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Lol oh man this is the biggest load of crap. Come on you have got to realize with fossilized Dinosaur soft tissue protiens there is no time for evolution. Not to mention you don't have a fossil to show any kind of transitional form. It's just a bad fairy tale you push like it's reality.
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A lot of people hear flight and think of the ability to soar like an eagle. Wild turkeys show an interesting alternative: they can fly, but only a little, and not well. They forage and hunt in the ground, but can run away from bigger predators in the air. (plus find safe bedding in trees and sometimes land in branches laden with berries.) in stone sense, turkeys have powered jumping, and there is real value in being able to leap over a tall building in a single bound, even if you can't fly like modern superman.
This is my thought as well. You don't have to be able to fly across oceans and continents for flight to be useful. Just fly well enough to evade predators or have an advantage in catching prey. So like the kid in jurassic park said. It's like a giant turkey.
Imagine the kids annoying their parents while they're cranky. *Juvenile flying around being a nuisance* "IF I WERE YOUR AGE I'D FLY UP THERE AND KICK YOUR BUTT YOUNG MAN"
Also special appendages or abilities that are lost to time. Like for example, if skunks were extinct we’d likely never know that they had a gland to spray predators with a stinking plume in order to get away. Makes you wonder what sort of special abilities some dinosaurs may have had that simply would not have preserved?
"though we have considerable evidence that it was generally held off the ground as depicted in Jurassic Park" except in moments when it needed to clack it against a polished concrete floor to intimidate its prey.
@@ClintsReptiles Sorry to be the "actually" guy, but it looks like a few reconstructions in this video are misused. Specifically...: -That's Willoughby's Acheroraptor in the thumbnail, yet it's implied to be Velociraptor. -That's Wierum's Deinonychus & Dromaeosaurus at 4:51, yet they're used to illustrate Microraptoria & Velociraptorinae, respectively.
Here's an allegory for why I think people have a hard time accepting that birds are dinosaurs. Imagine if, thousands of years from now, the only mammals left are manatees. I'd say they're the most unusual mammals - they're fully-aquatic, have no hindlimbs, and have six neck vertebrae (most mammal embryos dissolve if they don't have exactly seven). In this hypothetical future, palaeontologists (probably crows) dig up a human skeleton and try to figure out what its closest living relative is. "Manatee" is unlikely to be their first guess... until they look closer at the jaw and inner ear bones.
This is a great analogy, although bats may be a more apt example. Bats are to mammals what flying birds were to dinosaurs. They’re the only flying mammals, and a future non-human paleontologist might struggle to relate the hypothetical bat radiation of mammals to the modern (their prehistoric) radiation. Bats and whales being more closely related to each other than either is to a rodent probably wouldn’t be their first guess.
@@monkeymanchronicles That reminds me, I've been reading a pop sci book called The Unexpected Truth About Animals. I like most of it, but at one point is says bats are more closely related to humans than they are to rodents, which I'm pretty sure was outdated when the book was published in 2016 gaaaaaaah.
@@terryflynn6927 see thats not true, bats are laurasiatheres in a group with the carnivorans, ungulates, pangolins, and shrews/hedgehogs. Primates and Rodents are euarchontaglires that are both equally distant (but related to the) the laurasiatheres.
Consider how much coaxing juvenile birds usually need from their parents to start flying in the first place. Ain't that an odd circumstance where it isn't taught?
@@radikaldesignz well, assuming pack hunting, it could be likely that the juvenile condition persists for over a year, thus hatchlings would be taught by their siblings before the siblings were large enough to establish their own packs.
I heard it was because they wanted to get higher up so they'd have a better view of the flag on the moon so they could prove their drunk, flightless uncles wrong.
Powered flight seems to me to not be required for the wings to be useful. Leaps, glides, landings, high speed turns etc seems quite useful and also not require a lot of extra muscles making it a low investment feature.
Yeah, even if juveniles could fly and lost that ability as they matured, I have to assume those wings would still be useful for running and leaping at the very least.
I've got chickens and occasionally you have to catch one for whatever reason and them using their wings for quick turns is one of the hardest parts. I'm much faster than them running in s straight line but they'll seem to almost instantly change direction mid run.
the fact that even the earliest feathered dinosaurs had not only the thermoregulating fuzz on the body, but also "wings" might indeed be a sign that they used them more as control surfaces. Like a spoiler to make tight turns when hunting small, agile prey.
I absolutely love all the peripheral subjects this channel is branching into. My 5 year old daughter loves dinosaurs, so we've been enjoying these together. Thank you so much Clint and crew!
Another good channel for her is Your Dinosaurs are Wrong. It's an excellent educational channel that goes over how dinosaurs are anatomically borked in movies and toys
@@caimansaurus5564 I just watched the Allosaurus episode and I completely agree with you that it would be too technical for a 5yo if she were watching on her own, but I think itll be ok if I watch with her and use it as a vehicle for discussion.
Are there any extant birds that can glide, but not fly? How does one differentiate between evidence for extended gliding vs powered flight in non-avian dinosaurs?
@@AminaXIII, there are hunters who hit you from above after a short fast chase: cats, and they also have their special claws. It would make sense to have the vicious claws if they could strike from above somehow.
@@appw_ I think of Turkeys and Chickens as having limited self-powered flight (aka they can get off the ground by flapping their wings). The sort of gliding I was thinking of was more how flying squirrels or sugargliders glide, but can't generate their own lift.
The forearm's length isn't the issue, it's knowing how big the feathers were for flight. Most birds don't have very long arms for their feathers and the flight feathers stretch way beyond that. So, in theory, Velociraptor could easily have wings large enough to, at least, glide. But there's one other issue - posture. If you have wings, you don't want the feathers to get damaged while running or while attacking prey with your claws. Velociraptor would have had to tuck its arms in most of the time to prevent damage to the flight feathers, but the claws were definitely used by it for dealing with prey, given the size of their claws on their hands. It could be that the quill knobs helped pin the flight feathers back when they were harassing prey. I imagine quill knobs are used not just for spreading feathers forward but tucking them in when resting. So it'd be likely these guys did the same. One other thing to ask is "if Velociraptor had wing-like structure, what is that structure for?" Flight or gliding is a reasonable answer. Warmth is another, but to have such long feathers on the forearms? Nah, you don't need long feathers for that. It could be that these were used in attracting mates though. Most animals seem to develop features through what helps them survive or what females find attractive in their mate. So I could see the forearm feathers being used to attract mates. Doesn't take much imagination to see them dancing with these in a mating display. Overall, I'd say it'd likely they at least glided and maybe flew as chicks. Then again, I wouldn't be surprised if they didn't fly at all. It's very hard to study creatures like this when they aren't alive.
@@salamisofdragons4597 There ought to be some correlation between the size of the quills and the length of the feather, surely. It'd be interesting to see a study on how long the flight feathers on Velociraptor could've been, based on the bones.
Wing loading is a major issue. It would be way to high to fly or glide. If you want to look into this check out Pei et al. 2020 and some of the follow ups. Oh I'm a co author on that, and did the actual flight possiblity calculations so if you have any questions just ask. Cheers
Just an alternative point to the claws, it's possible they didn't use them for hunting, but to help with eating, or possibly also a mating or threat display.
Our "Blind Spot" is about how Deinonychus walked, trotted, ran, and attacked, with its two legs AND TAIL. Roosters don't have heavy tails that they can balance on. Deinonychus bodies were OVERWHELMINGLY well-adapted to eating prey on land. The tail made a huge difference, and was probably injured often by other Deinonychus. It did not walk, run, nor bite like a rooster. It was a TERRIBLE lizard because it had a "rooster brain and a lizard body".
Just here because I feel the need to tell you that the "Carnotaurus" at 5:29 is not a Carnotaurus at all. Carnotaurus' face was much more blunt and its arms much more stubby, faced backwards and had four fingers each. It was such a cool and unique creature and the fact that so many media depictions of it just make it a horned tyrannosaur makes me sad.
yeah, it's pretty disappointing to see an AI image on a channel that cares so much about scientific accuracy. Every once in a while I'll see one and be tempted to just close the video from putting a so obviously incorrect image, and someone who may not know otherwise might think that is a correct depiction of a Carnotaurus.
That's what I'm thinking. Adult velociraptors would be terrible fliers but I think it's possible that they could still fly to an extent even as adults like chickens do.
I’d love a special that covers where many lineages were at when the K-T extinction happened. I’m always curious as to which families were already around
Hey! Non-proffesional opinion here, given the current understanding of the dromaeosauridae, it is likely the entire group is secondarily flightless, and microraptorians tertiarily flighted! Id love to go onto studing this eventually in my professional career, but what little we have from the jurassic for dromaeosauridae, seems to point that they stem directly from flighted ancestors! Great video as always clint!
Our "Blind Spot" is about how Deinonychus walked, trotted, ran, and attacked, with its two legs AND TAIL. Roosters don't have heavy tails that they can balance on. Deinonychus bodies were OVERWHELMINGLY well-adapted to eating prey on land. The tail made a huge difference, and was probably injured often by other Deinonychus. It did not walk, run, nor bite like a rooster. Do ya think it was like a goose or duck, instead? Your misunderstanding within the context of Evolution is about what it means to be someone who DOES exhibit "filial piety" (or who acknowledges that previous "pioneers" existed) (or ANY such piety) AND knows what "Being Reasonable" is. If your life was ACTUALLY a life-and-death debate with someone else, it wouldn't be a verbal debate, and there would be many other reasons why such a debate has never ever happened. Use your imagination at all times. China is watching. Don't disgrace us. Just because they invented a way to blast through walls doesn't mean we don't have the ability to participate in conversations among ourselves. Alternatively, if you believe you're the only one, and you're supposed to start and finish "science" by being the only scientist ever needed to exist & "finishing the job", we will all consider you to be a reformer, and you will lose your balance, and this will likely be fatal. Appreciate your own civilizedness. You KNOW what it is. Don't fail to appreciate it. It will enlighten many people. That's all science wants from us now, anyway.
@@seanrowshandel1680Actually. It did walk and run like a Rooster. The tail made a small difference. Also, what about Archaeopteryx? It and some other Mesozoic "Birds" did have long bony tails? The leg bones are extremely similar between modern Roosters and Velociraptors. Is that just magically similar? No. They indicate a not wholly unlike way of operating.
Naa... You get a spear and a bow and start chasing it instead... Just like native Americans did with turkeys before they managed to get themselves a gun. Some dromeosaurids would require some pretty big oven, though.
@@ObatongoSensei Turkeys don't have pinning talons, a jaw full of serrated teeth, clawed grappling "wings" and the mindset of an active mainline predator. Would a human with weapons prevail? Of course, especially if you got the drop on it. But if not? I'd suggest considering the sheer amount of damage and pain a bobcat can deal to you in close range before you kill it. Now make it bipedal, give it mad jumps, and its coming at you with all the energy of a Canadian goose with the weapons to back up its threat. People really act like humans don't freak out when birds go on offense, then say with confidence they could take something substantially more deadly and threatening like its a cake walk. Even unarmed against a velo a human is pretty certain to come out on top. But you are going to be a bloody mess by the time its over. Something like Deinonychus could easily end the average person. Weapons or not.
@@smugreptile6695 "Grappling wings" is quite an overstatement, since those things could not rotate their wrist to actually grapple anything. Their front claws were pointed towards themselves, not their prey or enemy. Good for carrying eggs and little else. Their teeth were pretty small and fragile too, being more suited to feeding than to fighting. A bite would be painful, but they would probably use it only as a last resort. Kicking was their method of fighting, just like chickens and turkeys. Now that would be dangerous, as modern large flightless birds clearly show. But against a human with a spear? There would be no game, not even for a utahraptor. Against bows and javelins it would be even worse, as it would be with adding a shield. Spears simply negate any chance for those toothed birds to retaliate in any meaningful way just by reach alone. By the way, jumping towards a human with a spear would be suicidal. Impaling yourself is hardly a good combat strategy.
that title was a jumpscare lmao. i once got death and doxxing threats on tumblr from a guy who kept harassing the paleontology blogs because he believed velociraptors could fly. i wonder where he is now.
MFs really be acting like the safety of their family depends on proving theoretical paleofauna behavior to strangers online. That, or he was an easily influenced teen (or younger) that saw those threats being thrown around casually while wandering around the wrong side of the internet. Hell, he could be an easily influenced adult for all I know; seen a lot those around the internet as of late.
I love that I came to this channel many years ago while researching what snakes to keep as pets, and now it’s just my favorite paleontology and etymology channel
I’ve always liked the image of them jumping and gliding down steep terrain and trees, the reptilian personification of a flying squirrel and a mountain goat but I look forward to seeing where Clint takes us with this 😁
Juvenile flight makes perfect sense to me. I raise turkeys (a distant cousin of velociraptor) and while adults can technically fly, its the juveniles that can fly higher, faster, and with better accuracy than the adults
Seeing as how Hoatzins use their dino hands as babies to juveniles for climbing - then gradually lose them as they turn into adults and are left only with wings The possibility for velociraptors having had the same thing but reversed may not be far fetched 😮
They don't lose them, they just get covered up by feathers! A lot of fowl and waterfowl also have wing claws, they're just not visible because of feathers covering them
@@LordCrate-du8zm they only shrink to accomodate the wing formation - as much as in any other avian bird's which they also include tiny claws Compared to Muscovy ducks or cassowaries they don't stick out as much
@@batfurs3001 yes indeed Though what I meant by lose is they begin to lack the ability to use them as baby to juvenile as they no longer stick out and have gotten nerfed to accomodate the ,,strong wing" formation more
Another Clint dinosaur video is always an absolute treat! However, *why the flash of ai-generated Carnotaurus?* There’s so much nice paleoart shown off here and that little energy-sucking amorphous blob just feels so wrong amongst them. In fact, AI-generated media is such an ecological, economic, and ethical disaster that I’d greatly appreciate a whole video on the topic.
It's economic and social sure, but how tf is it an _ecological_ one? It's not like the crypto where you need to burn hundreds of kilowatts of power to do every single operation...
@@DarthBiomech training and running generative AI systems takes a monumental amount of computational power/electricity, and it’s already been shown to be very detrimental in terms of greenhouse gas emission and water consumption.
@@dynamoterror7077 IDK about training, but running it certainly isn't monumental. Out of the curiosity I've downloaded it (know your enemy!), and it loaded my PC no worse than a typical video game. I mean training it does require running PCs hot for weeks at end, but so does, say, rendering of CGI for films, and I've never heard anybody saying how films are environmentally unfriendly and we should get rid of CGI.
What do you mean *if* we want a video from you about dromaeosaurids? The answer is YES. I was gleefully shouting at the screen before you'd even finished speaking! This video was so cool and I'm always so appreciative of the amount of effort you put into all your videos. Thank you, as always, for sharing with us.
I would argue that Jurassic Park had no dinosaurs. They had the start with real dinosaur dna but were genetically engineered to match the, at the time, idea of what a dinosaur was and in later movies just modified to have other traits.
The fact that birds are without a shadow of a doubt theropod dinosaurs is the reason why they have been one of my top favorite animals since I was 11-years old. Birds are stinking rad!
@@williamzk9083 I favor all of the theropods because one: the terrifying dinosaurs like t. rex and "velociraptor" (actually a deinonychus) that do all of the killings in the Jurassic Park franchise are theropods and two: they are the clade of dinosaurs in which modern birds like chicken, ducks, hummingbirds, etc. belong.
Awesome video. The idea that dromaeosaurids may have been secondarily flightless never occurred to me, but makes a lot of sense as a possibility. And the concept of the infants having powered flight as a defensive measure and then losing it as they grow is mind-blowing!
Although there are flying birds today that weigh around the same as velociraptor (Trumpeter Swans and especially large Kori Bustards), they still have significantly longer wingspans than what velociraptor would have possessed. So to me it seems especially unlikely adults would be able to fly, but I don't doubt they had better maneuverability in the air to some degree thanks to their retained flight-adapted traits.
This is like how young Dimetrodon were theorized to be able to climb trees but adults were too heavy. The kids really don’t know how good they have it.
I don't know about Velociraptor but a fact that might be relevant: Although commonly considered flightless, I know for a fact that chickens can actually fly if they want to (which they rarely do). I know this because my family used to have chickens and once while they were fleeing from a marten attack, they flew onto the roof of our house. For reference: Our house is three stories high. It certainly didn't look very elegant and it was definitely not normal behaviour for them, or anything that wouldn't put serious stresses on their bodies, but they could do it nonetheless. So even though Velociraptor might not have flown in a conventional birdlike manner, I think that there might be a possibility, that they could pull it off if it was necessary to their survival, even though their bodies might not have been "designed" for it.
mom using a ~1m fence around the chicken coop, which mostly seem to keep them inside, but they can probably jump at least 2m high if they want. think there have been some cases where they jumped out of her garden with an even higher fence as well. but for some reason they seem to prefer not doing that.
@@smievil Most birds prefer to not fly if they don't have to. It's an incredible waste of energy. And I totally see how a 1 m fence can keep chickens from running/flying off.
Hello Clint! A bit of feedback for later videos. I noticed some minor mistakes in the imaging. That "carnotaurus image" was awful AI that looks absolutely nothing like carnotaurus. An image of deinonychus, a velociraptorine, was also used for microraptoria in the phylogeny.
I live in Massachusetts. Let me tell you. Regular North American turkeys are murder turkeys. It's all fun and games when you're doing stuff in your yard and you get chased off by a swarm of scrotum birds, with the combined brain power to barley charge a Nokia cell phone.
Turkeys have much more aerodynamic bodies and a large keel to attach muscles to. If velociraptor could fly as an adult it would only be about as much as a domestic chicken can fly.
Something i would really like to see in a video is going over what we know about dinosaur eggs and offspring- if we know anything. or just hear theory's and thoughts about it. Stuff like if any dinosaurs cared for there young or if dinosaurs had an egg tooth to break out of the egg or did they have another way to break out. obviously questions like this probably cant be answered but it would be fun to see peoples thoughts and theory's on it. (if there's a video going over this out there on the internet anywhere please let me know i would love to watch it. ) been binge watching all the dinosaur videos on this channel and have developed a STRONG dinosaur obsession love these videos!
For every non-avian dinosaur video on this channel, I cannot but imagine a parody video like "Velociraptor, the best pet reptile?" (Probably not, since there are hints they could have been endotherms so a lot of food and poop)
Considering a leading theory is that birds are neotenic (adults with juvenile traits) maniraptorans, then dromies (which took longer to grow up than birds) having a young stage in their lives where they could at least glide seems quite reasonable.
8:07 NGL, it's a weird transition to say that flight likely didn't evolve seperately three times in a single clade then use a Cassowar; a flightless bird famously related to other flightless birds who all independently lost their ability to fly. I mean, I understand that losing a high energy, unuseful adaptation just makes sense. I was just amused you went with what to mean is like the most famous example of a line of descendents developing the same trait multiple times on their own.
Don't know what you're trying to say. Are you saying that it's easier to evolve flight than to lose flight specifically with feathered wing surfaces? Because I think it is definitely more likely for the opposite.
Flying Velociraptors..... That is the coolest and scariest idea I have heard about these dinos in a HOT minute!! And I would love a video all about the Dromaeosauridae clade! Thanks for the great video Clint!
The only thing correct about that Carnotaurus image is... uh, there are ferns? Dinosaur is entirely wrong. Head looks like a Papo T.rex Tyrannosaurus rex head with a ton of extra horns added, forelimbs on Carnotaurus were famously small and stubby, and what's happening to the backwards-turned claw on that back foot? Ugh, hate AI imagery. Otherwise, great vid!
The funny thing, Clint, is that you didn't think this type of video was going to be your money-maker. You thought your videos rating different animals on a scale of 1 - 5 were going to be your bread and butter. I'd like to hypothesize that your viewers have gotten to the point that we want more. I'm so glad you're giving us this opportunity to learn more in depth/details that give us an even better place to keep building. I still like the 1 - 5 videos and enjoy sending friends and family to peruse through them while they're looking for a new family member - feathered or scaled (or furred). You've been able to help my youngest niece pick out the type of skink she'd like best! On many levels, Dr. Laidlaw, thank you. 🦖 🦎 🐦 🐈 🐕 🐁
I hate bullshit and inaccuracy so I love his mythbusting and I find evolution and phylogenetic bracketing absolutely fascinating so I'm totally into a lot of Clint and co's current content.
I love all your videos, Clint. It's obvious that you are doing something you love, and the enthusiasm is infectious. Your videos always brighten my day, and teach me something new. Please just keep being you, and we'll keep watching.
If their young could fly, I wonder if it was to keep them off the ground and out of reach of predators, part of niche partitioning where the young would hunt small prey in trees etc before they were big enough to compete with adults for prey on the ground, or maybe both
I often refer creationists to this channel to show that someone can believe in God and still accept evolution (even though I personally do not believe in any deity). I am typically responded to with insults towards myself or towards Clint who is objectively a nicer person than I am. You are doing great work Clint, keep it up.
It's possible that t.rex also was feathered...initially. Meaning its ancestors. And maybe itself, sparsely. That, like the elephant with hair, it lost most of its feathers because of its need to shed heat. Large animals struggle with gigantothermy, where their volume has increased faster than their surface area, so that they produce too much heat to be insulated.
Given that at least protofeathers appear to be a primitive trait of the coelurosaurs (see: Sinosauropteryx), Tyrannosaurus almost certainly had feathered ancestors. However the idea of feathered T. rex chicks and scaly adults is rather unlikely bc there is no precedent for any dinosaurs (possibly no even any diapsids) trading one integumentary structure (in the same region of the skin) for another during their ontogeny.
many living dinosaurs (such as songbirds) have altricial young that appear featherless but if you look closely you will see that they have very thin, sparse feathers.
hey Clint is there any chance we could get a deep dive some time on the different types of reptile integumentary structures (scales, reticula, scutes, osteoderms, feathers, and pycnofibers) and their phylogenetic distribution and possible homologies? it's a very fascinating topic.
@@heatherc.7706 Baby elephants and whales have more hair than adults. Baby humans have fur, called lanugo, in the womb. The concept of baby development recapitulating evolution has some basis in fact, though not in the strict sense that it was originally proposed. So it wouldn't be surprising if baby tyrannosaurs had some evidence of feathers. Or even if the adults had SOME feathers, for sexual displays or whatever. The fossil skin doesn't eliminate that. Fossil elephant skin could leave one thinking elephants don't have ANY hair, but they do. Also, it's interesting to note that it's possible that the LCA of ALL dinosaurs had some kind of feather, or proto-feather. It's actually possible that even the Last Common Ancestor of Sauropsids and Synapsids had some kind of thermoregulation more advanced than ectothermy, leading to some insulation developing long before dinosaurs.
@@KAZVorpal i think it's quite possible that tyrannosaurus had feather tracts! what i'm saying is there is no evidence that *dinosaurs* - or any sauropsids, as far as i know - can replace one type of integument with another during their ontogeny. Sometimes moults change the structure of the feathers or their relative size (and thus, the amount of bare skin showing between them), but the distribution of the feather tracts (and possibly even the number and locations of the individual feathers) is locked in at hatching. Forr example, chicken breeds with the feather-foot mutation display it as chicks. So it's unlikely that the body regions of Tyrannosaurus, which are known via skin impressions to have had reticula (pebbly dinosaur 'scales', also found on the bottoms of bird feet) in adults, were feathered in the juveniles. I would be extremely surprised if protofeathers and/or pterosaur pycnofibers are homologous with mammal hair, but i suppose it's possible!
I recently finished a 10 page college paper on the evolution of flight and bird phylogeny. Nice to finally be ahead of the curve and understand the subject prior to watching your video
hi clint i would like to tell you that the carnotaurus from 5:29 is veeeery badly ai generated and is not accurate at all, its one of the top results on google so i understand why and how u got it but please avoid using images from dinasaurland theyre all horribly ai generated and none of htem are very accurate
Part of this is old news, of course. In his 1988 book, "Predatory Dinosaurs of the World," Gregory Paul said some of the dromaeosaurids showed signs of specific flight adaptations and were probably secondarily flightless. On the other hand, the idea that the juveniles could fly is something I haven't heard before. That would be fascinating. I've seen other cases where the juveniles and the adults fill two separate niches. One that occurred to me is the ground sloth's turned-in claws. If they were really twisted for burrowing they should be turned out, toward the walls. But if the juveniles were arboreal, like modern sloths, the turned in would be an adaptation for hanging from branches that is retained by the adult.
Why did you use an AI generated photo of Carnotaurus? Why not use an actual reconstruction of the animal instead of random junk made by an AI? It doesn’t even look like a Carnotaurus.
Around 60 million years ago in Gondwana. Parrots are actually closely related to the largest group of birds, perching birds that includes the song birds.
Then you should go see AronRa's video on it :P he did a whole phylogeny of parrots (and chicken) once people said in comments that his parrot eating chicken was 'cannibalism'
It didn't take long to search this info on Google. But so, the molecular studies suggest that parrots evolved approximately 59 million years ago (range 66-51 MA) in Gondwana and according to researchers it is possible that earliest Psittaciformes were present during the K-Pg extinction event 66 million years ago. Genetically (the whole-genome DNA support) they are the sister group of the Passeriformes (passerines such as sparrows and crows), forming the clade Psittacopasserae, which is the sister group of the Falconiformes (such as falcons and kestrels). They form a clade of Eufalconimorphae, which is also a sister group of the Cariamiformes (such as seriemas and terror birds) within the Australaves. Sources found from Wikipedia: - "Did parrots exist in the Cretaceous period?" (Dyke et al. 1999) - "Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences" (Traves et al. 2006) - "Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves)" (Waterhouse 2006). ‐ "Paleogene fossil birds." (Mayr 2009). - "Stem Parrots (Aves, Halcyornithidae) from the Green River Formation and a Combined Phylogeny of Pan-Psittaciformes". (Ksepka et al. 2011) - "Mesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds" (Suh A et al. 2011) - "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" (Jarvis et al. 2014) Therefore, you're welcome, because you made me want to know too.
Knowing that Velociraptor appears to have primarily lived in a windy, semi-arid environment, now I'm picturing it launching itself off the top of a dune and catching a gust of wind to zoom down toward an unsuspecting victim
@@mapache-ehcapam I don't care, it's a scientific/educational video. That isn't even a Carnotaurus and Clint knows it. It was one of his editors who threw the slop in the video.
Why at 5:29 is there a very obvious bad AI image of a T. Rex shown when you are talking about Carnotaurus. If for some reason you are going to use AI "art" can you at least use semi-accurate pieces if any at all exist.
5:31 SERIOUSLY?! AI art AGAIN?!?! Even if we ignore the serious plagiarism issues that come with AI artwork, this one features a number of completely wrong anatomical features for Carnotaurus. You've given it a much longer snout than the real animal and MUCH longer arms with prominent elbows and only two fingers... like those of a tyrannosaurid, not of an abelisaut. Why did you do this when so much art of Carnotarus exists and is easy to find on the internet? And I KNOW that you know this artwork is bad because of your video on theropods! So why share this? Why lie to your audience?
My hypothesis about raptors is they were ambush hunters that used the trees as a launching point. Gliding down onto its prey sorta like owls. Especially when juvenile since they would've been very small and vulnerable.
@@ClintsReptiles hi there! Loved the video, we need more videos like this. The video with the 1-animal-reproduction is especially excellent. I loved it. That video made me click that Patreon link.
I never thought about that! Once you explained it with a tree to look at, I could understand this theory way better. I appreciate you giving me this interesting information, but I can't say that my family and friends do, seeing as I will be talking about this for the rest of the day/week. See you next Saturday Clint!
Yes! The content is great but some of the images he uses are absolute trash. I mean, using clips from "Jurassic World" in a video about dinosaur phylogeny is a bit of a misnomer. It's most likely a lack of understanding on the part of the editor. The researcher (Clint?) should, at the very least, preview the videos before uploading them.
Sorry I missed that one. I have asked them not to use AI images, and I try to catch them all, but given that we make more than 50 videos a year, I do miss some things.
Anyone with a relative understanding of evolution knows Tucker was either lying or misunderstanding what evolution is. This isn't a political issue, he's simply wrong, and multiple different channels including this one clearly illustrate why. If you don't like it, complain that whoever "educated" you didn't know what they were talking about. Don't be mad at scientists for explaining how evolution actually works.
It's so funny, I was listening to this video while reading through articles on my phone using the Ground News app. It surprised me to hear the ad start. Haha. I've been using Ground News for a while and have really enjoyed it.
I really hecking love learning about dinosaurs. I really enjoy these videos Clint, thanks a lot dude. ❤ This news (and other recent videos) just turns a lifelong love of dinosaurs, thinking of them as large scaly reptiles as depicted in old school art and film etc, on its head and instead now thinking of the whole world being full of large feathered birds is crazy. I love this.
I think the development of other aspects of the Velociraptor would suggest it became too heavy for full flight. However, attack and fear flights from high places wouldn't be uncommon. Even for adults.
Given the evidence, I think it's likely that they at least glided, besides feathered arms, their bodily structure is fairly similar to that of current birds of prey
I imagine velociraptors, even as adults, climbing trees and using their wing-like forelimbs to help stabilize and guide their aimed drops onto prey sort of like how leopards drop from trees onto their prey but with the ability to accurately drop from higher up without harming themselves due to their lightweight frames and and rudimentary gliding forelimbs.
I don't know much about juvenile raptors, but as I've seen in "YourDinosaursAreWrong" if Stephen is correct in saying that raptors had less shoulder flexibility than necessary to flap it's wings. Maybe the structure of juvelines was a bit different. But if it did not flap maybe the way it was used was to control it's trajectory on a drop-kill, it jumping from a cliff edge or something on top of prey.
Great video Clint! I think flight could be a great advantage to help young, vulnerable juveniles to escape from other predators and survive, until they reached maturity and could defend themselves better. Kinda like how chickens can fly a little bit to get on tree branches to roost at night away from ground predators. Also, considering juvenile raptor dinosaurs would have a diet of mostly insects as opposed to the adult diet of vertebrate meat, being able to fly a little bit could help them catch flying insects or get to treetops to grab the arboreal insects. Kinda like... chickens occasionally flying a little to reach delicious morsels of food up high. This probably means young raptors flew a little worse than chickens, just enough for safety and situational foraging.
Stay informed on the latest in science and breaking news from around the world. Subscribe through my link ground.news/clint to get 40% off unlimited access with the Vantage Subscription this month.
Lol oh man this is the biggest load of crap. Come on you have got to realize with fossilized Dinosaur soft tissue protiens there is no time for evolution. Not to mention you don't have a fossil to show any kind of transitional form. It's just a bad fairy tale you push like it's reality.
Hey Clint Laidlaw, Why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a TH-cam Videos all about the 🪲Phylogeny Group Of Beetles🪲on the next Clint's Reptiles on the next Saturday coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
Hey Clint Laidlaw, Why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a TH-cam Videos all about the 🪼Phylogeny Group Of Jellyfish🪼on the next Clint's Reptiles on the next Saturday coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
Let's hope Ground News has no skeletons in its closet.
@@vikingskuld Hey look, a dumbass evolution denier in the wild.
A lot of people hear flight and think of the ability to soar like an eagle. Wild turkeys show an interesting alternative: they can fly, but only a little, and not well. They forage and hunt in the ground, but can run away from bigger predators in the air. (plus find safe bedding in trees and sometimes land in branches laden with berries.) in stone sense, turkeys have powered jumping, and there is real value in being able to leap over a tall building in a single bound, even if you can't fly like modern superman.
This is my thought as well. You don't have to be able to fly across oceans and continents for flight to be useful. Just fly well enough to evade predators or have an advantage in catching prey. So like the kid in jurassic park said. It's like a giant turkey.
@@thomashaapalainen4108 Which is completely terrifying!
@@lyndafjellman3315 I live in Massachusetts. I've been harassed by turkeys. They truly are dinosaurs they haven't forgotten their ancestors.
@@thomashaapalainen4108 I have actually seen studies suggesting that turkeys are genetically the closest to other dinosaurs than any other bird
Like peacocks
Having flight as a juvenile and then losing it as an adult sounds horrible. Really would give a new twist on nostalgia for childhood.
I thought the same. Would make me want to stay child forever 😅
Kinda like some snakes are good climbers when young but then become too heavy and learn that the painful way.
@@llSuperSnivyllBro, what about Amphibians??!! That's nostalgia on another level💀
Extremely Peter Pan vibes.
Imagine the kids annoying their parents while they're cranky.
*Juvenile flying around being a nuisance*
"IF I WERE YOUR AGE I'D FLY UP THERE AND KICK YOUR BUTT YOUNG MAN"
About fossiles discovery "I often think something is missing..."
That's flesh, mate.
i choked on this joke
(Ik its a joke) but psittacosaurus and borealepelta
@catsinspaceyt9184 Still no flesh, just rocks in the shape of flesh
@@parksto they just don't have their heart in it.
Also special appendages or abilities that are lost to time. Like for example, if skunks were extinct we’d likely never know that they had a gland to spray predators with a stinking plume in order to get away. Makes you wonder what sort of special abilities some dinosaurs may have had that simply would not have preserved?
"though we have considerable evidence that it was generally held off the ground as depicted in Jurassic Park" except in moments when it needed to clack it against a polished concrete floor to intimidate its prey.
Obviously...
@@ClintsReptiles love your channel!!!! where did you get that RAD tie in this video???
@@sasr78 A fan/viewer sent it to him.
@@sasr78I guess you didn't watch the whole video... 🧐
@@ClintsReptiles Sorry to be the "actually" guy, but it looks like a few reconstructions in this video are misused. Specifically...:
-That's Willoughby's Acheroraptor in the thumbnail, yet it's implied to be Velociraptor.
-That's Wierum's Deinonychus & Dromaeosaurus at 4:51, yet they're used to illustrate Microraptoria & Velociraptorinae, respectively.
Here's an allegory for why I think people have a hard time accepting that birds are dinosaurs. Imagine if, thousands of years from now, the only mammals left are manatees. I'd say they're the most unusual mammals - they're fully-aquatic, have no hindlimbs, and have six neck vertebrae (most mammal embryos dissolve if they don't have exactly seven). In this hypothetical future, palaeontologists (probably crows) dig up a human skeleton and try to figure out what its closest living relative is. "Manatee" is unlikely to be their first guess... until they look closer at the jaw and inner ear bones.
You won me over with "probably crows".
This is a great analogy, although bats may be a more apt example. Bats are to mammals what flying birds were to dinosaurs. They’re the only flying mammals, and a future non-human paleontologist might struggle to relate the hypothetical bat radiation of mammals to the modern (their prehistoric) radiation. Bats and whales being more closely related to each other than either is to a rodent probably wouldn’t be their first guess.
@@monkeymanchronicles That reminds me, I've been reading a pop sci book called The Unexpected Truth About Animals. I like most of it, but at one point is says bats are more closely related to humans than they are to rodents, which I'm pretty sure was outdated when the book was published in 2016 gaaaaaaah.
@@NitroIndigoMay be about the same, though. Primates and bats are both more closely related to rodents than they are to other mammal groups.
@@terryflynn6927 see thats not true, bats are laurasiatheres in a group with the carnivorans, ungulates, pangolins, and shrews/hedgehogs. Primates and Rodents are euarchontaglires that are both equally distant (but related to the) the laurasiatheres.
Adult Velociraptors remembering childhood:
"Out among the stars I sailed, way beyond the moon.... In my silver ship I sailed away the afternoon...."
No way they knew what ships are.
@@ScrinwaipwrShip = Stick floating in a Lake :D
@@Firestar-TV😂
where's that quote from? 🤔
@@marsbase3729 A song from Toy Story. It's about Buzz Lightyear realizing that he's a toy and can't fly.
I love the idea of little velociraptor kids flying around like crazy, annoying their flightless parents.
IF YOU DON'T GET DOWN HERE RIGHT...NOW...
It would keep the young much safer if the adults were cannibalistic
Consider how much coaxing juvenile birds usually need from their parents to start flying in the first place. Ain't that an odd circumstance where it isn't taught?
@@radikaldesignz well, assuming pack hunting, it could be likely that the juvenile condition persists for over a year, thus hatchlings would be taught by their siblings before the siblings were large enough to establish their own packs.
@@theapexsurvivor9538Well only Deinonychus shows evidence of pack hunting, while other Dromeosaurids like Velociraptor show almost no evidence
Fun Fact: Juveniles velociraptors evolved the ability to fly so they could reach door knobs.
So you are saying something like this? th-cam.com/video/Za6sF5G21bY/w-d-xo.htmlsi=UxtbIvsAnFieiwHa
I heard it was because they wanted to get higher up so they'd have a better view of the flag on the moon so they could prove their drunk, flightless uncles wrong.
you win the internet
Powered flight seems to me to not be required for the wings to be useful. Leaps, glides, landings, high speed turns etc seems quite useful and also not require a lot of extra muscles making it a low investment feature.
Yeah, even if juveniles could fly and lost that ability as they matured, I have to assume those wings would still be useful for running and leaping at the very least.
@@Vox-Multis And making quick turns and breaking falls..
I've got chickens and occasionally you have to catch one for whatever reason and them using their wings for quick turns is one of the hardest parts. I'm much faster than them running in s straight line but they'll seem to almost instantly change direction mid run.
the fact that even the earliest feathered dinosaurs had not only the thermoregulating fuzz on the body, but also "wings" might indeed be a sign that they used them more as control surfaces. Like a spoiler to make tight turns when hunting small, agile prey.
I absolutely love all the peripheral subjects this channel is branching into. My 5 year old daughter loves dinosaurs, so we've been enjoying these together. Thank you so much Clint and crew!
39 seconds ago
Another good channel for her is Your Dinosaurs are Wrong. It's an excellent educational channel that goes over how dinosaurs are anatomically borked in movies and toys
@@deaconvelos8352 YDAW might be a bit too technical for a 5 year old, but it is a great channel
@@caimansaurus5564 I just watched the Allosaurus episode and I completely agree with you that it would be too technical for a 5yo if she were watching on her own, but I think itll be ok if I watch with her and use it as a vehicle for discussion.
If it could climb, and is shaped like it could fly .... glide hunter? That is some how even more terrifying...
I agree completely!
Are there any extant birds that can glide, but not fly? How does one differentiate between evidence for extended gliding vs powered flight in non-avian dinosaurs?
@@AminaXIII, there are hunters who hit you from above after a short fast chase: cats, and they also have their special claws.
It would make sense to have the vicious claws if they could strike from above somehow.
@@AminaXIIIYes, Turkeys, Chickens, etc
@@appw_ I think of Turkeys and Chickens as having limited self-powered flight (aka they can get off the ground by flapping their wings). The sort of gliding I was thinking of was more how flying squirrels or sugargliders glide, but can't generate their own lift.
The forearm's length isn't the issue, it's knowing how big the feathers were for flight. Most birds don't have very long arms for their feathers and the flight feathers stretch way beyond that. So, in theory, Velociraptor could easily have wings large enough to, at least, glide.
But there's one other issue - posture. If you have wings, you don't want the feathers to get damaged while running or while attacking prey with your claws. Velociraptor would have had to tuck its arms in most of the time to prevent damage to the flight feathers, but the claws were definitely used by it for dealing with prey, given the size of their claws on their hands.
It could be that the quill knobs helped pin the flight feathers back when they were harassing prey. I imagine quill knobs are used not just for spreading feathers forward but tucking them in when resting. So it'd be likely these guys did the same.
One other thing to ask is "if Velociraptor had wing-like structure, what is that structure for?" Flight or gliding is a reasonable answer. Warmth is another, but to have such long feathers on the forearms? Nah, you don't need long feathers for that. It could be that these were used in attracting mates though. Most animals seem to develop features through what helps them survive or what females find attractive in their mate. So I could see the forearm feathers being used to attract mates. Doesn't take much imagination to see them dancing with these in a mating display.
Overall, I'd say it'd likely they at least glided and maybe flew as chicks. Then again, I wouldn't be surprised if they didn't fly at all. It's very hard to study creatures like this when they aren't alive.
@@salamisofdragons4597 There ought to be some correlation between the size of the quills and the length of the feather, surely. It'd be interesting to see a study on how long the flight feathers on Velociraptor could've been, based on the bones.
Wing loading is a major issue. It would be way to high to fly or glide. If you want to look into this check out Pei et al. 2020 and some of the follow ups. Oh I'm a co author on that, and did the actual flight possiblity calculations so if you have any questions just ask. Cheers
Just an alternative point to the claws, it's possible they didn't use them for hunting, but to help with eating, or possibly also a mating or threat display.
Then I guess it's a good thing that there are scientists who ignored the warning of Jurassic Park and are actively trying to bring them back to life
Our "Blind Spot" is about how Deinonychus walked, trotted, ran, and attacked, with its two legs AND TAIL. Roosters don't have heavy tails that they can balance on. Deinonychus bodies were OVERWHELMINGLY well-adapted to eating prey on land. The tail made a huge difference, and was probably injured often by other Deinonychus. It did not walk, run, nor bite like a rooster. It was a TERRIBLE lizard because it had a "rooster brain and a lizard body".
Just here because I feel the need to tell you that the "Carnotaurus" at 5:29 is not a Carnotaurus at all. Carnotaurus' face was much more blunt and its arms much more stubby, faced backwards and had four fingers each. It was such a cool and unique creature and the fact that so many media depictions of it just make it a horned tyrannosaur makes me sad.
This is also AI so its Complete wrong
AI art often makes any dinosaur have a more tyrannosaurian face, even things like triceratops or brachiosaurus (I've seen it, it sucks.)
yeah, it's pretty disappointing to see an AI image on a channel that cares so much about scientific accuracy. Every once in a while I'll see one and be tempted to just close the video from putting a so obviously incorrect image, and someone who may not know otherwise might think that is a correct depiction of a Carnotaurus.
@@Scrinwaipwr thats hilarious lmao im iamgining a brachiosaurus with a trex head
@@parks310 yeah i agree fully i wonder if its just an iamge hes found on google images or if u he did use ai to generate it himself
I guess that it flew more like a chicken - quick bursts low to the ground. They probably did so to assist in pouncing on prey
That's what I was thinking too
Chickens can fly kinda high, but I get what you are saying.
Or as an aid to escaping predators. Anything that makes you faster/unpredictable manoeuvrable is a benefit
@@conanhighwoods4304 short bursts is the point, yes
That's what I'm thinking. Adult velociraptors would be terrible fliers but I think it's possible that they could still fly to an extent even as adults like chickens do.
"That isn't flying, that's falling with style."
Great vid, as usual.
I’d love a special that covers where many lineages were at when the K-T extinction happened. I’m always curious as to which families were already around
Hey! Non-proffesional opinion here, given the current understanding of the dromaeosauridae, it is likely the entire group is secondarily flightless, and microraptorians tertiarily flighted! Id love to go onto studing this eventually in my professional career, but what little we have from the jurassic for dromaeosauridae, seems to point that they stem directly from flighted ancestors! Great video as always clint!
Both halszkaraptors and unenlagiins had much shorter flight/arm feathers than things like velociraptor and deinonychus.
Our "Blind Spot" is about how Deinonychus walked, trotted, ran, and attacked, with its two legs AND TAIL. Roosters don't have heavy tails that they can balance on. Deinonychus bodies were OVERWHELMINGLY well-adapted to eating prey on land. The tail made a huge difference, and was probably injured often by other Deinonychus. It did not walk, run, nor bite like a rooster. Do ya think it was like a goose or duck, instead?
Your misunderstanding within the context of Evolution is about what it means to be someone who DOES exhibit "filial piety" (or who acknowledges that previous "pioneers" existed) (or ANY such piety) AND knows what "Being Reasonable" is. If your life was ACTUALLY a life-and-death debate with someone else, it wouldn't be a verbal debate, and there would be many other reasons why such a debate has never ever happened. Use your imagination at all times. China is watching. Don't disgrace us. Just because they invented a way to blast through walls doesn't mean we don't have the ability to participate in conversations among ourselves.
Alternatively, if you believe you're the only one, and you're supposed to start and finish "science" by being the only scientist ever needed to exist & "finishing the job", we will all consider you to be a reformer, and you will lose your balance, and this will likely be fatal. Appreciate your own civilizedness. You KNOW what it is. Don't fail to appreciate it. It will enlighten many people. That's all science wants from us now, anyway.
@@seanrowshandel1680Actually. It did walk and run like a Rooster. The tail made a small difference. Also, what about Archaeopteryx? It and some other Mesozoic "Birds" did have long bony tails? The leg bones are extremely similar between modern Roosters and Velociraptors. Is that just magically similar? No. They indicate a not wholly unlike way of operating.
Being chased by a dromaeosaur is scary enough. If it starts _flying,_ I’d just give up.
Naa... You get a spear and a bow and start chasing it instead... Just like native Americans did with turkeys before they managed to get themselves a gun.
Some dromeosaurids would require some pretty big oven, though.
Chicken sized raptor? That's free ancient chicken right there.
'Bout to become Drom-aero-saur
@@ObatongoSensei Turkeys don't have pinning talons, a jaw full of serrated teeth, clawed grappling "wings" and the mindset of an active mainline predator. Would a human with weapons prevail? Of course, especially if you got the drop on it. But if not? I'd suggest considering the sheer amount of damage and pain a bobcat can deal to you in close range before you kill it. Now make it bipedal, give it mad jumps, and its coming at you with all the energy of a Canadian goose with the weapons to back up its threat.
People really act like humans don't freak out when birds go on offense, then say with confidence they could take something substantially more deadly and threatening like its a cake walk. Even unarmed against a velo a human is pretty certain to come out on top. But you are going to be a bloody mess by the time its over. Something like Deinonychus could easily end the average person. Weapons or not.
@@smugreptile6695 "Grappling wings" is quite an overstatement, since those things could not rotate their wrist to actually grapple anything. Their front claws were pointed towards themselves, not their prey or enemy. Good for carrying eggs and little else.
Their teeth were pretty small and fragile too, being more suited to feeding than to fighting. A bite would be painful, but they would probably use it only as a last resort.
Kicking was their method of fighting, just like chickens and turkeys. Now that would be dangerous, as modern large flightless birds clearly show.
But against a human with a spear? There would be no game, not even for a utahraptor. Against bows and javelins it would be even worse, as it would be with adding a shield.
Spears simply negate any chance for those toothed birds to retaliate in any meaningful way just by reach alone.
By the way, jumping towards a human with a spear would be suicidal. Impaling yourself is hardly a good combat strategy.
that title was a jumpscare lmao. i once got death and doxxing threats on tumblr from a guy who kept harassing the paleontology blogs because he believed velociraptors could fly. i wonder where he is now.
Jhonfaa?
MFs really be acting like the safety of their family depends on proving theoretical paleofauna behavior to strangers online.
That, or he was an easily influenced teen (or younger) that saw those threats being thrown around casually while wandering around the wrong side of the internet. Hell, he could be an easily influenced adult for all I know; seen a lot those around the internet as of late.
@@christiancinnabars1402I think 90% of people who act like that online are definitely either children or undiagnosed for something lol
Imagine being actually killed because of your theoretical dinosaur behavior takes
@@lingus1382 Nah, sometimes people are just Aholes.
I love that I came to this channel many years ago while researching what snakes to keep as pets, and now it’s just my favorite paleontology and etymology channel
I recently painted a 3D printed velociraptor skull I got, now I can stare at it wistfully during this video lol
“You didn’t tell me you could fly-!?!”
“Alas, poor Velociraptor. I knew him well.”
I’ve always liked the image of them jumping and gliding down steep terrain and trees, the reptilian personification of a flying squirrel and a mountain goat but I look forward to seeing where Clint takes us with this 😁
Prehistoric Planet has an awesome section of them hunting pterosaurs just like that.
Juvenile flight makes perfect sense to me.
I raise turkeys (a distant cousin of velociraptor) and while adults can technically fly, its the juveniles that can fly higher, faster, and with better accuracy than the adults
Seeing as how Hoatzins use their dino hands as babies to juveniles for climbing - then gradually lose them as they turn into adults and are left only with wings
The possibility for velociraptors having had the same thing but reversed may not be far fetched 😮
Hoatzins never really lose their claws. They just don’t use them that much as adults. I could see them being used as light defense weapons.
They don't lose them, they just get covered up by feathers! A lot of fowl and waterfowl also have wing claws, they're just not visible because of feathers covering them
@@LordCrate-du8zm they only shrink to accomodate the wing formation - as much as in any other avian bird's which they also include tiny claws
Compared to Muscovy ducks or cassowaries they don't stick out as much
@@batfurs3001 yes indeed
Though what I meant by lose is they begin to lack the ability to use them as baby to juvenile as they no longer stick out and have gotten nerfed to accomodate the ,,strong wing" formation more
Another Clint dinosaur video is always an absolute treat! However, *why the flash of ai-generated Carnotaurus?* There’s so much nice paleoart shown off here and that little energy-sucking amorphous blob just feels so wrong amongst them. In fact, AI-generated media is such an ecological, economic, and ethical disaster that I’d greatly appreciate a whole video on the topic.
The AI was unintentional. You can see the copyright in the bottom right corner. Clint’s team must have picked it up by mistake.
I'm also really bothered by that. It doesn't even look like a carnotaurus. Its A T-rex with weird allosaurus head.
It's economic and social sure, but how tf is it an _ecological_ one? It's not like the crypto where you need to burn hundreds of kilowatts of power to do every single operation...
@@DarthBiomech training and running generative AI systems takes a monumental amount of computational power/electricity, and it’s already been shown to be very detrimental in terms of greenhouse gas emission and water consumption.
@@dynamoterror7077 IDK about training, but running it certainly isn't monumental. Out of the curiosity I've downloaded it (know your enemy!), and it loaded my PC no worse than a typical video game.
I mean training it does require running PCs hot for weeks at end, but so does, say, rendering of CGI for films, and I've never heard anybody saying how films are environmentally unfriendly and we should get rid of CGI.
Yes... we want the dromeosaurids video aswell... we are into that kind of thing ;)
What do you mean *if* we want a video from you about dromaeosaurids? The answer is YES. I was gleefully shouting at the screen before you'd even finished speaking!
This video was so cool and I'm always so appreciative of the amount of effort you put into all your videos. Thank you, as always, for sharing with us.
I would argue that Jurassic Park had no dinosaurs. They had the start with real dinosaur dna but were genetically engineered to match the, at the time, idea of what a dinosaur was and in later movies just modified to have other traits.
Very true
i mean, Jurassic Park III says it all
they're all just "genetically modified theme park monsters", something along the lines of that
The fact that birds are without a shadow of a doubt theropod dinosaurs is the reason why they have been one of my top favorite animals since I was 11-years old. Birds are stinking rad!
I'm 60 and my favorite dinosaur is the Allosaurus. Tyrannosaurus only became popular in the 1980s and Velociraptors much latter.
@@williamzk9083 I favor all of the theropods because one: the terrifying dinosaurs like t. rex and "velociraptor" (actually a deinonychus) that do all of the killings in the Jurassic Park franchise are theropods and two: they are the clade of dinosaurs in which modern birds like chicken, ducks, hummingbirds, etc. belong.
Awesome video.
The idea that dromaeosaurids may have been secondarily flightless never occurred to me, but makes a lot of sense as a possibility. And the concept of the infants having powered flight as a defensive measure and then losing it as they grow is mind-blowing!
Although there are flying birds today that weigh around the same as velociraptor (Trumpeter Swans and especially large Kori Bustards), they still have significantly longer wingspans than what velociraptor would have possessed. So to me it seems especially unlikely adults would be able to fly, but I don't doubt they had better maneuverability in the air to some degree thanks to their retained flight-adapted traits.
This is like how young Dimetrodon were theorized to be able to climb trees but adults were too heavy. The kids really don’t know how good they have it.
see also: Komodo dragons.
When I was young I was able to climb trees and now I am too heavy 😢
I don't know about Velociraptor but a fact that might be relevant: Although commonly considered flightless, I know for a fact that chickens can actually fly if they want to (which they rarely do). I know this because my family used to have chickens and once while they were fleeing from a marten attack, they flew onto the roof of our house. For reference: Our house is three stories high. It certainly didn't look very elegant and it was definitely not normal behaviour for them, or anything that wouldn't put serious stresses on their bodies, but they could do it nonetheless. So even though Velociraptor might not have flown in a conventional birdlike manner, I think that there might be a possibility, that they could pull it off if it was necessary to their survival, even though their bodies might not have been "designed" for it.
mom using a ~1m fence around the chicken coop, which mostly seem to keep them inside, but they can probably jump at least 2m high if they want.
think there have been some cases where they jumped out of her garden with an even higher fence as well.
but for some reason they seem to prefer not doing that.
@@smievil Most birds prefer to not fly if they don't have to. It's an incredible waste of energy. And I totally see how a 1 m fence can keep chickens from running/flying off.
Hello Clint! A bit of feedback for later videos. I noticed some minor mistakes in the imaging. That "carnotaurus image" was awful AI that looks absolutely nothing like carnotaurus. An image of deinonychus, a velociraptorine, was also used for microraptoria in the phylogeny.
If a turkey can fly, why not a velociraptor? ok i just want it to be true just so i can call them death turkeys 😆
I live in Massachusetts. Let me tell you. Regular North American turkeys are murder turkeys. It's all fun and games when you're doing stuff in your yard and you get chased off by a swarm of scrotum birds, with the combined brain power to barley charge a Nokia cell phone.
Turkeys have much more aerodynamic bodies and a large keel to attach muscles to. If velociraptor could fly as an adult it would only be about as much as a domestic chicken can fly.
Definitely I'd be happy to see a video of the Deinonychosauria this December.
So, I'm now imagining velociraptor behaving a lot like chickens, being able to fly but only so far. Which... is actually still kinda terrifying. xD
Clint's videos are always so good omg ;;
Except the AI image about a "carnotaurus"! Paleoartists make awesome and accurate art!!
I just missed that. I have asked the editors not to use AI art, and that image is particularly terrible...
@@ClintsReptilesit's okay Clint! Thank you for being so understanding!
@ClintsReptiles it's good Dino art. But not a carno.
@@borttorbbq2556It’s not art, it’s a computer generated remix.
@@Wolfie54545 get over yourself. Haha I go by wolfie irl haha. Anyways ai art is still art. Just not done by a human.
Something i would really like to see in a video is going over what we know about dinosaur eggs and offspring- if we know anything. or just hear theory's and thoughts about it. Stuff like if any dinosaurs cared for there young or if dinosaurs had an egg tooth to break out of the egg or did they have another way to break out. obviously questions like this probably cant be answered but it would be fun to see peoples thoughts and theory's on it.
(if there's a video going over this out there on the internet anywhere please let me know i would love to watch it. )
been binge watching all the dinosaur videos on this channel and have developed a STRONG dinosaur obsession love these videos!
For every non-avian dinosaur video on this channel, I cannot but imagine a parody video like "Velociraptor, the best pet reptile?"
(Probably not, since there are hints they could have been endotherms so a lot of food and poop)
Not to mention space. You'd need a big backyard with a high fence, same as for greyhounds.
The rating would be tanked for availability alone.
Birds being direct descendants of dinosaurs doesn't make them dinosaurs themselves.
@@ДАРТАНЬЯН-з2щ That's literally how it works. If A is derivative from B, then A is also a B.
@@llSuperSnivyll A is not B just because it derives from B.
Considering a leading theory is that birds are neotenic (adults with juvenile traits) maniraptorans, then dromies (which took longer to grow up than birds) having a young stage in their lives where they could at least glide seems quite reasonable.
like how axolotl is juvenile looking salamanders
8:07 NGL, it's a weird transition to say that flight likely didn't evolve seperately three times in a single clade then use a Cassowar; a flightless bird famously related to other flightless birds who all independently lost their ability to fly.
I mean, I understand that losing a high energy, unuseful adaptation just makes sense. I was just amused you went with what to mean is like the most famous example of a line of descendents developing the same trait multiple times on their own.
Don't know what you're trying to say. Are you saying that it's easier to evolve flight than to lose flight specifically with feathered wing surfaces? Because I think it is definitely more likely for the opposite.
Flying Velociraptors..... That is the coolest and scariest idea I have heard about these dinos in a HOT minute!! And I would love a video all about the Dromaeosauridae clade! Thanks for the great video Clint!
Their pretty small
Loved the new style of video!
I love that this channel makes me feel good about having never grown out of thinking dinosaurs are cool.
I'd be disappointed if you did...
The only thing correct about that Carnotaurus image is... uh, there are ferns? Dinosaur is entirely wrong. Head looks like a Papo T.rex Tyrannosaurus rex head with a ton of extra horns added, forelimbs on Carnotaurus were famously small and stubby, and what's happening to the backwards-turned claw on that back foot? Ugh, hate AI imagery. Otherwise, great vid!
whats the timestamp? i think i missed it.
@@peytoia Another commenter mentioned it & time stamped it at 5:29, but the image shows up at 5:28.
Clint didn’t intentionally use the AI art, apparently this thing called “dinosaur land” owns that photo.
I would imagine Clint didn't put that photo in the video and just someone on the team
Ya that’s just a horned T Rex.
I just love the idea of essentially just a bird with teeth.
In the Cretaceous most birds had teeth, but all the birds that survived the k-t extinction were beaked.
@@bonecanoe86 Right, I had a feeling that was the case. Thanks for clearing that up!
Enantiornithes!
Geese
@@guidoylosfreaks Geese 'teeth' are not true teeth but serrated edges of cartilage on their beak called tomia.
The funny thing, Clint, is that you didn't think this type of video was going to be your money-maker.
You thought your videos rating different animals on a scale of 1 - 5 were going to be your bread and butter.
I'd like to hypothesize that your viewers have gotten to the point that we want more.
I'm so glad you're giving us this opportunity to learn more in depth/details that give us an even better place to keep building.
I still like the 1 - 5 videos and enjoy sending friends and family to peruse through them while they're looking for a new family member - feathered or scaled (or furred).
You've been able to help my youngest niece pick out the type of skink she'd like best!
On many levels, Dr. Laidlaw, thank you.
🦖 🦎 🐦 🐈 🐕 🐁
I hate bullshit and inaccuracy so I love his mythbusting and I find evolution and phylogenetic bracketing absolutely fascinating so I'm totally into a lot of Clint and co's current content.
Hooray! More dinosaur videos! These are my favorite videos that you make.
Can't wait for Dinosaur December!
That cookie joke got me so hard 😂😂
I love all your videos, Clint. It's obvious that you are doing something you love, and the enthusiasm is infectious. Your videos always brighten my day, and teach me something new. Please just keep being you, and we'll keep watching.
If their young could fly, I wonder if it was to keep them off the ground and out of reach of predators, part of niche partitioning where the young would hunt small prey in trees etc before they were big enough to compete with adults for prey on the ground, or maybe both
Like baby Komodo dragons!
I often refer creationists to this channel to show that someone can believe in God and still accept evolution (even though I personally do not believe in any deity). I am typically responded to with insults towards myself or towards Clint who is objectively a nicer person than I am. You are doing great work Clint, keep it up.
It's possible that t.rex also was feathered...initially. Meaning its ancestors. And maybe itself, sparsely.
That, like the elephant with hair, it lost most of its feathers because of its need to shed heat.
Large animals struggle with gigantothermy, where their volume has increased faster than their surface area, so that they produce too much heat to be insulated.
Given that at least protofeathers appear to be a primitive trait of the coelurosaurs (see: Sinosauropteryx), Tyrannosaurus almost certainly had feathered ancestors. However the idea of feathered T. rex chicks and scaly adults is rather unlikely bc there is no precedent for any dinosaurs (possibly no even any diapsids) trading one integumentary structure (in the same region of the skin) for another during their ontogeny.
many living dinosaurs (such as songbirds) have altricial young that appear featherless but if you look closely you will see that they have very thin, sparse feathers.
hey Clint is there any chance we could get a deep dive some time on the different types of reptile integumentary structures (scales, reticula, scutes, osteoderms, feathers, and pycnofibers) and their phylogenetic distribution and possible homologies? it's a very fascinating topic.
@@heatherc.7706 Baby elephants and whales have more hair than adults. Baby humans have fur, called lanugo, in the womb.
The concept of baby development recapitulating evolution has some basis in fact, though not in the strict sense that it was originally proposed. So it wouldn't be surprising if baby tyrannosaurs had some evidence of feathers. Or even if the adults had SOME feathers, for sexual displays or whatever. The fossil skin doesn't eliminate that. Fossil elephant skin could leave one thinking elephants don't have ANY hair, but they do.
Also, it's interesting to note that it's possible that the LCA of ALL dinosaurs had some kind of feather, or proto-feather. It's actually possible that even the Last Common Ancestor of Sauropsids and Synapsids had some kind of thermoregulation more advanced than ectothermy, leading to some insulation developing long before dinosaurs.
@@KAZVorpal i think it's quite possible that tyrannosaurus had feather tracts! what i'm saying is there is no evidence that *dinosaurs* - or any sauropsids, as far as i know - can replace one type of integument with another during their ontogeny.
Sometimes moults change the structure of the feathers or their relative size (and thus, the amount of bare skin showing between them), but the distribution of the feather tracts (and possibly even the number and locations of the individual feathers) is locked in at hatching. Forr example, chicken breeds with the feather-foot mutation display it as chicks.
So it's unlikely that the body regions of Tyrannosaurus, which are known via skin impressions to have had reticula (pebbly dinosaur 'scales', also found on the bottoms of bird feet) in adults, were feathered in the juveniles.
I would be extremely surprised if protofeathers and/or pterosaur pycnofibers are homologous with mammal hair, but i suppose it's possible!
I recently finished a 10 page college paper on the evolution of flight and bird phylogeny. Nice to finally be ahead of the curve and understand the subject prior to watching your video
hi clint i would like to tell you that the carnotaurus from 5:29 is veeeery badly ai generated and is not accurate at all, its one of the top results on google so i understand why and how u got it but please avoid using images from dinasaurland theyre all horribly ai generated and none of htem are very accurate
When Clint asks if we would be interested in whatever video he suggests the answer is always YES!
5:29 Please don't use AI art to depict dinosaurs. It can bring down your reputation and the image looks nothing like an abelisaurid.
I have told the editors not to use AI art, but I missed that one. It's particularly horrible...
@@ClintsReptiles I agree
Fire them
Part of this is old news, of course. In his 1988 book, "Predatory Dinosaurs of the World," Gregory Paul said some of the dromaeosaurids showed signs of specific flight adaptations and were probably secondarily flightless.
On the other hand, the idea that the juveniles could fly is something I haven't heard before. That would be fascinating. I've seen other cases where the juveniles and the adults fill two separate niches.
One that occurred to me is the ground sloth's turned-in claws. If they were really twisted for burrowing they should be turned out, toward the walls. But if the juveniles were arboreal, like modern sloths, the turned in would be an adaptation for hanging from branches that is retained by the adult.
Aves is generally pronounced with two syllables. Latin does not have silent letters.
Loved having this format in the mix. So informative and explained in a way my 7 year old followed and engaged in the conversation. Brilliant work!
Why did you use an AI generated photo of Carnotaurus? Why not use an actual reconstruction of the animal instead of random junk made by an AI? It doesn’t even look like a Carnotaurus.
😄 CrankyAf indeed
I definitely do not understand about 3/4 of the things you are explaining but I still love them and never miss an episode ❤
i really want to know when and where parrots diverged from 'normal' birds
Edit: i have 3, 2 macaws and a counure
And then when peregrines diverged from parrots 😁
Around 60 million years ago in Gondwana. Parrots are actually closely related to the largest group of birds, perching birds that includes the song birds.
Very recently, I think.
Then you should go see AronRa's video on it :P he did a whole phylogeny of parrots (and chicken) once people said in comments that his parrot eating chicken was 'cannibalism'
It didn't take long to search this info on Google. But so, the molecular studies suggest that parrots evolved approximately 59 million years ago (range 66-51 MA) in Gondwana and according to researchers it is possible that earliest Psittaciformes were present during the K-Pg extinction event 66 million years ago.
Genetically (the whole-genome DNA support) they are the sister group of the Passeriformes (passerines such as sparrows and crows), forming the clade Psittacopasserae, which is the sister group of the Falconiformes (such as falcons and kestrels). They form a clade of Eufalconimorphae, which is also a sister group of the Cariamiformes (such as seriemas and terror birds) within the Australaves.
Sources found from Wikipedia:
- "Did parrots exist in the Cretaceous period?" (Dyke et al. 1999)
- "Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences" (Traves et al. 2006)
- "Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves)" (Waterhouse 2006).
‐ "Paleogene fossil birds." (Mayr 2009).
- "Stem Parrots (Aves, Halcyornithidae) from the Green River Formation and a Combined Phylogeny of Pan-Psittaciformes". (Ksepka et al. 2011)
- "Mesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds" (Suh A et al. 2011)
- "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds" (Jarvis et al. 2014)
Therefore, you're welcome, because you made me want to know too.
Knowing that Velociraptor appears to have primarily lived in a windy, semi-arid environment, now I'm picturing it launching itself off the top of a dune and catching a gust of wind to zoom down toward an unsuspecting victim
5:29 I really hope this was your editor who put this in because that's AI. I really hope this is edited out soon.
Nobody likes a whiny brat... I do dislike AI art too, but let's not get all touchy about it.
@@mapache-ehcapam No.
Using AI ""art"" in a scientific/educational video is unacceptable.
It needs to be called out, whether intentional or not.
@@mapache-ehcapam I don't care, it's a scientific/educational video. That isn't even a Carnotaurus and Clint knows it. It was one of his editors who threw the slop in the video.
@@mapache-ehcapam Nobody likes people who complain other people for rightfully pointing out AI garbage
@@Fede_99 Lets all act all spoiled now and demand things from others.
You guys weren't raised right.
I was very excited to hear about flying velociraptor! I was NOT expecting to hear about flying deinonychus! That's so cool!!
Why at 5:29 is there a very obvious bad AI image of a T. Rex shown when you are talking about Carnotaurus. If for some reason you are going to use AI "art" can you at least use semi-accurate pieces if any at all exist.
He is telling other people that it just slipped by him and that he has asked his editors not to use ai
@@G-man33568 Good to know also to answer your other comment, I'm aware of that I just didn't want to come off as rude.
@@AlysIThink101 yeah my bad it was a stupid comment
I wanted to look at the sources, but they weren't there :(
5:31 SERIOUSLY?! AI art AGAIN?!?! Even if we ignore the serious plagiarism issues that come with AI artwork, this one features a number of completely wrong anatomical features for Carnotaurus. You've given it a much longer snout than the real animal and MUCH longer arms with prominent elbows and only two fingers... like those of a tyrannosaurid, not of an abelisaut. Why did you do this when so much art of Carnotarus exists and is easy to find on the internet? And I KNOW that you know this artwork is bad because of your video on theropods! So why share this? Why lie to your audience?
Look at recent comments about how he responded does not want ai stuff in the vids
My hypothesis about raptors is they were ambush hunters that used the trees as a launching point. Gliding down onto its prey sorta like owls. Especially when juvenile since they would've been very small and vulnerable.
That's my opinion as well. And it's terrifying!
Hello
Well hi there!
@@ClintsReptiles hi there!
Loved the video, we need more videos like this.
The video with the 1-animal-reproduction is especially excellent. I loved it. That video made me click that Patreon link.
I never thought about that! Once you explained it with a tree to look at, I could understand this theory way better. I appreciate you giving me this interesting information, but I can't say that my family and friends do, seeing as I will be talking about this for the rest of the day/week. See you next Saturday Clint!
Clint, please refrain from using AI-generated content like the "Carnotaurus" in this video
Yes! The content is great but some of the images he uses are absolute trash. I mean, using clips from "Jurassic World" in a video about dinosaur phylogeny is a bit of a misnomer. It's most likely a lack of understanding on the part of the editor. The researcher (Clint?) should, at the very least, preview the videos before uploading them.
Sorry I missed that one. I have asked them not to use AI images, and I try to catch them all, but given that we make more than 50 videos a year, I do miss some things.
I really want to see a dino documentary depicting raptors as flying predators, just sounds so cool and terrifying
Leftists suppressing Tucker rather than allowing discussion/debate and learning across the board is a terrible hinderance to science.
Carlson?! It's the opposite, that ignoramus is a hinderance to science.
@@Dr.Ian-Plect Your intolerant, ignorant bigotry is noted, with amusement.
@@michaelvarney. Your deliberate second round of nonsense criticism is noted with disdain. Muted.
@@Dr.Ian-Plect your doubling down of your ignorance, followed by an ostrich impersonation, is noted… with amusement.
Anyone with a relative understanding of evolution knows Tucker was either lying or misunderstanding what evolution is. This isn't a political issue, he's simply wrong, and multiple different channels including this one clearly illustrate why. If you don't like it, complain that whoever "educated" you didn't know what they were talking about. Don't be mad at scientists for explaining how evolution actually works.
Did not expect to get hit with a dino doing the thriller dance @6 mins 😂
Everybody gangsta until the velociraptor starts flying.
It's so funny, I was listening to this video while reading through articles on my phone using the Ground News app. It surprised me to hear the ad start. Haha. I've been using Ground News for a while and have really enjoyed it.
Would you please discuss the evolution of beaks from toothed dinosaurs? Or the evolution of beaks in general, since it occurs in a lot in nature
This is fascinating! Thanks for another informative video Clint!
I had known about the hypothesis on Paraves starting out with a flying feathery ancestor, but you just made the topic so much more interesting to me!
I really hecking love learning about dinosaurs. I really enjoy these videos Clint, thanks a lot dude. ❤
This news (and other recent videos) just turns a lifelong love of dinosaurs, thinking of them as large scaly reptiles as depicted in old school art and film etc, on its head and instead now thinking of the whole world being full of large feathered birds is crazy. I love this.
Stumbled upon this video and I'm super glad that I did. Loved the lesson, keep doing what you're doing!
I think the development of other aspects of the Velociraptor would suggest it became too heavy for full flight.
However, attack and fear flights from high places wouldn't be uncommon. Even for adults.
Given the evidence, I think it's likely that they at least glided, besides feathered arms, their bodily structure is fairly similar to that of current birds of prey
I imagine velociraptors, even as adults, climbing trees and using their wing-like forelimbs to help stabilize and guide their aimed drops onto prey sort of like how leopards drop from trees onto their prey but with the ability to accurately drop from higher up without harming themselves due to their lightweight frames and and rudimentary gliding forelimbs.
Of course we want that video. And your tie is even cooler, than I thought at first glance^^
First time viewer, loving your passion
Love this video! And the outtakes were *chef's kiss*
Dinosaurs are such fascinating animals! I love learning about them.
Awesome new vid! Thanks for the cool science info!!!
I got so excited about this video and I'm finally on vacation! Finally had time to watch it and I'm so happy!
The image of baby velociraptors flying is so adorable :3
Rahonavis has been my favourite dinosaur for years now. Thanks for a video looking at this topic, I've been looking on TH-cam for one for years!
I don't know much about juvenile raptors, but as I've seen in "YourDinosaursAreWrong" if Stephen is correct in saying that raptors had less shoulder flexibility than necessary to flap it's wings. Maybe the structure of juvelines was a bit different. But if it did not flap maybe the way it was used was to control it's trajectory on a drop-kill, it jumping from a cliff edge or something on top of prey.
That spin you gave to that JP clip was pretty funny. Another great video.
Great video Clint! I think flight could be a great advantage to help young, vulnerable juveniles to escape from other predators and survive, until they reached maturity and could defend themselves better. Kinda like how chickens can fly a little bit to get on tree branches to roost at night away from ground predators. Also, considering juvenile raptor dinosaurs would have a diet of mostly insects as opposed to the adult diet of vertebrate meat, being able to fly a little bit could help them catch flying insects or get to treetops to grab the arboreal insects. Kinda like... chickens occasionally flying a little to reach delicious morsels of food up high. This probably means young raptors flew a little worse than chickens, just enough for safety and situational foraging.
so, does this now allows the merging of the jurassic park and rio cinematic universes?
Who would win?
A family of Blue Macaques vs Mososaur