Nazi Fugitive Argentina - SS Officer On the Run For 50 years (Ep. 1)
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The story of SS-Captain Erich Priebke, who commanded the infamous 1944 Ardeatine Caves Massacre in Rome, and escaped justice, going on the run in South America for an astounding 50 years.
Dr. Mark Felton is a well-known British historian, the author of 22 non-fiction books, including bestsellers 'Zero Night' and 'Castle of the Eagles', both currently being developed into movies in Hollywood. In addition to writing, Mark also appears regularly in television documentaries around the world, including on The History Channel, Netflix, National Geographic, Quest, American Heroes Channel and RMC Decouverte. His books have formed the background to several TV and radio documentaries. More information about Mark can be found at: en.wikipedia.o...
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Disclaimer: All opinions and comments expressed in the 'Comments' section do not reflect the opinions of Mark Felton Productions. All opinions and comments should contribute to the dialogue. Mark Felton Productions does not condone written attacks, insults, racism, sexism, extremism, violence or otherwise questionable comments or material in the 'Comments' section, and reserves the right to delete any comment violating this rule or to block any poster from the channel.
Credits: US National Archives; Library of Congress; Bundesarchiv; Antmoose.
It would be an absolute privilege if Dr. Felton came to one of my classrooms and gave a lesson to the class. I’m certain he’d have everyone’s attention. I could listen to him teach 24/7.
I dropped out of college, but my history class was the only one I completed. Dude was just like Mark without that silky British accent hahaha
What’s wrong with your teacher? M.
He is a wikipedia page with audio.
How old are you exactly?
@@zer0day873 Don't insult doctor Felton like that. Even the founder of Wikipedia says it is now trash
As is so often the case, the realities of past events can leave us both sad and sickened. A student once asked me, "So why do we have to learn about all this bad stuff"? May we never do it out of morbid curiosity, but in the interest of truth, accountability, and our desire to avoid such blunders in our time. Dr. Mark Felton's unrivaled scholarship lends support to those of us who vow, NEVER AGAIN.
I agree. I worry many people can't connect things though. Hitler at the time was the government. I think a lot of people these days would be even more compliant to follow government orders than even then. It's a reminder, when I hear about this sickening evil act of the Nazi soldiers, that people need to look to God, Jesus Christ, to what is right over the orders given by government officials.
Most important to listen learn and not repeat.
And yet the USA is far beyond flirting with fascism...
That's all relative in today's brave new world. If you want to know who controls you; it's the people you can't criticise. Because it could be dangerous to be right in matters where established people are wrong.
There's a war movie about it: "Massacre in Rome" (1973) / original title "Rappresaglia") with Richard Burton as Herbert Kappler and Brook Williams as Captain Priebke.
I've seen that. That was a brutal massacre .
th-cam.com/video/ZdvqqPrcCNw/w-d-xo.html
I really must watch that one. Thanks.
@@rockym2931 Richard Burton played a chilling german officer.
Here it is th-cam.com/video/ZdvqqPrcCNw/w-d-xo.html
I was a history major in college. I find Dr. Felton's videos to be most informative and educational. Highly recommended to all students of history.
AHH Mark, you do such an amazing job at narrating and teaching that I actually yelled 'noooooo' when I heard i had to wait for part 2 haha.
I am just watching this but if you are in suspense. You can find the original ABC TV account of their team in the hunt that resulted in Priebke's capture.
@@johnjarpe2393 as much as I want to watch that, I will wait for Mark. Hes our professor who gives us nothing but amazing knowledge for a reason haha
The blindness and heartlessness of soldiers “simply following orders” never ceases to amaze me. Then again, after the last couple of years I’ve come to realize that many people around me today check their brains at the door and do as they’re told under the right circumstances…
Covid was one hell of a wake up call.
The rise of Right Wing/Popularist politicians and the millions of people who have voted for them in the USA, UK, France and elsewhere are indeed indicators that people have either forgotten or agree with this terrible history.
@@derin111 This is one of the few times I'll be so serious about politics - most republican movements aren't even closely related to the 'no-no' movements of years past. If you have any questions about the republican party in contrast to the national socialist party of germany, i'd be happy to answer to the best of my memory. Mind you, everything I say will be from a more conservative perspective, but that shouldn't impede you. There's no better way to learn about your opponent than to ask the opponent themselves.
Yes agreed but look what happened to the German soldiers that refused to carry out orders of execution? Ok you join them. Simple as that. Question is what do you do??
@@derin111 well there’s ring wing populism that’s called it because its popular with the people then there’s fascism and the Nazis. Being patriotic, loving your country and showing disdain for things like mass immigration etc, does not mean a nation is going to slip back to the dark days of building concentration camps and rounding millions up based on their religious beliefs, then carrying out mass Genocide. Thats just leftwing hyperbole.
To Dr Felton
I have met an elderly Italian man 94 years of age on the hospital my mother has been admitted to. His name is Valerio and he working and living in the nearby street of Via Rosella at the time this event occurred. Only last night 26-5-22 was he telling me the events of this killing off 33 SS police and later rounding up of 330 Italian civilians where Valerio locked himself away after the SS came knocking on his door and escaped execution.
He lives in Sydney Australia and I though this was an amazing story as I have read about this event of the Rome massacre by the SS.
Breaks my heart for those victims, especially the father and son - Thanks Dr Felton for keeping the history alive! This should be played in every high school classroom
I don't know about EVERY classroom. Would be a little ridiculous for it to be shown in Algebra or Health Class.
Sure, good for history to know that the modern leftist illuminatie cabal of the FedBanks, UN, WHO, Soros, Bidenadmin, etc. has the same tactics, moral, ungodly warfares.
I think school curriculums could do with more classes teaching real world skills.
Dr. Felton just never misses. I like Dr. Feltons voice.
Dr Felton, I wish you'd do a U.S. tour on the importance of history education being accurate. I would attend once you hit Indiana, shake your hand, obtain your autograph on at least one of your books I own, and drag my grown daughters to hear a real historian (other than the rantings of myself to get the facts right). Thanks for all you do!
While I entirely understand where you're probably coming from....I can't help but suspect that daughters--grown or otherwise--seem likely to be less than enthusiastic about getting dragged to a World War 2 history lecture 😉
Teaching "accurate" history to most people is teaching history that conforms to individual cognitive dissonance.
I’m an Aussie. I was a high school history teacher from 1990 til 2015. History as a subject went from being compulsory until grade ten to a poorly patronized elective subject. The result is a depressing ignorance of the broad sweep of history. WWII is barely touched on these days in senior history, so very few Australian under 40 know what fascism and totalitarianism is.
@@timothyhouse1622 Well, having a background in policework, it s strictly, " just the facts", and that's why Dr Felton's work is superb. I suggest if you need convincing, read his books and examine his sources....it spells out the good, the bad, and the downright ugly of history.
@@nonnobissolum One would be reluctant, but the other three have flown on various WWII aircraft, two obtaining their own pilots licenses. Just out of curiosity, I called all four, and two said they'd listen. Not bad for kids 20 to 31.
By far, hands down, the best military history channel on TH-cam. Seriously, nothing comes even close.
If anybody is interested, the movie 'Massacre in Rome' portrays this partisan attack and the subsequent Ardeatine massacre. Worth a watch.
Was thinking this as well. Truly chilling piece of cinema
Mi hai anticipato
Warren point 1979 a similar situation
Soldiers in lorries a prime target for
Partisans
Not spaced out on foot patrols
Bad tactics!
Thanks for the video Mark well told and straight to the point of this barbaric crime!!😎🐓🐓🐓🐓🇬🇧🇺🇦
Excellent movie. Sad so many innocent had to die.
Years ago I visited the site of the Via Rasella attack. I was struck by two things. First,how small the area actually is and second how strong the explosion must have been. Shrapnel scars are still visible on the surrounding buildings all the way up to fourth and fifth floor levels . I think the locals leave them for historical reasons. The southern side of the street is lined with a tall berm -the force of the blast was well concentrated. Good placement.
It’s between the Fountain of Trevi and the Piazza Barberini. There’s no plaque or signage to denote the event, only the shrapnel damage.
Was always fascinated by the rumours and myth around Nazis in Argentina, looking forward to this one 👌 cheers Mark
true...
Was just gonna say...not really a myth, my friends.
Washington Preps Taiwan to
th-cam.com/video/Vy2h6xeF3Jo/w-d-xo.html
@Brahmin Wellington National Enquirer reported this years ago
@Freikorps America More like he left everybody else to fend for themselves, as he gone and locked himself in the bunker and offed himself. Seriously how do people still support this atrocious man?
The father and son who crawled to the back of the cave and died in an embrace is so gut-wrenching. Im a father now, and can't fathom this. What a horrific nightmare they went through in their final moments, all of them.
Yes. When I visited the graves I met the daughter of one of the slain. Her son was there too. She never got to meet her father, but 70 years later she is still in mourning. I guess this tells a lot about our Italian brethren and their values on family.
That was heart-breaking for me too. Just highlights the evil of what the Nazi soldiers did. It makes me think too how Hitler was the government at the time, and people need to think about God, Jesus Christ, and what is right, above just "following orders".
Dr. Felton. I've been studying WW2 since the mid-1960's. I am constantly learning from your videos.
Please keep them coming!
I remember my Grandmother , ( she was Italian), talking about how part of the family was on "the wrong side" , of the war but none of them survived the war.
You think about this family , VS family in the Civil War, but not in WW2. Another very interesting and informative post . Thank you.
so the allied ones died?
Sheiße!!!!der sonne ???
@@pedroclaussen2254 Pedro...me parece que es sarcasmo nomas
On the allied that is? Just joking
@@StuparuMR only a Nazi would find that funny or appropriate, try being less insulting
I just finished Guy Walters Hunting Evil where this story is also recounted, super interesting, to hear it from you again. Good video as allways. 👍
I love the description of the partisan action.But no surprises there.Doc is a master storyteller. Sometimes I feel immersed in the narrative as if I was there.Live.Well done Doc!
Totally agree!
So you love to hear when cowardly criminals murder soldiers in an ambush, kill also some own civilians and then flee to let the remaining civilians suffer the consequences of their criminal massacre ?
I like to imagine that the intro music starts playing whenever Mark Felton enters an enclosed space. You can hear him coming down the hall on the way to teach your history class slowly getting louder.
Mark Felton is the only non-German I've heard that can actually pronounce all the German names/words correctly!👍🏻 (And that's saying something as my father's from Germany.) Can't wait for part 2!
Not quite so. If as is shown there’s an umlaut on the a of Malzer, it’s pronounced Meltser.
Dr.Felton does its again, ur content & ability to teach abt historical events (ww2&ww1 are my favorites for you to cover) is just top notch and I could watch/listen to u narrate on past events all day u definitely have a gift Dr. & I appreciate u sharing it with us.
Dr. Felton you are doing the entire world a great service and teaching history without bias. The world needs many more like you lest history is forgotten or perverted. Great job sir!
Here we go again. Sir Mark thank you for another one. 🇺🇸🏴🇬🇧
Grazie per aver mostrato un sanguinoso episodio della storia del mio paese e della mia città. Ho visitato le fosse Ardeatine e ho seguito il processo Priebke. Fino all'epilogo, nel 2013
Several people in the comments have said how much they'd love it if you were to go on a U.S. speaking tour and I absolutely agree.
Reactionaries are imposing historical revisionism on public schools and politically sensitive books (i.e. those which cover exceedingly important topics such as the Atlantic Slave Trade, the U.S. civil war, colonialism, and the 1st/2nd World Wars).
As far as I'm concerned you are the world's preeminent WW2 scholar. As well, you are extremely talented at conveying the magnitude and unparalleled importance of the war along with all of the catastrophes that happened in its wake.
If anyone can reach the citizenry of this country and convey the utmost importance of knowing our history it's you.
Evil people fear books with opposing views.
@@kaptainkaos1202 The liberals just ban or cancel them.
My wife’s uncle worked in Gaeta, Italy and would regularly see Kappler strolling in the prison yard. He said that Kappler was usually naked during his strolls.
Just a swangin
Arrrg! The waiting for pt. 2 will drive me nuts. What a great story as only Dr. Felton can do.
Spoiler Alert!
Basically, Priebke changed his name to J. Biden and got involved in US politics. That history is worse than what Priebke did during the war. 😲
Never get tired of Mr feltons videos. Ty sir.
i hope that the next episode is coming soon thank you Mark!
I never get tired of hearing the intro music. It's like hearing the imax music before the movie starts.
Excellent presentation. Thanks
Less exciting but still has to be a record, Landwacht Jacques Philippa hid in his parents attic for 29 years.
When you read "Pt. 1" in the title and you know it's gonna be a good one. Thank you Dr. Felton 💪🙏
Ep 1?
Dr Felton, Thanks for these very interesting stories about lesser known events and people of WWII.
There is more informations in one Mark's video than in 15 History Channel documentaries.
Excellent episode. Thank you for doing these Mark. 👍
I absolutely love the topic and I haven't even watched the video and I'm so excited!
Episode 1 !? Yeeeeeesss!!! I can't wait for more!
You do great work. I'm really thankful for your channel. Reminds me of the early 2000s history Channel, when it actually showed history and not stupid stuff that it does now.
The story of the „German speaking Italians from the city of Bozen“ is not well explained. If you see these group of people in relation of the time, right after the 1st WW. You should explain that the region of Südtirol was Austrian until the treaty of Versailles. They felt occupied by Italy and saw a chance to be freed by the Germans. That’s why they volunteered in huge numbers to SS, Gestapo and Wehrmacht. So from their point of view the Italians weren’t their country man but occupiers of this Austrian region called Südtirol. So it isn‘t astonishing at all.
Indeed. It's absurd that even today this region should be part of Italy.
Take it back ;now that the nazi is on a roll again in the u.s.; Ukraine and elsewhere; go for it.
I was wondering that just now
Can we just admire his talent for retelling history? This is my most watched history channel too :)
retelling history without any gimmicks
Mr Felton again I have to express myself that it was an excellent video and narration. Now this thing of waiting for part 2 is a different story 😂😂, can't wait for it. Thank you again.
Mark, I truly appreciate you and your material. I watch your videos before bed every night, and wind up learning something new every single time doing so.
Speaking of Dutch Courage, any chance, Dr. Felton, that you could look into the activities of the Dutch Resistance Groups like that of CS-6 in Amsterdam? We hear about the French Maquis, bit little of other Resistance Groups. Thanks.
The dutch were the most cooperative of any country with the Nazis.
@@yassine073t No, the Danes were. Check your judicial records on collaborators trials in postwar Europe.
@Albert Strauss You are incorrect, the resistance actually did a lot of good. They hid 300.000 people from the Nazis for starters.
The Dutch were there and stood up to evil.
Dutch "resistance" ? Thats a joke right ?
So looking forward to episode 2.
Good day sir. It's noon on the northwestern front of Idaho USA. Sunny. Have a good afternoon.
Dr. Mark Felton, I know this is out of topic but I know you can fly inside spitfire for a SMALL fee in Sywell(nn60) on Ferrari day so I just want to let you know maybe that is something you'll be interested in. Thank you for your videos I am Polish myself and I am just glad you touched topic that no one wants to talk about it or worse forget about it so thanks again
Thank you doctor.
You are truly the best 👌
Thank you very much and keep up the great work my friend.
🙋♂️🐈👍
Dr. Felton you should make a series about the mossad and zionism and these peoples hand in communism. I think a lot of people would be interested in this.
"Dr. Felton you should make a series about the mossad and zionism and these peoples hand in communism." What does any of that have to do with the Second World War?
@@Earhairy ooooh boy this has a lot to do with European wars going back to the death of Jesus Christ.
@Hegemon Strategos TH-cam won't allow that. It will immediately terminate the account. Dr Felton isn't interested either. He is here to explain allies' narrative of WW2.
@@Jan2844 why do you have this assertion that that will happen??
Tour Dr Felton! TOUR!!!
Mark. Thanks for providing my Thursday night entertainment!
Beltin' Felton with more facts about the war that most of us didn't know.
if he would have kept his mouth shut he would have died on his own terms in Argentina. Imagine the life he lived for 100 years all that he saw and experienced. Truly amazing.
Indeed,indeed
Can’t wait for part 2 excellent and depth as usual 👏👏👏
Thank you, Mark, another great and informative video!
I love these Nazi hunting episodes, always interesting to hear a new chapter about them. It’s so fascinating.
To the victor the spoils and the loser the running shoes
nothing new here !
@LaDante LaQuishia LaWashington The men of the SS denounced their religious beliefs when they were initiated. They were in no way part of the army of any god.
That's not true at all, Himmler himself despised Atheism!
Love mark Felton, videos are well presented and narrated, also very objective
I love your work! Thank you, long time fan and history buff.
That no one received the death sentence for this atrocity is itself an atrocity. At least the Italians kept Kapler in prison for almost 20 years when he escaped and was welcomed back to the Federal Republic as a hero. A stain on Germany that can never be erased. Looking forward to part 2.
Real soldiers fight in uniform, cowards hide among civilians to disappear before they get caught. They are the ones responsible for the death of innocent civilians.
Good comment and info!
Thanks
☺
Not really, the real tragedy was the Soviet commanders getting away with their crimes
@@bobdollaz3391 the American and Japanese too
Cant wait for ep 2..... and his wife and sons how did they manage? Thx Markopedia😉
..always a good day when i see a new Dr. Felton vid to see :D
👍 ... as usual. I look forward to watching episode 2.
Congrats for your content! You are doing a great, great job. Keep up the good work. Greetings from Romania! 🇷🇴
Thanks Dr. Felton 👍
I’m coming for YOU, Priebke, in episode 2.
Thank you Mark this was interesting. I hadn't heard of this massacre before.
The highest quality information presented brilliantly. This is what TH-cam should promote. Not mukbang videos.
They made this story into a movie called Massacre in Rome. Kappler was played by Richard Burton. Good movie!
I am from a medium-size City called Paraná in Argentina and I remember when I saw a very old man, tall and skinny seating down in a chair in front of his house near my mom's house. His door was opened and he was listening to the radio. When I passed by on my way back from high school I looked at him and then I looked at the door and I saw that he had a Nazi arm bracelet and a black and white photo of him wearing a Nazi Uniform. I was shocked, apparently, he was an SS officer from what I know. None knew his real name.
Awesome
Partisan 1: "Hey. I've got an idea."
Partisan 2: "Yeah. What's the worst that could happen?"
Many Innocent Civilians Dead!
To some groups, it was a necessary price, but one that stabbed the Germans too. Like in Yugoslavia, they burned and killed a village if it was known that it hosted families of partisans, so when the news came to light, the civilians either joined the resistance or waited to be put down, I bet this happened somewhere in Italy
The fact we think there is a legal and illegal way to punish people with death has always amazed me
Also terrible is that all of the allied countries took into their country some Germans they deemed critical needs. As an example, the US took in Werner Von Braun. Don’t misunderstand what I point out. They all are guilty of this. Perhaps the beginning of the end results justifies the means?
It was there for a couple of minutes, I deleted the spoiler alert. Another Dr. Felton gem, that I didn’t know about.
I really enjoy your videos
Can't wait for Part 2! 👍
Always interesting, thank you.
Another amazing video. Could we get a video on Ivan The Terrible of Treblinka and the Netflix series devil nextdoor. Many thanks.
Was a really interesting series and seemed to present both sides of the story.
@@archstanton6102 do you think John was Ivan the terrible?
@@mrknowitall126 It varies during the series. The court scenes made me think yes and no.
I think he was a guard but not 100% convinced he was Ivan.
You?
Love your channel Mark .
Any plans on a Dr. Felton blooper reel? Your pronunciation is flawless.
Dr Felton does not err; he merely changes the English language to conform to his standards.
Mark sees the ball, SWINGS ....... and hits one out of the park (again)!
I remember seeing a 1973 movie version of this incident starring Richard Burton and Marcello Mastroianni.
Wow! Amazing stuff that wasn't even close to being touched on at school. Huge thanks. Even if they escape mortal men, God knows and will judge accordingly.
DO YOU SPEAK OFTEN WITH GOD?
Erich Priebke lived in Argentina under his name, entered the country legally and with full documentation and made no secret of who he was. He was fleeing from no one and nothing, but left the ruins of Europe in the late 1940s to start a new life overseas. He was set free by a post-war British military court in Venice on the charges brought against his unit stemming from retaliatory measures that were ordered in response to a terrorist attack by the Italian 'resistance' against a German police unit in Rome, killing about 40 people including several Italians. He was therefore not "on the run".
The title of this Felton production is yet another example of manipulation through the title. Pathetic.
You are the best person who has ever been on youtube ❤️
Would be great to see a video on John Demjanjuk as well...
Well done sir thank you 😊
Thought actual jackboots on German troops were rarer by then because of material shortages. Not really a nitpick, just curious if that applied to SS police, too.
I think towards the end there was plenty of Kia German officers/ troops to take some boots from.
Actual jackboot meaning authentic leather?
@@lookbovine Meaning wearing the actual style of boot (yeah, leather was in shorter supply), as opposed to the also metaphorical term "jack-booted thugs" associated with fascism and hyperbolic comparison of things to fascism/police states.
Yes, actual full leather "Jackboots" would be somewhat rare at this time period in WWII. But, all the various Nazi police and security service troops would have some type of boot on when in the "field". Till the end some speciality units would retain and wear "jackboots" for formal uniform ( high headquarters too ), parade and honor guard duty.
You can see this in even late WWII photographs.
Good question.
☺
Your mandatory commercials are to long.
You can always ask for your money back.
😂^^^😂
both sides committed ''war crimes''.I have come to the conclusion that there is no such thing as war crimes by individuals.War is state-sanctioned murder, individuals can interpret that in their own way from time to time during war. Stalin said an individual death is a tragedy, millions of deaths are just statistics.The unit that my father served with (Hungarian army) on the Eastern front came upon some Hungarian POW's. They had had their hands tied behind their backs with barbed wire and had been run over with tanks. He always kept 2 grenades with him in case he might be captured .He had also seen German wounded being bayoneted by Romanian soldiers.After the war he was recruited in reburying many dead bodies.My grandmother and mother to be were raped by Russian soldiers.They immigrated to Canada in 48 and lived productive lives,never seemed to have suffered from PTSD, although the old man was a hard ass.
Fact. That's what makes war so terrible. Everyone involved become barbarians.
The "both sides committed war crimes" trope. Rather tiresome false equivalency.
There were war crimes which happened on the spur of the moment by men under great duress and then there were war crimes which were very planned and considered by men under no immediate threat
But you stick with your equivalence bullshit
This is the first authentic photo i have seen of the short boots and spats which replaced jackboots later in the war to conserve leather. Films usually (and erroneously) show German soldiers wearing jackboots late in the war, whereas these starting to replace jackboots as early as 1941. Dr Felton should know better than to call them jackboots.
Thank you for your video.
This murderer should have spent his life in prison.
Very well presented as I’ve come to expect from Dr Felton but what humans do to other humans is beyond my understanding
You amaze me, mr Felton, with your knowledge and details. I wish you were my history teacher in high school and college.
Dr
@@zaphodbeeblebrox9109 yes, correct...DR.
These lunch dates are great, Doc. Really appreciate your time and dedication to bringing this history to us. I’m sure there will be documentaries about you one day far in the future, and I know they will be just as grand.
~Cheers
Lunch?
@@DaveSCameron I think it means the videos come out around lunch time for him, so he watches them on his break.
Just some few notes to add to this awesome first episode : Allied were not exactly interested into "going deep" to what happened in Fosse Ardeatine , if it was not for the relenless pressure mounting from the widows and mothers of martyrs who'd executioned there , there would NOT have been any investigation.
Furthermore the results you have on your report ( very well executed indeed) are largely based on the reports made at the time by the pathologist Dr. Attilio Ascarelli, whose mercrciful and incredibly work as pathologist will be never praised enough... Rome as an "open city" has never been supposed having inflicted such a terrible wound like that...
There have been movies like "Massacre in Rome" with Richard Burton about this (1973), based on Richard Katz' book "Death in Rome", there have been memoirs like the one of Eugen Dollman ( "Roma Nazista") and very detailed books abut that ( Portelli "l'ordine è già stato eseguito")...
But still first the Kappler evasion ( hidden into a rolling case from military prison) in late seventies, then the capture of Priebke years after the massacre, when he was living a relaxed life in Bariloche (Argentina) are a wound that even after all these years the city of Rome as well as the relatives of the 335 men
and children executed (yes 5 more than necessary , for "it's better to teach the lesson the hard way" apparently they thought) is still difficult to heal Thanks anyway for those well informed videos...they were necessary to understand war crimes ...
Sorry for the excessive lenght of this comment but still i think that war crimes as the one you have described on here need to be investigated and explained otherwise ( thinking about is now happening in Ukraine) history will keep repeating without men not understanding its filthy lessons...
Thank You.
Mr friend, you've made a great reel! Thank you, looking forward to more!👍👍
Cliff hanger?!? I have enough uncertainty in my life.
THE SS troops killed in the terror attack with a bomb in Rome, by the communists, were unarmed. The communists, according to the Italian historians, were aware that the Germans will execute hostages, among those hostages were numerous Resistance fighters that were non Communists or anti-Communists. All was premeditated to kill non-Communist Resistance fighters.
Great work Mark ..Keep it up ..Jim
When will you post a part two?