Please be sure to LIKE and SUBSCRIBE. You can support my educational videos by clicking on the "Thanks" button just above (right of Like button) or by going here: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=EWUSLG3GBS5W8
I am so proud to see women geologist. I wanted to be a geologist from the 3rd grade on, but I made the mistake of being a woman trying to get college science classes in 1970. Literally told by my female counselor "You'd be taking a seat away from a man who has to support his family" "Women only go to college to find a husband." We've come a long way, baby!
I had the same experience In high school. I wanted to be a geologist and was told I would never get into a college for it because women don’t do science.
Back in the mid 1960's, I applied to Leicester University to do Geology and had a letter back stating that women did not do Geology! Twenty years later I did an Earth Sciences BSc through the Open University that satisfied my soul.
Thanks for another fascinating conversation Shawn. This 83 year old loves the enthusiasm you both bring to educating us in your chosen fields - this is a positive side of social media and certainly keeps us engaged.
I'm not a geologist of any sort, but have been following the Icelandic activity and your coverage of it ever since the November intrusion made the news. So even retired NC art faculty is not too old to learn. Proud to claim Dr. Soldati -- my North Carolina pride includes her now. Thoroughly enjoyed this conversation!
This was a fascinating discussion. I have been interested in understanding the rehology of fresh lava since my days at WSU in the 80s when the other grad students were baking “basalt cookies”. Better than that though was the window into two colleagues sharing their mutual fascination in how our world works. Thank you
Very interesting. I'm in love with the volcanic models: every geology department should have them. And overarching respect for Ariana's linguistic ability. Her university's support of public outreach is a big plus, but it takes someone as smart and energetic as her to make the most of it. Great interview.
Thank you so much for this interesting discussion! I love this format Shawn, the banter around a shared passion makes even the most complex subject (viscosity of molten rocks!!) interesting and understandable by anyone (curious)
Arianna - I'm loving your explanations for how the chemistry of the silica with their oxygen bonds are being robbed at high temperatures adding to the viscosity. I've never studied geology - wish I had now! Thank you Shawn for such an interesting video too.
What an enjoyable conversation! Dr. Soldati conveys infectious enthusiasm with everything she speaks about. Thank you for opening our minds to another topic in volcanology. It was really interesting and impressive.
What a satisfying interview! I enjoyed listening to a professor so passionate about science, available to educate the general public and her students so effectively and be energized in return. I'm happy to hear her university is supportive. Congratulations to Dr. Soldati for all of her hard work, studying internationally, relocating many times, to get to this place in her life.
Wonderful conversation, professors. Thank you both. I'll wager that you have already learned from each other's techniques of communication and education. Many disciplines, including medicine, could benefit from work like this. Now that's a study design conundrum! Given Dr. Soldati's experience in a number of different education systems, it might be of interest to potential and current students of Geology to do another video focusing on that. Contrast approaches to education financing in different countries, grants, fellowships, et al. This could be contrasted with Shawn's 100% US educational experience. Maybe solicit a handful of questions from current students in advance. The audience would certainly narrow but be grateful for the insight.
Loved this interview! So exciting to feel your enthusiasm. I have just discovered volcanos the last few years & visit central Oregon often as it is so magical! Wish there was a job for me even though I am 62!
Dr Soldati is certainly passionate about her work. I am surprised that with her associated passion of outreach, that she does not have a TH-cam presence of her own. Too time consuming? I would certainly subscribe and I will have to check out her guest TH-cam appearances. Great discussion, I enjoyed it very much.
The in-the-field viscosity measurement discussion was particularly fascinating. It's obviously a ridiculously hard problem! Maybe Dr. Soldati ill be the one to solve it. Thanks professors!
I have a deep respect for someone who can have a technical discussion in a second language. Thanks for having this interesting and informative discussion!
I really enjoyed this discussion with Dr. Soldati. Her genuine enthusiasm for her work and for teaching is very refreshing. I feel that if I met her “in front of lava” we would have a wonderful conversation even though I am a geology/volcanology newbie. Thank you, Shawn, for giving us the opportunity to learn from and enjoy a bright light in the science world!
The _public outreach_ part of this to me is one of the most important things the scientific community and the universities they teach and do research at can or should focus on. Almost daily we hear the mantra, "Trust the science." Well, part of trusting the science is being able to trust the _scientists,_ as well as the institutions engaging in and producing the science. Professors like Arianna and Shawn and Nick and Myron love _teaching_ the science, and their ability to boil it down to terms that can be grasped by the average person who doesn't have a background in geology or even the _process_ of science is _critical_ to gaining their acceptance of the evidence gathered to construct these theories. Doesn't mean they have to talk down to the interested observer, they just need to have the capacity to put the parochial jargon at arm's length and re-interpret it in plain terms an interested person can get their head around. The best example I can cite is the thorny issue of Climate Change and AGW. The science around climate change is rife with vested interests that are fueled by the good old almighty dollar, and not much has been done within the scientific community to disabuse ordinary people of the skepticism or even cynicism that comes with selling theories people don't understand but DO understand the great motivator: Money. Climate change/AGW has been politicized to the _nth_ degree, and a lot of that centers around who is profiting from the debate. A truckload of grant money is being _thrown_ at universities and research scientists studying climate change, at the same time politicians are profiting from campaigning and fundraising off the issue -- and in some cases, using their insider knowledge to invest in green energy projects. If we're gonna be asked to accept the science behind climate change/AGW, it's going to take sober, clinical analysis of the problem and synthesizing it "into pill form" that the public can digest and trust that what they're hearing isn't either sorcery or outright lying about it through hyperbole and language they know people won't understand -- technical word salad, i.e., if you can't dazzle them with brilliance, baffle them with bullshit. You know there's something suspicious afoot when we're told that there IS no debate, that heterodox views within the scientific community are branded as heresy and have no business even publishing any research that might contradict the established orthodoxy. The Scientific Method is ALL ABOUT asking questions and understanding that the science is _never_ settled, as new theories are developed that totally flip what we thought we knew on its head. I'm immediately skeptical of any scientist, politician, or other vested interest when they say the science is _settled_ and there IS no more debate, take it or leave it. Robust and honest outreach can overcome this skepticism.
Fantastic. Shawn, do you think this research on fully understanding lava might lead to the day we can drop specific substances from planes to “freeze” the lava in its path? That is, fully understanding the chemistry and movement and composition of lava, we can deduce what we must do to stop the lava flow. A crazy idea? It appears today we’ll never be able to stop eruptions. But if we can mitigate lava flow, we can save cities like Naples and surroundings. Keep going, Dr. Soldati!
What an amazing interview. Thanks, Shawn! And thank you for calling my name out during the last livestream when it was my birthday! Meant a lot to me, I am still waiting for the book to arrive, though. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, to refresh your memory =)
As Dr. Soldati said, it's a bit ironic that as a volcanologist she teaches in an area of the country that geologically is a yawner. Means a whole lot o' traveling to get to her natural habitat.
Many thanks for this wonderful interview @shawnwillsey and grazie mille Arianna Soldati! It was indeed very interesting and very informative. I really love how you both are willing to share your passion with us all and you are really good at this. Your enthusiasm is also very contagious! :)
Fascinating discussion! As someone who melts glass for artistic purposes, I often add different mineral samples just to see which minerals meld well into borosilicate glass. The goal is to produce usable colors of glass which I then draw out into thin rods to use in my work. Sounds like I need a platinum crucible!
Love this interview! I learned a lot of new things, e.g., rheology. My calculus prof. (from many years ago) was doing a second Ph.D. in SystemScience- on mathematical models of blood flow. I would think similar parameters would be involved, not the least of which would involve changes in the configurations/diameters of dikes, fissures, etc. It has Calculus written all over it! Thank-you so much for a very informative episode!
Dr. Arianna Soldati, thank you again. I love reading good dissertations - we all have our unique hobbies, yes? :) - and I see that your Ph.D. dissertation was on _Rheological and morphological evolution of basaltic lava flows._ Also, you did an earlier Master’s thesis on _Bubble rise and break-up in volcanic conduits._ That topic sounds potentially relevant to the current reconfiguration of the Icelandic magmas. I may try to read both. I would not be surprised if your Ph.D. dissertation included considerable discussion of the tetrahedral silica bonding issue. Thank you both for this great interview!
Even though I have a career in accounting, I’ve always been fascinated with geology especially volcanos. Historically, I’ve found it hard to access information as I’m not a scientist. I love that you make it so easy to understand for the public. I enjoy your videos immensely and it takes some of the pressure off of bugging my husband on where our next vacation should be that includes a volcano! 😀 I missed the Iceland one by a month when I was there in Sep 2022, but I’m convinced I will get to see magma in this lifetime! So far have been to Hawaii Haleakala, Santorini caldera (swam in), Soufrie in St Lucia, Arenal in Costa Rica and all of the ones in southern Iceland. I’ll be in Japan this fall, so hope to visit some there.
Wow I'm watching this at 10:30 mountain finally got a chance boy she is very excited about volcanology !! and her credentials are just as impressive. Great interview.
Once you've collected the lava and take it to the lab, how do you account for the dissolved gasses that have escaped and their effect on the viscosity, etc.?
That was just SUCH a great conversation. Thanks for having it publicly ! You started out discussing lava viscosity and Prof. Soldati said that samples from a given eruption were pretty uniform. I did wonder about the on-site manual sampling of lava and that the method was affecting results. Thinking that safety considerations must demark a line of closest approach would that not mean that samples are pretty much bound to be at the same stage of evolution - losing dissolved gas, crystal formation , temperature and other things you say viscosity depends upon ? Could there be a use for drones to collect samples nearer to the vents ? Thanks again for a fun session.
So important to have relevent material to draw information from. There was a time when online FUD about Yellowstone would drive a narrative, an upset or worry. Not anymore. Conversations with people who get completely wrapped-up around doomsday occurances are much more satisfying internally. Being able to look at things from a more balanced perspective is much more satisfying.
Yea viscosity is very interesting to me. My dad was a mechanic and he explained to me about the different viscosity’s of engine oil. So when I first heard of lava viscosity I knew what it meant.
Thanks Docs, Dr. Soldati, Have you considered using AI agents to build a volcanic rheology knowledge base of articles, presentations, images, videos, and databases? You can use other sets of agents to help generate layperson summaries, look for holes in the rheology information knowledge base, for you classes, and for a future textbook. Dr. Willsey, The current Icelandic eruptions/intrusions are like a pressure cooker coming up to temperature. Each time the pressure reaches the release pressure for the weight on the pressure cooker (on the underlying sill), there is a short burst of steam (magma), the pressure is relieved, and the cooker (the sill) goes back to waiting for the inside pressure to get high enough to trigger another venting event. The entire system is a magma engine. The work being done is the lifting of the overburden to the point magma can escape the chamber (the sill).
17:40 “NBO over Tetrahedral” - Ah! So _that’s_ why mafic lavas are so fluid compared to high-silica lavas - iron, magnesium, and other elements are terminating the ability of silica to form extended bonding networks within the liquid state. Interesting! Fantastic interview.
@@michaeldeierhoi4096 Good point! My image of what's going on is that as long as two or more tetrahedral bonds stay open on most of the silica units, you're going to get gloppy behavior because the silica units essentially polymerize even in the liquid form. Liquid crystals come to mind, and that might actually be a good analogy. After the silica drops to a point where all of the silica bonds get terminated on most silica units, the whole thing is going to behave much more like a traditional molecular compound, and should melt and flow much more easily. It's not a coincidence that silicon is the only element that people have seriously proposed as an alternative to carbon for life. It does like the polymerize, both in the metallic and the oxide forms.
@@TerryBollinger Those are all good points as well. . I would only add that silicon combines with far fewer elements than carbon. And the role of silicon as an alternative basis for life will remain hypothetical until we actually have hard evidence.
@@michaeldeierhoi4096while there was once a lot speculative interest in the idea of silicon-based life, I think most people familiar with a topic would say it's extremely unlikely. Silicon chemistry makes great rocks, but falls short on dynamic chemistry. You’d be better off trying to build life with boron nitride chains, whose bonding electrons average out into a much better simulation of carbon. With those chains you can get cubic analogs to diamond, sheet-like analogs to graphite, and even borazine, a benzene analog. But those, too, are only fragile analogs to carbon, not the real deal.
28:46 Mineralogy is arguably one of the most complex subsets of condensed matter physics! It is not one that we understand well outside a rather limited set of temperature and pressure parameters available to us near the surface of Earth. Mineralogy is also very much a living discipline! Some properties can emerge from combinations of elements and histories that we have no clue what they are or how they could impact the evolution of, say, planets and solar systems, let alone Earth itself.
Folks who aren't young, like me...can also talk to the young people in their lives about studying volcanology. No one ever presented that to me when I was in school.
22:47 Hmm… Dr. Arianna, even ordinary greenhouse glass is highly reflective of infrared. Have you tried holding a plate of glass in front of your phone? If that works, you could elaborate it into a small box open only on the viewer side. Very impressive field research and a great interview, by the way!
22:36 Shawn Willsey, your idea of a phone app for measuring viscosity using data from phone videos makes a lot of sense. Video data contains enormous amounts of data, such as motion and color, at multiple scales of length and time. With sufficient correlation to the trickier field measurements, you should be able to get good correlations. The trick, of course, is that someone has to go out and make the dangerous real-time measurements of the viscosity to get the data to go with the video. Once done, however, a simple app amplifies the value of those trickier and more dangerous field-level rheology measurements.
26:15 University of Missouri at Columbia! I went to Rolla, which has deep geology roots since it used to be the Missouri School of Mines. We should have tried to entice someone as brilliant as you to come to our campus!
Do the gasses get replenished (like when the crusts are pushing under another crust and getting "melted" again) or do they not and therefore, over time, the overall gas content does decline subsurface over the billions of years?
Gasses do get replenished in the case of subduction water vapor, carbon dioxide(from organics and carbonates) sulfides from sediments and or entrained minerals etc.. However there are primordial gases still rising from the depths of the Earth however most notably plume magmas will carry up some amount of Helium including Helium 3 which doesn't get replenished by radioactive decay so all of it comes from gasses dissolving into the early proto Earth & Theia from the accretion disk they were entrained within, or possibly from disk instability driven direct collapse if that model is correct for large planetesimal formation. For a plume based volcano you likely have a higher than normal concentration of these primordial gases though water carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide seem to get well cycled through the mantle as slabs slowly sink back down to the core mantle boundary recrystallizing with the changes in pressure and heat over time. There are still a lot of unknowns in the specifics but from the papers I've read it seems to be the case that the gases get transferred from the slab material to the surrounding mantle during recrystallization and the changes in buoyancy for lighter minerals should they become concentrated enough and or hot enough helps support an upward plume of still largely solid rock which only begins to remelt, releasing the entrained gases into solution, as the pressure drops within the asthenosphere and lower crust.
I WONDER??? Everyone is jumping on this bandwagon that the whole Penn of Iceland has awakened but isn't more possible that somethings may have expanded and shifted? What if Fagra was supposed to erupt farther west where the original massive swarm was? It lasted for half a year continuous. Now just a jump over to the west of Fagra we have this continuous action with some swarming (very small) near Fagra when this "New System" recharges!!! I only guess but would love to see the plumbing under the crust soooo bad!
Please be sure to LIKE and SUBSCRIBE. You can support my educational videos by clicking on the "Thanks" button just above (right of Like button) or by going here: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=EWUSLG3GBS5W8
Dr. Soldati's enthusiasm in her field is fantastic! Great interview again Prof Willsey!
I am so proud to see women geologist. I wanted to be a geologist from the 3rd grade on, but I made the mistake of being a woman trying to get college science classes in 1970. Literally told by my female counselor "You'd be taking a seat away from a man who has to support his family" "Women only go to college to find a husband."
We've come a long way, baby!
Thank God and alleluia!
Back in the 60's in the UK, I was told by a University that there were no jobs for women in geology!
I had the same experience In high school. I wanted to be a geologist and was told I would never get into a college for it because women don’t do science.
Back in the mid 1960's, I applied to Leicester University to do Geology and had a letter back stating that women did not do Geology! Twenty years later I did an Earth Sciences BSc through the Open University that satisfied my soul.
Thanks for another fascinating conversation Shawn. This 83 year old loves the enthusiasm you both bring to educating us in your chosen fields - this is a positive side of social media and certainly keeps us engaged.
Wonderful discussion and interview. Thank you Shawn and Dr. Soldati.
Thank you Arianna and Shawn for sharing your knowledge with us in this fantastic discussion 😊
I'm not a geologist of any sort, but have been following the Icelandic activity and your coverage of it ever since the November intrusion made the news. So even retired NC art faculty is not too old to learn. Proud to claim Dr. Soldati -- my North Carolina pride includes her now. Thoroughly enjoyed this conversation!
This was a fascinating discussion. I have been interested in understanding the rehology of fresh lava since my days at WSU in the 80s when the other grad students were baking “basalt cookies”. Better than that though was the window into two colleagues sharing their mutual fascination in how our world works. Thank you
Great to join you both this morning
Very interesting. I'm in love with the volcanic models: every geology department should have them. And overarching respect for Ariana's linguistic ability. Her university's support of public outreach is a big plus, but it takes someone as smart and energetic as her to make the most of it. Great interview.
Excellent interview, fascinating to hear more about areas of research that are happening.
Fantastic discussion. Grazie mille Dr Soldati and Prof. Shawn.
Thank you so much for this interesting discussion! I love this format Shawn, the banter around a shared passion makes even the most complex subject (viscosity of molten rocks!!) interesting and understandable by anyone (curious)
Thanks Shawn another great interview from two enthusiastic colleagues who are passionate about translating science so we can understand it! Yay!!
Both of you are obviously excited about teaching not just research. We as your audience, and appreciate that greatly!
Arianna - I'm loving your explanations for how the chemistry of the silica with their oxygen bonds are being robbed at high temperatures adding to the viscosity. I've never studied geology - wish I had now! Thank you Shawn for such an interesting video too.
Thanks! Shaun. I guess your best discovery on a lava field was in fact a volcanologist!
What an enjoyable conversation! Dr. Soldati conveys infectious enthusiasm with everything she speaks about. Thank you for opening our minds to another topic in volcanology. It was really interesting and impressive.
What a satisfying interview! I enjoyed listening to a professor so passionate about science, available to educate the general public and her students so effectively and be energized in return. I'm happy to hear her university is supportive. Congratulations to Dr. Soldati for all of her hard work, studying internationally, relocating many times, to get to this place in her life.
Wonderful conversation, professors. Thank you both.
I'll wager that you have already learned from each other's techniques of communication and education. Many disciplines, including medicine, could benefit from work like this. Now that's a study design conundrum! Given Dr. Soldati's experience in a number of different education systems, it might be of interest to potential and current students of Geology to do another video focusing on that. Contrast approaches to education financing in different countries, grants, fellowships, et al. This could be contrasted with Shawn's 100% US educational experience. Maybe solicit a handful of questions from current students in advance. The audience would certainly narrow but be grateful for the insight.
Loved this interview! So exciting to feel your enthusiasm. I have just discovered volcanos the last few years & visit central Oregon often as it is so magical! Wish there was a job for me even though I am 62!
Excellent interview! Thanks Shawn and Arianna.🌋🌋
Dr Soldati is certainly passionate about her work. I am surprised that with her associated passion of outreach, that she does not have a TH-cam presence of her own. Too time consuming? I would certainly subscribe and I will have to check out her guest TH-cam appearances. Great discussion, I enjoyed it very much.
The in-the-field viscosity measurement discussion was particularly fascinating. It's obviously a ridiculously hard problem! Maybe Dr. Soldati ill be the one to solve it. Thanks professors!
I have a deep respect for someone who can have a technical discussion in a second language. Thanks for having this interesting and informative discussion!
I really enjoyed this discussion with Dr. Soldati. Her genuine enthusiasm for her work and for teaching is very refreshing. I feel that if I met her “in front of lava” we would have a wonderful conversation even though I am a geology/volcanology newbie. Thank you, Shawn, for giving us the opportunity to learn from and enjoy a bright light in the science world!
The _public outreach_ part of this to me is one of the most important things the scientific community and the universities they teach and do research at can or should focus on. Almost daily we hear the mantra, "Trust the science." Well, part of trusting the science is being able to trust the _scientists,_ as well as the institutions engaging in and producing the science. Professors like Arianna and Shawn and Nick and Myron love _teaching_ the science, and their ability to boil it down to terms that can be grasped by the average person who doesn't have a background in geology or even the _process_ of science is _critical_ to gaining their acceptance of the evidence gathered to construct these theories. Doesn't mean they have to talk down to the interested observer, they just need to have the capacity to put the parochial jargon at arm's length and re-interpret it in plain terms an interested person can get their head around.
The best example I can cite is the thorny issue of Climate Change and AGW. The science around climate change is rife with vested interests that are fueled by the good old almighty dollar, and not much has been done within the scientific community to disabuse ordinary people of the skepticism or even cynicism that comes with selling theories people don't understand but DO understand the great motivator: Money.
Climate change/AGW has been politicized to the _nth_ degree, and a lot of that centers around who is profiting from the debate. A truckload of grant money is being _thrown_ at universities and research scientists studying climate change, at the same time politicians are profiting from campaigning and fundraising off the issue -- and in some cases, using their insider knowledge to invest in green energy projects.
If we're gonna be asked to accept the science behind climate change/AGW, it's going to take sober, clinical analysis of the problem and synthesizing it "into pill form" that the public can digest and trust that what they're hearing isn't either sorcery or outright lying about it through hyperbole and language they know people won't understand -- technical word salad, i.e., if you can't dazzle them with brilliance, baffle them with bullshit. You know there's something suspicious afoot when we're told that there IS no debate, that heterodox views within the scientific community are branded as heresy and have no business even publishing any research that might contradict the established orthodoxy. The Scientific Method is ALL ABOUT asking questions and understanding that the science is _never_ settled, as new theories are developed that totally flip what we thought we knew on its head. I'm immediately skeptical of any scientist, politician, or other vested interest when they say the science is _settled_ and there IS no more debate, take it or leave it. Robust and honest outreach can overcome this skepticism.
Fantastic. Shawn, do you think this research on fully understanding lava might lead to the day we can drop specific substances from planes to “freeze” the lava in its path? That is, fully understanding the chemistry and movement and composition of lava, we can deduce what we must do to stop the lava flow. A crazy idea? It appears today we’ll never be able to stop eruptions. But if we can mitigate lava flow, we can save cities like Naples and surroundings. Keep going, Dr. Soldati!
Really enjoyed this conversation. You are both excellent teachers. Enjoy Prague and Vienna! Such beautiful cities.
What an amazing interview. Thanks, Shawn! And thank you for calling my name out during the last livestream when it was my birthday! Meant a lot to me, I am still waiting for the book to arrive, though. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, to refresh your memory =)
Enjoy the learning process. Great reference.
I live in NC so I am excited to hear about your work.
As Dr. Soldati said, it's a bit ironic that as a volcanologist she teaches in an area of the country that geologically is a yawner. Means a whole lot o' traveling to get to her natural habitat.
Many thanks for this wonderful interview @shawnwillsey and grazie mille Arianna Soldati! It was indeed very interesting and very informative. I really love how you both are willing to share your passion with us all and you are really good at this. Your enthusiasm is also very contagious! :)
Fascinating discussion! As someone who melts glass for artistic purposes, I often add different mineral samples just to see which minerals meld well into borosilicate glass. The goal is to produce usable colors of glass which I then draw out into thin rods to use in my work. Sounds like I need a platinum crucible!
Another outstanding interview! Love her enthusiasm!!
What a great interview and discussion between two star geologists! Proud to call NC and Iceland home! Thanks to you both.
Love this interview! I learned a lot of new things, e.g., rheology.
My calculus prof. (from many years ago) was doing a second Ph.D. in SystemScience-
on mathematical models of blood flow. I would think similar parameters would be involved, not the least of which would involve changes in the configurations/diameters of dikes, fissures, etc.
It has Calculus written all over it!
Thank-you so much for a very informative episode!
Very inspiring interview, thank you Shawn! 😀
Dr. Arianna Soldati, thank you again. I love reading good dissertations - we all have our unique hobbies, yes? :) - and I see that your Ph.D. dissertation was on _Rheological and morphological evolution of basaltic lava flows._
Also, you did an earlier Master’s thesis on _Bubble rise and break-up in volcanic conduits._ That topic sounds potentially relevant to the current reconfiguration of the Icelandic magmas.
I may try to read both. I would not be surprised if your Ph.D. dissertation included considerable discussion of the tetrahedral silica bonding issue.
Thank you both for this great interview!
Well that was an awesome interview! Arianna sure loves he job. So much energy and enthusiasm, I'll bet her students love her.
Wonderful interview! Would love to hear the two of you talk again!
Brilliant Interview so Interesting and exciting.
Thank you for a great interview!
Wow, just learned a lot...thanks Shawn and Arianna!
I am thrilled to know we have a volcanologist at NCSU.
grazie professoressa soldati! sei una inspirazione e la sua entusiasmo è incredible
This was so fun! I really enjoyed this interview. She’s awesome!
Even though I have a career in accounting, I’ve always been fascinated with geology especially volcanos. Historically, I’ve found it hard to access information as I’m not a scientist. I love that you make it so easy to understand for the public. I enjoy your videos immensely and it takes some of the pressure off of bugging my husband on where our next vacation should be that includes a volcano! 😀
I missed the Iceland one by a month when I was there in Sep 2022, but I’m convinced I will get to see magma in this lifetime!
So far have been to Hawaii Haleakala, Santorini caldera (swam in), Soufrie in St Lucia, Arenal in Costa Rica and all of the ones in southern Iceland. I’ll be in Japan this fall, so hope to visit some there.
Wow I'm watching this at 10:30 mountain finally got a chance boy she is very excited about volcanology !! and her credentials are just as impressive. Great interview.
Once you've collected the lava and take it to the lab, how do you account for the dissolved gasses that have escaped and their effect on the viscosity, etc.?
I live a few miles from NC State. Hope she will have some field trips like yours in NC!!
I also lived in Milano and Roma many years ago.
That was just SUCH a great conversation. Thanks for having it publicly !
You started out discussing lava viscosity and Prof. Soldati said that samples from a given eruption were pretty uniform.
I did wonder about the on-site manual sampling of lava and that the method was affecting results. Thinking that safety considerations must demark a line of closest approach would that not mean that samples are pretty much bound to be at the same stage of evolution - losing dissolved gas, crystal formation , temperature and other things you say viscosity depends upon ? Could there be a use for drones to collect samples nearer to the vents ?
Thanks again for a fun session.
A fun interview. Just noticed that you’ve reached 100k subscribers, jolly well done & earned Prof 👍😁
Ariana, do you have the equipment needed at NCSU or do you have to go somewhere else.
Awesome session. Very educational, many thanks. Getting close to those 100K subscribers Prof W 😎
So important to have relevent material to draw information from. There was a time when online FUD about Yellowstone would drive a narrative, an upset or worry. Not anymore. Conversations with people who get completely wrapped-up around doomsday occurances are much more satisfying internally. Being able to look at things from a more balanced perspective is much more satisfying.
Yea viscosity is very interesting to me. My dad was a mechanic and he explained to me about the different viscosity’s of engine oil. So when I first heard of lava viscosity I knew what it meant.
Yea that’s where I have been languishing for a long while now in mineralogy. But I do love it
Thanks Docs,
Dr. Soldati,
Have you considered using AI agents to build a volcanic rheology knowledge base of articles, presentations, images, videos, and databases? You can use other sets of agents to help generate layperson summaries, look for holes in the rheology information knowledge base, for you classes, and for a future textbook.
Dr. Willsey,
The current Icelandic eruptions/intrusions are like a pressure cooker coming up to temperature. Each time the pressure reaches the release pressure for the weight on the pressure cooker (on the underlying sill), there is a short burst of steam (magma), the pressure is relieved, and the cooker (the sill) goes back to waiting for the inside pressure to get high enough to trigger another venting event.
The entire system is a magma engine. The work being done is the lifting of the overburden to the point magma can escape the chamber (the sill).
Great Interview, thanks!
I love those 3D volcano models!
Awesome discussion!
Thanks Arianna, that was really interesting.
What does she do for outreach? TH-cam? Public lectures? TV?
17:40 “NBO over Tetrahedral” - Ah! So _that’s_ why mafic lavas are so fluid compared to high-silica lavas - iron, magnesium, and other elements are terminating the ability of silica to form extended bonding networks within the liquid state. Interesting! Fantastic interview.
That and the lower level of silica no??
@@michaeldeierhoi4096 Good point! My image of what's going on is that as long as two or more tetrahedral bonds stay open on most of the silica units, you're going to get gloppy behavior because the silica units essentially polymerize even in the liquid form. Liquid crystals come to mind, and that might actually be a good analogy.
After the silica drops to a point where all of the silica bonds get terminated on most silica units, the whole thing is going to behave much more like a traditional molecular compound, and should melt and flow much more easily.
It's not a coincidence that silicon is the only element that people have seriously proposed as an alternative to carbon for life. It does like the polymerize, both in the metallic and the oxide forms.
@@TerryBollinger Those are all good points as well. . I would only add that silicon combines with far fewer elements than carbon. And the role of silicon as an alternative basis for life will remain hypothetical until we actually have hard evidence.
@@michaeldeierhoi4096while there was once a lot speculative interest in the idea of silicon-based life, I think most people familiar with a topic would say it's extremely unlikely. Silicon chemistry makes great rocks, but falls short on dynamic chemistry.
You’d be better off trying to build life with boron nitride chains, whose bonding electrons average out into a much better simulation of carbon. With those chains you can get cubic analogs to diamond, sheet-like analogs to graphite, and even borazine, a benzene analog. But those, too, are only fragile analogs to carbon, not the real deal.
28:46 Mineralogy is arguably one of the most complex subsets of condensed matter physics! It is not one that we understand well outside a rather limited set of temperature and pressure parameters available to us near the surface of Earth.
Mineralogy is also very much a living discipline! Some properties can emerge from combinations of elements and histories that we have no clue what they are or how they could impact the evolution of, say, planets and solar systems, let alone Earth itself.
Folks who aren't young, like me...can also talk to the young people in their lives about studying volcanology. No one ever presented that to me when I was in school.
22:47 Hmm… Dr. Arianna, even ordinary greenhouse glass is highly reflective of infrared. Have you tried holding a plate of glass in front of your phone? If that works, you could elaborate it into a small box open only on the viewer side.
Very impressive field research and a great interview, by the way!
22:36 Shawn Willsey, your idea of a phone app for measuring viscosity using data from phone videos makes a lot of sense. Video data contains enormous amounts of data, such as motion and color, at multiple scales of length and time. With sufficient correlation to the trickier field measurements, you should be able to get good correlations.
The trick, of course, is that someone has to go out and make the dangerous real-time measurements of the viscosity to get the data to go with the video. Once done, however, a simple app amplifies the value of those trickier and more dangerous field-level rheology measurements.
26:15 University of Missouri at Columbia! I went to Rolla, which has deep geology roots since it used to be the Missouri School of Mines. We should have tried to entice someone as brilliant as you to come to our campus!
Well done!
32:50 Dr. Arianna, although it's 47 million years old and covered with trees, there is Mole Hill in Virginia not too far away from you!
Where in Europe are you going? I didn’t see that on your field trips.
Vienna and Prague. Trip with a few friends.
NC State ! Go Pack !
Do the gasses get replenished (like when the crusts are pushing under another crust and getting "melted" again) or do they not and therefore, over time, the overall gas content does decline subsurface over the billions of years?
Gasses do get replenished in the case of subduction water vapor, carbon dioxide(from organics and carbonates) sulfides from sediments and or entrained minerals etc..
However there are primordial gases still rising from the depths of the Earth however most notably plume magmas will carry up some amount of Helium including Helium 3 which doesn't get replenished by radioactive decay so all of it comes from gasses dissolving into the early proto Earth & Theia from the accretion disk they were entrained within, or possibly from disk instability driven direct collapse if that model is correct for large planetesimal formation.
For a plume based volcano you likely have a higher than normal concentration of these primordial gases though water carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide seem to get well cycled through the mantle as slabs slowly sink back down to the core mantle boundary recrystallizing with the changes in pressure and heat over time. There are still a lot of unknowns in the specifics but from the papers I've read it seems to be the case that the gases get transferred from the slab material to the surrounding mantle during recrystallization and the changes in buoyancy for lighter minerals should they become concentrated enough and or hot enough helps support an upward plume of still largely solid rock which only begins to remelt, releasing the entrained gases into solution, as the pressure drops within the asthenosphere and lower crust.
Hello Arianna 😊
👍👍👍👍
IT just erupted in island!!!!!
Yes was Just watching the camera's woensdag it went ballistic
I WONDER??? Everyone is jumping on this bandwagon that the whole Penn of Iceland has awakened but isn't more possible that somethings may have expanded and shifted? What if Fagra was supposed to erupt farther west where the original massive swarm was? It lasted for half a year continuous. Now just a jump over to the west of Fagra we have this continuous action with some swarming (very small) near Fagra when this "New System" recharges!!! I only guess but would love to see the plumbing under the crust soooo bad!
Graham’s law
Sorry i came late ...