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Hey Clint Laidlaw, Why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a TH-cam Videos all about the 🐭🐹🦫🐁🐀🐿️ Phylogeny Group Of Rodents 🐭🐹🦫🐁🐀🐿️ on the next Clint's Reptiles on the next Saturday coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
Hey Clint Laidlaw, Why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a TH-cam Videos all about the 🦔 Phylogeny Group Of Insectivores 🦔 (Insectivora), such as Shrews, Moles, Hedgehogs, Solenodons, Gymnures, Moonrats, Desmans, the Extinct West Indian Shrews, Etc. on the next Clint's Reptiles on the next Saturday coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
Hi Clint. Thanks for prefacing your explanation of dynamic soaring with something to the effect of "I'm not sure," but you might want to consider reaching out to people who would know (e.g. university professors) prior to releasing an explanation. You had some correct elements and some not-so-correct elements in the explanation. Also, the difference in distance between the top and bottom of an airfoil is one of the standard myths / mis-explanations for where lift comes from. To establish a bit of credibility, I've been working as an aerospace engineer for almost 10 years now. I'm mostly doing motor control these days, but I got my masters from the University of Colorado at Boulder doing computational fluid dynamics in the aerospace department. I'm not an expert on dynamic soaring, but I'm familiar with the basics and governing equations. Because I can't draw fancy diagrams in the TH-cam comments, consider a simplified scenario where the bird is flying into the screen at vx = +V with lateral winds of vy = +V_wind above the origin and vy = -V_wind below the origin. I'll try my best at ASCII art: x ---> V_wind × ----->y | > V_wind) which will create a large lift vector that will accelerate it in the direction of the wind. After a while, let's say that it reaches a lateral velocity of vy = +V_wind, i.e. it is moving right with the same speed as the wind such that there's no additional angle of attack or lift. If the bird then rolls to -90° and drop down below the origin where air is moving to the left, it will suddenly experience an extra angle of attack of 2V_wind/V and accelerate rapidly to the left until it is traveling at the same speed as that air. If it then trades a bit of kinetic energy to climb back above the origin where the air is moving to the right and rolls to +90°, it will once again experience an angle of attack of 2V_wind/V and accelerate to the right. This sets up a series of forces that push the bird around in a closed loop (well, helical-ish pattern since it's also still moving forward at velocity V). To overcome drag and keep V roughly constant, recall that lift acts perpendicular to the wind. However, the relative wind is not directly along the x-axis. Instead, it is angled "down" relative to the bird equal to the extra angle of attack seen by the bird. That is, 2V_wind/V when it first crosses the shear layer, decreasing to 0 as the bird accelerates to the same lateral speed as the wind. That angle also means that the lift vector is tilted forward in the same way that the lift vector was tilted forward in your kestrel example. If the tilt is large enough and the lift vector big enough, the component of the lift vector along the +x-axis will average out to the average drag experienced during the maneuver and the cycle can continue indefinitely with no energy injected by the bird. Instead, the energy is coming from the bird's lift vector slowing whatever air it happens to be acting on towards 0 speed. There's also an alternate and equally valid explanation based off of energy. The lift vector acts perpendicular to the direction of relative wind. If you define a coordinate system that is traveling with a body of air such that there is no wind, then the lift vector is perpendicular to the direction of motion and contributes no energy gain or loss to the bird IN THAT COORDINATE SYSTEM. In the above example, the bird would be traveling forward with a velocity vector of (V, 0, 0) prior to crossing the shear layer. However, after crossing the shear layer, it would have a velocity vector of (V, ±2V_wind/V, 0) relative to the new local wind-fixed coordinate frame. As long as it stays in a region where the wind velocity is 0 relative to this new coordinate system, it can use its lift vector to losslessly (neglecting induced drag) rotate the velocity vector wherever it wants (e.g. forward to create a new relative velocity vector of (√(V^2 + 4V_wind²/V²), 0, 0)). Transitioning to the other side of the shear layer causes the process to repeat. Your doorstop analogy is not relevant / wrong. In general, the bird will always be moving forward with a roughly constant airspeed of V. Any increases in drag will just require the lift vector to be bigger and/or to tilt forward more.
For now… “Low sea ice in Antarctica has caused a "catastrophic breeding failure" for penguins. In 2023, 14 of the 66 emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica lost some or all of their chicks due to sea ice breakup. Satellite imagery suggests that no chicks from four out of five colonies in the Bellinghausen Sea appear to have survived in 2022.”
Keep in mind the oldest fossils of "false penguins" (genus Waimanu) come from the very early tertiary period at around 62 million years ago. No idea how old the auk lineage is, but this discovery alone puts the time where "false penguins" split off from other tube noses at some time in the cretaceous. Again. No idea about the history of the auks or their relatives but I wouldn't be surprised if it came to light eventually that the "false penguins" did it first. 😅 Edit: the reason why I'm saying all this is the earliest fossil 'false penguins' (i.e. spheniscids) we have looked recognizable as themselves, members of that lineage, so they would have been doing the penguin thing we are familiar with at that time already, distinctly different from other sea birds.
In Sweden the og penguins aren't penguins, they are called alka (the particular species a garfågel), so I will happily call new pengiuns plain ol' penguins
I have beef with whatever taxonomists fault that is. In common use, bug is either equivalent to insect, or a polyphyletic group including all terrestrial arthropods. Any definition of bug that excludes both ants and beetles is clearly incorrect and must have been created by a man whose only priority was fueling pedants. (If anyone can find me his name, that’d be great. I cannot figure out who did this)
Same, I actually used the phrase “voodoo magic” to explain some tech I didn’t understand in a presentation to my fellow biologists at work the other day… lol
As a avatiion fan it's simple... the birds are so light and can glide so well in the very powerful for them wind they can do unlimitedly. Like it's simple for any pilot to understand and is the very first thing they are taught the verus forces of flight... That bird just learn fast and inatly understand.
I love a good ramble. You, sir, are a master of it. Was 20 minutes in and went "This has nothing to do with penguins, but I will *absolutely* be watching it all."
@@JubioHDX The measurement of a light year refers to how far light travels in a year in a vacuum. The speed of light is what gets affected by mediums, not the length of a light year.
Penguins are not only extinct, they have one of the saddest extinction stories ever! Even more tragic than the Dodo or the American passenger pigeon (which went from multiple billions to extinct in like fifty years). Here's an example of part of the extinction story for the Great auk from wikipedia: "On the islet of Stac an Armin, St. Kilda, Scotland, in July 1840, the last great auk seen in Britain was caught and killed. Three men from St. Kilda caught a single "garefowl", noticing its little wings and the large white spot on its head. They tied it up and kept it alive for three days, until a large storm arose. Believing that the bird was a witch and was causing the storm, they then killed it by beating it with a stick." And this is what happened to the last breeding couple known to exist: "The last colony of great auks lived on Geirfuglasker (the "Great Auk Rock") off Iceland. This islet was a volcanic rock surrounded by cliffs that made it inaccessible to humans, but in 1830, the islet submerged after a volcanic eruption, and the birds moved to the nearby island of Eldey, which was accessible from a single side. When the colony initially was discovered in 1835, nearly fifty birds were present. Museums, desiring the skins of the great auk for preservation and display, quickly began collecting birds from the colony. The last pair, found incubating an egg, was killed there on 3 June 1844, on request from a merchant who wanted specimens, with Jón Brandsson and Sigurður Ísleifsson strangling the adults and Ketill Ketilsson smashing the egg with his boot." And there is even the personal account of Sigurður, who described how he strangled the last one.
Man, why are humans so prone to superstition? Also why did those three idiots not realize that if the thing you captured had magic powers, you wouldn't have been able to capture it? I like smart humans but the stupid ones really piss me off.
And the animals we think of as penguins are facing extinction too. “Low sea ice in Antarctica has caused a "catastrophic breeding failure" for penguins. In 2023, 14 of the 66 emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica lost some or all of their chicks due to sea ice breakup. Satellite imagery suggests that no chicks from four out of five colonies in the Bellinghausen Sea appear to have survived in 2022.”
I like this way of doing the measurements, it's less clunky and even lets me, someone who exclusively weighs things in solar masses and measures length in cubits, understand the sizes
Hey Clint! Aerospace engineer here, about to be a pedant about your explanation of airfoils. Bernoulli's Principle only applies when there is no friction or inertia within the fluid, i.e., the air has no viscosity. That assumption actually makes it impossible for an airfoil to generate lift, because a perfectly inviscid fluid will always wrap completely around the airfoil, even the sharp trailing edge, such that a pressure differential never forms. Airfoils actually generate lift specifically because real fluids are viscous and, instead of wrapping around the trailing edge, curve to follow the chord of the wing, creating a vortex that ultimately induces an upward force on the wing. Now I usually deal with the "space" side rather than the "aero" side of my field, so I don't have a ready explanation for how the kestrel was able to hover in place, but your differential drag explanation for dynamic soaring makes sense to me. Either that, or birds have really powerful farts.
There's a cool post by mathematician Terence Tao that I think matches well with the albatross' behavior. Just search "Terence Tao sailing against the wind faster than the wind". The albatross is using the lower-altitude air the same way Tao suggests using the water, IE, putting the airfoil into it only half the time.
In both sailing and aircraft I recommend to treat them as deflecting surfaces and vector exchange. Up until a stall that's what they do. And vectors help you understand how you can travel much faster than wind with wind power alone. Essentially you fly perpendicular to the wind, using their minimal side drag and turning as much of that force into perpendicular motion, keeping the relative wind speed as high as possible. Hence it can fly up to 80 mph 'for free' It's a little similar to a solar sail if you're into that kind of thing, or gravity assists. It slows the wind down in exchange for its energy, if you'd like to work it backwards.
Like the parents at the zoo when the kid asks if this bird is more related to a gull or a (false) penguin, it would be better for Clint to say "I don't understand dynamic soaring." Also, that's not how aerospace engineers say "Pitot" - Henri Pitot was French.
19:50 lol, I'm becoming a pilot, and we talk about how airplanes fly as one of the first topics of piloting aircraft. That little bird is balancing drag & thrust, and lift & weight just right so it can hover on the wind. It's frankly amazing that a little bird brain can figure it all out with enough evolution.
As soon as you mentioned "perpetual motion" my very first thought was "This isn't a closed system. The wind is providing the energy to keep the dinosaur aloft"
yes, it alternates between layers of different wind speed, in such a way that there is always a big enough relative speed between the bird and the air. This way the wind can do work on the bird. No perpetual motion machine needed :)
Well it would be easy to assume that the wind pushing you downwind is canceled out by the the wind pushing against you headwind. Only reason this isn't the case is differences in how aerodynamic the bird is from the front and the back.
I just love how these videos randomly expose us to random bits of information...like different measuring systems. Also, I would love to see you cover hummingbirds. So many of them visit my yard, and watching their sassy territorial attitudes brings me joy.
I now have a new favorite way to describe the fighting between “my” female Ruby-throated hummingbirds: “sassy territorial attitude.” I love it, such a vividly descriptive expression, thank you!
To answer your question about Albatrosses (in an over simplfied manner because this is quite literally rocket science): While wind speed increases at higher altitude, the actual energy of the wind doesn't change. The cost of the higher speed is lower inertia, which allows the energy to be transferred far more easily. As the Albatross gains altitude the wind pushes on it more. While this causes it to lose velocity, it also gains lift. This pushes the albatross higher into even faster moving air. Eventually, the energy gained from lift starts to become not greater then the energy lost due to drag, and the Albatross tilts its wings and dives. This turns the potential energy it gained from the wind pushing it into the air into kinetic energy, which is more than enough to overcome the drag of the lower velocity, higher inertia wind closer to the ocean that is far worse at transferring its energy to the albatross to slow it down. Eventually, the drag costs the Albatross enough velocity that it begins the loop again, allowing it to maintain essentially the same amount of energy that it started out with. The Albatross also has a similar method (that is even more efficient) for flying cross wind, and of course doesn't need any particular help for flying with a tailwind. So the only real problem comes from flying with no wind at all, but that doesn't really happen on the ocean. While Doldrums are a thing, they exist because the heat of the sun is causing the air to move rapidly vertically, which is not nearly as much of an issue for an Albatross as it is for a sail boat.
I just think about how airplanes stay aloft. I feel like it very similar in that for a plane that's already flying but losing altitude, it first needs to go nose down, to receive more inertia in order to go back up or to receive lift, which slows a plane down. Then its able to maintain and ride on the air current like a glider works the same way as well. Hot air↓→Cold air↑→around and around it goes.
So it’s like a wind turbine collecting energy against a faster headwind with less density at higher altitudes, and then spending that energy against a slower headwind with less density at lower altitudes?
Wait so when albatross fly, they are functionally doing the same thing as a player with an Elytra in Minecraft? Also "Serial monogamous like Leonardo DiCaprio" was so understated but also so damn funny that I spit out my tea.
Was thinking the same thing. The only problem is the elytra is named after the hard set of wings beetles have. Which is why you look like a bug when you squat in game.
Makes me wish there was more wind in mario64, maybe inject mario with the wing cap into pilot wings64. Thats the closest to understanding dynamic soaring as i can imagine.
I have some bad news for you about the penguins that are alive today… “Low sea ice in Antarctica has caused a "catastrophic breeding failure" for penguins. In 2023, 14 of the 66 emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica lost some or all of their chicks due to sea ice breakup. Satellite imagery suggests that no chicks from four out of five colonies in the Bellinghausen Sea appear to have survived in 2022.”
@@Ladieboogie527At least we didn't cause it "directly " and knowing about it, hopefully we have the funds and knowledge to help them recover and prevent potential extinction.
What I have gathered from this video is that: - penguins aren't penguins but are "penguins" - there were faux-penguins that lived among the dinosaurs - turkeys aren't turkeys but are named after peacocks, who are turkeys - albatrosses are simultaneously the airplanes of the bird world and probably the closest thing we'll ever have to a perpetual motion machine, and finally - albatrosses have tiny, adorable cousins who dance across the water. Thank you for this informative video, I have learned a lot today.
6:30 - As someone who prefers speed in furlongs per fortnight, I could not stop laughing at your penguin length and mass conversation tables. Well done!
Hey Clint I'm a student of aerospace engineering and the dynamic soaring bit is something I understand pretty well. I've taken a few days to figure out how to explain it: First I'd like to picture this in forms of energy - Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy. Now picture the airflow at high altitude an "infinite" well of high velocity, high energy air. High Speed = High kinetic energy, High altitude = High potential energy. Albatrosses take kinetic energy from this "well" of high energy air, use it to kick their speed up. Once they match the velocity of the airflow, they dip down, trading their high potential energy for even more kinetic energy when dipping down to low altitude low energy air. They use this high velocity to generate lift over their wings, to kick back up into the high altitude high energy air. By the time they reach high altitude again, they have traded their kinetic energy for potential energy, losing their speed. Due to the high energy air at this altitude they can once again tap into this energy well and speed up again to repeat the cycle. Hope this helps you better understand this!
Clint, my friend, your interpretation of why that kestrel can hover in place is CLOSE, but does not quite earn the tobacco-leaf implement of phallicity. Please consider this: 1. As the bird's wing generates lift from the wind, especially because it's cambered instead of flat-bottomed or symmetric (kudos for the graphic mentioning cambered airfoils), it generates slightly TOO MUCH lift, so that the bird should rise. 2. The bird therefore "dives" slightly, bleeding off that extra upward energy. 3. That "dive" converts the extra lift into FORWARD thrust, enough to hold it in place. This is why it's not a perpetual motion falconid: It is generating forward thrust by "diving" to remain level, when the wind is generating too much lift and it should rise. But IT IS NOT BERNOULLI. Well, not primarily. Falconids like kestrels hovering are taking advantage primarily of lift generated by Newton's Third Law, NOT the Bernoulli principle. The kestrel's wing generates lift more because the airflow around its cambered wing pushes air downward than because of air-pressure lift via Bernoulli, which contributes but is far less powerful. The coanda effect is part of this Newtonian thrust, pulling air downward on the trailing edge of the upper and lower surfaces, so that the air comes off the back of the wing with downward momentum. Think of it as being like a rocket or jet, the downward flow of air creating an equal and opposite upward thrust on the bird's wing. a. Bernoulli's Principle is the most intuitive explanation for the main source of lift for the Wright flyer/biplanes. b. Newton's Third is the dominant force for procellariiformes like Albatross, and falconidae like kestrels, and is completely different from Bernoulli, though that's a minor player in this situation. c. Kutta-Joukowski Theorem best describes lift in modern, highs-speed jet aircraft. It's a formulation of lift via circulation around the wing, rather than pressure-differential calculations. post scriptum: That not-American-kestrel video you shows harkens back to your other video on pigeons, and why their heads bob. The kestrel is holding his head perfectly still - like a chicken being waved around by a farmer. Pretty awesome. I wish you'd mentioned that explicitly (like when you called out your paleognathae video), it ties together perfectly.
Technically not all the auks, the alcidae family is sometimes called Alques, but it's not a term in common use. "Pingouins" only covers the great auk (grand pingouin) and the razorbill or lesser auk (petit pingouin). Which aren't even in the same genus (resp. Pinguinus and Alca). And the little auk (genus Alle) is not a "pingouin".
"Pingouin" specifically refers to razorbills, which are the closest living relatives of the great auk. People still call pengins "pingouin" despite their real French name being "manchot" though.
And if you’re a French-speaker, the bird at 0:58 (the Razorbill) is a true penguin (meaning that not only are penguins not extinct after all, but all the living ones can fly!), but the spheniscids still definitely aren’t; they are “manchots” (meaning “one-armed”, probably for the same reason the extinct auk was named Pinguinus impennis, “penguin without feathers”!) Of course, given your stance on the pronunciation of “niche”, I expect you to stick to your guns about penguins consisting of just one now-extinct species. Though, would you perhaps be willing to consider the Razorbill (the Great Auk’s next of kin) the “hagfish of penguins”?
The niche thing (rhyming it with pitch) really bothers me, especially as he doubles down on his incorrect pronunciation in one video. On the other hand his vids on phyla are so fascinating that I am in a forgiving mood over this one!
@@bobroberts6155 I've been using the 'pitch' form of niche since I was a kid (I'm a birder, and it was not unusual to use the word casually among my fellow birders). In fact I only heard the 'neesh' variant maybe since the 90's, and it sounded really odd and a bit pretentious. So I went to my favorite source, TH-cam ... and found an excellent explainer... (Conclusion: BOTH ARE CORRECT, and don't forget how English evolves over time.). Take a look: th-cam.com/video/4mTRJ55JF4o/w-d-xo.htmlsi=LHQaEtETKNy0oW0T, or if the link fails, look up "Niche Pronunciation - Is it Pitch or Neesh ???" (Donna DeRosa video). I commented earlier on another incorrect usage: Gull versus Seagull. Gull is correct, again, as I've always known (I've been birding since age 6 or 7). Looking that up confirms my understanding.
@@bobroberts6155I second that! Most if not all US and UK based pronounce niche wrong. Including all PBS channels and other popular ones. I'm not French but I've never in my life here's it pronounced that way IRL, and myself used the correct pronunciation from early childhood. And there are also many other mispronounced scientific expressions and terms. And most music channels pronounce names wrong. Especially Bach.
Retired physicist here. A comment on your explanation of dynamic soaring. First I'll explain dynamic soaring. It works by having different wind speeds at different heights. When facing a wind, that is facing air that is moving towards you, this is equivalent to moving into the air mass. In either case the difference in velocity can be used to generate height. It is the different in air speeds that supplies the energy. In doing so you would eventually move at the same speed as the air, and would no longer be able to generate lift. However if you get enough lift to get into the next layer of wind speed in which case once again you can use the difference between how fast you are going and the air to generate more lift. Again, eventually you reach the same speed as the air and no more lift is available and you drop. When you drop into the slower moving air you again use the speed differential to gain lift. In each case energy is transferred from the wind into the bird. The reason why this is not a perpetual motion model is that the difference in wind speeds is a form of useful energy. To compare to another example think of the situation of two moving walkways side by side but travelling in opposite directions at 1m/s, and where moving from one walkway to the other takes no energy. Starting on one walkway in a cart. Then move over to the other. You suddenly find yourself moving at 2m/s. This energy can be absorbed by your electric braking system to the tune of 1/2 mv2. and your cart then moves at the speed of the second walkway. You can then move your cart back to the first walkway and do the same and absorb energy to the tune of 1/2 mv2. And can keep doing this forever. This isn't energy for free. The energy that is being absorbed by the cart is being supplied by the walkways and without something powering the walkways they would eventually (or quickly) be moving at the same speed as each other. The principle is identical with the layers of air travelling at differing speeds, and the energy that the bird receives is from the difference in the wind speeds. Without the suns heating providing the energy to maintain the differing wind velocities, the birds action of going from one stream to the other would hasten the demise of the difference and eventually the wind speeds would be the same everywhere with the birds no longer able to extract any more energy. The example, as you described with the kestrel cannot happen due to conservation of energy. If the wind is constant and horizontal with no vertical component, then the kestrel can generate a lifting force, but it cannot generate energy to counter the energy lost in friction against the wind. The kestrel would have to start moving backwards with the wind. If what you claim were true then the kestrel could fly when there was no wind without using its wings in exactly the same manner merely by reaching the velocity required. The kestrel hovering into a wind of 20m/s is identical to a kestrel flying at 20m/s in still air. Ironically what you are describing is a perpetual motion machine.
@@conlon4332 There is either an updraft or they are actively using their wings. I just had a look at one video and there was a clear stiff breeze going upwards and the kestrel was holding his wings as if it was falling.
@@conlon4332the wind is blowing strongly enough that the kestrel would climb (like a kite) if it were in “level” flight, but if you look closely you can see that it is, in fact, _diving_ slightly down toward the ground, and that downward pitch is converted to forward thrust, countering the drag force of the wind. No updrafts needed.
This is a good explanation, but a bit difficult for some people to appreciate, I imagine. Might be easier for people to get a sense of dynamic soaring by saying something like this. Flying works by moving through the air, and using that movement to generate lift and maneuverability. When you have wind moving at two speeds, when you transition from one to the other in the right direction, you feel like you are going faster suddenly, and thus have more "airspeed" with which to generate lift and maneuver. I think if you start with that core concept, more people without engineering degrees will be able to grasp it
Nothing beats Clint's enthusiasm for teaching and for animals as a whole. I come away from all these videos learning SO much, because it's incredibly engaging being taught by someone who's so passionate.
YESSS with the Rescuer’s clip!! My mind went straight to Wilbur during that Albatross liftoff dilemma discussion. 😄 Here’s me at 35 learning that there was scientific fact there and he wasn’t just created to be a clumsy character.
Now that Clint is official a penguin, he should bring his long distant relative pingu on the show! Ask him about his symbiotic relationship with that damn seal and why he wont eat his greens...
6:28 "sometimes we use different units to measure, let me know what you prefer " proceeds to summon an elder god by describing the sizes of flightless birds.
The OG penguin was the Great auk. The "false" penguins were called penguins because they looked like the great auk, but are actually not closely related. The great auk is now extinct because we hunted them, and the only penguins still around are the false ones.
I like it when you use really weird measures, gets under the skin of the sorts of people who constantly fight about which set of numbers is "better' in common speech
Thank goodness the “cubits, Babylonian talent, barleycorn, and cologne mark” measuring system is back. I am so jaded by measuring everything relative to parts of 100. 😂
For interest, in Britain an old name for Kestrel (still sometimes used) is 'Windhover': there is a road roundabout near me called 'The Windhover Roundabout', which has a carving of one on a tall pole. An even older name (_not_ still used) was 'Windf*ck*r', involving an obsolete non-sexual meaning of the latter term, something that delivers a blow and/or overcomes or damages something or someone - in British slang, the adjectival form somewhat preserves this.
Private pilot here - there is a thing called ground effect, depending on size & surface area of the flying object, the air is compressed between ground/water surface & the wing, making the air denser & providing more lift. As pilots, we use this effect to gain air speed quicker by flying close to ground when possible. I imagine that albatross use this frequently.
Speaking of hummingbirds: I am looking forward to *possibly* seeing you cover the clade encompassing them and their phylogenetic siblings (closest relatives) the swifts and tree-swifts. You seemed possibly interested in covering the Apodiformes clade on my last comment about that group.
Also, was it Clint at one time or a commenter who said (fake) penguins are ultimately closer related to hummingbirds than great auks? Maybe I'm reading this cladogram wrong, but it seems like actually auks (Charadriiformes) are closer to hummingbirds than (fake) penguins (though not actually very close to them; Charadriiformes's next of kin are actually cranes and their relatives). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerea
How you did your measurements with a multitude of accurate but obscure and unknown measurements was amazing absolutely enjoyed the work that went into it
I laughed so hard when you switched to more obscure measurements and listing so many measurement options onscreen. Amazing! 😂 Also... please teach me about life history evolution!!
Clint, you really are the best teacher I never had*. *until now. Also, you are the master of actually funny nerd/dad puns. Also also, those are some impressive pockets, I must admit that I'm a little envious.
one of my (many) favorite things about this channel is that the titles/thumbnails can be so click baity, but in a GOOD way. there is no lie here... it's true - but as someone who lives under a rock, y'all had me going for a minute there 😂 PS i prefer things be spoken rather than on screen as i usually just listen to these, but visuals would probably be nicer for those HoH
@@alveolate This would be ripe for handing off to AI, because who is going to notice if it makes a math mistake in the conversion to microfurlongs? Even if someone did notice, they might just see it as an extension of the joke itself.
@@mal2ksc or you know, you could just make a script to churn out all the numbers, maybe even make the formatting for you. really, very few things work better with AI, outside of some very specific niche stuff.
Hey I really liked your video and I would like to make a sugestion. While trying to explain Penguin genealogy and why they are extinct you went off the rails and spend a huge amount of time talking about Albatrosses (which I found fascinating). But I would recommend to get to the point faster with these video format and maybe doing some kind of "podcast" format video to go deep into nerdy stuff we geeky people love. Awesome video anyways!
Didn't you watch that Futurama episode about the pinguins? 😅 Nah, it's something else, something to do about why pinguins (not extinct) are called pinguins.
I’m so happy to made this video. I work monitoring shearwater and storm petrel colonies and I need to tell you that if you think they can’t take of the ground, wait until you see them landing, their preferred method is crashing on the floor and act like if nothing happened. They are the most majestic beings, yet the goofiest ones at the same time 😅😂
When I was a kid, back in the 1950s, I watched a Walt Disney nature movie that had an extended sequence of albatrosses crashing into things on landing. It's why the sailors on Midway Island back during World War II called them "gooney birds."
Penguins have always been my favorite animal, when I saw this video I was stoked to learn some crazy information! Thanks, Clint! I am still a false penguin lover!! xD OG penguins too!
Wow, this was a fantastic video. I love your enthusiasm for the topic, the clear explanations and the part about albatross flight. Very entertaining and informative.
If you want to see albatrosses, take a trip to Midway Atoll. During WW2 the navy referred to it playfully as “gooney bird island” because it is overrun with nesting albatrosses.
I’ve been procrastinating watching this video as I was scared penguins went extinct and nobody told me lol But it was fun to watch. I’m not sure I really understood anything but seeing you get excited about it was super sweet. I hope one day I can get that type of excitement back in my life. Keep on keeping on Clint. =)
from penguins to false penguins to witchcraft and physics and all the way to the albatross and tube-noses, and back to false penguins again. What a ride
Over 31 MINUTES of BONUS content from this video, exclusively for our Stinkin' Rad Fans on Patreon! Patreon is a great way to support Clint's Reptiles AND get awesome extras (including hundreds of other bonus videos)! www.patreon.com/posts/video-patreon-i-104341833
Hey Clint Laidlaw, Why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a TH-cam Videos all about the 🐭🐹🦫🐁🐀🐿️ Phylogeny Group Of Rodents 🐭🐹🦫🐁🐀🐿️ on the next Clint's Reptiles on the next Saturday coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
Hey Clint Laidlaw, Why don't you get to think of a suggestion and creating a TH-cam Videos all about the 🦔 Phylogeny Group Of Insectivores 🦔 (Insectivora), such as Shrews, Moles, Hedgehogs, Solenodons, Gymnures, Moonrats, Desmans, the Extinct West Indian Shrews, Etc. on the next Clint's Reptiles on the next Saturday coming up next?!⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️👍👍👍👍👍
Wich is better bark scorpion or bowhead whale
Have you looked into the wind powered machine faster than the wind?
It works because of the angle.
Hi Clint. Thanks for prefacing your explanation of dynamic soaring with something to the effect of "I'm not sure," but you might want to consider reaching out to people who would know (e.g. university professors) prior to releasing an explanation. You had some correct elements and some not-so-correct elements in the explanation. Also, the difference in distance between the top and bottom of an airfoil is one of the standard myths / mis-explanations for where lift comes from.
To establish a bit of credibility, I've been working as an aerospace engineer for almost 10 years now. I'm mostly doing motor control these days, but I got my masters from the University of Colorado at Boulder doing computational fluid dynamics in the aerospace department. I'm not an expert on dynamic soaring, but I'm familiar with the basics and governing equations.
Because I can't draw fancy diagrams in the TH-cam comments, consider a simplified scenario where the bird is flying into the screen at vx = +V with lateral winds of vy = +V_wind above the origin and vy = -V_wind below the origin. I'll try my best at ASCII art:
x ---> V_wind
× ----->y
| > V_wind) which will create a large lift vector that will accelerate it in the direction of the wind. After a while, let's say that it reaches a lateral velocity of vy = +V_wind, i.e. it is moving right with the same speed as the wind such that there's no additional angle of attack or lift. If the bird then rolls to -90° and drop down below the origin where air is moving to the left, it will suddenly experience an extra angle of attack of 2V_wind/V and accelerate rapidly to the left until it is traveling at the same speed as that air. If it then trades a bit of kinetic energy to climb back above the origin where the air is moving to the right and rolls to +90°, it will once again experience an angle of attack of 2V_wind/V and accelerate to the right.
This sets up a series of forces that push the bird around in a closed loop (well, helical-ish pattern since it's also still moving forward at velocity V). To overcome drag and keep V roughly constant, recall that lift acts perpendicular to the wind. However, the relative wind is not directly along the x-axis. Instead, it is angled "down" relative to the bird equal to the extra angle of attack seen by the bird. That is, 2V_wind/V when it first crosses the shear layer, decreasing to 0 as the bird accelerates to the same lateral speed as the wind. That angle also means that the lift vector is tilted forward in the same way that the lift vector was tilted forward in your kestrel example. If the tilt is large enough and the lift vector big enough, the component of the lift vector along the +x-axis will average out to the average drag experienced during the maneuver and the cycle can continue indefinitely with no energy injected by the bird. Instead, the energy is coming from the bird's lift vector slowing whatever air it happens to be acting on towards 0 speed.
There's also an alternate and equally valid explanation based off of energy. The lift vector acts perpendicular to the direction of relative wind. If you define a coordinate system that is traveling with a body of air such that there is no wind, then the lift vector is perpendicular to the direction of motion and contributes no energy gain or loss to the bird IN THAT COORDINATE SYSTEM. In the above example, the bird would be traveling forward with a velocity vector of (V, 0, 0) prior to crossing the shear layer. However, after crossing the shear layer, it would have a velocity vector of (V, ±2V_wind/V, 0) relative to the new local wind-fixed coordinate frame. As long as it stays in a region where the wind velocity is 0 relative to this new coordinate system, it can use its lift vector to losslessly (neglecting induced drag) rotate the velocity vector wherever it wants (e.g. forward to create a new relative velocity vector of (√(V^2 + 4V_wind²/V²), 0, 0)). Transitioning to the other side of the shear layer causes the process to repeat.
Your doorstop analogy is not relevant / wrong. In general, the bird will always be moving forward with a roughly constant airspeed of V. Any increases in drag will just require the lift vector to be bigger and/or to tilt forward more.
Nah. It’s highlander rules. The new penguins survived the last elimination round, so the title is rightfully theirs.
For now… “Low sea ice in Antarctica has caused a "catastrophic breeding failure" for penguins. In 2023, 14 of the 66 emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica lost some or all of their chicks due to sea ice breakup. Satellite imagery suggests that no chicks from four out of five colonies in the Bellinghausen Sea appear to have survived in 2022.”
@@Ladieboogie527oh no :(((((
@@Ladieboogie527 who gets the next title
@@Ciurk Penguinz0 obviously
@Ladieboogie527 I was told in 2004 that the polar ice caps would be gone by 2020, yet they are still here.
OG Penguins: go extinct
Nature: Penguins 2! The sequel!
Keep in mind the oldest fossils of "false penguins" (genus Waimanu) come from the very early tertiary period at around 62 million years ago. No idea how old the auk lineage is, but this discovery alone puts the time where "false penguins" split off from other tube noses at some time in the cretaceous.
Again. No idea about the history of the auks or their relatives but I wouldn't be surprised if it came to light eventually that the "false penguins" did it first. 😅
Edit: the reason why I'm saying all this is the earliest fossil 'false penguins' (i.e. spheniscids) we have looked recognizable as themselves, members of that lineage, so they would have been doing the penguin thing we are familiar with at that time already, distinctly different from other sea birds.
@stuchly1 ah so it's possible my joke falls apart 😅
Here's a better version of the joke nature: new penguin DLC north hemisphere
@@OSMRDucksLIB I admit it was pretty good
Penguins 2: the Electric Boogaloo
I saw the title: “lmao clickbait bs”
I saw who posted it: “oh dear god please let it be clickbait”
So it's kinda is, but at the same time it isn't since the little suited guys we all know and love are still alive
But they aren't penguins
@M0mazosMissy I think that's called watching the video
Penguins may be extinct, but peng-wings are doing okay
Must be Beneficial Cucumber’s favorite bird
SHH! 4546B hasn't been discovered yet!
I'm glad I'm not the only one who immediately thought of this
Ah yes, Bendydick Cumberbund
Thank god, I was worried we lost the pennlings
we shouldn't call them *False* Penguins, I vote for *Modern* Penguins
in france, we call the og penguins : "Pinguin" and we call the new penguins : "Manchot", so we never had this name problem
In Sweden the og penguins aren't penguins, they are called alka (the particular species a garfågel), so I will happily call new pengiuns plain ol' penguins
right, because everything modern is a lie...
Kinda like modern humans are called homo sapiens sapiens
With this broken hero sword, I craft.... True Penguin
Passive-Aggressively giving every unit possible for your measurements is one of the funniest things I've seen.
Someone has to keep the barleycorn from going out of style.
I ABSOLUTELY lost it when I saw Earth Mass as one of the units of measurement
I love that.
Light years 😂
Ive seen trucks as measurement in some clickbaity ad for some science thing. Theres some funny things people use that give absolutely no context lol
Clint. We all know your "short list of favorite of all birds" essentially is "whatever birds I am thinking of at this moment." 😂
Aves are indeed a magnificent class of dinosaurs.
Definitely relatable lol
He loves all the animals and you can tell 😊
I mean, that's not wrong... lol
@@ominous-omnipresent-they The roughly 10,056 extant species of Neornithes are indeed "egg-scellent" "dino-soars."
You remind me of my younger self who would tell other kids "That's not a bug! Only a specific group of insects are true bugs!"
I had constant impulse to do things like that. But: I knew it would get me beat up, with my lunch money stolen.
That's called being autistic (I should know)
I have beef with whatever taxonomists fault that is. In common use, bug is either equivalent to insect, or a polyphyletic group including all terrestrial arthropods. Any definition of bug that excludes both ants and beetles is clearly incorrect and must have been created by a man whose only priority was fueling pedants.
(If anyone can find me his name, that’d be great. I cannot figure out who did this)
@@Red-in-Green Keep in mind linguistic drift.
I was just having saying that A Bug's Life doesn't have any characters who are actual bugs. I was responded with the usual eye-roll, ha ha!
Private: "Skipper, I think they're catching on to us..."
Skipper: "Just smile and wave, boys!! Smile and wave!!"
*Smile and wave...*
"because of witchcraft" is also how I describe weird physics things as a biologist 😂
Turbocharging
Same, I actually used the phrase “voodoo magic” to explain some tech I didn’t understand in a presentation to my fellow biologists at work the other day… lol
As a avatiion fan it's simple... the birds are so light and can glide so well in the very powerful for them wind they can do unlimitedly. Like it's simple for any pilot to understand and is the very first thing they are taught the verus forces of flight... That bird just learn fast and inatly understand.
For me, anything physics is "because math" anything chemistry is either "because alchemy" or "because witchcraft" lol
I love a good ramble. You, sir, are a master of it.
Was 20 minutes in and went "This has nothing to do with penguins, but I will *absolutely* be watching it all."
@@pliktl seconded
Click bait waster of time yes I'll 3rd that notion
Ty for saving my time
For anybody who doesn’t want to watch it for 30 minutes, no. They are not, just their distant ancestors are.
Thank you for comin in clutch 🙏🏻
thanks a lot, 30 minutes saved
please be click bait
Nope, just auks I think
*Honks* In great auk.
It is, he’s referring to Pinguinnis impennis, the Great Auk, a flightless seabird related to puffins
It's technically not, the penguins that we know of are named after the extinct great auk which is a completely unrelated bird
It basically is
I appreciate that you gave the penguin's length in Planck lengths. That's very helpful.
The only true measure based on our physical reality.
@@hart-of-goldand Stone ofc
@@hart-of-gold lightyears
@@mutsyti lightyears technically arent always consistent anyway outside of a vacuum. Light can be slowed down if traveling through certain mediums
@@JubioHDX The measurement of a light year refers to how far light travels in a year in a vacuum. The speed of light is what gets affected by mediums, not the length of a light year.
1:50 says "this bird" as if I'm just going to accept not knowing what its called. WHAT IS THIS BIRD?!
hoatzin
@@jayemm7942 "in vain"
"unlike peacocks, false penguins are nobility."
Ahh. Usurpers...
Constant attire consisting of a tuxedo with tailcoat should give it away.
Also many wear golden bowties and gold bling.
Ok,
Anthro Bird Hitman where you play as a penguin assassin
@@masterzoroark6664 I hope there is a hitman mod of this i want it so badly now
Penguins are not only extinct, they have one of the saddest extinction stories ever!
Even more tragic than the Dodo or the American passenger pigeon (which went from multiple billions to extinct in like fifty years).
Here's an example of part of the extinction story for the Great auk from wikipedia:
"On the islet of Stac an Armin, St. Kilda, Scotland, in July 1840, the last great auk seen in Britain was caught and killed. Three men from St. Kilda caught a single "garefowl", noticing its little wings and the large white spot on its head. They tied it up and kept it alive for three days, until a large storm arose. Believing that the bird was a witch and was causing the storm, they then killed it by beating it with a stick."
And this is what happened to the last breeding couple known to exist:
"The last colony of great auks lived on Geirfuglasker (the "Great Auk Rock") off Iceland. This islet was a volcanic rock surrounded by cliffs that made it inaccessible to humans, but in 1830, the islet submerged after a volcanic eruption, and the birds moved to the nearby island of Eldey, which was accessible from a single side. When the colony initially was discovered in 1835, nearly fifty birds were present. Museums, desiring the skins of the great auk for preservation and display, quickly began collecting birds from the colony.
The last pair, found incubating an egg, was killed there on 3 June 1844, on request from a merchant who wanted specimens, with Jón Brandsson and Sigurður Ísleifsson strangling the adults and Ketill Ketilsson smashing the egg with his boot."
And there is even the personal account of Sigurður, who described how he strangled the last one.
Man, why are humans so prone to superstition? Also why did those three idiots not realize that if the thing you captured had magic powers, you wouldn't have been able to capture it? I like smart humans but the stupid ones really piss me off.
And the animals we think of as penguins are facing extinction too.
“Low sea ice in Antarctica has caused a "catastrophic breeding failure" for penguins. In 2023, 14 of the 66 emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica lost some or all of their chicks due to sea ice breakup. Satellite imagery suggests that no chicks from four out of five colonies in the Bellinghausen Sea appear to have survived in 2022.”
I understand the need to post this for urgency of changing human behavior but this was a terribly depressing comment. 😭
"desiring the skins of the great auk for preservation and display"
That... that really hurts to read. It's so frustrating! Gah!
that was utterly despicable.
Surviving while og Penguins went extinct makes the current ones the Pengwins.
Lmao. Okay, you got me when you started to use lightyears as a height unit for the birds 😂
Planck length/mass too. Hilarious.
Lol wasn't expecting the full lean. Cracked me up
I was partial to the atomic radii myself!
Clint, your communication skills and wit are second to none.
Thank you. That's very kind of you to say. I'm very excited to have the opportunity to share this kind of content with you guys!
Second to one.
@@Mephilis78 Who then?
6:28
Ah yes, the most convenient unit to measure a penguins height, AU and parsecs
this is so funny lol
Way back when people didn't wear suits, I hope they still looked at penguins and said "whoa that's a cool bird"
They stole their drip
STEAL HIS LOOK:
Yellow bowtie: $35
Tuxedo: $550
The WALK: Absolutely free
I like this way of doing the measurements, it's less clunky and even lets me, someone who exclusively weighs things in solar masses and measures length in cubits, understand the sizes
the SI units was really throwing me off, too.... I prefer units like the mass of King George's wisdom tooth
Came here for penguins and by the end I got a degree in aeronautical engineering
Hey Clint! Aerospace engineer here, about to be a pedant about your explanation of airfoils. Bernoulli's Principle only applies when there is no friction or inertia within the fluid, i.e., the air has no viscosity. That assumption actually makes it impossible for an airfoil to generate lift, because a perfectly inviscid fluid will always wrap completely around the airfoil, even the sharp trailing edge, such that a pressure differential never forms. Airfoils actually generate lift specifically because real fluids are viscous and, instead of wrapping around the trailing edge, curve to follow the chord of the wing, creating a vortex that ultimately induces an upward force on the wing.
Now I usually deal with the "space" side rather than the "aero" side of my field, so I don't have a ready explanation for how the kestrel was able to hover in place, but your differential drag explanation for dynamic soaring makes sense to me. Either that, or birds have really powerful farts.
What a great explanation, thank you!
There's a cool post by mathematician Terence Tao that I think matches well with the albatross' behavior. Just search "Terence Tao sailing against the wind faster than the wind". The albatross is using the lower-altitude air the same way Tao suggests using the water, IE, putting the airfoil into it only half the time.
In both sailing and aircraft I recommend to treat them as deflecting surfaces and vector exchange. Up until a stall that's what they do. And vectors help you understand how you can travel much faster than wind with wind power alone.
Essentially you fly perpendicular to the wind, using their minimal side drag and turning as much of that force into perpendicular motion, keeping the relative wind speed as high as possible. Hence it can fly up to 80 mph 'for free'
It's a little similar to a solar sail if you're into that kind of thing, or gravity assists. It slows the wind down in exchange for its energy, if you'd like to work it backwards.
Like the parents at the zoo when the kid asks if this bird is more related to a gull or a (false) penguin, it would be better for Clint to say "I don't understand dynamic soaring."
Also, that's not how aerospace engineers say "Pitot" - Henri Pitot was French.
Clint is still the bigger pedant
Did I wake up today thinking I'd know the relative mass of an emperor penguin and the sun? No. Am I glad I do now? Yes.
19:50 lol, I'm becoming a pilot, and we talk about how airplanes fly as one of the first topics of piloting aircraft. That little bird is balancing drag & thrust, and lift & weight just right so it can hover on the wind. It's frankly amazing that a little bird brain can figure it all out with enough evolution.
As soon as you mentioned "perpetual motion" my very first thought was "This isn't a closed system. The wind is providing the energy to keep the dinosaur aloft"
This guy physics
👏 You put into words what I could only intuitively think.
yes, it alternates between layers of different wind speed, in such a way that there is always a big enough relative speed between the bird and the air. This way the wind can do work on the bird. No perpetual motion machine needed :)
"This isn't a closed system. The wind is providing the energy to keep the dinosaur aloft"
Heeheehee, this sentence makes me giggle with joy.
Well it would be easy to assume that the wind pushing you downwind is canceled out by the the wind pushing against you headwind. Only reason this isn't the case is differences in how aerodynamic the bird is from the front and the back.
I just love how these videos randomly expose us to random bits of information...like different measuring systems.
Also, I would love to see you cover hummingbirds. So many of them visit my yard, and watching their sassy territorial attitudes brings me joy.
I now have a new favorite way to describe the fighting between “my” female Ruby-throated hummingbirds: “sassy territorial attitude.” I love it, such a vividly descriptive expression, thank you!
So, penguins are to penguins what crabs are to crabs
To answer your question about Albatrosses (in an over simplfied manner because this is quite literally rocket science):
While wind speed increases at higher altitude, the actual energy of the wind doesn't change. The cost of the higher speed is lower inertia, which allows the energy to be transferred far more easily.
As the Albatross gains altitude the wind pushes on it more. While this causes it to lose velocity, it also gains lift. This pushes the albatross higher into even faster moving air.
Eventually, the energy gained from lift starts to become not greater then the energy lost due to drag, and the Albatross tilts its wings and dives. This turns the potential energy it gained from the wind pushing it into the air into kinetic energy, which is more than enough to overcome the drag of the lower velocity, higher inertia wind closer to the ocean that is far worse at transferring its energy to the albatross to slow it down.
Eventually, the drag costs the Albatross enough velocity that it begins the loop again, allowing it to maintain essentially the same amount of energy that it started out with.
The Albatross also has a similar method (that is even more efficient) for flying cross wind, and of course doesn't need any particular help for flying with a tailwind. So the only real problem comes from flying with no wind at all, but that doesn't really happen on the ocean. While Doldrums are a thing, they exist because the heat of the sun is causing the air to move rapidly vertically, which is not nearly as much of an issue for an Albatross as it is for a sail boat.
So it's a bit like going down a slide and climbing up the ladder again?
@@FireMageTheSorcerer Yes, pretty much. The climb up just costs as much energy as sliding down
I just think about how airplanes stay aloft. I feel like it very similar in that for a plane that's already flying but losing altitude, it first needs to go nose down, to receive more inertia in order to go back up or to receive lift, which slows a plane down. Then its able to maintain and ride on the air current like a glider works the same way as well. Hot air↓→Cold air↑→around and around it goes.
So it’s like a wind turbine collecting energy against a faster headwind with less density at higher altitudes, and then spending that energy against a slower headwind with less density at lower altitudes?
This explains it way better, also explains what I see when we get high wind speeds here and the crows are surfing in the air for funzees. XD
Wait so when albatross fly, they are functionally doing the same thing as a player with an Elytra in Minecraft?
Also "Serial monogamous like Leonardo DiCaprio" was so understated but also so damn funny that I spit out my tea.
how chronically minecraft nerd am I when I immediately knew what you were talking about
Was thinking the same thing.
The only problem is the elytra is named after the hard set of wings beetles have. Which is why you look like a bug when you squat in game.
Makes me wish there was more wind in mario64, maybe inject mario with the wing cap into pilot wings64. Thats the closest to understanding dynamic soaring as i can imagine.
@@starlight0313 The term elytra has been around a lot longer than Minecraft. Lol
WAIT OHHHH
the bit where you used crazy weights and measurements really got me. I was laughing out loud
I hate hearing about premature extinctions caused by human greed. If only there was a way to put a stop to it
I have some bad news for you about the penguins that are alive today… “Low sea ice in Antarctica has caused a "catastrophic breeding failure" for penguins. In 2023, 14 of the 66 emperor penguin colonies in Antarctica lost some or all of their chicks due to sea ice breakup. Satellite imagery suggests that no chicks from four out of five colonies in the Bellinghausen Sea appear to have survived in 2022.”
@@Ladieboogie527At least we didn't cause it "directly " and knowing about it, hopefully we have the funds and knowledge to help them recover and prevent potential extinction.
I read about the original penguins in a zoology book from 1885! They had only gone extinct about 15 years prior to the book.
yeah ok grandpa :^)
What I have gathered from this video is that:
- penguins aren't penguins but are "penguins"
- there were faux-penguins that lived among the dinosaurs
- turkeys aren't turkeys but are named after peacocks, who are turkeys
- albatrosses are simultaneously the airplanes of the bird world and probably the closest thing we'll ever have to a perpetual motion machine, and finally
- albatrosses have tiny, adorable cousins who dance across the water.
Thank you for this informative video, I have learned a lot today.
1:28 Never expected clint to use the phrase "OG" and I love it
Few people know that Clint is actually a gang member
He part of the bluds
American Bloods or British Bluds@@Freckledkid69
@@Marianne-Bachmeier-Extremist yeah, he's the member of Warm-Bloods
Well, if you're into that kind of thing =)
6:30 - As someone who prefers speed in furlongs per fortnight, I could not stop laughing at your penguin length and mass conversation tables. Well done!
Hey Clint I'm a student of aerospace engineering and the dynamic soaring bit is something I understand pretty well. I've taken a few days to figure out how to explain it:
First I'd like to picture this in forms of energy - Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy. Now picture the airflow at high altitude an "infinite" well of high velocity, high energy air. High Speed = High kinetic energy, High altitude = High potential energy.
Albatrosses take kinetic energy from this "well" of high energy air, use it to kick their speed up. Once they match the velocity of the airflow, they dip down, trading their high potential energy for even more kinetic energy when dipping down to low altitude low energy air. They use this high velocity to generate lift over their wings, to kick back up into the high altitude high energy air. By the time they reach high altitude again, they have traded their kinetic energy for potential energy, losing their speed. Due to the high energy air at this altitude they can once again tap into this energy well and speed up again to repeat the cycle.
Hope this helps you better understand this!
Clint, my friend, your interpretation of why that kestrel can hover in place is CLOSE, but does not quite earn the tobacco-leaf implement of phallicity.
Please consider this:
1. As the bird's wing generates lift from the wind, especially because it's cambered instead of flat-bottomed or symmetric (kudos for the graphic mentioning cambered airfoils), it generates slightly TOO MUCH lift, so that the bird should rise.
2. The bird therefore "dives" slightly, bleeding off that extra upward energy.
3. That "dive" converts the extra lift into FORWARD thrust, enough to hold it in place.
This is why it's not a perpetual motion falconid: It is generating forward thrust by "diving" to remain level, when the wind is generating too much lift and it should rise.
But IT IS NOT BERNOULLI.
Well, not primarily.
Falconids like kestrels hovering are taking advantage primarily of lift generated by Newton's Third Law, NOT the Bernoulli principle. The kestrel's wing generates lift more because the airflow around its cambered wing pushes air downward than because of air-pressure lift via Bernoulli, which contributes but is far less powerful. The coanda effect is part of this Newtonian thrust, pulling air downward on the trailing edge of the upper and lower surfaces, so that the air comes off the back of the wing with downward momentum. Think of it as being like a rocket or jet, the downward flow of air creating an equal and opposite upward thrust on the bird's wing.
a. Bernoulli's Principle is the most intuitive explanation for the main source of lift for the Wright flyer/biplanes.
b. Newton's Third is the dominant force for procellariiformes like Albatross, and falconidae like kestrels, and is completely different from Bernoulli, though that's a minor player in this situation.
c. Kutta-Joukowski Theorem best describes lift in modern, highs-speed jet aircraft. It's a formulation of lift via circulation around the wing, rather than pressure-differential calculations.
post scriptum:
That not-American-kestrel video you shows harkens back to your other video on pigeons, and why their heads bob. The kestrel is holding his head perfectly still - like a chicken being waved around by a farmer.
Pretty awesome.
I wish you'd mentioned that explicitly (like when you called out your paleognathae video), it ties together perfectly.
Using so many different and unhinged measurement systems for the size of the penguins is such a nice, subtle addition
Well, if you're not gonna just use metric...
Checked this video to learn about penguins being extinct. After 20 minutes of non-penguin content, I dont believe I'll watch this channel again.
Funnily, in French, auks are called penguins & false penguins are called lame/ limpy.
Technically not all the auks, the alcidae family is sometimes called Alques, but it's not a term in common use.
"Pingouins" only covers the great auk (grand pingouin) and the razorbill or lesser auk (petit pingouin). Which aren't even in the same genus (resp. Pinguinus and Alca). And the little auk (genus Alle) is not a "pingouin".
@@Bob-nc5hz#NotAllAuks
"Pingouin" specifically refers to razorbills, which are the closest living relatives of the great auk. People still call pengins "pingouin" despite their real French name being "manchot" though.
Manchot doesn’t mean lame or limpy dude, it means armless
@@rosiebowers1671 or one handed
And if you’re a French-speaker, the bird at 0:58 (the Razorbill) is a true penguin (meaning that not only are penguins not extinct after all, but all the living ones can fly!), but the spheniscids still definitely aren’t; they are “manchots” (meaning “one-armed”, probably for the same reason the extinct auk was named Pinguinus impennis, “penguin without feathers”!) Of course, given your stance on the pronunciation of “niche”, I expect you to stick to your guns about penguins consisting of just one now-extinct species. Though, would you perhaps be willing to consider the Razorbill (the Great Auk’s next of kin) the “hagfish of penguins”?
He also pronounced pitot tube wrong as well, it's "pee-toe" rather than "pit-it"
The niche thing (rhyming it with pitch) really bothers me, especially as he doubles down on his incorrect pronunciation in one video. On the other hand his vids on phyla are so fascinating that I am in a forgiving mood over this one!
@@bobroberts6155 I've been using the 'pitch' form of niche since I was a kid (I'm a birder, and it was not unusual to use the word casually among my fellow birders). In fact I only heard the 'neesh' variant maybe since the 90's, and it sounded really odd and a bit pretentious. So I went to my favorite source, TH-cam ... and found an excellent explainer... (Conclusion: BOTH ARE CORRECT, and don't forget how English evolves over time.). Take a look: th-cam.com/video/4mTRJ55JF4o/w-d-xo.htmlsi=LHQaEtETKNy0oW0T, or if the link fails, look up "Niche Pronunciation - Is it Pitch or Neesh ???" (Donna DeRosa video).
I commented earlier on another incorrect usage: Gull versus Seagull. Gull is correct, again, as I've always known (I've been birding since age 6 or 7). Looking that up confirms my understanding.
@@wincoffin7985 Perhaps incorrect for most species, but isn’t the Great Black-backed Gull literally Larus marinus (sea gull) in Latin?
@@bobroberts6155I second that! Most if not all US and UK based pronounce niche wrong. Including all PBS channels and other popular ones.
I'm not French but I've never in my life here's it pronounced that way IRL, and myself used the correct pronunciation from early childhood.
And there are also many other mispronounced scientific expressions and terms.
And most music channels pronounce names wrong. Especially Bach.
Well played, Clint! I spent an inordinate amount of time laughing at the false penguin lengths in all kinds of units from Plancks to parsecs.
Keys and phone in the same pocket is the most horrifying thing I've ever seen on TH-cam.
Retired physicist here. A comment on your explanation of dynamic soaring. First I'll explain dynamic soaring. It works by having different wind speeds at different heights. When facing a wind, that is facing air that is moving towards you, this is equivalent to moving into the air mass. In either case the difference in velocity can be used to generate height. It is the different in air speeds that supplies the energy. In doing so you would eventually move at the same speed as the air, and would no longer be able to generate lift. However if you get enough lift to get into the next layer of wind speed in which case once again you can use the difference between how fast you are going and the air to generate more lift. Again, eventually you reach the same speed as the air and no more lift is available and you drop. When you drop into the slower moving air you again use the speed differential to gain lift. In each case energy is transferred from the wind into the bird.
The reason why this is not a perpetual motion model is that the difference in wind speeds is a form of useful energy. To compare to another example think of the situation of two moving walkways side by side but travelling in opposite directions at 1m/s, and where moving from one walkway to the other takes no energy. Starting on one walkway in a cart. Then move over to the other. You suddenly find yourself moving at 2m/s. This energy can be absorbed by your electric braking system to the tune of 1/2 mv2. and your cart then moves at the speed of the second walkway. You can then move your cart back to the first walkway and do the same and absorb energy to the tune of 1/2 mv2. And can keep doing this forever. This isn't energy for free. The energy that is being absorbed by the cart is being supplied by the walkways and without something powering the walkways they would eventually (or quickly) be moving at the same speed as each other. The principle is identical with the layers of air travelling at differing speeds, and the energy that the bird receives is from the difference in the wind speeds. Without the suns heating providing the energy to maintain the differing wind velocities, the birds action of going from one stream to the other would hasten the demise of the difference and eventually the wind speeds would be the same everywhere with the birds no longer able to extract any more energy.
The example, as you described with the kestrel cannot happen due to conservation of energy. If the wind is constant and horizontal with no vertical component, then the kestrel can generate a lifting force, but it cannot generate energy to counter the energy lost in friction against the wind. The kestrel would have to start moving backwards with the wind. If what you claim were true then the kestrel could fly when there was no wind without using its wings in exactly the same manner merely by reaching the velocity required. The kestrel hovering into a wind of 20m/s is identical to a kestrel flying at 20m/s in still air. Ironically what you are describing is a perpetual motion machine.
So how do kestrels hover?
@@conlon4332 There is either an updraft or they are actively using their wings. I just had a look at one video and there was a clear stiff breeze going upwards and the kestrel was holding his wings as if it was falling.
@@conlon4332the wind is blowing strongly enough that the kestrel would climb (like a kite) if it were in “level” flight, but if you look closely you can see that it is, in fact, _diving_ slightly down toward the ground, and that downward pitch is converted to forward thrust, countering the drag force of the wind. No updrafts needed.
This is a good explanation, but a bit difficult for some people to appreciate, I imagine. Might be easier for people to get a sense of dynamic soaring by saying something like this.
Flying works by moving through the air, and using that movement to generate lift and maneuverability. When you have wind moving at two speeds, when you transition from one to the other in the right direction, you feel like you are going faster suddenly, and thus have more "airspeed" with which to generate lift and maneuver.
I think if you start with that core concept, more people without engineering degrees will be able to grasp it
Not him measuring the penguins using the suns mass 😭
You know how I imagine your "favorite bird"? "Is it a bird? Then it's my favorite."🥰
its basically whatever bird he's currently talking about at this point lol
Nothing beats Clint's enthusiasm for teaching and for animals as a whole. I come away from all these videos learning SO much, because it's incredibly engaging being taught by someone who's so passionate.
I 100% clicked the video expecting heartache but instead left a little wiser. 10/10
@09:16 "Okay, maybe I don't ask you this... because you would probably guess that if I was asking, it's because the answer's crazy...". 🤣
YESSS with the Rescuer’s clip!! My mind went straight to Wilbur during that Albatross liftoff dilemma discussion. 😄
Here’s me at 35 learning that there was scientific fact there and he wasn’t just created to be a clumsy character.
lmao same
Fantastic video! I love how you present information in tiny random morsels, and all the tangents you go on!
Though call, but I'd say the Felps system is the most accurate to describe false penguins awesomeness
Now that Clint is official a penguin, he should bring his long distant relative pingu on the show! Ask him about his symbiotic relationship with that damn seal and why he wont eat his greens...
6:28 "sometimes we use different units to measure, let me know what you prefer " proceeds to summon an elder god by describing the sizes of flightless birds.
0:15 I knew it was a fake out for the Great Auk instantly
I loved the alternate measurements on the screen and your choice of units to talk about.
So basically, the OG penguin is not a penguin
Did they fix that flaw with the Gen. 2 penguin?
No. The OG penguin is a true penguin and it is now extinct. All the penguins we have now are not true penguins.
Wasn't OG Penguin 🐧 around 6 feet tall?
The OG penguin was the Great auk. The "false" penguins were called penguins because they looked like the great auk, but are actually not closely related. The great auk is now extinct because we hunted them, and the only penguins still around are the false ones.
@@DasAntiNaziBroetchenthat what i thought their names were before the internet hahaha
As a penguin, this is distressing to hear. Gonna have to tell the other penguins about this.
Thank God TH-cam recommended this video to me, your enthusiasm for birds (and I assume reptiles) is contagious, subscribed!
Immediately knew you would talk about Great Auks.
Rest in Peace OG penguin.
I like it when you use really weird measures, gets under the skin of the sorts of people who constantly fight about which set of numbers is "better' in common speech
Are ''these sorts of people'' with us in the room right now?
"A perpetual motion machine, with tube nostrils"
Just hilarious 😂
A trip to South Africa with Clint and Dingo? Sign me up!
Thank goodness the “cubits, Babylonian talent, barleycorn, and cologne mark” measuring system is back. I am so jaded by measuring everything relative to parts of 100. 😂
Should make that Kevin McCurley guy tag along for good measure lol
Hopefully they don't mistake him for a white farmer and ... Well
For interest, in Britain an old name for Kestrel (still sometimes used) is 'Windhover': there is a road roundabout near me called 'The Windhover Roundabout', which has a carving of one on a tall pole.
An even older name (_not_ still used) was 'Windf*ck*r', involving an obsolete non-sexual meaning of the latter term, something that delivers a blow and/or overcomes or damages something or someone - in British slang, the adjectival form somewhat preserves this.
i am exclusively calling kestrels wind-fuckers from now on, i thank you dearly
Wasn’t there another name for the bird that some find rude?
in the first few seconds, that sudden "well hi there!" certainly triggered my flight or fight response for all the wrong reasons
i thought he was the DELICIOUS miss mandrin *hmmm phtphtphtphtpht*
Getting some buffalo vs bison vibes here
Oh I know the difference.
You can't wash your hands in a bison, but the buffalo will let you.
@@TheBT I don't get it
@@Kuwagattai The classic joke is 'you can't wash your hands in a buffalo'. I decided to flip reverse it.
I mean buffalo and bison are not the same. They’re very distinctly different, so that’s not semantics as in this video.
@@TheBT exactly I don't get the joke of the og
Is it a pun on basin???
This channel will never be complete without a vid about barnacles, but I won’t mind if you delay that moment.
Private pilot here - there is a thing called ground effect, depending on size & surface area of the flying object, the air is compressed between ground/water surface & the wing, making the air denser & providing more lift. As pilots, we use this effect to gain air speed quicker by flying close to ground when possible. I imagine that albatross use this frequently.
Speaking of hummingbirds: I am looking forward to *possibly* seeing you cover the clade encompassing them and their phylogenetic siblings (closest relatives) the swifts and tree-swifts.
You seemed possibly interested in covering the Apodiformes clade on my last comment about that group.
Also, was it Clint at one time or a commenter who said (fake) penguins are ultimately closer related to hummingbirds than great auks? Maybe I'm reading this cladogram wrong, but it seems like actually auks (Charadriiformes) are closer to hummingbirds than (fake) penguins (though not actually very close to them; Charadriiformes's next of kin are actually cranes and their relatives).
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerea
How you did your measurements with a multitude of accurate but obscure and unknown measurements was amazing absolutely enjoyed the work that went into it
I died laughing when you put up all of those units. Have my like and subscription. And this comment. You've earned it sir
I laughed so hard when you switched to more obscure measurements and listing so many measurement options onscreen. Amazing! 😂
Also... please teach me about life history evolution!!
We eneed a video where clint only uses weird freedom units like "12 bigmacs" or "1.2 warshing machines"
5 camels long
1/128th of a football field.
10 smoots long.
If you know, you know.
10 smoots long.
If you know, you know.
Clint, you really are the best teacher I never had*.
*until now. Also, you are the master of actually funny nerd/dad puns.
Also also, those are some impressive pockets, I must admit that I'm a little envious.
one of my (many) favorite things about this channel is that the titles/thumbnails can be so click baity, but in a GOOD way. there is no lie here... it's true - but as someone who lives under a rock, y'all had me going for a minute there 😂
PS i prefer things be spoken rather than on screen as i usually just listen to these, but visuals would probably be nicer for those HoH
Please keep all possible units in future videos
editor:
👁👄👁
@@alveolate This would be ripe for handing off to AI, because who is going to notice if it makes a math mistake in the conversion to microfurlongs? Even if someone did notice, they might just see it as an extension of the joke itself.
@@mal2ksc or you know, you could just make a script to churn out all the numbers, maybe even make the formatting for you.
really, very few things work better with AI, outside of some very specific niche stuff.
Hey I really liked your video and I would like to make a sugestion. While trying to explain Penguin genealogy and why they are extinct you went off the rails and spend a huge amount of time talking about Albatrosses (which I found fascinating). But I would recommend to get to the point faster with these video format and maybe doing some kind of "podcast" format video to go deep into nerdy stuff we geeky people love. Awesome video anyways!
What the Quack did we do this time?..
Didn't you watch that Futurama episode about the pinguins? 😅
Nah, it's something else, something to do about why pinguins (not extinct) are called pinguins.
I’m so happy to made this video. I work monitoring shearwater and storm petrel colonies and I need to tell you that if you think they can’t take of the ground, wait until you see them landing, their preferred method is crashing on the floor and act like if nothing happened. They are the most majestic beings, yet the goofiest ones at the same time 😅😂
When I was a kid, back in the 1950s, I watched a Walt Disney nature movie that had an extended sequence of albatrosses crashing into things on landing. It's why the sailors on Midway Island back during World War II called them "gooney birds."
I honestly love your measurements scale. This is great
Penguins have always been my favorite animal, when I saw this video I was stoked to learn some crazy information! Thanks, Clint! I am still a false penguin lover!! xD OG penguins too!
"Pangwings"
-Sherlock Holmes
6:28 you’ve got to be kidding lmao
that’s the best joke with units you could’ve made
Oh buddy, this is why I love you love the conversion tables. I might’ve needed that in a few points.
Also, loved your units of measurements, really helped clarify things for me! 😊😂
Wow, this was a fantastic video. I love your enthusiasm for the topic, the clear explanations and the part about albatross flight.
Very entertaining and informative.
We could call them new penguins, but someone else said peng-wings and I think we should rename them that lol
Pengwings is the name of the alien penguin-like creatures in the Subnautica: Below Zero btw.
I still am amazed that killdeer must hunt ruminants.
I never would have thought that I would learn more about flying in a penguin video.
If you want to see albatrosses, take a trip to Midway Atoll. During WW2 the navy referred to it playfully as “gooney bird island” because it is overrun with nesting albatrosses.
Imagine having this guy as your uni lecturer- I'd still not have remembered the names, but would have been a lot more fun!!
I’ve been procrastinating watching this video as I was scared penguins went extinct and nobody told me lol
But it was fun to watch. I’m not sure I really understood anything but seeing you get excited about it was super sweet. I hope one day I can get that type of excitement back in my life. Keep on keeping on Clint. =)
"Boy, do I feel like a dodo now!" -- P.N. Gwynne
Your videos are always excellent but there’s something about the delivery of this video that was particularly funny 😂❤ I adore this channel
from penguins to false penguins to witchcraft and physics and all the way to the albatross and tube-noses, and back to false penguins again. What a ride
" Oh No, say it it's not so... "
I will not go , turn the lights off and carry me home😂
@@SmaySerpentsand on and on and on and on and on and on
say it ain't soo.. uo uo~
🎵 _Keep your head still_
_I'll be your thrill_
_The night will go on_
_My little windmill_ 🎵
Hey Clint! I love what I started in you comments! Your a big inspiration too us!