copper or UTP | single mode fiber and multimode fiber explained | CCNA 200-301

Network cables are used to connect devices and transfer data or information between those devices on an ethernet network.
These cables are essentially the carrier or media through which data flows.
There are two types of cables we can use for Ethernet networks:
* UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)/Copper cable
* Fiber cables
UTP Cable
UTP cables use copper to transmit an electrical signal.
To create the electrical circuit, we use two wires inside the UTP cable to create a loop, which allows electricity to flow:
To send data between two devices, it uses encoding scheme.
when we want to send a 1 we send a high voltage.
When we want to send a 0, we send a low voltage.
When both devices use the same encoding scheme, we can exchange data.
One issue with electricity when sending it through a wire is that we get EMI (electromagnetic interference).
Twisting the cables helps to cancel most of the EMI between the wire pairs.
Breaking Down a UTP Ethernet Link
The term Ethernet link refers to any physical cable between two Ethernet nodes.
The cable holds some copper wires, grouped as twisted pairs.
Many Ethernet UTP cables use an RJ-45 connector on both ends.
To complete the physical link, each node need an RJ-45 Ethernet port that matches the RJ-45 connectors on the cable so that the connectors on the ends of the cable can connect to each node.
The cable with connectors is then connected to a NIC (Network Card) or a switch port:
PCs often include this RJ-45 Ethernet port as part of a network interface card (NIC),
Switches typically have many RJ-45 ports because switches give user devices a place to connect to the Ethernet LAN.
UTP cables can be wired as
straight through or
crossover.
straight through cables are primarily used for connecting unlike devices.
such as
* Switch to router
* Switch to PC or server
* Hub to PC or server
And crossover cables are use for connecting a like devices.
such as
* Switch to switch
* Switch to hub
* Hub to hub
* Router to router
* Router Ethernet port to PC NIC
* PC to PC
three most commonly used Ethernet standards for copper are :
10BASE-T (Ethernet),
100BASE-T (Fast Ethernet, or FE), and
1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GE).
You can identify in IEEE standard name if is the copper when it includes the letter T
The advantage of UTP is that it’s cheap and easy to work with.
The capability of many UTP-based Ethernet standards to use a cable length up to 100 meters means that the majority of Ethernet cabling in an enterprise uses UTP cables.
One of the disadvantages is that you can only use it up to 100 meter.
This is where the our next topic comes in to the picture
Fiber cables
Fiber optic cable is a high-speed data transmission medium.
It contains tiny glass or plastic filaments as the medium through which light passes
varying that light over time to encode 0s and 1s.
Digital data is transmitted through the cable via rapid pulses of light.
The receiving end of a fiber optic transmission translates the light pulses into binary values, which can be read by a network device
Components of a Fiber-Optic Cable
Fiber is actually composed of two layers of glass. •
The “core”, which carries the actual light signal.• The “cladding”, a layer of glass surrounding the corecladding and core work together to create the environment to allow transmission of light over the cable.
The three outer layers of the cable protect the interior of the cable and make the cables easier to install and manage.
When using fiber cable To transmit between two devices, you need two cables, for tx and rx one for each direction, as shown in Figure 2-18.
Fiber Types
There are two main types of fiber optic cables: •
Single Mode Fiber (SMF)• Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)
• The difference is basically in the size of the core.
SMF has a very narrow core (typically around 9μm), which allows only a single mode of light to propagate.
Single-mode allows distances into the tens of kilometers, but with slightly more expensive SFP/SFP+ hardware.
SMF fiber you can see on the right side in yellow
MMF has a much wider core (typically 62.5μm or 50μm), allowing multiple modes (or “rays”) of light to propagate.
Fiber allow for distances up to 400m
Some of the commonly used ethernet standard for fiber are
1000BASE-LX sm
10GBASE-S mm
10GBASE-LX4 mm
10GBASE-LR sm
10GBASE-E /ZR sm
#CCNA #fiber #UTP #copper #singlemode

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