 3) literature form (Bahasa Baku and/or Klasik) : this form is used in more literary and poetic settings or situations. Nobody speaks it natively but everyone who is a Malay speaker of any kind (there are various Malay dialects and languages) will be able to understand it when hearing it. Difference here from the official Malay in govt would be that it uses the most accurate sounds for the words and their proper word forms with somewhat archaic grammar interspersed. Pronunciation and word order can be so ancient sometimes that it'd feel like an alien tried to use an AI to speak it's form of our language (somewhat intelligible but understanding will be awkward at best) Not only that, since Malaysia has several somewhat unintelligible but closely related Malay languages (Kedahan, Kelantanese, Perakian, Sarawakian, Noghori and so on), crossing state boundaries feels like moving to a cousin country. Like you're pretty much just like me but I have no idea what you're saying man. I grew up natively speaking Kedahan Malay and when I moved to Selangor (they speak mostly standardized Malay with heavy Javanese and Bugis inputs), we were completely unable to understand each other. Pure culture shock tbh. Moved to Pahang later on as well (similar to Selangor they mostly speak standardized Malay but have inputs fro Terengganu Malay and others), mostly can understand them but some words have very different meanings than standardised Malay despite being literally the same word. Eg : Selalu = Always (BM) but in Pahang ; Selalu = Now/Immediately which would be Sekarang (BM). Suffice to say, miscommunications and misunderstandings were plentiful when I was there 😅
Every situation carries unique characteristics within itself. The challenge of the modern world lies in its tendency to interpret sociology and human-related phenomena through generalized theories, much like solving a physics problem. However, the linguistic journey of Turkish follows a distinct and unique process. The political dominance and administrative practices of the Ottoman Empire had a profound impact on the Turks, the empire's founding nation. By comparing 16th-century texts or even earlier writings with regional Turkish dialects, one can observe that by the 19th century, the language had become significantly distorted. It had evolved into an artificial construct lacking a clear identity and disconnected from any particular community. Today, the Turkish language as we know it is essentially a standardized version of the words spoken in the 16th century and earlier, enriched with elements from local dialects. Over time, it has further developed, creating new expressions derived from native Turkish roots, taking full advantage of the language's inherent structural flexibility. In this sense, the artificial language of the 19th century, spoken primarily by the Ottoman court and its surroundings, is what can truly be considered foreign to us.
Finland standardized their language too; the kirjakieli ("book language") can be vastly different from the puhekieli ("spoken language"), and there also are several regional dialects. But at least the grammar rules and spelling are extremely consistent.
when the philippines was looking for a language to standardize, they chose tagalog because it was the language spoken around the capital of manila. so whats known as Filipino is just a standardized form of tagalog
Not because it is my native language, but I really find it interesting how the history of Standard Albanian language evolved. There are two main dialects with many subdialects and in terms of grammar and vocabulary they are really really different. But couldn't they simply choose one? No, because many other nations invaded Albania many times and the language itself was recorded late and back then (during the Ottoman empire era), there were no schools that taught Albanian. This led to divide the dialects even further. Despite attempting to choose a dialect which best represents the whole language after gaining independence, they simply couldn't agree, so everyone decided to use their own forms of the language. Plus, Albania until that period of time had been using Latin, Greek, Arabic and Cyrillic letters, while some authors even tried to create a unique alphabet which failed miserably. Then world wars occurred and no one was concerned enough in regards to this topic. So, our former communist leader Enver Hoxha came with the idea of making a "standard" version of the language. But in reality, it is highly influenced by the dialect of the southern region (where Enver Hoxha was born and raised), while the north region dialect was subtly included in word formation and small parts of the grammar. To force down this new version, Hoxha made sure everyone was learning it in school (yes, even 60 year old people were going to school at that time) and also pushed the propaganda of considering the north dialect harsh and village-esque. I think that they really struggled a lot with the Albanian language because phonetically, our dialects are extremely different and there are many sounds in the northern dialect which can't be represented by any writing system and probably don't exist in many other languages (especially Indo-European languages), so the southern dialect was more appealing and easier to be standardized.
There are two official versions of the Armenian language: Eastern and Western. The Eastern is based on the dialect spoken in the city of Van, because after 1915 most residents of the capital city of Armenia (Yerevan), were refugees from Van, and the Western is based on the dialect that was spoken by the Armenian community of Istanbul, since Armenians who lived in Istanbul were the largest contributors to Armenian literature, newspapers, and general intelligence. What's funny is that despite these dialects becoming the formal official of the whole language, neither of them are actually very popular, in fact Istanbul dialect was a dialect spoken by an elite minority. Luckily despite these dialects dominating most Armenian literature and media, as well as being the main dialects in education and governmental affairs, most of Armenian regional, “informal” dialects are still alive and well.
I really ought to talk about diaspora languages one of these days -- diaspora communities are really interesting in general (I say, totally unbiased, as a member of several diasporas)
Actually, writing in a more ancient form of Greek than the spoken one was common throughout the Byzantine and Ottoman era so katharevousa wasn’t an entirely different idea to that.
It was more a "middle age" thing. Latin was still used in writing while the spoken languages had already evolved towards the Romance languages that we know today.
Standarized quechua is taken from the cusco dialect (at least in peru) because it was the capital city of the inca empire. However, due to being a labguage spoken mainly in rural areas (and considered till this days a marginalized language), dialects kept developing by themselves apart from the supposed standard, to the point of people living in the northern part of south america unable to understand those who live in the highlands and the southern part of south america. Because of this, many will argue that quechua is not a single language, but a whole family of languages; but like you said, a language is just a dialect with an army
You should talk about language dialect continuum. Like how in the past you could travel from village to village and they would understand each other, but slowly would transform to another language. Going form Castilian, to Catalan, to Occitan, to Lambordian.
This reminded me of something very similar that has happened in South India with Dravidian Languages (Malayalam and Tamil). South India (present day Kerala and Tamil Nadu) evolved with a separate culture and linguistic diversity until the British colonized India around 1700-1800. The Mughal Empire/Delhi Sultanate never actually could conquer South India, but owing to spice trade, it was intensely frequented by traders from the Middle East, who also brought Islam with them and consequently Arabic. Modern day Muslims in Kerala and Tamil Nadu have evolved a separate script where they essentially writing Malayalam/Tamil words using an Arabic script. The scripts are called Arwi and Arabic Malayalam.
Perso-Arabic letters aren’t a « heavily modified » Arabic script, the only difference is two letters each having two extra dots and one letter gaining a line, That’s basically like saying the French alphabet is a « heavily modified » Latin script because of é, è, ê, ï and ç
Karakhanid/Ottoman Turkish used Arabic a whole lot differently than what Arabic or Persian used it. For one, all vowels were spelled either with a harakath or with consonants used as vowels. Basically using an abjad as an alphabet. This satisfies the "heavily modified" part well. Ottoman Turkish, for native words, also didn't use like the half of the letters, since a simple sibilant /s/ sound didn't need to be represented by /four different letters (س / ص / ط /ث ).
For example: Words for "gold" in both three written languages Ottoman T.: آلتون (altun) [written: A-diacritic-L-T-W-N] Arabic: ذهب (ḏahab) [written: ð-H-B] Persian: زر (zar) [written: Z-R] As you can see, Persian and Arabic omits vowels (abjadic) while Ottoman Turkish explicitly writes them (alphabetic).
@ yes i would say Ottoman and even the modern Urdu are both heavily modified (the way Polish is a modified Latin script or Kazakh used a modified Cyrillic script) The only note is that Arabic does have pure vowels since it is not a pure Abjad anymore, the Ottoman script wouldn’t have used consonants as vowel but rather modify the already existing three vowels of Arabic ا-و-ي to derive letters for the many vowels Turkish naturally has
Turkey still has differing dialects, especially older people from different regions pronounce words much differently and they also use words which some people haven't heard before and even the Turkish Language Institution does not recognise some of those words. As an example; I was born and raised in Istanbul but my grandparents are from Thrace region. We use words like şınlamak which means to shine or şunkalamak; to tamper. Both are not recognised by the language institute but are pretty common among Thracian Turks. Same thing applies to Blacksea Turks or Eastern Turks. I probably can't understand a single word from a speaker from Blacksea with a heavy accent even though they literally are speaking the same language as me. Another example is Turkish speakers in Cyprus, they almost have a different grammar structure.
This is what I have to say about all this: I'm Greek. And I have heard my native language being TORN appart by people that don't know how to speak it... Ok, that's fine if you don't know - but there are teachers out there that teach Greek... WRONG... And even WORSE - they INSIST that their version of how words are pronounced, is the "correct" one... They would pronounce things like "π" as "pie" and "τ" as "tau" when in reality we DONT know how any of these letters were pronounced in the time of ancient Greeks... But what we DO know is the following: We know for a fact, (and you are welcome to test this), that the Mediterranean (so Spain, Italy and Greece) countries, have a unique and also similar way to pronounce, speak, gesture and also they have a "library" of similar sounds that we can easily make (as opposed to other sounds that we are not so familiar of making). And this library combined with the way that these 3 countries pronounce things in general, can guide us into deciphering which one of the Greek pronunciations are CLOSER to the real pronunciation which we will never be able to fully know (unless we travel back in time). And in my opinion, the one that we native Greeks are using is CLOSER than anything that you will learn abroad; Simply because what they teach you abroad sounds more northern, more germanic, or more asian - than Mediterranean. But in order to observe this, you need to be fluent in at least 1 Mediterranean language...
Public broadcast was the drive for the diffusion of the common language. Commercial TV appeared only in the late 1970s, by which Italian had already been established as the common language.
Here in Norway, during the dissolution of our unions with first Denmark (1814), then Sweden (1905), two written language forms emerged. One main form was based on more archaic, rural dialects, the other based on more upper class urban dialects with stronger ties to written Danish, as Danish was the norm for centuries. Both are treated as equal by law and both offer wide flexibility to choose "your own" variety. Of course both forms are mutual intelligible for the reader, but there are quite a few "unshared words" that must be learned. Also, grammar, syntax and spelling rules can be quite different. "Standard eastern Norwegian" is close to the dominant written form, and this is what most foreigners learn. Also spoken by many in the Oslo area. But most of us use our local dialects, these can differ to a large degree from both written forms. A hard task for foreigners who though they learned Norwegian - and then hardly understand a word outside the capital area! 🙂
Swahili used Ajami(African Arabic script) and had many dialects spoken across the Swahili world. British and German colonials singled out two dialects that they would prefer to be a standard and those were Kimvita(Mombasa dialect) and Kiunguja(Zanzibar). In the end, the Zanzibar dialect was chosen and Swahili was latinized. This had the consequence of utterly destroying Swahili literary tradition as Kimvita was the scholarly dialect.
Atatürk was based and the previous script wasn't good to learn reading. 7:58 about overnight change is dangerous propaganda that islamist say, when the scripts was changed, only 1-5% knew how to read and write, most also died during the war. No we didnt lose the possibility to read over night, we already didnt know how to read or write because of centuries of bad habits of adopting bad standards.
There are some tiny minority languages that are even more threatened due to being split into 5, 7 or 10 dialects. Examples include Basque and Romanish which have both tried to construct a standard form from the existing dialects.
*Other standardized languages:* * Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Romanian, Lithuanian -- all this languages had foreign words removed * Serbo-Croatian language has 4 "national" standards based on Shtokavian dialect; it has also 2 official alphabets (Latin, Cyrillic)
@@brittakriep2938 I was comparing texts and speech from different West Germanic languages and I came to conclusion that there are many West Germanic languages, we have at least: * Bavarian (in Bavaria and most Austria) * Alemanic (in most Switzerland and SW Germany) * (High Franconian) * Central German (including Standard German and Luxembourgish) * Dutch * Low German * 3 Frisian languages * English * (Scottish) I used () for questionable languages. So it is more languages that officially said, especially by Germans :) *Standard German is meant to replace several languages in Germany.* It is shame or Germans are trying to hide their language diversity. The difference between Alemanic or Bavarian languages as compared to Standard German is bigger than between Polish and Czech.
@@brittakriep2938 West Germanic languages: * *Bavarian* (in Bavaria and most Austria) * *Alemanic* (in most Switzerland and SW Germany) * *(High Franconian)* * *Central German* (including Standard German and Luxembourgish) * Dutch * *Low German* * 3 Frisian languages * English * (Scottish) I used () for questionable languages. So it is more languages that officially mentioned, especially by Germans :) *Standard German is meant to replace several languages in Germany.* It is shame or Germans are trying to hide their language diversity. The difference between Alemanic or Bavarian languages as compared to Standard German is bigger than between Polish and Czech.
@@robertab929 : In daily life i , Brittas boyfriend ( i currently use her Computer too) , speak my swabian dialect, what fewer and fewer people do. I am 59 now, for reasons, needing to much time, including Asperger, never married, no children. A few years ago, i had to wait at a parking and heared the children of a nearby Kindergarten - children and young teachers spoke only Standard German. Sad to know: a) l belong to last generation , which speaks swabian dialect halfway propper. b) ln nearest future perhaps 2000 years old history of my tribe ends, there will be never again the tribal spirit. Standard German was introduced ( and possibly created) by Scientists from all german speaking countries in 1873. When we speak dialect, we even today often don' t understand each other, which causes problems in trade, science and policy.
For the greek language, the story is a bit more complicated, as also mentioned by others in the comments. The thing is that the ancient greek literature was written in the attic dialect, and thus it became a prestige language, as mentioned. The Koine (common) greek was a simplified version of it, widespread in the eastern mediterranean, often as a second language. So this was a vernacular version of greek. Nevertheless the Roman empire, and the Eastern Roman empire later, were tending to use attic-like greek as administrative language, in order to give prestige, and distinguish the nobility from the middle classes and the peasants. Literature and science also used this "high" version of greek, usually with a "high" style in expression. There is even an example of a noble writer of the late antiquity, who wrote a book about the "correct" (attic) terms that should be used, often not part of the living language; interestingly enough he was quite snobbish about vernacular types of the time, some of which are used even today. At the same time, Koine (common) was evolving into forms of vernacular. Speakers of this variety and attic-like greek were often in conflict, or so we can deduce. We can also trace forms of vernacular types that do not exist in modern Demotic (vernacular) greek. The form of the variety we use today can be traced back in the 1400s, if not earlier. At the same time a more archaic, attic-like form has always been in use, by the imperial administration, the scholars, and most importantly the Orthodox church, which outlived the Eastern Roman empire. So every greek speaker has been aware of the difference between archaic and vernacular greek since the late antiquity. And there have been several stages of combination between archaic and vernacular greek as well. What's more, there have been a couple of dialects of the vernacular greek even in the Eastern Roman empire, the Black Sea variety being a example. As the empire started to fall down, more varieties emerged, influenced by the corresponding states that greek speaking people found themselves in. This is the case for the Ionian islands, which variety had heavily been italianised. Moreover, the speakers of the sea, merchants and inhabitants of the islands, started to develop varieties very common to each other. This is why today's Cretan look like Cypriot, and varieties of Rhodes and the Dodecanese. The greek speaking areas in the mainland were also forming varieties. As a result, when Greece became it's own state back in the 1830s, there were a bunch of greek varieties spoken, not exactly mutually understandable. There's even a comedy play from the early 19th century, where greek people of different origins - and dialects - gather together and try to communicate, with several funny events occuring. Nevertheless, when the greek state was formed, all greek speaking people had to find a way of communication. Thus, the modern Demotic variety started to form, with critical role played by the peloponnesian varieties and the ionian one. On the other hand, the greek state standardised Katharevousa, "the pure looking", in order to restore a form of language clear of foreign "impurities" - including turkish and italian - and sounding like "pure" ancient greek. This official language was practically a mixture of archaic and demotic greek, varying in what portion of the latter could be accepted. What's important though is that it had for more than a century been a measure of someone's education and status, and eventually a measure of someone's greekness. When Greece expanded, it acquired regions with different vernacular dialects. After the exchange of populations between Greece and the newly formed Turkish state, the former acquired vast numbers of speakers of varieties in Anatolia too, including the Black Sea variety. These people were usually considered vulgar, peasants, and often even not true greeks. As a result, their dialects were heavily mocked. Even today, northern dialects are considered more vulgar and peasant-like than the southern ones. The fact that in Athens, the capital, live almost the half of the greek population, has contributed to this. In conclusion, does greek demonstrate languages like Italy does? No. Does it distribute dialects not mutually intelligible? Mostly not as well. Is modern greek related to ancient greek? Yes, in the sense that it has borrowed words and expressions from the latter. Nowadays, a greek can understand the variety spoken almost in every part of Greece. But this was not always the case, and greek being homogeneous has been a long, and sometimes painful story.
The story of Greek, or rather, the Hellenic languages, is much more complicated than what most people know (including myself) because few non-natives actually know any kind of Greek (modern or ancient) to judge. Thank you for sharing this!
@@arrunzo I'm just telling a story that adds to your video. I'm sure this story needs corrections here and there. We greeks seem to be connected to the language in many controversial ways, maybe that's why we talk about it so much 😁
6:27 is actually the other way around, the "standard Greek" speakers can't understand the Cretan, Cypriot, Pontic (and more i would add) local dialects (although i personally believe that Pontic Greek is so far that could be considered a separate language.
And also there was not a dialect of demotic Greek rather a vast variety of dialects, even to this day i would argue that there is no standard demotic Greek, rather a combination of mostly Peloponnesian and and Attica dialects
To the Turks who were brainwashed into thinking your writing system is purely phonetic, I'm here to break the illusion. There are certain sounds and concepts that come naturally to native speakers but not foreigners because they're not represented in written language. It even leads to mispronunciations among native Turkish speakers like the two "e" sounds in "pembe" being completely different. (Kinda like the three "e" sounds in "mercedes" being different in English/German) Other Turkic languages like Azerbaijani Turkish employ the letter "ə" to make the distinction clear. So that word should really be spelled "pəmbe". I'm sure the Turks among us can relate to mispronunciations of words like "tencere" or "pencere" as "təncərə" or "pəncərə". Or things like stress in a word changing the meaning, for example "FAtih" is a place, but "faTİH" is a name. There's more to this but this is all I could think of off the top of my head. Fellow Turks, feel free to chime in lol
you're a hundred percent right! i've been telling people this for years but i can never convince them lol. there are so many other problematic letters-- we definitely need another "k" for example
The standardization of Mandarin Chinese In China is particularly fascinating. In China, the definition of a "dialect" is different than in other countries. A Chinese dialects refers to a language in the Sino-Tibetan language family tree that uses Chinese Characters as it's primary writing system. However, these "Chinese Dialects" are virtually unintelligible to the Mandarin spoken in northern China where it originates from. Their only similarity is the usage of Chinese Characters for words. Basically speakers of different "Chinese dialects", such as Cantonese, Hakka, Hoikken, and Mandarin cannot understand one another but can understand (more or less) each other's writing.
Yeah, standardization of Mandarin Chinese is an ongoing process. Rural farmers speak a local "dialect" (not intelligible with Mandarin). In small towns Mandarin might be spoken with a thick accent. And in bigger towns Mandarin is spoken with a light accent. Only the well educated speak a standardized Chinese. And all of this ignores dozens of entirely different languages spoken in the county (Uygher, Tibetan, Vietnamese, Mongolian, and many more).
As a greek high school student, I can tell you that after learning even a little ancient greek, even if i hated it, i ciuld suddenly understand katharevousa, and I find that really beautiful imo
Since you already mentioned it: Choosing Bahasa Indonesia as the standardized language is possibly one of the best move that our founder did during this country's inception. As mentioned: Yes, afaik it was basically at best (one of) trader's language. Malay (or even more specific: Riau's Malay) is a minor language in term of percentage of people who were using it. If we are using 'the language most commonly used, percentage wise' to pick the language, Javanese is possibly used by around half of the population of that time since Java is massive. That (using Javanese) would have been a fatal mistake, as that would definitely cement Java-centrism attitude even higher, and pushed the rest of the islands away. Current situation where most people have their own local regional language but use Indonesian language in formal, educational, and multi-cultural environment is definitely one of the move that keep this absurdly diverse country intact. Also, we ended up becoming the country with most trilinguals as a nice bonus (since a lot of us ended up learning English as well)
The thing I find so unfortunate about standardised languages is that it kind of erases the depth and interesting aspects about linguistics. Nowadays the drill is: in Germany they speak German, in Spain they speak Spanish, in France they speak French etc. But it's much much more complex than that.
For current Turkish alphabet, one letter for one sound assumption is frequently repeated but ill-foundedness is clear considering lots of letters’ various pronunciations. K, G, R, Ğ, Ş E and so one are pronounced from different parts of mouth and/or throat. That’s why many Turks themselves pronounce some words wrong, let alone Turkish learning foreigners. For example “K” of “kağıt” is supposed to be a palatal voice, but some Turks pronounce it as a throttle voice because in some other words, like “kasım”, it comes from throat. In the same vein “g” in “gerek” and “galip” come from different parts, former is palatal and latter is throttle consonants. R in “orman” and “bir”, Ğ in “eğlence” and “eğer” and so on… The book Türk Dil Bilgisi by Prof.Dr. Muharrem Ergin provides detailed and comprehensive clarification about each letter’s various pronunciations - and picks “one letter one sound” assumption to pieces of course-
Germans didn’t always speak (standard) german either. Until the 70s/80s everyone pretty much spoke their home dialect with all the regional differences but in the 70s the idea arose to make children “unlearn”their dialects and learn to speak standard german. Today relatively few germans born after 1990 (i guess) speak any form of dialect, me included. The speech might be influenced by regional varieties but the full on dialect is more or less dying. I know nobody around my age still speaking my home dialect, a special variety of the allemanic dialects
@ Kind of. In Austria and especially Switzerland even the kids speak their dialect and I admire this from a perspective of not having that. I would however go for a combined solution of both learning dialect and standard german kind of like in Italy. Everyone speaks their native dialetto, but to communicate between different regions they use standard italian
I was hoping you'd mention when they enforced the standardized languages many of the population couldn't fully understand what they were hearing and reading which was a major advantage for the powerful
There is an alternative to standardization in linguistically diverse country - nativization of colonial languages like Spanish in Mexico or English in Singapore.
Stuff like this is why I am really curious on where the languages will go in Eric Flint's Ring of Fire series. How will a Germany that has so radically changed develop linguistically? And that holds true for nearly every nation
Finnish, Norwegian and Faroese are somewhat similar, except Norwegian was never fully standardised. Norwegian ended up having two separate writing traditions (both full of optional features and forms) based on four separate views on how to standardise the written language: The first view, most popular in the early and middle 1800s, was that the written languange of Norway should be Danish Bogsprog, as it had been since the 1400s when Old Norwegian writing declined and died out. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, who wrote the Norwegian national anthem in Danish Bogsprog, came to hold this view. The second view, which gained popularity after the first dictionary and the first grammar of Norwegian were published in the 1850s and 1860s, was that the written language of Norway should be based on the more lingustically conservative dialects of Norwegian (rural dialects closer to Old Norwegian, and less dependent on German and Danish loan words). This puristic form was then used by writers like Aasmund Olavsson Vinje and Elias Blix. The third view, which gained popularity at the end of the 1800s, was that Danish Bogsprog should be simplified and reformed to reflect pronounciation, based on the sociolect which had developed in the urban upper class of Norway in the 1700s and 1800s (known as "cultivated speech"), which consciously used the vocabulary of Danish Bogsprog without imitating Danish phonology. This idea was implemented in several reforms in the early 1900s, which permanently separated Danish and Norwegian writing from each other, and even replaced one of the Danish pronouns ("I" became "dere"). The fourth view, which gained popularity and became government policy in the 1930s, was that the puristic form of Norwegian based on conservative rural dialects should be combined with the one based on urban upper class speech, while also implementing more grammar and vocabulary from the urban working class of Eastern Norway. This hypothetical form of unified Norwegian was called Samnorsk, but it was a stillbirth. The gradual work of creating it, done by now-forgotten committees, led to permanent changes in both writing traditions, which frustrated users of both. Eventually the respectable upper class of the capital held book burnings in oppositon to the reforms. The government decided the project wasn't worth the trouble, and gave up on Samnorsk. After all that, the result is this: Different authors like Solstad, Knausgård and Fosse write using different norms, different newspapers might use three grammatical genders as in Old Norwegian or two as in Danish, and normal people write in their own dialects in everyday writing, but write Bokmål or Nynorsk at work. No one is entirely happy, but at least there are fewer book burnings.
So many language standards sounds like a headache. Some disagree with me because they're so proud, but I wish that in history there had been a "Pan-North Germanic" language. It seems very doable because Old Norse is an attested language, but I think we're too far into the future for speakers of North Germanic languages to actually care about such an idea. Such a shame.
Great video thank you! German and Mandarin Chinese would be also prime examples. I'm very curious about the history of Russian. As it's notably one of the most spoken languages without many dialects. So I'd love to see its history and evolvement in creating this (forced) widespread standard in opposition to a diverse dialectal continuum normally found within countries. Thank you
Thank you for the video 😀 Thanks to the Atatürk, we ca easily learn reading and writing of our language. And it became easier to learn many modern languages. People trying to learn a language with different script know how frustrating it is. In the Ottoman, military officers was learning French as a second language. So, they are already know the Latin alphabet. Also, the thought of changing the script of Turkish starts around 1860s. Some political parties also suggested for Ottoman. But did not implemented. You can check sources of the wiki page: "Turkish alphabet reform "
Mandarin Chinese (or Putonghua) was developed in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty, last imperial dynasty of China. It was actually a pidgin, spoken by the Manchus, merging their Mongolic/Turkic Manchurian language with Chinese.
Transformation was easy in turkiye to turkish just a society was using Arabic mixed Persian it spread after Islam but most native turks use today's turkish like language
For Greece, bypassing the more of 1000 years Byzantine period is somehow weird, since modern Greek comes directly from the medieval ("byzantine") Greek. And a correction, the Demotic speech wasn't centered just in the Greek peninsula but actually in Constantinople and in the both sides of the Aegean (mainland Greece and western Anatolia)...while Crete, Pontus and Cyprus developed the main three modern greek dialects since these places were for a long time cut off from Constantinople Byzantine rule and either held some independence (see Pontus) or captured by others like Venice (see Crete and Cyprus). It was just a bit poor representation of the development of Greek.
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You should make a video about fonts
There is no such thing as greek empire.
"For if any non-Greek power, whether Persian or Macedonian, were to achieve world dominion, the typical form of the Greek state would suffer death and destruction." [p.188]
The language of 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 people
Su=water /水 (Suv)=fluent-flowing/Suvu>Sıvı=fluid, liquid/Suv-up=liquefied
Suy-mak=to make it flow away /flow>movement=suîva=civa=جیوه=水銀>cyan=جان=人生>civan>cive>जीव
Suv-mak=to make it flow on/upwards >suvamak=to plaster
Süv-mek=to make it flow inwards >süv-er-i=cavalry
Sür-mek=to make it flow ON something =to drive/apply it on/make spread on it
(Su-arpa)>chorba>surppa=soup /Surup>şurup=syrup /Suruppat>şerbet=sorbet /Surab>şarap=wine /Surah>şıra=juice şire=milky
Süp-mek=to make it flow outwards /Süp-ğur-mek>süpürmek=to sweep
-mak/mek>umak/emek=aim/exertion (machine/mechanism)
-al/el=~get via
-et=~do/make
-der=~set/provide
-kur=~set up
-en=own diameter/about oneself
-eş=each mate/each other/together or altogether
-la/le = ~to present this way/show this shape
Sermek=to make it flow in four directions =to spread it laying over somth
Sarmak=to make it flow around somth =to wrap, to surround
Saymak=to make it flow drop by drop /one by one from the mind =~to count, ~to deem (sayı=number >bilgisayar=computer)
Söymek=to make it flow through > Söy-le-mek=to make sentences flow through the mind=~to say, to tell
Sövmek=to say whatever's on own mind=swearing
Sevmek=to make flow/pour from the mind to the heart >to love
Süymek=to make it flow thinly (Süÿt> süt= दूध/ milk)
Soymak=to make it flow over it/him/her (to peel, ~to strip )(soygan>soğan=onion)
Soy-en-mak>soyunmak=to undress (Suy-ğur-mak)>sıyırmak=~skinning ,skimming
Siymek=to make it flow downwards=to pee Siÿtik>sidik=urine
Say-n-mak>sanmak=to pour from thought to the idea>to arrive at a guess
Savmak=to make it pour outward/put forward/set forth >sav=assertion
Sav-en-mak>savunmak=to defend /Sav-ğur-mak>savurmak=to strew it outward (into the void)
Sav-eş-mak>savaşmak=to shed each other's blood >savaş=war
Savuşmak=scatter altogether around >sıvışmak=~run away in fear
Sağmak=to ensure it pours tightly >Sağanak=downpour >Sahan=somth to pour water
Sağ-en-mak>sağınmak=to spill from thought into emotions> ~longing
Sormak=to make it spill the inform inside/force him to tell
Sekmek=to go (by force or difficulty) over it forwards
Sakmak=to get/keep/hold-back by force/hardly (sekar=?)
Sak-en-mak>sakınmak =to ponder hard/hold back/beware
Sak-la-mak=keep back/hide it >sak-la-en-mak=saklanmak=hide oneself
Soğmak=to penetrate (by force)> Soğurmak=make it penetrate forced inward= to suck in
Sokmak=to put/take (by force) inward
Sökmek=to take/force out from the inside(~unstitch/rip out)
Sıkmak=to suppress (forcibly) from all sides=squeeze (Sıkı=tight)
Sığmak=fit barely /Sığ-en-mak>sığınmak=take refuge in
Sezmek=to keep it gently flow mentally =to sense, intuit
Sızmak=to flow slightly =to ooze
Süzmek=to make it lightly flow from top to bottom >to filter
Suŋmak=to extend it forward, put before, present
Süŋmek=to get expanded outwards /sünger=sponge
Sıŋmak=to reach by stretching upward/forward
Siŋmek=to shrink oneself by getting down or back (to lurk, hide out)
Söŋmek=to get decreased by getting out or in oneself (fade out)
Tan=the dawn /旦
Tanımak=to get the differences of =to recognize
Tanınmak=tanı-en-mak=to be known/recognized
Tanıtmak=tanı-et-mak=to make known/introduce
Tanışmak=tanı-eş-mak=to get to know each other/meet for the first time
Danışmak=to get inform through each other
Tanılamak=tanı-la-mak=diagnose
Tıŋı=the tune (timbre) /调
Tıŋ-mak=to react verbally >Tınlamak= ~to take into account/respond
Tıŋı-la-mak=to get the sound out
Tiŋi-le-mek=to get the sound in >Dinlemek=to listen/ 听
Tiŋ-mek=to get at the silence >Dinmek=to keep calm
Denk=Sync>登克>~equal /a-thank*Deng-e=balance
Thenğ-mek>Değmek=achieve a harmonious reaction/ to touch
Thenğe-mek>Denemek=to try to get a harmonious response in return
teğet=tangent /tenger>değer=sync level >worth /teng-yüz>deŋiz=sea
eşdeğer=equivalent /eş diğerine denk=equal to each other
Deng-en-mek>değinmek =to mention/touch upon
Deng-eş-mek>değişmek =to turn into somth else equivalent /get altogether a change
Deng-eş-der-mek>değiştirmek =to change it /exchange
Çığ (chuw)=avalanche /雪崩
Çığ-ğur-mak =çığır-mak= ~to scream /read by shouting
Çağırmak=to call /inviting /称呼 /邀请
Çığırı >Jigir >Şiir=Poetry /诗歌
Cığır-la-mak >Jırlamak >to squeal /shout with a shrill voice
Çığırgı >Jırgı >Şarkı=Song / 曲子
Çiğ (chee)=uncooked, raw / 生
Çiğne-mek =to chew / 咀嚼
(Çiğnek) Çene=chin /下巴
Çiğ (chiu)= dew/ 汽 , 露 (çi’çek=flower/ çi’se=drizzle)
Taş=the stone (portable rock)/大石头
Taşı-mak =to take (by moving) it >to carry
Taşı-et-mak =Taşıtmak> to have it transported
Taşı-en-mak =Taşınmak>to move oneself to a different place
Kak-mak=to give direction (kak-qa-eun> kakgan=which one's directing>Kağan>Han) (Baş-khan>Başkan=president)
Kak-der-mak>kaktırmak=~to set aside
Kak-el-mak>kağılmak =to be oriented via /be fixed somewhere >kalmak= to stay
Kakıluk-mak=to tend upward >kalkmak=to stand up /get up
Kak-el-der-mak>kağıldırmak>to make it being steered away>kaldırmak=to remove
Kak-en-mak>kağınmak=to be inclined>kanmak /ikna olmak=to ac-know-ledge it's so /be convinced
Kak-en-der-mak>kağındırmak>kandırmak (ikna etmek)=~to trick (to persuade)
Der-mek=to provide bringing them together to create an order /der-le-mek=to compile
/deri=derm
Dar-mak=to bring into a different order by disrupting the old >tarkan=conqueror
/tarım=agriculture /tarla=arable field /taramak=to comb
Dar-el-mak>darılmak=to be in a disturbed mood towards someone
Dur-mak=to keep the same order /keep being, /survive /halt on
(thoru>diri= alive) durabilir=durable /boğa-thor>bahadır=冒頓=survivor-victim> war veteran
boğa=sacrificed by strangling >buga > buhag > pigah> 피해자> pig
Dur-der-mak> durdurmak=~to stop /diri-el-mek>dirilmek= be revived
Diremek=make to stand against /direnmek=resist /diretmek=insist
(Tüz-mek) Dizmek=to keep it in the same order /the same line
Dür-mek=to roll it into a roll /dürülmek=get rolled /dürüm=roll of bread
(Tör-mek) Dörmek=to rotate it on its axis >to mix up
Thöre-mek>türemek=become a new layout/form by coming together in the same medium (tür= kind /type)
Thörük=order formed by coming together >Türk
Töre=order established over time=tradition /torah=sacred order /tarih=history
Thör-et-mek>türetmek=to create a new layout combining= to derive
Thör-en-mek>dörünmek=to rotate oneself /turn by oneself
Törünmek>törnmek>Dönmek=to turn oneself /döner=rotary /turna=flamingo
Dön-der-mek>döndürmek=to turn something
Dön-eş-mek>dönüşmek=turn (altogether) into something
Dön-eş-der-mek>dönüştürmek=to convert /transform
(Edh) Ez-mek=to thin something down by pressing over=to crush /run over
(Edg) Eğ-mek=to turn something the other way or to a curved shape> to tilt it
eğim =inclination
Eğ-el-mek>eğilmek=to get being inclined /bend
Eğ-et-mek>eğitmek=to educate
Eğir-mek=to cause it another shape by spin it crosswise around itself
> eğri=curve,awry >ağrı=crossways >uğru=~aspect of >doğru=true, right direction
Evirmek= to make it return around itself or transform into another shape
Çevirmek=turn into/encircle Devirmek =turn outer/overturn
Eğir-al-mek>eğrilmek=to become a skew /be bended by
Evir-al-mek>evrilmek=to get a transformation over time
/evrim=evolution /devrim=revolution /evre=stage
Uğra-mak>=to get (at) a place or a situation for a certain time=drop by/ stop by
Uğra-eş-mak>uğraşmak=to drop by (altogether) each other for a certain time=to strive/deal with
Uğra-et-mak>uğratmak=to put in a situation for a specific time
Öğre-mek=to get an accumulation above a certain stage
Öğre-en-mek=to get (at) a knowledge or info level at a certain time> öğrenmek=to learn
Öğre-et-mek=to make somebody get (at) a knowledge or info level at a certain time=to teach
Türkçe öğretiyorum =I’m teaching turkish
İngilizce öğreniyorsun =You’re learning english
Öğren-i-yor-u-sen (learn
29+ tenses in turkish language
Istanbul Turkish verb conjugations
A= To (towards /~for) (for words with a thick vowel in the last syllable)
E= To (towards /~for) (for words with a thin vowel in the last syllable)
Okul=School
U (ou)=it’s that/ it’s about
Mak/Mek (umak/emek)= aim /exertion (machine/mechanism)(activity purpose / effort process)
(verb)>Git-mek= to Go >> getmek = effort to go >> to get there
1 .present continuous tense (right now or soon, currently or nowadays)
Used to describe the current actions or planned events -for designated times
YOR-mak =to tire ( to try ,engage in) >Yor= go onto it too much (yorgunum=I’m tired)
A/E Yormak=(to arrive at any idea of what it is)
I/U Yormak=(to be fully occupied with it)
used as the suffix=” ı/u - i/ü + Yor"
positive
Okula gidiyorsun ( you are going to school)= Okul-a Git-i-Yor-u-Sen >School-to Go-to-Try that-You < (please read backwards)
Evden geliyorum ( I'm coming from home) = Ev-de-en Gel-i-yor-u-Men >(from Home I’ try to Come) =Come-to-try that-Me < then-at-Home<
negative
A) Mã= Not B) Değil= Un-equivalent
examples
A: Okula gitmiyorsun ( you’re not going to school)= Okul-a Git-Mã-i-yor-u-Sen >You don't try to Go to school
B: Okula gidiyor değilsin ( you aren’t going to school)=Okul-a Git-i-yor değil-sen >You aren't try..to Go to School
Question sentence:
Mã-u =Not-it> isn't it?
Used as the suffixes =" Mı / Mu / Mi / Mü “
Okula mı gidiyorsun? ( Are you going to school )= Okul-a Mã-u Git-i-yor-u-sen (To-school/ Not-it / You-try-to-go)>Are you going to school or somewhere else?
Okula gidiyor musun? ( Do you go to school )= Okul-a Git-i-yor Mã-u-sen (To school /Try-to-go /Not-it-you)>~do You (try to) go to school (at specific times) or not ?
Okula sen mi gidiyorsun ?= Are you the (only) one going to school?
2 .simple extensive tense ( used to express our own thoughts on a subject)
(always, since long , for a long time, sometimes, currently, sooner or later/ inşallah)
positive
VAR-mak = to arrive at /be there
(var= ~being there) used as the suffixes >"Ar-ır-ur" (for thick vowel)
ER-mek= to get at /to reach
(er= ~achieve ) used as the suffixes >"Er-ir-ür" (for thin vowel)
examples
Okula gidersin (You get to go to school)= Okul-a Git-e-er-u-sen= You get a chance to go to school
Gölde balık tutarsınız (all of) You have the chance to fish in the lake)=Göl-de balık tut-a-var-u-sen-iz
Bunu kolayca satarız (We've the possibility of selling this easily)=Bunu kolayca sat-a-var-u-weñ-iz
Bunu görebilirim (I can see this) = Bu-ne’u Gör-e-Bil-e-er-u-men =~I get at the knowledge to see what this is
Question sentence:
In interrogative sentences it means: isn't it so /what do you think about this topic?
Okula gider misin? (Do you get to go to school) Okul-a Git-e-er Mã-u-Sen =You get to Go to School -is Not it?=~How about you (getting to) go to school?
Okula mı gidersin? =Do you (get to) go to school ?(or anywhere else)
negative
Mã= Not
Bas-mak =to tread on/ dwell on/ stand on (bas git=get out of here > pas geç= pass by> vaz geç=give up
Ez-mek = to crush/ to run over (ez geç= think nothing about > es geç= stop thinking about)
Mã-bas=(No-pass/ Na pas) > (give up on/not to dwell on) >the suffix "MAZ" (for thick vowel)
Mã-ez=(Don’t/ Doesn’t)> (to skip/ avoid) >the suffix "MEZ" (for thin vowel)
for the 1st person singular and 1st plural is only used the suffix “Mã” ,except for questions
examples
Okula gitmezsin (you don't/won't go to school)= Okul-a Git-mã-ez-sen > You skip going to school
Babam bunu yapmaz (my dad doesn't do this)= Baba-m bu-n’u yap-ma-bas > My dad doesn't dwell on doing this
Bugün okula gitmem (I won't go to school today)> Okul-a Git-mã-men =I don't (have to) go to school
Bugün okula gidemem (I can’t go to school today)= Okul-a Git-e-er-mã-men >I don't get (a chance) to go to school
Bir bardak su almaz mısınız?(Don't you get a glass of water)> Bir fincan çay al-ma-bas ma-u-sen-iz > Do you (really) give up on getting a cup of tea?
Kimse senden (daha) hızlı koşamaz (No one can run faster than you)=Kimse sen-den daha hızlı kaş-a-al-ma-bas
3.simple future tense (soon or later)
Used to describe events that we are aiming for or think are in the future
Çak-mak =~to tack ,~fasten,~keep in mind ,~hit them together (for thick vowel)
Çek-mek=~to pull, ~take time, ~feel it inside, ~attract , ~to will (for thin vowel)
positive..
Okula gideceksin ( you'll go to school)= Okul-a Git-e-çek-sen = You fetch-keep (in mind) to-Go to school
Ali bu kapıyı açacak ( Ali’s gonna open this door)= Ali Kapı-y-ı Aç-a-çak = Ali takes (on his mind) to open the door
negative
A. Okula gitmeyeceksin (you won't go to school)= Okul-a Git-mã-e-çek-sen =You don't take (time) to go to school
B. Okula gidecek değilsin (you aren't gonna go to school)= Okul-a Git-e-çek değil-sen =~you won't go to school and nobody is demanding that you
4 .simple past tense (currently or previously)
Used to explain the completed events we're sure about
Edû = done / Di = anymore
Used as the suffixes= (Dı /Di /Du/ Dü - Tı /Ti /Tu /Tü)
positive
Okula gittin = You went to school = Okul-a Git-di-N
Dün İstanbul'da kaldım= I stayed in Istanbul yesterday
Okula mı gittin ? (Did you go to school)= Okul-a Mã-u Git-di-n> You went to school or somewhere else?
Okula gittin mi ? (~Have you gone to school)= Okul-a Git-di-n Mã-u> You went to school or not?
negative
Okula gitmedin =You didn't go to school / Okul-a Git-mã-di-N
Bugün pazara gitmediler mi? =Didn't they go to the (open public) market today?
Dün çarşıya mı gittiniz? = where Did you go yesterday, to the (covered public) bazaar?
Akşamleyin bakkala (markete) gittik mi?= Did we go to the grocery store in the evening?
5 .narrative/reported past tense (for now or before)
Used to describe the completed events that we're unsure of
MUŞ-mak = ~to inform (umuş=perceive/notice muştu>müjde=evangel)
that means > I've been informed/ I heard/ I found out/ I noticed /I learned
used as the suffixes= (Mış/ Muş - Miş/ Müş)
positive
Okula gitmişsin= I heard you went to school
Yanlış birşey yapmışım=I realized I did something wrong
negative
A. Okula gitmemişsin (I found out- you didn't go to school)= Okul-a Git-mã-miş-sen (heard you haven't gone to school)
B. Okula gitmiş değilsin =(Okul-a Git--miş değil-sen)=Apparently- you haven't been to school
In a question sentence it means: Do you have any information about- have you heard- are you aware -does it look like that?
İbrahim bugün okula gitmiş mi? =Did you hear whether Ibrahim went to school today?
İbrahim bugün okula mı gitmiş? =Are you sure Abraham went to school today? or s.w else
6.Okula varmak üzeresin =You're about to arrive at school
7.Okula gitmektesin (You're in (process of) going to school)= ~you’ve been going to school
8.Okula gitmekteydin =~You had been going to school =Okula gidiyor olmaktaydın
9.Okula gitmekteymişsin =I found out you've been going to school
10.Okula gidiyordun (Okula git-i-yor er-di-n) = You were going to school
11.Okula gidiyormuşsun (Okula git-i-yor er-miş-sen)=I noticed you were going to school (at the time or right now)
12.Okula gidiyor olacaksın (Okula git-i-yor ol-a-çak-sen)=You’ll be going to school
13.Okula gitmekte olacaksın (Okula git-mek-de ol-a-çak-sen)=You’ll have been going to school
14.Okula gitmiş olacaksın (Okula git-miş ol-a-çak-sen)=You’ll have gone to school
15.Okula gidecektin (Okula git-e-çek er-di-n)=You were gonna go to school > I had thought you'd be going to school
16.Okula gidecekmişsin (Okula git-e-çek ermişsen)=I found out you're gonna go to school>~I hear you wanna go to school
17.Okula giderdin ( Okula git-e-er erdin)=You used to go to school >~You'd have had a chance to go to school
18.Okula gidermişsin ( Okula git-e-er ermişsen)=I heard you used to go to school> I realized that you’d get to go to school
19.Okula gittiydin ( Okula git-di erdin)= I had seen you went to school >I remember you had gone to school
20.Okula gittiymişsin = I heard you went to school -but if what I heard is true
21.Okula gitmişmişsin = I heard you've been to school -but what I heard didn't sound very convincing
22.Okula gitmiştin (Okula git-miş er-di-n)= you had gone to school
23.Okula gitmiş oldun (Okula git-miş ol-du-n)= you have been to school
Dur-mak=to remain in the same way/order/layout
Durur=remains to exist / keeps being / seems such
used as the suffixes=(Dır- dir- dur- dür / Tır- tir-tur-tür)
(in official speeches these suffixes are used only for the 3rd singular and 3rd plural person)
its meaning in formal speeches> it has been and goes on like that
Bu Bir Elma = This is an apple
Bu bir elmadır= (bu bir elma-durur)= This is an apple (and keeps being)
Bu Bir Kitap = This is a book
Bu bir kitaptır= (bu bir kitap-durur)= This is a book (and keeps being)
informal meaning in everyday speech>it seems/ likely that/ remained so in my mind
Bu bir elmadır= (bu bir elma-durur)=It seems like- this is an apple
Bu bir kitaptır= (bu bir kitap-durur)=It's likely that -this is a book
Bu bir elma gibi duruyor=(looks like an apple this is )>This looks like an apple
Bu bir kitap gibi duruyor=This looks like a book
24.Okula gidiyordursun =(guess>likely-You were going to school
25.Okula gidiyorsundur =(I think> you are going to school
26.Okula gidecektirsin =(guess>likely- You would (gonna) go to school
27.Okula gideceksindir=(I think> You'll go to school
28.Okula gitmiştirsin =(guess >likely- You had gone to school
29.Okula gitmişsindir =(I think> You've been to school
Hava = Air
Es=blow / esi=blowing
Heva-Esi =air blowing ( a feeling of air blowing in the mind / a sensation or breeze of thought in the mind)
Heva >> Heves = whim / desire / wish
Heveslemek / Heves etmek = to desire and like
Heveslemek> Eslemek > İstemek = to want / to ask for / ~to desire / ~to wish
Havası / Hevası / Hevesi > Esi = (sense) ~its feeling / ~a feeling
Aydın Havası = (feeling) the cultural atmosphere of Aydin
-Esi= feeling of desire
for verbs
Heves-u bar > hevesi var > -esi var
-Esi Var = have eagerness / feel a desire / take up a passion
-Esi Yok = have no eagerness / not feel a desire / not take up a passion
(Git-e-esi var) Ali’nin eve gidesi var= Ali feels the urge to go home /~ Ali wants to go home
(Bugün hiç çalış-a-esi-m yok) Bugün hiç çalışasım yok= I have no desire to work at all today
Bunu yapasım var = I want to do this ( ’cause I like doing this)>> I feel like doing this
(Su iç-e-esi-n bar ma-u?) Su içesin var mı? = Do you feel like drinking water
(Su iç-e-esi-n bar ma-u er-di?) Su içesin var mıydı? = Would you like to drink water
-Esi =(giving that feeling) / like that
for objects
Bebek-Esi > Bebeksi =(conveys the feeling) like a baby
Bebeksi bir ten = (just) like a baby skin
Çocuksu bir yüz = ( just) like a child's face
Yanıksı bir koku= like a feeling of burning smell
Yakınsı= It feels like it's very close
Birazıcık yalansı= It feels a little bit like a lie
for verbs
Gör-el-Esi > görülesi = requiring sight / must-see / worth seeing
Sev-el-Esi> sevilesi = requiring to love / worthy of love
Bil-en-esi > bilinesi = requiring to be known
Okunası kitaplar =~(recommended) books worth reading
Olası= expected to be happened /~must be / > possible
Bit-esi = ~expected to reach result
Kör olası= ~is asked to be blind
Kahrolasıca= ~as if it required to be destroyed / as if it were a damn thing
Kab= what's keeping something inside
Kab kacak= pots and pans (and similar kitchen utensils)
Kapmak= to pick up quickly and keep in the palm (or in mouth or in mind..etc)
Kapan= ~the trap
kapamak = to keep it closed
kapatmak=~ to close > kapı= door / (kapı-tutan) kaptan=captain
kaplamak=to cover
kapsamak= comprise /contain > kapsam=scope > kapsatı=~ capacity
Kab/Küp/Kafa/Kova/Kupa/Küfe/Kaba/Hava..
Cap/Cup/Cave/Keep/Have..
Kabar/Köpür/Geber/Kıvır/Kavur/Kavra…
Kabir/Kibir/Kebir/Küfür/Kafir…
Cabre/Coffer/Cover/Cable…
Kop > Köp= extremely / too much / very
Kopmak =(proliferation/mitotic division)>> to be parted / be apart from / be separated from each other
Kop-der-mak = koparmak =to pluck / break off /tear off
Kom =(com) entire, all ( unity, combine)
Kom-u > kamu = all of..
Kamuya ait= (belong to all the people of the country)=state property
(kamusal=publicly / kamuoyu=public opinion / kamu hizmeti=public service)
Kamu >> Hamu >>Hæmi >Hemi-si >Hepi-si >Hepsi = all of them , entirety, the whole
(Hæm-ma) = Amma > ama =(not exactly so)>>(I mean).. but
(Hæm-an) = Hemen =(exactly-momently)= right away
Hem =as a whole / ~ the lot / ~ mostly
Hem-Esi (-imsi) = almost like
for objects
Yeşil= green / Yaşıl-hem-esi = Yeşilimsi = almost like green = greenish
Al/ Kızıl/ Kırmızı= red / Kırmızı-hem-esi= Kırmızımsı = almost like red
Limon-hem-esi = Limonumsu = tastes- almost like lemon
Kek-hem-esi = Kekimsi ( Kekremsi) = it tastes- almost like cake
Sarığ-hem-esi =sarı-emsi >>Sarımsı= yellowish
Sarığ-hem-esi-ak=yellowish-white > sarımsak = garlic
for verbs
Beniñ-hem-esi-mek > Benimsemek =feeling like this is all mine
Az-hem-esi-mak> Azımsamak=feeling/thinking that it's all too little = to undervalue
Küçüğ-hem-esi-mek > Küçümsemek = to belittle /underestimate
Yañıl-hem-esi-mak > Yanılsamak = feeling like it's exactly wrong
As a Turkish speaking person, the spelling is extremely simple. It’s one letter for each sound and is written exactly as it heard. Even foreigners who barely speak Turkish can write down totally new words with a close to perfect accuracy.
@@YabyabaAzerbaijani is easy too!
وْسمنل تركّس د أسندر!
@@thedinobros1218 No, I think [arabic+farsi / ottoman turkish] Alphabet is not fits our language. For example mahmoud, mehmed, muhammad written in same letters.
I read it like "osmnl turki de sndr" the Latin is better for the Turkish language @@thedinobros1218
@@thedinobros1218and I suppose you said Türk-i Osmanlı da esendir!
Which comes from my knowledge of Azerbaijani language written in perso-arabic alphabet.
@@thedinobros1218 in ottoman turkish it's not written like that.
“A language is a dialect with an army and *navy*”
Mongolian: yes indeed
Navy is (or was) the UK's most powerful part or their army, ig if he were talking about Mongolian, he would have said "cavalry" instead
they did mount a couple of invasions of Japan
@@tranchedecake3897 But Mongolia really has a navy
its ok they can borrow a navy from the Koreans
Iceland would disagree with you
Another important point is that Turkey back then was culturally influenced by France, well, tremendously. Most people with formal education were somehow familiar with the French language, and so the Latin letters were not at all alien to them.
Turkish Latin alphabet was designed after the French one after all, that's why we use y instead of j for sounds like "yet, year" and use umlauts for vowels (ö, ü)
Not most people. You meant most elites
@@amacsizbirkisi umlaut for front vowels actually came from German
That's why when I saw the word "frizör" on a shop sign, I right away recognized it as having been borrowed from French.
@@akifismail6597 I wrote *most people with formal education* which doesn't indicate most people, as we speak of a people with 10% literacy rate.
5:07 I KNOW WHAT YOU DID THERE HAHAHAHAHAHAHA
🇬🇷 Malaka = Mothrfuxcker
🇲🇾 Melaka/Malacca = Indian Gooseberry tree
Malaka literally means wanker in Greek...
.
It has suddenly unlocked my memories on AC Odyssey 😂😂
@@theopavlos6113 It's also used exactly the same way, both for good and bad.
Romanian switched from the Cyrillic Alphabet to the Latin Alphabet in 1860, though the side of Moldova in the control of the USSR stayed with the Cyrillic alphabet until the independence of the Republican of Moldova.
Important to note the Romanian and Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet are completely different. The first was based on the Old Church Slavonic and the second was created by the USSR
@vulpes7079 wow, I don't know that. It actually makes sense
@@vulpes7079doesn't Cyrillic come from Bulgaria?
@@flopunkt3665 yes it does, what about that
The switch in Turkish was easy, many people couldnt read at the time
Now they can
"Speaking of malaka, in Greece there is only one..."
🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
The great masturbator!
kasandra/alexios would be proud of the indonesians
Number one, baby, in this area!
funny thing about the word malaka is that when we are at ages of 14-17 we call our friends malaka instead of their name for example: what's up malaka how are you doing.
i'm fine malaka.
I can think of at least 300 of them...
I know that Arabic has a standard version called Modern Standard Arabic (MSA or الفصحى [fus’ha]). It’s largely based on Classical/Quranic (and I heard that those that are fluent in MSA can basically understand 90% of the Quran). It is taught in schools all across the Arab World, but since its inception in the 19th century, not a single community casually speaks it on a regular basis. So be careful when using Google Translate there, since the Arabic it uses is MSA. They will understand you, but because they don’t use MSA often, they’ll either attempt to respond in MSA, or straight up respond in their native dialect.
Approximately all of Arabs can understand and speak the MSA, the Quranic Arabic. But it’s easier for them to speak the common language. Its like accusing brits with why they are not speaking with Shakespeare’s English
@@hasankaynar1487not really. Shakespeare's English is very much not standard English, and other than slang and certain regionalisms everyone can and will speak to you in proper English, with slight spelling differences etc depending on the country. The comparison doesn't hold up at all, as many Arabic "dialects" (such as Moroccan Maghrebi/Darija) are actually different languages that are not mutually intelligible.
@@hasankaynar1487 I think the situation with MSA is more similar to Latin in middle ages in Romance-speaking Europe. Every educated person could speak Latin, each with a completely different accent, but in everyday situations they all spoke their "local dialects of Latin", like the "French dialect", or the "Spanish dialect", which were not mutually intelligible. Not sure which point in time in the middle ages corresponds to current Arabic situation, but I'd say somewhere around Charlemagne or a bit before that. And it was Charlemagne (a Frankish, therefore Germanic speaker) who finally said "Guys, stop claiming you speak Latin natively, when you're clearly not, and start pronouncing Latin correctly as written, I got this English guy called Alcuin, he'll teach you". I don't think Arabic will have its Alcuin moment though, rather, modern international communication will slowly turn Arabic into a more unified language. But it'll take a lot of time.
Arabs speak like 30 different languages and many of them aren’t mutually intelligible.
Ottoman alphabet was so impractical that the words "gel"=come, "gül"=rose, "göl"=lake were all written the same. This alphabet was extremely deficient and illogical to express the vowel rich words/lexicon of Turkish language. It was accepted centuries ago by kings and royals, not by linguists. It was hard to read by regular folk. The literacy was low. Ottoman alphabet was an abjad, not a real alphabet. It best suits for Semitic languages, which are abundant in guttural and pharyngeal sounds. There are many consonant clusters in many Semitic abjads (Arabic, Aramaic, Phoenician, Hebrew, etc) for these sounds. Turkish has no guttural and pharyngeal sounds! Those consonant letters occupied unnecessary space and had no use, when it came to Turkish. But match made in heaven for any Semitic language. There were no developed science of linguistics, centuries ago in the world, as well. Turkish Latin alphabet was linguistically developed specifically for Turkish! After accepting this alphabet, the literacy among regular folk skyrocketed literally and drastically! It was a huge success!
Here's a man who has never read anything in Ottoman script in his life.
@@nureddin1234 are you going to make a point or are you just going to call the commenter ignorant lol
But a problem with the Latin one is that it favors the Istanbul standard over the diverse regional varieties of Turkish. In the Ottoman script, most varieties could be represented without favor to a specific dialect. And you could represent short vowels using harakat. The Latin script was adopted more for the sake of europanization rather than convenience.
Well we do not find this issue as Arabs. Many words are written in the same way because we do not have vowel letters (ottoman alphabet was taken from Arabic alphabet) but we still understand, since it is all about context.
I do agree with bakrahabibi that although standardizing the language helped with practicality, changing the alphabet was more for europeanization rather than convenience.
Japan is exactly the same. A country with a wild variety of regional varieties chose one (Edo Yamanote) to become the standard language.
Honestly the western Japanese dialects sound so much cooler to me.
Im from Singapore. The use of English as a common lingua franca was ironically a post-colonial move for the linguistic diverse city state. Before that, people mostly spoke a creolised form of Malay as a vernacular lingua franca, while English is limited to administration and formal stuff like further education.
Similarly, Chinese migrants to Singapore spoke mant Chinese "dialects" like Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese etc. To streamline everything after independence, Mandarin was made the common dialect for Chinese, at the expense of suppressing content in other dialects.
One large area of this topic you didn't touch on is the problem of coming up with a standard to promote a minority language. Examples are Breton, Irish, Romansh and probably others. In trying to "save" a language, you're faced with a decision--do you adopt one region's dialect and let the others die out, do you support a pluricentric model where you've got 6 different standards for 50,000 people (See Romansh) or do you Frankenstein a standard which means creating a version that is native to no one, undeniably altering what you're trying to preserve--and thus the few natives that are left are told they speak their language wrong? (See Breton)
kurdish nationalists are faced with a difficulty as there are majorly dialectical differences between kurdish peoples. iraqi kurdistan actually splits between two major dialect groups and i read somewhere that they’ve attempted to make radio in a “standard” that married the two but since haven’t been able to find a source
Catalan has adopt the Barcelona's dialect as the main one, but letting other region's dialects being also correct forms of the language. That has been quite successful to unite the language as apart from Barcelona almost all regions know they are speaking Catalan. There are exceptions such as half the population in the Valencian country and the Aragon strip that thing they speak a different language (most of them only speak spanish), but these are regions were spanish nationalists have extremely politicised the language
@@marcpegueroles6769The last part was completely unnecessary... but Catalan as a whole is a pluricentric language. There are two main standards, the Catalan variety is regulated by IEC (Catalan Institute of Studies) and the Valencian variety is regulated by AVL (Valencia's Language Academy)
@@Nero-idc yep, though let me point out that Catalan and Valencian are not varieties, but different names of the language, the frontier of which is political (Catalonia/Balearic Islands and València). What actually are varieties are the western and eastern dialects
@@marcpegueroles6769 Well... I would like to clarify that I used the term "variety" as a synonym of "dialect". It's true that the Catalan language is primarily divided between Western and Eastern dialectal blocks, depending specially whether they have "neutralised e" [ə] or not, but there are far more varieties or dialects of the Catalan language.
For instance, in the Valencian Country there are 5 dialects: transitional (or tortosí), northern (castellonenc), central (apitxat), southern (diànic) and alacantí
These specific dialects are the ones the AVL cares of, and thus, form the Valencian standard of the language: the Valencian variety
French is another one like Italian where the state started trying to standardize the language over a large area with numerous languages and dialects, beginning after the French Revolution. Iirc even into the 20th century there were some people in France speaking minority languages as distinct as Lombard as their primary or sole language!
France still only recognizes french as its only national language, which is an absolute shame.
@@kinsmarts2217 Indeed -- Basque, Breton, and Provençal (e.g.) should really have more official recognition than they do.
@AaronOfMpls That"s Liberte, igualite, fraternite for you.
@@kinsmarts2217 Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
Everyone kinda brushes off the terrible war crimes the various revolutionary gouverments in Paris did to ensure French and one “nation” ruled over France, a lot of force was used to subdue and diminish languages like Occitan, you can even look at a linguistic map pre and after revolution
It was not the most popular” but rather the powerful Paris who dictated central authority
12:00
the thing about Turkish is, people often confuse the governments Turkish and the general mass Turkish.
the ottomans needed a hybrid form to better the connection with various different people under their rule, but the same rule didn't apply on the average turk.
the language of the mass was the anatolian turkic dialect which sounded pretty similar to azerbaijani dialect of oghuz Turkish. when the ottomans fell, the language took on a more regional form and basically cut the ties with the ottoman Turkish.
among us turks and azerbaijan we don't call the language spoken in turkey ' Turkish' we call it Istanbulli türki or Istanbul türkcəsi. because the mainstream Turkish is pretty much based on the Istanbul dialect.
as you go eastwards in anatoli proper and eastern anatolia the dialects resemble each other the most with the kars and diyarbekir and erzerom being so close to the azerbaijani that if you are not from these places you wouldn't know who is from turkey and who is from azerbaijan.
9:52 "kaba Türkçe", I guess that's literal translation for vulgar Turkish? Well, that that expression doesn't exist in Turkish. Halk Türkçesi (popular Turkish) is the term
*Colloquial Turkish
Well, the word vulgar is part of academical terminology in philology.
He meant Öz Türkçe, vulgar is international term
Vulgar has multiple implications and meanings. Most notoriously, it is used to define the commonality of a given language linguistically speaking. One can use it to describe the actions of commoners. I mean it used to back when monarchs or oligarchs refer commoners' primal behavior. That was a clear distinction between educated and uneducated. The one with the power and the pleb. So, normally, vulgar can be used to reflect something unrefined. Uncivilized and so on. We can assume it would mean proto-standardized or unstandardized dialects for languages that are commonly used and accepted by large populations. This is the reason why monarchs used their own standard versions of languages. With time, the standardized versions become the new vulgar for commoners, since the revolutions, etc. After the fall of monarchy and such, developing countries and nation states see the light and potential in farmers and commoners so newly found states all around the world started to educate people in masses to keep their country stable and thriving. Monarchy was fueled by the uneducated, vulgar populations and fear. The meaning of vulgar, is directly connected or rooted to this timeline, imho.
@@Otto500206 guess what "Vulgar" in "Vulgar Latin" means
One particularly odd one for me is Norwegian, where they standardized around _two different_ standard written forms: Bokmål and Nynorsk.
Norway was united with Denmark for centuries (1380-1814), so for a long time the standard written language was standard written Danish, with Dano-Norwegian as a prestige spoken dialect. Bokmål grew from this, though with some spelling and usage differences from Danish to better reflect spoken Norwegian dialects. It remains the preferred written form in Oslo and a lot of eastern and northern municipalities. (Multilingual instructions will often combine this with Danish, and use slashes/strokes for words that are different/dissimilar between the two.)
Meanwhile, Nynorsk was developed in the 19th century out of a bunch of rural Norwegian dialects, based on commonalities they had with each other -- and with Old Norwegian -- as something more distinct from Danish. It's spelled rather differently (though it still looks like a closely related language to Danish and Swedish) and is the preferred written form in a bunch of western municipalities.
Beijing Mandarin was similarly chosen for China and is called “putong hua” or “common speech.”
interestingly, their written language was standardized over 2000 years ago during qin dynasty
Yes. A discussion about language standardization and simplification is not complete without mentioning Chinese, but on the other hand risks more than doubling in size if you do properly discuss Chinese.
@@superpowerdragon One form of chinese _script_ was standardised over _2000_ years ago during the Qin dynasty, called small seal script. It is very different to the regular script used today, which evolved later, and really hasn't been properly standardised arguably even now. And as for written chinese, that was never standardised per se but the prestige written form was called wenyanwen, based on the writing style of the classics 2500 years ago during the Zhou dynasty. This more or less remained intact until the vernacularisation movement of the 1910s where radicals advocated ditching wenyanwen in favour of writing "as spoken" per se. There's been many more things since including changes in character standards and simplification, that makes written chinese not so easy to describe on a single line.
@@bocbinsgames6745 i was talking about standardization, not finalization, I know that written Chinese changed over time after qin dynasty, but it was from that time that all Chinese people wrote with the same characters and can understand each other even when they are thousands of miles away. also the spoken form of written Chinese are also part of written Chinese just like wenyanwen, people just preferred to write in wenyanwen because its more space efficient
I feel like the Chinese language would have been a good example for the video.
Turkish has a lot of accents region by region. Turks from Bulgaria speaks like Gagauz, Turks from Kars, Erzurum speaks like Azerbaijani. Turks from Central Anatolia, Teke region(places around Antalya, Burdur), East Blacksea, West Blacksea, Agean, Turkmens from Southeast(Gaziantep, Urfa) etc. all have different accents. Turkish from Istanbul is official language.
Anglish writing in devanagari is such a cursed combo that I can't even 😂😂
Anglish in Runes in other hand would be perfect
@@RadenWA except in runes they didn't distinguish t and d and many other sounds, including vowels
@@RadenWA I think maybe Anglish written using the Thai script is better since it could represent all the vowels plus the consonant characters could be adapted for english
@@keegster7167 they do? ᛏ is T and ᛞ is D. And they have all vowel of latin. Idk what variant of runes you are talking about.
@@RadenWA Ah, I assumed you were talking about Younger Futhark, used for Old Norse. I didn't know there were distinct Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Frisian runes! Yes that alphabet might work better
The same thing happened in India with Hindi. Hindi is really just a Sanskritized register of a Persianized Dehlavi dialect spoken by the old elites of the Mughal courts, which was imposed over dozens of other North Indian dialects and languages like Garhwali, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Marwari, Malvi, and more.
True
Languages are dying
Still calling it dialect and not caring
@@siddhirbhavatikarmjaYes, but thats just nation building 101. No one wants their language to be the one that dies, but its going to have to happen.
Varieties of Greek were and still are spoken in parts of Southern Italy (although nowadays in serious danger of extinction).
Yeah it is also debatable whether they developed from Koine or Doric, as some of them show elements from both.
@@olbiomoiros I think you mean Ionic or Doric. Koine Greek was spoken by the Greeks during the Byzantine empire.
@vasiliki_R South Italy was part of Byzantine empire in some periods so it is likely that there were koine greek populations there.
It is a false dichotomy between the classical and medieval periods (influenced by various factors). Koine Greek had overlapped with the Greek dialects spoken in Magna Graecia already in the Hellenistic era, and those areas remained in continuity with the rest of the Greek world even during the Roman era, so expecting Griko to be more similar to Ancient Greek seems foolish; however, being a lateral area, at the same time it retained features that cannot be explained by the medieval period (for example several words unknown to Byzantine writers, or the preservation of the ancient infinitive).
Indeed! I've been really wanting to make an on-location video exploring some of these communities (both the Greek and Albanian ones)
Regarding Greek: You left out that "Demotic" simply means Vernacular. And while Vernacular eventually won out (albeit with many Katharevousa influences), Demotic was actually several dialects. Modern Standard Greek is specifically based on the Peloponnesian + Ionian Islands dialects (the "mainland" isn't a monolith). The reason for this is because the Ionian Islands were very prominent in the Enlightenment, and a lot of literature was written in Ionian Greek, and because the Peloponnese is where the Greek Revolution kicked off in 1821, and Peloponnesian emerged as a lingua franca for Greeks that arrived from all over, to fight the Ottomans. And then both these regions would heavily influence Athens, after it was chosen as the capital in 1830.
The "Greek language question" actually long predates Katharevousa:
Koine emerged in Late Antiquity as an Attic-based common Greek that was a bit simplified. But in the Middle Ages, the vernacular language continued to evolve, while the Byzantine (aka East Roman) Empire and the Church continued to officially use Koine. Koine was itself becoming "ancient". After the fall of the Byzantine Empire (1453), Greece is mostly split between Venetian and Ottoman rule. The Venetians controlled and ruled many areas, but would gradually lose a lot of territory to the Ottomans. In Venetian Greece (and Cyprus), we see the emergence of literature in the local Vernacular; the first examples being in Crete and Cyprus during the Renaissance. In Ottoman Greece, there was (at first) a period of cultural paralysis and economic decline; but as the Ottoman Empire started to reform in the late 17th century, the emerging Greek bourgeoisie and intellectuals in the Ottoman-ruled regions (for example, Constantinople) much preferred continuing the medieval diglossia of the Byzantine era, and disdained writing literature and documents in the vernacular. Indeed, Katharevousa was the brainchild of Adamantios Korais, a Greek Enlightenment figure who was from Smyrna (now Izmir, Turkey), and whose family was from nearby Chios (ruled by the Ottoman Empire since 1566). The funny thing is, while Katharevousa was officially adopted by the Modern Greek state, and heavily promoted, it was the Peloponnesian-Ionian Vernacular (or Demotic) that arose as the lingua franca, largely because of its heavy influence on Athens (which was chosen as the capital in 1830) and on radio and film after WWII.
So, this was the precursor to Katharevousa. It didn't just appear in the 19th century.
Thanks for your comment. I am very interested in the history of modern greek language. Do you have any book in mind where I can study further?
Great comment. Also, we conveniently say that demotic ultimately won, but what counts as demotic today is very very different from that 100 years ago. Modern demotic is full of katharevousa vocab and grammar, and Katharevousa of 1970 was also a lot closer to demotic than the Katharevousa of 1850. So I believe it's fairer to say that the varieties merged into one and by 1975 they had become almost identical anyway.
@@pelagaki97I you are fluent in French or familiar with older forms of Greek check out Adamantios Korrais works that make all his ideological arguments for reverting to an modernized version of ancient Greek 😉
@@greek_sahabmodern standard Greek has a lot of katharevousa but basically different grammar, that's because it gradually became awkward to use foreign vocabulary - especially Turkish and Albanian and a big chunk of that said vocabulary was replaced by katharevousa one 😉
Calling breton a dialect of french or basque a dialect of castillian and so on is a complete misnomer, since they are complete different languages, not "dialects" subservient to a "main" language.
correct but KhAnubis did not do either of those, at most I can give you that the map of choice to show castillean in contrast to the other languages in Iberia is a poor choice as it showed more and was kind of sloppy, but in the case of France Brittany was mostly excluded from the northern dialects map. Unless I missed something else in the video.
Basque isn’t even in the indo-European language family much less a dialect of Spanish
he didn't call them dialects though
Correction: French is a dialect of Breton and Spanish is a dialect of basque.
@@LoserGopher I think you just made a whole different lot of people angry.
Arabic, Berber, Chinese, and Zhuang all have standardised forms despite being language families instead of individual languages
Arabic is one language. Stop this non-sense. We do not learn the other dialects we just understand them. if these are languages than I speak 15 languages what A giga chad.
@@KWTxrulz😂really? People from the Arabian peninsula have hard time understanding Magrebi Arabic
@@Itisjustasaganow The Arabs all of them understand each other without need for prior Exposure to the other dialects except three dialects which are Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian. these dialects are full of french loanwords and berber and because of that we do not understand them. and this only in three countries out of 26 Arabic countries/regions. taking an exception and trying to imposed on the language is just not gonna work. We Arabs know our language and we speak to each others in our own dialect we do not switch dialects and we all speak.
Turks can understand about 30% of Ottoman Turkish because Turkish and Ottoman Turkish are different languages. Ottoman Turkish was a creole elite language and most Turks did not know it. Even Uzbek-Uyghur is easier for Turks to understand than Ottoman Turkish. We can also easily understand the writings of Yunus Emre, Karacaoğlan, Pir Sultan Abdal, etc. written in old Oghuz Turkic.
Your introduction for the Turkish language is wrong (even though the body of information is true). 0:10 Turkey didnt use to speak a very different Turkish. It was indeed different consedering it was 100 years ago, and it had more arabic and persian words. Main change was the alphabet. Alphabet changed to the latin alphabet. I can read understand 70%-85% of books written in that time. Also most of the persian and arabic words are still in use, with their turkish counterparts.
Turkey strong sperm
Partially correct. Written Ottoman Turkish was reformed to make it comply with the popularly spoken Vulgar Turkish. Ottoman Turkish was composed primarily of Arabic and Persian vocabulary and genitive structures, which no longer function in modern Turkish. Vulgar Turkish also shared many similarities with Old Anatolian Turkish, but these are also not the same languages.
@@gameking501*Colloquial Turkish
Only the elite spoke Ottoman Turkish, the people didn’t
@@Otto500206colloquial = vulgar. Vulgar (latin vulgare) in language means colloquial, because is vulgar (=aka dirty, poor) so of the people, because they can not speak "clean".
So there is vulgar latin like vulgar turkish.
Icelandic have also come up with many new words to preserve their language (neologism)
But this isn't uncommon. Turkish also does it, many African languages do, many Native American languages, etc.
The Vatican does the same with Latin :D It is always comedic and rather silly.
When it comes languages of states, a lot of people in Europe didn't even speak the "language" of their countries until well into the 20th century. Even in the early 20th century, southern France still spoke Occitan and it was an ongoing effort for Italians to learn Italian. I remember reading a comment that mentioned the importance of the Italian TV show "Non è mai troppo tardi" [It's never too late]. This was a show in the 1960s that helped raise literacy rates in the country and to teach adults the Standard Italian language. My opinion of standardized languages in Europe is that some are good and some could be better. For example, I actually think Italian is one of the closest to perfect examples of a standardized language in Europe because even though it was based on the Tuscan language (a central Italian language), it was already based on a literary tradition from Tuscany, and to some extent, Sicilian. This is in contrast to a language like French, a standardized form of the "langue d'oil" continuum, where France has almost eradicated Occitan (more similar to Catalan and Northern Italian languages) instead of promoting a language that was linguistically or geographically central in France.mment that mentioned the importance of the Italian TV show "Non è mai troppo tardi" [It's never too late]. This was a show in the 1960s that helped raise literacy rates in the country and to teach adults the Standard Italian language. My opinion of standardized languages in Europe is that some are good and some could be better. For example, I actually think Italian is one of the closest to perfect examples of a standardized language in Europe because even though it was based on the Tuscan language (a central Italian language), it was already based on a literary tradition from Tuscany, and to some extent, Sicilian. This is in contrast to a language like French, a standardized form of the "langue d'oil" continuum, where France has almost eradicated Occitan (more similar to Catalan and Northern Italian languages) instead of promoting a language that was linguistically or geographically central. Language standardization is definitely tricky because at the end of the day, no matter how good one's solution is, it all comes down to politics.
As a native speaker of Turkish, it's safe to say that after the reforms of the 30s, our language changed so drastically to a point where texts written with the pre-30s vocabulary (hell, even with pre-60s) are literally *unintelligible* with the language we normally speak today, to varying degrees. I cannot read and fully comprehend a 1960s text without frequently consulting a dictionary, and this situation applies to all social classes and levels of education. Nearly half the words we use in everyday communication stem from the ingenious inventions of the Turkish Language Association.
sen osmanlı dönemi yetişmiş yazarları okudun demek ki cumhuriyet dönemi yetişmiş ya da osmanlı dönemi halk arasında yetişmiş yazarları oku bir de hatta yunus emreyi dadaloğlunu kaşgarlı mahmutu ziya gökalpi aşık veyseli gaspıralıyı oku bakayım ya da Atatürk'ün geometri kitabını oku
@@jojo-fr6fj dediğim anlaşılıyor herhalde. 28-65 arası kaleme alınmış cumhuriyet dönemi literatürünün hatrı sayılır kısmı eski dilden hayli kelime içeriyor. onları tekte okuyabil de ben de bir bakayım. özellikle yalın türkçeyle yazılmış, zaten dil reformunun nihai amacını felsefesi edinmiş kitaplardan tabii ki bahsetmiyorum.
Absolute horsesh*t. Many novels written in 1920s and before by republican novelists are perfectly intelligible by modern Turkish people.
What about the Turkish speakers (minoroties), who were outside of Turkey during the reforms? Have you spoken with Turks from Balkan countries? Have they learned Modern Turkish? Or do they need to adapt, when visiting Turkey?
@@preslavpetrov5823i guess it became much more easier because ottomanish was very different language than traditional Turkish, it has too many arabic persian greek loanwords and words and we start to use traditional Turkish after the reform
5:08 LOL! The fact that I know basically nothing of Greek but understood this reference says a lot about brazilian culture regarding early cellphones in the late 2000's/early 2010's
Basically, "malaka" is Greek for "idiot"
As a Greek I’d love to know how you know this word😭. Saudações de Atenas ao Brasil❤️
Thanks to thjs th-cam.com/video/ZoAFngyIuZY/w-d-xo.htmlsi=oayYqBrE5TuS_JrI
Malaka as a cuss word functions more like the word "dickhead" rather than "idiot". The word means "wanker" if translated litteraly.
Malaka is greek for wanker
As a turkish native speaker I want to say that the language reform in terms of vocabulary replacement isn't too noticeable in everyday life. Even though many Arabic and Persian words have been replaced most basic words in Turkish are still loanwords.
There are only some weird people who're obsessed with not using loanwords wherever it's possible because of ideological reasons. But we're able to understand recordings or writings from the late ottoman period (as long as they're written in the new script)
nope. I am not using any persian or arabic word nor i understand that so called language "osmanlıca".
@@moralmanmanmoralwhat are you talking about? Even "Merhaba" (hello), "ve" (and), "Aile" (Family), "Sene" (Year), "Saat" (Hour) .... and countless more words without reasonable alternatives are Arabic.
And when I talk about ottoman Turkish I don't mean the court language but the normal spoken language. The early Turkish Republic pre-reform used the exact same language as the ottomans. Bro, we don't talk about centuries ... there isn't even a 1 year gap between Ataturk and the last ottoman sultan
@@Kaan-f4q bro. Merhaba = Esenlikler
ve = yene(öztürkçe), sene = yıl, saat = sak(öztürkçe)
@@Kaan-f4q we can integrate those words into the daily language. Like we did earlier. I am not an öztürkçeci but i get angry when someone says they think arabic words are better
@@moralmanmanmoralthese are your pseudo linguistics facts. Even the Quran which is 1400 years old uses these words. Back then central Asians didn't even discover the alphabet. Are you seriously claiming ancient Arabic borrowed these words from Turkish?
And I don't claim that any language is objectively superior to another. It's a matter of taste. But you don't have weirdos in the English speaking realm who meticulously avoid any word that's non-germanic. It's unnatural and proves nothing except that the people who do that are obsessive losers. Educated people with common sense understand that loanwords actually enrich the language and make learning foreign languages easier
As far as I know one of the most recent and successful language standardisations was that of the Basque Language (Euskara Batua). Its standardisation only began in 1968. And only after Spain's return to democracy in the late 1970's the language could be taught officially. From then onwards young Basques learnt this new standardised version in school. An incredable achievement.
As an Italian, we should also include (on top of the later coming of television) the masterwork made by the ministry of culture after unification, that worked with many popular writers (like Manzoni) in order to write new books in Italian that will soon become the roots of pop Italian culture (Promessi sposi Is One of them). Having a common ground of conversation, such as a book that almost everyone likely read, truly shaped the diffusion of a language much more than any education could do on its own
Books in Italy were primarily printed in Italian since the XV century and Italian was already the official language of all pre-unification states (even Lomvado-Veneto) and had been for 300 years.
@@barrankobama4840if you follow the video you can clearly tell that the author is clearly referring to language *unification* as in "getting everybody to speak the same language". Italian was not a unified language during the 300 years prior to Italian unification and will not fully be a properly unified language until a generation later the political unification. The key here is not whether Italian existed, but if it was spoken by everyday people.
As a fun fact, many scientific terminology and obscure jargon was also predominantly referred using Arabic or Persian words in the Ottoman Empire. So, when Atatürk was working on the language reform he literally wrote a geometry book where he created new terminology out of pure Turkish words. He wrote a math textbook for schools and created new equivalent words for the reformed Turkish language!
Atatürk worked with linguists, not only himself did the reforms.
The Philippine standard language Filipino derives from the ethnic plural regional dialect of Tagalog and written mostly in established Latin alphabets and the recently reintroduced Malayan Sanskrit derived kawi Baybayin script (with slow and weak results!).
It's so funny to me how there are so many videos on TH-cam about phenomena that are common in so many languages and hundreds of milions of people are familiar with them and take them for granted (like standardized spelling), but they have to explained to English-speakers like some exotic, quirky and rare curiosities.
That's just how it is. I'm sure some English speakers would know whatever concepts you're thinking of, but it's still the responsibility of the presenter to make the information accessible to the largest quantity of people possible.
Every large country standardized their language at some point one way or another. Before printing press, most people didn't read or write anything at all and spoken languages diverge very fast. Two village 10km apart from each other can become unintelligible in a couple of generations unless they trade and marry each other.
When we read historical texts, that's generally the language of a very small elite minority most people didn't understand. If you wanted, and allowed to become part of that elite class, you had to learn their language.
This subject has been on my mind for a while now, so I'm glad that you've made a video about it!
a similar thing happened with German with the dialect of Hannover being declared "high German" and made the standard language and everything else "dialect". While in Germany itself speaking Dialect is being frowned upon as a hillbilly-backward thing to do, Swiss and Austrian are very proud of the dialects they speak which vary a lot even between the different regions of those countries, while they use the "standard" German to write - with some adaptations.
Sometimes depends it on where the capital is, like France, China, Korea and Japan all use dialects around the capitals as the standard.
On the other hand, neither standard Italian nor standard German is based on the idiom of the political capital of either nation. Neither Italy nor Germany had achieved political union in their modern forms before 1870-1871. But the linguistic standards were already in place (Tuscan in Itsly, Obersâchsisch with some more southerly features in Germany).
Istanbul is not capital shshsh
@@selimdeniz2875Konstantiniyye had been the capital of Turkey for way longer than Ankara
@@dominykasjonasblynas9312 You mean Konstantiniyye was one of capitals of Ottoman Empire, but nowadays İstanbul is not capital of Turkey
The Ottoman Empire rapidly distanced itself from its Turkish identity after the conquest of Egypt and the acquisition of the caliphate. Turks were reduced to a secondary ethnic group within the empire. Nearly all of the rulers were individuals who had converted to Islam from minority backgrounds. Over time, a peculiar language made up of Arabic, Persian, and some Turkish, far removed from the authentic Turkish spoken by the Turkish ethnicity, became the language of the palace and administration. This strange language, referred to as Ottoman Turkish, was never a spoken language among the public, and the vast majority of people were illiterate in the Arabic script. These factors played a significant role in the successful adaptation of the Latin alphabet to the Turkish language and the rapid learning of this alphabet by the public.
Most Turkish people never spoke Ottoman Turkish but Vulgar Turkish which was over 90% Turkic in vocabulary. And we are still speaking it. In addition, all dialects except Istanbul have fewer loanwords and none has French loanwords.
Cukurova dialect of Turkish has lots of French loanwords in it.
Turks spoke Arabic.
Love the reference to Weinreich at the end!!
Weinreich standardized Yiddish and said: "A language is just a dialect with an army and a navy."
I read a good book about the Turkish language reform that explained Ataturk's reasoning for the three-month switchover pretty well. Basically, if you wait too long to impose a new standard, it gives opposition to the reform enough time to develop resistance and take advantage of external events, like wars, natural disasters, and economic recessions. If you implement the standard as quickly as possible and people get used to it, it's much harder to revert to the older system when a setback does eventually occur.
His thinking on this was informed by his career as an officer in the Ottoman military, which is another good example of generals often being better at politics than actual politicians. Just look at Napoleon, who considered his legal reforms to be his most important legacy. Even after the Bourbon Restoration, the Napoleonic Code was so entrenched that the monarchy just decided to keep it instead of trying to repeal it.
Well i really wouldn't say that the Ottoman script was a heavily modified version of the Arabic/Persian script that much. They just added "ñ" sound since there was not much you can change in Arabic script because of it's abjad nature. We kinda have a similar situation that ancient Greeks faced when they were come accross to Phonecian letters. It just wasnt working so either we will hope it will eventualy work somehow or do something about it like either modifiying the Arabic in a level to create a new alphabet (which Enver Pasha tried this, it's called as "huruf-ı munfasıla") or switching to a new alphabet.
We understand the old Turkish (even the one from Yunus Emre's times) so i would really doubt that loanwords in the language ever has passed 35%, we can't understand Ottoman Turkish, which there are counts that the usage of loanwords has reached 80% above.
Oh and i would also say that Istanbul dialect/accent is a pretty important subject on standart Turkish issue, since the official Turkish accent/dialect is the Istanbul one, rest of the Turkey'a accents/dialects have been altered a lot. It's the posh and "correct" accent so everyone trying to speak it especially in formal situations.
@@recep2939 But the usage of the letters etc was quite modified, from my understanding letters like qaaf, suad etc would only be used with certain vowels, and kaaf and seen with other set of vowels. And archaic spelling like sometimes writing bi when one meant bu. And the nin was often just written as a kaaf which still made reading very confusing cause by late ottoman period the ng sound just became a in/nin if I'm right.
@@Aaaaaa-028 well you're definitely right for the latter especially for the Istanbul accent. You seem more knowlagable especially for a comparison so i really can't make a comment on that. But if do more of an educated guess, what i can say is that when i read both Ottoman script and Arabic script, i could not feel a difference (other than well, both of them beign a completely different language) on how they read other than vav could being 5 different letter. Maybe it's more of a natural evolution rather than an alteration. Which i still wouldn't call it a "heavily modified" version, people just used what already there.
11:37 This is inaccurate, the vulgar vernacular of Turkish wasn't as heavily dominated by Persian and Arabic loanwords as the "higher" vernaculars. And the vulgar vernacular is what today's Turkish is based on.
05:07 I see what you did there😂
Thanks!
And thank *you* for your support!
Malay speaker from Malaysia here. Standardized Malay (derived from Johor-Riau Malay) has several forms here I would argue:
1) official form (Bahasa Rasmi) : known as Bahasa Malaysia (incorporates terms and vocab from all over the world and languages and used by the government). Neologisms and borrowings are present here as well due to our cosmopolitan past
2) creole form (Melayu Rojak) : means mixed (also a type of dish) is basically everyone's everyday speech and incorporates slang terms alongside the inputs from other dialects and languages in Malaysia
3) literature form (Bahasa Baku and/or Klasik) : this form is used in more literary and poetic settings or situations. Nobody speaks it natively but everyone who is a Malay speaker of any kind (there are various Malay dialects and languages) will be able to understand it when hearing it. Difference here from the official Malay in govt would be that it uses the most accurate sounds for the words and their proper word forms with somewhat archaic grammar interspersed. Pronunciation and word order can be so ancient sometimes that it'd feel like an alien tried to use an AI to speak it's form of our language (somewhat intelligible but understanding will be awkward at best)
Not only that, since Malaysia has several somewhat unintelligible but closely related Malay languages (Kedahan, Kelantanese, Perakian, Sarawakian, Noghori and so on), crossing state boundaries feels like moving to a cousin country. Like you're pretty much just like me but I have no idea what you're saying man. I grew up natively speaking Kedahan Malay and when I moved to Selangor (they speak mostly standardized Malay with heavy Javanese and Bugis inputs), we were completely unable to understand each other. Pure culture shock tbh. Moved to Pahang later on as well (similar to Selangor they mostly speak standardized Malay but have inputs fro Terengganu Malay and others), mostly can understand them but some words have very different meanings than standardised Malay despite being literally the same word. Eg : Selalu = Always (BM) but in Pahang ; Selalu = Now/Immediately which would be Sekarang (BM). Suffice to say, miscommunications and misunderstandings were plentiful when I was there 😅
Older Malaysian songs and films would use literature form, right?
@inconemay1441 depends on the genre
John McWhorter(linguist) suggested that colloquial Indonesian would be an ideal universal language of the world.
Every situation carries unique characteristics within itself. The challenge of the modern world lies in its tendency to interpret sociology and human-related phenomena through generalized theories, much like solving a physics problem. However, the linguistic journey of Turkish follows a distinct and unique process. The political dominance and administrative practices of the Ottoman Empire had a profound impact on the Turks, the empire's founding nation.
By comparing 16th-century texts or even earlier writings with regional Turkish dialects, one can observe that by the 19th century, the language had become significantly distorted. It had evolved into an artificial construct lacking a clear identity and disconnected from any particular community. Today, the Turkish language as we know it is essentially a standardized version of the words spoken in the 16th century and earlier, enriched with elements from local dialects. Over time, it has further developed, creating new expressions derived from native Turkish roots, taking full advantage of the language's inherent structural flexibility.
In this sense, the artificial language of the 19th century, spoken primarily by the Ottoman court and its surroundings, is what can truly be considered foreign to us.
Finland standardized their language too; the kirjakieli ("book language") can be vastly different from the puhekieli ("spoken language"), and there also are several regional dialects. But at least the grammar rules and spelling are extremely consistent.
when the philippines was looking for a language to standardize, they chose tagalog because it was the language spoken around the capital of manila. so whats known as Filipino is just a standardized form of tagalog
Not because it is my native language, but I really find it interesting how the history of Standard Albanian language evolved. There are two main dialects with many subdialects and in terms of grammar and vocabulary they are really really different. But couldn't they simply choose one?
No, because many other nations invaded Albania many times and the language itself was recorded late and back then (during the Ottoman empire era), there were no schools that taught Albanian. This led to divide the dialects even further. Despite attempting to choose a dialect which best represents the whole language after gaining independence, they simply couldn't agree, so everyone decided to use their own forms of the language. Plus, Albania until that period of time had been using Latin, Greek, Arabic and Cyrillic letters, while some authors even tried to create a unique alphabet which failed miserably. Then world wars occurred and no one was concerned enough in regards to this topic. So, our former communist leader Enver Hoxha came with the idea of making a "standard" version of the language. But in reality, it is highly influenced by the dialect of the southern region (where Enver Hoxha was born and raised), while the north region dialect was subtly included in word formation and small parts of the grammar. To force down this new version, Hoxha made sure everyone was learning it in school (yes, even 60 year old people were going to school at that time) and also pushed the propaganda of considering the north dialect harsh and village-esque. I think that they really struggled a lot with the Albanian language because phonetically, our dialects are extremely different and there are many sounds in the northern dialect which can't be represented by any writing system and probably don't exist in many other languages (especially Indo-European languages), so the southern dialect was more appealing and easier to be standardized.
There are two official versions of the Armenian language: Eastern and Western. The Eastern is based on the dialect spoken in the city of Van, because after 1915 most residents of the capital city of Armenia (Yerevan), were refugees from Van, and the Western is based on the dialect that was spoken by the Armenian community of Istanbul, since Armenians who lived in Istanbul were the largest contributors to Armenian literature, newspapers, and general intelligence. What's funny is that despite these dialects becoming the formal official of the whole language, neither of them are actually very popular, in fact Istanbul dialect was a dialect spoken by an elite minority. Luckily despite these dialects dominating most Armenian literature and media, as well as being the main dialects in education and governmental affairs, most of Armenian regional, “informal” dialects are still alive and well.
I really ought to talk about diaspora languages one of these days -- diaspora communities are really interesting in general (I say, totally unbiased, as a member of several diasporas)
Actually, writing in a more ancient form of Greek than the spoken one was common throughout the Byzantine and Ottoman era so katharevousa wasn’t an entirely different idea to that.
It was more a "middle age" thing. Latin was still used in writing while the spoken languages had already evolved towards the Romance languages that we know today.
5:07 *_"Speaking of Malaka"_* . Then, he points directly to Greece. 😂
Standarized quechua is taken from the cusco dialect (at least in peru) because it was the capital city of the inca empire. However, due to being a labguage spoken mainly in rural areas (and considered till this days a marginalized language), dialects kept developing by themselves apart from the supposed standard, to the point of people living in the northern part of south america unable to understand those who live in the highlands and the southern part of south america. Because of this, many will argue that quechua is not a single language, but a whole family of languages; but like you said, a language is just a dialect with an army
You should talk about language dialect continuum. Like how in the past you could travel from village to village and they would understand each other, but slowly would transform to another language. Going form Castilian, to Catalan, to Occitan, to Lambordian.
The Rai logo and scenes from Don Matteo in a non-Italian channel, now I saw everything
🎶 Italy, Türkiye and Greece 🎶
This reminded me of something very similar that has happened in South India with Dravidian Languages (Malayalam and Tamil). South India (present day Kerala and Tamil Nadu) evolved with a separate culture and linguistic diversity until the British colonized India around 1700-1800. The Mughal Empire/Delhi Sultanate never actually could conquer South India, but owing to spice trade, it was intensely frequented by traders from the Middle East, who also brought Islam with them and consequently Arabic. Modern day Muslims in Kerala and Tamil Nadu have evolved a separate script where they essentially writing Malayalam/Tamil words using an Arabic script. The scripts are called Arwi and Arabic Malayalam.
Perso-Arabic letters aren’t a « heavily modified » Arabic script, the only difference is two letters each having two extra dots and one letter gaining a line,
That’s basically like saying the French alphabet is a « heavily modified » Latin script because of é, è, ê, ï and ç
Karakhanid/Ottoman Turkish used Arabic a whole lot differently than what Arabic or Persian used it. For one, all vowels were spelled either with a harakath or with consonants used as vowels. Basically using an abjad as an alphabet. This satisfies the "heavily modified" part well.
Ottoman Turkish, for native words, also didn't use like the half of the letters, since a simple sibilant /s/ sound didn't need to be represented by /four different letters (س / ص / ط /ث ).
For example: Words for "gold" in both three written languages
Ottoman T.: آلتون (altun) [written: A-diacritic-L-T-W-N]
Arabic: ذهب (ḏahab) [written: ð-H-B]
Persian: زر (zar) [written: Z-R]
As you can see, Persian and Arabic omits vowels (abjadic) while Ottoman Turkish explicitly writes them (alphabetic).
@ yes i would say Ottoman and even the modern Urdu are both heavily modified (the way Polish is a modified Latin script or Kazakh used a modified Cyrillic script)
The only note is that Arabic does have pure vowels since it is not a pure Abjad anymore, the Ottoman script wouldn’t have used consonants as vowel but rather modify the already existing three vowels of Arabic ا-و-ي to derive letters for the many vowels Turkish naturally has
@@amacsizbirkisi yes Turkic languages do use a lot more vowels than both Arabic and Persian
4 new letters گپچژ G, P, Ch, Zh.
ض ظ ذ ث these are rarely used
To be honest, converting current English to Anglish written in Futhorc runes sounds rad...
Great video! Reminds me of the video I once did for you on language harmonization of the different languages/dialects in South Africa. 😊
Turkey still has differing dialects, especially older people from different regions pronounce words much differently and they also use words which some people haven't heard before and even the Turkish Language Institution does not recognise some of those words.
As an example; I was born and raised in Istanbul but my grandparents are from Thrace region. We use words like şınlamak which means to shine or şunkalamak; to tamper. Both are not recognised by the language institute but are pretty common among Thracian Turks. Same thing applies to Blacksea Turks or Eastern Turks. I probably can't understand a single word from a speaker from Blacksea with a heavy accent even though they literally are speaking the same language as me. Another example is Turkish speakers in Cyprus, they almost have a different grammar structure.
This is what I have to say about all this:
I'm Greek. And I have heard my native language being TORN appart by people that don't know how to speak it... Ok, that's fine if you don't know - but there are teachers out there that teach Greek... WRONG...
And even WORSE - they INSIST that their version of how words are pronounced, is the "correct" one...
They would pronounce things like "π" as "pie" and "τ" as "tau" when in reality we DONT know how any of these letters were pronounced in the time of ancient Greeks... But what we DO know is the following:
We know for a fact, (and you are welcome to test this), that the Mediterranean (so Spain, Italy and Greece) countries, have a unique and also similar way to pronounce, speak, gesture and also they have a "library" of similar sounds that we can easily make (as opposed to other sounds that we are not so familiar of making).
And this library combined with the way that these 3 countries pronounce things in general, can guide us into deciphering which one of the Greek pronunciations are CLOSER to the real pronunciation which we will never be able to fully know (unless we travel back in time).
And in my opinion, the one that we native Greeks are using is CLOSER than anything that you will learn abroad; Simply because what they teach you abroad sounds more northern, more germanic, or more asian - than Mediterranean. But in order to observe this, you need to be fluent in at least 1 Mediterranean language...
“A language is a dialect with an army and navy”
Great line
Public broadcast was the drive for the diffusion of the common language. Commercial TV appeared only in the late 1970s, by which Italian had already been established as the common language.
Here in Norway, during the dissolution of our unions with first Denmark (1814), then Sweden (1905), two written language forms emerged. One main form was based on more archaic, rural dialects, the other based on more upper class urban dialects with stronger ties to written Danish, as Danish was the norm for centuries. Both are treated as equal by law and both offer wide flexibility to choose "your own" variety. Of course both forms are mutual intelligible for the reader, but there are quite a few "unshared words" that must be learned. Also, grammar, syntax and spelling rules can be quite different. "Standard eastern Norwegian" is close to the dominant written form, and this is what most foreigners learn. Also spoken by many in the Oslo area. But most of us use our local dialects, these can differ to a large degree from both written forms. A hard task for foreigners who though they learned Norwegian - and then hardly understand a word outside the capital area! 🙂
2:56 misleading, most of Europe has the public broadcasting, including Italy until 1970s.
Swahili used Ajami(African Arabic script) and had many dialects spoken across the Swahili world. British and German colonials singled out two dialects that they would prefer to be a standard and those were Kimvita(Mombasa dialect) and Kiunguja(Zanzibar). In the end, the Zanzibar dialect was chosen and Swahili was latinized. This had the consequence of utterly destroying Swahili literary tradition as Kimvita was the scholarly dialect.
Atatürk was based and the previous script wasn't good to learn reading. 7:58 about overnight change is dangerous propaganda that islamist say, when the scripts was changed, only 1-5% knew how to read and write, most also died during the war. No we didnt lose the possibility to read over night, we already didnt know how to read or write because of centuries of bad habits of adopting bad standards.
Atatürk was a bootlicker of the west
There are some tiny minority languages that are even more threatened due to being split into 5, 7 or 10 dialects. Examples include Basque and Romanish which have both tried to construct a standard form from the existing dialects.
Viva l'Italia, viva la Lingua Italiana e viva il Padre Dante! 🇮🇹🇮🇹🇮🇹🇮🇹🇮🇹
Sì!
@marsper8692 ovviamente
Viva l'Italia se ci permetterebbe di insegnare le nostre vere lingue a scuola obbligatoriamente allo stesso livello della lingua italiana.
@@F.D.R48483 "Se ci permetterebbe"? Invece di parlare di cose che non capisci, ripassa la grammatica, fossi in te mi vergognerei.
*Other standardized languages:*
* Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Romanian, Lithuanian -- all this languages had foreign words removed
* Serbo-Croatian language has 4 "national" standards based on Shtokavian dialect; it has also 2 official alphabets (Latin, Cyrillic)
Bei Belgisch hat das irgendwie nicht geklappt... Somehow that didn't work with Belgian...
Why is the german, non germans learn, called Standard German???
@@brittakriep2938 I was comparing texts and speech from different West Germanic languages and I came to conclusion that there are many West Germanic languages, we have at least:
* Bavarian (in Bavaria and most Austria)
* Alemanic (in most Switzerland and SW Germany)
* (High Franconian)
* Central German (including Standard German and Luxembourgish)
* Dutch
* Low German
* 3 Frisian languages
* English
* (Scottish)
I used () for questionable languages.
So it is more languages that officially said, especially by Germans :)
*Standard German is meant to replace several languages in Germany.* It is shame or Germans are trying to hide their language diversity. The difference between Alemanic or Bavarian languages as compared to Standard German is bigger than between Polish and Czech.
@@brittakriep2938 West Germanic languages:
* *Bavarian* (in Bavaria and most Austria)
* *Alemanic* (in most Switzerland and SW Germany)
* *(High Franconian)*
* *Central German* (including Standard German and Luxembourgish)
* Dutch
* *Low German*
* 3 Frisian languages
* English
* (Scottish)
I used () for questionable languages.
So it is more languages that officially mentioned, especially by Germans :)
*Standard German is meant to replace several languages in Germany.* It is shame or Germans are trying to hide their language diversity. The difference between Alemanic or Bavarian languages as compared to Standard German is bigger than between Polish and Czech.
@@robertab929 : In daily life i , Brittas boyfriend ( i currently use her Computer too) , speak my swabian dialect, what fewer and fewer people do. I am 59 now, for reasons, needing to much time, including Asperger, never married, no children. A few years ago, i had to wait at a parking and heared the children of a nearby Kindergarten - children and young teachers spoke only Standard German. Sad to know: a) l belong to last generation , which speaks swabian dialect halfway propper. b) ln nearest future perhaps 2000 years old history of my tribe ends, there will be never again the tribal spirit. Standard German was introduced ( and possibly created) by Scientists from all german speaking countries in 1873. When we speak dialect, we even today often don' t understand each other, which causes problems in trade, science and policy.
For the greek language, the story is a bit more complicated, as also mentioned by others in the comments. The thing is that the ancient greek literature was written in the attic dialect, and thus it became a prestige language, as mentioned. The Koine (common) greek was a simplified version of it, widespread in the eastern mediterranean, often as a second language. So this was a vernacular version of greek. Nevertheless the Roman empire, and the Eastern Roman empire later, were tending to use attic-like greek as administrative language, in order to give prestige, and distinguish the nobility from the middle classes and the peasants. Literature and science also used this "high" version of greek, usually with a "high" style in expression.
There is even an example of a noble writer of the late antiquity, who wrote a book about the "correct" (attic) terms that should be used, often not part of the living language; interestingly enough he was quite snobbish about vernacular types of the time, some of which are used even today.
At the same time, Koine (common) was evolving into forms of vernacular. Speakers of this variety and attic-like greek were often in conflict, or so we can deduce. We can also trace forms of vernacular types that do not exist in modern Demotic (vernacular) greek. The form of the variety we use today can be traced back in the 1400s, if not earlier. At the same time a more archaic, attic-like form has always been in use, by the imperial administration, the scholars, and most importantly the Orthodox church, which outlived the Eastern Roman empire. So every greek speaker has been aware of the difference between archaic and vernacular greek since the late antiquity. And there have been several stages of combination between archaic and vernacular greek as well.
What's more, there have been a couple of dialects of the vernacular greek even in the Eastern Roman empire, the Black Sea variety being a example. As the empire started to fall down, more varieties emerged, influenced by the corresponding states that greek speaking people found themselves in. This is the case for the Ionian islands, which variety had heavily been italianised. Moreover, the speakers of the sea, merchants and inhabitants of the islands, started to develop varieties very common to each other. This is why today's Cretan look like Cypriot, and varieties of Rhodes and the Dodecanese. The greek speaking areas in the mainland were also forming varieties. As a result, when Greece became it's own state back in the 1830s, there were a bunch of greek varieties spoken, not exactly mutually understandable. There's even a comedy play from the early 19th century, where greek people of different origins - and dialects - gather together and try to communicate, with several funny events occuring.
Nevertheless, when the greek state was formed, all greek speaking people had to find a way of communication. Thus, the modern Demotic variety started to form, with critical role played by the peloponnesian varieties and the ionian one. On the other hand, the greek state standardised Katharevousa, "the pure looking", in order to restore a form of language clear of foreign "impurities" - including turkish and italian - and sounding like "pure" ancient greek. This official language was practically a mixture of archaic and demotic greek, varying in what portion of the latter could be accepted. What's important though is that it had for more than a century been a measure of someone's education and status, and eventually a measure of someone's greekness.
When Greece expanded, it acquired regions with different vernacular dialects. After the exchange of populations between Greece and the newly formed Turkish state, the former acquired vast numbers of speakers of varieties in Anatolia too, including the Black Sea variety. These people were usually considered vulgar, peasants, and often even not true greeks. As a result, their dialects were heavily mocked. Even today, northern dialects are considered more vulgar and peasant-like than the southern ones. The fact that in Athens, the capital, live almost the half of the greek population, has contributed to this.
In conclusion, does greek demonstrate languages like Italy does? No. Does it distribute dialects not mutually intelligible? Mostly not as well. Is modern greek related to ancient greek? Yes, in the sense that it has borrowed words and expressions from the latter. Nowadays, a greek can understand the variety spoken almost in every part of Greece. But this was not always the case, and greek being homogeneous has been a long, and sometimes painful story.
The story of Greek, or rather, the Hellenic languages, is much more complicated than what most people know (including myself) because few non-natives actually know any kind of Greek (modern or ancient) to judge. Thank you for sharing this!
@@arrunzo I'm just telling a story that adds to your video. I'm sure this story needs corrections here and there. We greeks seem to be connected to the language in many controversial ways, maybe that's why we talk about it so much 😁
6:27 is actually the other way around, the "standard Greek" speakers can't understand the Cretan, Cypriot, Pontic (and more i would add) local dialects (although i personally believe that Pontic Greek is so far that could be considered a separate language.
And also there was not a dialect of demotic Greek rather a vast variety of dialects, even to this day i would argue that there is no standard demotic Greek, rather a combination of mostly Peloponnesian and and Attica dialects
To the Turks who were brainwashed into thinking your writing system is purely phonetic, I'm here to break the illusion. There are certain sounds and concepts that come naturally to native speakers but not foreigners because they're not represented in written language. It even leads to mispronunciations among native Turkish speakers like the two "e" sounds in "pembe" being completely different. (Kinda like the three "e" sounds in "mercedes" being different in English/German) Other Turkic languages like Azerbaijani Turkish employ the letter "ə" to make the distinction clear. So that word should really be spelled "pəmbe". I'm sure the Turks among us can relate to mispronunciations of words like "tencere" or "pencere" as "təncərə" or "pəncərə". Or things like stress in a word changing the meaning, for example "FAtih" is a place, but "faTİH" is a name. There's more to this but this is all I could think of off the top of my head. Fellow Turks, feel free to chime in lol
you're a hundred percent right! i've been telling people this for years but i can never convince them lol. there are so many other problematic letters-- we definitely need another "k" for example
We know it’s not purely phonetic. There’s also the case where you have to pronounce “geleceğim” as “gelicem”
The standardization of Mandarin Chinese In China is particularly fascinating. In China, the definition of a "dialect" is different than in other countries. A Chinese dialects refers to a language in the Sino-Tibetan language family tree that uses Chinese Characters as it's primary writing system. However, these "Chinese Dialects" are virtually unintelligible to the Mandarin spoken in northern China where it originates from. Their only similarity is the usage of Chinese Characters for words. Basically speakers of different "Chinese dialects", such as Cantonese, Hakka, Hoikken, and Mandarin cannot understand one another but can understand (more or less) each other's writing.
Yeah, standardization of Mandarin Chinese is an ongoing process. Rural farmers speak a local "dialect" (not intelligible with Mandarin). In small towns Mandarin might be spoken with a thick accent. And in bigger towns Mandarin is spoken with a light accent. Only the well educated speak a standardized Chinese.
And all of this ignores dozens of entirely different languages spoken in the county (Uygher, Tibetan, Vietnamese, Mongolian, and many more).
As a greek high school student, I can tell you that after learning even a little ancient greek, even if i hated it, i ciuld suddenly understand katharevousa, and I find that really beautiful imo
My new favorite phrase, “shift their plans.” Clever!
0:57 *🇦🇩Catalan & 🇨🇭Romansh too!*
Since you already mentioned it: Choosing Bahasa Indonesia as the standardized language is possibly one of the best move that our founder did during this country's inception.
As mentioned: Yes, afaik it was basically at best (one of) trader's language. Malay (or even more specific: Riau's Malay) is a minor language in term of percentage of people who were using it. If we are using 'the language most commonly used, percentage wise' to pick the language, Javanese is possibly used by around half of the population of that time since Java is massive.
That (using Javanese) would have been a fatal mistake, as that would definitely cement Java-centrism attitude even higher, and pushed the rest of the islands away. Current situation where most people have their own local regional language but use Indonesian language in formal, educational, and multi-cultural environment is definitely one of the move that keep this absurdly diverse country intact. Also, we ended up becoming the country with most trilinguals as a nice bonus (since a lot of us ended up learning English as well)
John McWhorter(linguist) suggested that colloquial Indonesian would be an ideal universal language of the world.
The thing I find so unfortunate about standardised languages is that it kind of erases the depth and interesting aspects about linguistics. Nowadays the drill is: in Germany they speak German, in Spain they speak Spanish, in France they speak French etc. But it's much much more complex than that.
For current Turkish alphabet, one letter for one sound assumption is frequently repeated but ill-foundedness is clear considering lots of letters’ various pronunciations. K, G, R, Ğ, Ş E and so one are pronounced from different parts of mouth and/or throat. That’s why many Turks themselves pronounce some words wrong, let alone Turkish learning foreigners. For example “K” of “kağıt” is supposed to be a palatal voice, but some Turks pronounce it as a throttle voice because in some other words, like “kasım”, it comes from throat. In the same vein “g” in “gerek” and “galip” come from different parts, former is palatal and latter is throttle consonants. R in “orman” and “bir”, Ğ in “eğlence” and “eğer” and so on… The book Türk Dil Bilgisi by Prof.Dr. Muharrem Ergin provides detailed and comprehensive clarification about each letter’s various pronunciations - and picks “one letter one sound” assumption to pieces of course-
Germans didn’t always speak (standard) german either. Until the 70s/80s everyone pretty much spoke their home dialect with all the regional differences but in the 70s the idea arose to make children “unlearn”their dialects and learn to speak standard german. Today relatively few germans born after 1990 (i guess) speak any form of dialect, me included. The speech might be influenced by regional varieties but the full on dialect is more or less dying. I know nobody around my age still speaking my home dialect, a special variety of the allemanic dialects
Does it bother you that younger generations only know Standard German? Or do you think that it's not a big problem ultimately?
@ Kind of. In Austria and especially Switzerland even the kids speak their dialect and I admire this from a perspective of not having that. I would however go for a combined solution of both learning dialect and standard german kind of like in Italy. Everyone speaks their native dialetto, but to communicate between different regions they use standard italian
I was hoping you'd mention when they enforced the standardized languages many of the population couldn't fully understand what they were hearing and reading which was a major advantage for the powerful
How to standardize a language? Simply, you give every teacher a red pencil!
There is an alternative to standardization in linguistically diverse country - nativization of colonial languages like Spanish in Mexico or English in Singapore.
Stuff like this is why I am really curious on where the languages will go in Eric Flint's Ring of Fire series. How will a Germany that has so radically changed develop linguistically? And that holds true for nearly every nation
Finnish, Norwegian and Faroese are somewhat similar, except Norwegian was never fully standardised. Norwegian ended up having two separate writing traditions (both full of optional features and forms) based on four separate views on how to standardise the written language: The first view, most popular in the early and middle 1800s, was that the written languange of Norway should be Danish Bogsprog, as it had been since the 1400s when Old Norwegian writing declined and died out. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, who wrote the Norwegian national anthem in Danish Bogsprog, came to hold this view.
The second view, which gained popularity after the first dictionary and the first grammar of Norwegian were published in the 1850s and 1860s, was that the written language of Norway should be based on the more lingustically conservative dialects of Norwegian (rural dialects closer to Old Norwegian, and less dependent on German and Danish loan words). This puristic form was then used by writers like Aasmund Olavsson Vinje and Elias Blix.
The third view, which gained popularity at the end of the 1800s, was that Danish Bogsprog should be simplified and reformed to reflect pronounciation, based on the sociolect which had developed in the urban upper class of Norway in the 1700s and 1800s (known as "cultivated speech"), which consciously used the vocabulary of Danish Bogsprog without imitating Danish phonology. This idea was implemented in several reforms in the early 1900s, which permanently separated Danish and Norwegian writing from each other, and even replaced one of the Danish pronouns ("I" became "dere").
The fourth view, which gained popularity and became government policy in the 1930s, was that the puristic form of Norwegian based on conservative rural dialects should be combined with the one based on urban upper class speech, while also implementing more grammar and vocabulary from the urban working class of Eastern Norway. This hypothetical form of unified Norwegian was called Samnorsk, but it was a stillbirth. The gradual work of creating it, done by now-forgotten committees, led to permanent changes in both writing traditions, which frustrated users of both. Eventually the respectable upper class of the capital held book burnings in oppositon to the reforms. The government decided the project wasn't worth the trouble, and gave up on Samnorsk.
After all that, the result is this: Different authors like Solstad, Knausgård and Fosse write using different norms, different newspapers might use three grammatical genders as in Old Norwegian or two as in Danish, and normal people write in their own dialects in everyday writing, but write Bokmål or Nynorsk at work. No one is entirely happy, but at least there are fewer book burnings.
So many language standards sounds like a headache. Some disagree with me because they're so proud, but I wish that in history there had been a "Pan-North Germanic" language. It seems very doable because Old Norse is an attested language, but I think we're too far into the future for speakers of North Germanic languages to actually care about such an idea. Such a shame.
Great video thank you!
German and Mandarin Chinese would be also prime examples. I'm very curious about the history of Russian. As it's notably one of the most spoken languages without many dialects. So I'd love to see its history and evolvement in creating this (forced) widespread standard in opposition to a diverse dialectal continuum normally found within countries.
Thank you
Thank you for the video 😀
Thanks to the Atatürk, we ca easily learn reading and writing of our language. And it became easier to learn many modern languages.
People trying to learn a language with different script know how frustrating it is.
In the Ottoman, military officers was learning French as a second language. So, they are already know the Latin alphabet.
Also, the thought of changing the script of Turkish starts around 1860s. Some political parties also suggested for Ottoman. But did not implemented.
You can check sources of the wiki page: "Turkish alphabet reform "
the idea of nation state really backfired against small nations, kinda ironic...
Mandarin Chinese (or Putonghua) was developed in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty, last imperial dynasty of China. It was actually a pidgin, spoken by the Manchus, merging their Mongolic/Turkic Manchurian language with Chinese.
You messed up the Devanagari transliteration, the vowels should be the diacritic version on the consonant, not separate.
They changed the rules when they adopted Devanagari for writing Anglish.
Great video.
Transformation was easy in turkiye to turkish just a society was using Arabic mixed Persian it spread after Islam but most native turks use today's turkish like language
For Greece, bypassing the more of 1000 years Byzantine period is somehow weird, since modern Greek comes directly from the medieval ("byzantine") Greek. And a correction, the Demotic speech wasn't centered just in the Greek peninsula but actually in Constantinople and in the both sides of the Aegean (mainland Greece and western Anatolia)...while Crete, Pontus and Cyprus developed the main three modern greek dialects since these places were for a long time cut off from Constantinople Byzantine rule and either held some independence (see Pontus) or captured by others like Venice (see Crete and Cyprus). It was just a bit poor representation of the development of Greek.