Understand Your Scan: MS MRI and Brain Atrophy

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 23 ม.ค. 2025

ความคิดเห็น • 302

  • @Nurseblue87
    @Nurseblue87 4 ปีที่แล้ว +66

    This is an incredible video, I absolutely love the format you are showing, it really helps explain so many details of a MRI of the brain that you just can't comprehend elsewhere! Thanks so much for this video and please definitely do more like this!!

    • @AaronBosterMD
      @AaronBosterMD  4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      Thank you for the encouraging feedback Loving Dale #StrongerTogether

    • @vickydittfield9822
      @vickydittfield9822 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Love your Upbeat teaching style, and your passion for your work!

    • @kimberlymayo9951
      @kimberlymayo9951 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Just in time...off for a brain MRI and an EEG...very soon.

  • @meloneyparker
    @meloneyparker 4 ปีที่แล้ว +61

    I love this format. Love. But, it reminds me of the deficiencies of my neurologists who just glossed over my MRI without explaining much.

    • @Petra44YT
      @Petra44YT 4 ปีที่แล้ว +9

      Get a new neurologist! No-one needs doctors who gloss things over or don't explain a thing.

    • @tag7941
      @tag7941 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Can't agree more with you. It's a challenge finding good Neurologist.

    • @kelly-bo-belly
      @kelly-bo-belly ปีที่แล้ว +3

      YEP. Most Neuros don’t talk with us because they are pushing you through like cattle.

  • @candyduncan1261
    @candyduncan1261 4 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    I would like to see more videos like this..they say knowledge is power!!

  • @chrisc757
    @chrisc757 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    In my 10 years plus of reviewing my MRIs with my MS doctor I have never seen such a concise and methodical presentation, can’t wait to see your explanation of how MS affects the spine. Thank you for taking the time every week to prepare these video presentations.

  • @andreacatura3382
    @andreacatura3382 4 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    Super informative! Would love to see a video explaining the correlation between a brain scan and the patient’s symptoms and why scans are/are not A predictor of decline.

  • @chucko4695
    @chucko4695 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Good morning Dr. Boster. This was a great video. Thanks. Also would definitely like to see more videos like this.

  • @maryblick944
    @maryblick944 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Absolutely want more MRI examples and your analysis. It helps so much to spark questions when we go to our own docs. Thanks!!!

  • @georgenep1082
    @georgenep1082 4 ปีที่แล้ว +28

    What areas/functions are affected by those lesions? What does life look like?

  • @petmur2451
    @petmur2451 4 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Very interesting
    It would be good to know what functions in the body these legions effect? Eg walking, sight, touch etc?

  • @roberture5903
    @roberture5903 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Thank you for doing this video Aaron, some of that MRI that you were showing looks similar to what I'm dealing with. I know that means my prognosis is not great to say the least but I'm going to keep fighting. I believe that being active my whole has kept me mobile up to this point and I can't give up. Thankyou for all that you do.

  • @nk7925
    @nk7925 4 ปีที่แล้ว +27

    How old was this patient and what age were they diagnosed? Also what type of MS?

  • @JudeRevolution-c1l
    @JudeRevolution-c1l 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Thank u for teaching us Dr A 🌻💗💯love from Australia

  • @tag7941
    @tag7941 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you! Really enjoying the new MRI videos. I see my new doctor at Duke Hospital this Friday. Looking fwd to seeing a specialist that can review the MRIs and actually explain things. Appreciate you taking the time to help folks with MS better understand what they're dealing with.

  • @daludiaries2977
    @daludiaries2977 4 ปีที่แล้ว +18

    I'm definitely interested. I'd like to see a brain that is not very affected but clearly has MS. ...also spots versus how it manifests in the person's physical abilities.

  • @thebonefish
    @thebonefish 4 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    Thank you for this video. My doctors shy away from actually going into prognosis.

    • @willowtree9082
      @willowtree9082 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      thebonefish, I agree doctors and specialists do shy away of going to deeply with their patients/clients, I find that very unnerving and invalidating,a good specialist like Aaron will educate and inform, empowering and empowerment of the patient/client can be very healing, truth/honesty/transparency is a beautiful healer also.

  • @carolineblack8460
    @carolineblack8460 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Love this format! I have my brain MRI in two days and meeting with my neurologist next week. Now I will be armed with lots of questions! Thank you so much!

  • @MiDestinyx3js
    @MiDestinyx3js 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I was officially diagnosed with MS last week. I am so grateful that I came across your channel. You have answered so many of my questions and concerns without even knowing it. Very informative!! Thank you Doctor Boster. God bless you.

  • @ammmy21870
    @ammmy21870 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I have been seeing a wonderful doctor and I asked him on my last visit ( I am newly diagnosed ) “ In what area are my lesions?” He replied every lobe . And asked if I would like to see . I did not want to on that day but, I do now and I am thankful for videos like this! I follow you closely 🙌🏻 superb information! Thank You!
    Amy

  • @jjkouper5163
    @jjkouper5163 4 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    FYI - a good Neurologist won’t look at the report from the radiologist-
    Instead a great Neuro will look at the MRI him/herself 👍
    Dr B is a great neuro 👍👍👍

    • @gabikynigou2523
      @gabikynigou2523 ปีที่แล้ว

      True, my neurologist just wants to see me MRI, the reports is complementary that helps anyway!!!😊

  • @lunchbox4293
    @lunchbox4293 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Dr B! Like the new format, I've been doing biannual MRIs for over a decade. Very informative as always

  • @ragub6
    @ragub6 4 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Thank you so much - Very Informative- On my first MRI in 2004, the technician said "Collect your CD in evening". I thought to myself, Lots of noise in MRI and he wants to give me a CD 🤣 - I was hilariously naive back then

  • @laurad3497
    @laurad3497 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I am a person who likes to know what’s going on regardless of good news or bad news… And this is definitely wonderful because my docs don’t tell me much or explain how/what/why.

  • @KristapsKKK
    @KristapsKKK 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    If you see those scans, can you tell anything about possible impact in everyday life?
    Any info about patient, age, therapie, when MS was diagnosted etc would be interesting addition.

  • @lilred00051
    @lilred00051 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I really appreciate these types of videos. I have always loved science and health topics and was about to embark on a career change into nursing before becoming sidelined by M.S. I do think there are many of us who get through our diagnosis and disease by geeking out to the more technical aspects(some which are fascinating-just wish it wasn't us personally). Thanks again Dr. B. for helping us navigate through all this. Much appreciation from central PA!

  • @megd7593
    @megd7593 4 ปีที่แล้ว +28

    Yes, very interested in videos like this! What I’d also like to know is how does a person with this type of scan present clinically? What are symptoms and/or deficits displayed? Thanks, Dr. B!

    • @Py16777216
      @Py16777216 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      It could be any of a number of neurological symptoms common or rare seen in MS, or the patient my have very few deficits at all, despite the high lesion burden though that is more rare.

  • @NikkiSoFar
    @NikkiSoFar 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I think this is my favourite video of all, thank you! You are treating us like we are smart enough to understand all this, and we are! When I was in the process of being diagnosed I was fortunate to have my MRI reports and I used the internet to teach myself why the findings were significant. Love the information, more information is better. I'm not worried about knowing what's going on with me, I'm just concerned I don't know everything, and so I keep asking.

  • @frederikmeire
    @frederikmeire 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is what we need to understand our own imaging better.
    Thank you

  • @bridgetgraham5829
    @bridgetgraham5829 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Absolutely interested in more videos like this. It's always good to learn more about our brain structure and how to better understand our MRIs. Knowledge is power and I so appreciate you for sharing yours with us!!

  • @CharityBecker
    @CharityBecker 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    More of these, please! This was incredibly helpful in understanding MS lesions seen on the brain. I'd be interested in seeing an explanation on spinal cord lesions as well.

  • @CypeltResortAustralia
    @CypeltResortAustralia 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    This is really informative and important dialect to understand, for anyone with MS and their family. Thankyou from Perth Western Australia! Please share more of these 💕🇦🇺😍💪🏽

  • @kenallensr9826
    @kenallensr9826 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    FANTASTIC New Format Dr. Boster!
    I am going to look at my MRIs again to better understand them.
    I, WE - the MS Community, APPRECIATE what you do for us!!!Please Keep On Keepin’ On!

  • @desiredecove5815
    @desiredecove5815 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is such an educational video. I love this format for teaching purposes. Love how you explain how a few lesions can “ glom” together. Over time. Helps understand how the # of lesions really isn’t the issue- it’s location.❤️
    #WeHaveMS

    • @desiredecove5815
      @desiredecove5815 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      It was suggested if you could do one on the cervical spine MRI then Thoracic then lumbar by Amber Genaw

  • @billraymond9972
    @billraymond9972 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Excellent presentation. The side by side views are very helpful. Thanks. Bill

  • @OddinaryOne
    @OddinaryOne 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Yeah I’d very much like to see more videos like this one. Which program are you using?

  • @user-xk3lj3sc5p
    @user-xk3lj3sc5p 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Please please please more videos like this one!!! It helps me to understand what I'm looking at when viewing my own MRIs as well as those of my MS sisters. And my teen is currently studying Medical as well as her academic high school classes & her initial presentation to get selected for medical classes in 9th grade was on MS, what it is, how it impacts people, what treatment options are currently approved, what we are looking at in regards to immediate future, etc ... She plans on doing a much larger, fuller, more in-depth presentation upon graduation & videos like this are very helpful. And please Dr Boster, I can hear a tiny cold creeping up on you. Rest and keep your immune system strong during these Covid times as we both know that a weakened immune system let's cooties in more easily.

  • @figlina
    @figlina 4 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    Thank you so much, this is so useful! Does this person have relapsing- remitting or progressive ms?

  • @kimmiller1198
    @kimmiller1198 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This has been a very informative video!!!! Thank you so much!!! It's great hearing, & seeing, these tests explained in plain terms. It takes the "scary" part out of the "unknown"! In other words, it is really nice to have a little bit of knowledge under your belt when you go in for these things. Thanks so much for all of your dedication to this channel for us!!!

  • @timburns9890
    @timburns9890 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Love the format. It helps educate me to be better prepared when I'm reviewing my MRI with my doc.

  • @BBGunshack22
    @BBGunshack22 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Keep the MRI stuff coming!!

  • @cyberjacksr101
    @cyberjacksr101 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    👍I really appreciated this 'inside view w/ explanation'
    Thank You!

  • @paulmartell5833
    @paulmartell5833 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I love the detailed clear explanations of the information Relating to MS. Having had a One hour and forty five minute scan today for both the head and spine with and without contrast - I like to see what it is they are viewing. Wish the actual pictures were available not just their perception of what is there. I always laugh when I have to get this done, as they say something isn't right up there (but that is as descript as they get) and I respond with - with all of the equipment and education you guys have I am disappointed as Mom told me that since I was five. Ha Ha

  • @deneenbabin592
    @deneenbabin592 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Morning Dr B, I like this new format change. Yes please continue. Why? Bc a picture paints a thousand words. :)) Best regards, Deneen (pump girl in Dayton)

  • @BornAgainFarmGirl
    @BornAgainFarmGirl 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Long overdue Doc , folks have needed this video for years , me included thank you . This scan looks very similar to my own after 25 years of MS .

  • @narutokun9127
    @narutokun9127 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Yes please keep sharing any information that will inform us Ms patients thank you so much they told me I had brain atrophy

  • @clintt5071
    @clintt5071 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is awesome Dr. Boster! You are the bee's knees!

  • @Elantragirl87
    @Elantragirl87 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Love this type of video! You have a wonderful way of explaining MRIs that help me understand my checkups with my neuro so much more.

  • @karakarabobara
    @karakarabobara 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I appreciated this format. Always so easy to learn from you. Good vibes 🤗

  • @staciephillips6211
    @staciephillips6211 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I do so much also love this video & how you plan on showing more MRI in future videos. I can't say enough how important it is for me to know how to read these as I believe in being a responsible patient when it comes to my knowledge & co care of my disease. Thank you!!

  • @maryhinze-joyce8966
    @maryhinze-joyce8966 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I love content like this because it allows me to understand my MS as I have all of my
    MRIs since I was officially diagnosed and very few if any were explained to me in any detail beyond the report that is given along with the DVD. Thank you for breaking it down for us.

  • @mohammedhossain6172
    @mohammedhossain6172 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I lovee this video. Thank you so much for all that you do. Since I am newly diagnosed, I have a bunch of questions for my neuro. She merely responded with “your MRI looks fine”. Thank you so much for walking me through this experience virtually. Showing or Atleast pretending to show a little bit of compassion goes a long way.

  • @EvenSoItIsWell
    @EvenSoItIsWell 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you Dr. Boster. Yes please, more videos like this. Knowledge is power and the more we know the less mysterious and frightening this can seem.

  • @karmengia72
    @karmengia72 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great video Arron please give us more like this. It is great to learn about our brain. And thank you for all your knowledge! Always like to watch your videos -Gisele

  • @donnap.c.886
    @donnap.c.886 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hello Dr. Boster, I would leave a comment, but all have been such great comments that cover so many areas Nd questions that I don't believe I need to add any more at this time. Thank you and yes I would like to see more!

  • @areejalbataineh4634
    @areejalbataineh4634 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very interested in this format of videos. Thank you Dr. Boster!

  • @msenit4lifepattylong76
    @msenit4lifepattylong76 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Amazing video! I like this format. MRIs and the programs to view them have advanced dramatically. I always come home with my CDs confused how to find what I was shown. I understand the views a lot better now. This will be very helpful. Thanks!

  • @moveforward2202
    @moveforward2202 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Yep this is SUPER helpful! I am obsessed at looking at my MRIs and my Neuro Quant and trying to go through it as my neuro spends very little time on it.

  • @starawhatchamacallit8453
    @starawhatchamacallit8453 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Yes please, lots of info for us! Thank you for all that you share with us.

  • @vickibrooks905
    @vickibrooks905 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I love this video! Please keep them coming! You are AMAZING!!!

  • @scottmorgan650
    @scottmorgan650 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very good and informative. The explanation is easy to understand. I really enjoy all your videos.

  • @willowtree9082
    @willowtree9082 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    🙏 thank you Aaron for sharing that, knowledge is power not only for the specialist but for the patient/client as well, it's empowering to know what is going on with our own bodies, I'd be Very interested in viewing the same in regards to the spinal cord as well, bless you for all that you do.

  • @banhate12
    @banhate12 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Extremely helpful format! I really appreciate learning how to understand my imaging. Please continue to provide this type of content; and thank you for the amazing insight!

  • @charlottekelley6913
    @charlottekelley6913 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much!! This video is very helpful and informative!! After an MRI I get an "impression " done by, honestly not a clue. I had a neurologist that explained almost as well as you, she retired. I miss her!! I appreciate your videos as they help me with questions to ask my new neurologist.
    Please do more like this!

  • @vickydittfield9822
    @vickydittfield9822 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Yes please, Love learning from You! Reminds me of the learning that took place in our ER , when Super Docs would teach this eager young Nurse!

  • @hollycoleman2294
    @hollycoleman2294 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Loved this presentation. I’m always interested in new information. I think this helps us to become more informed patients with our own care. Thanks.

  • @kelly-bo-belly
    @kelly-bo-belly 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    This video was very interesting and quite helpful. Thank you for the time you make for this village. You should take a month off from these videos. We would support you in taking a break or slowing down. I worry that we push you too much in a selfish manner. Don’t feel obligated to do so much. We ask for a lot when you have already given tremendously.
    Take care of yourself, Dr. B. 💕

  • @wildfiveoutdoors3892
    @wildfiveoutdoors3892 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Love these videos. It really helps to understand what I have been looking at on my mri.

  • @CB-ex9pr
    @CB-ex9pr 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you for sharing, very Easy to understand the MRI.

  • @lillianpenney
    @lillianpenney 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Interesting, please continue to share

  • @EthanHeming
    @EthanHeming 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    This is really great! The only thing I would love is a comparison healthy brain for reference. It would be easier to see what abnormal looks like if I can calibrate what I SHOULD be seeing.

  • @gotwake7
    @gotwake7 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome video and really help explain what the doctors are looking for. I really appreciate you making this video. Cheers

  • @katiedevlin9995
    @katiedevlin9995 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This is extremely helpful. I look at my own MRI and see a lot of things, then the report says stable. It is helpful to see what to look for.

  • @DaffyDuck_0987
    @DaffyDuck_0987 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    This was a really insightful video! Definitely going to ask my neurologist to go through my next MRI like this. Your content is always so helpful! Thanks Dr B

  • @christinau7026
    @christinau7026 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    That was very informative! Thank you for sharing!

  • @petracb3114
    @petracb3114 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very interesting and instructive😍😍. More videos like this, will be very welcomed!!😀 Thanks a lot 👏👏

  • @snowstros
    @snowstros 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you Dr. Boster. I really enjoyed this video and format. It’s very helpful in understanding MRIs and results, and similar videos would be appreciated.

  • @syazwanimohdsabri91
    @syazwanimohdsabri91 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks for this. In my report in 2018, it showed mild brain atrophy and then on 2019, had multiple relapses. 2020, my left medulla was affected. Dawson's fingers getting larger. I don't have all of the information that clear to me, but talking about MRI would be helpful!

  • @chodge57
    @chodge57 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Very helpful! Keep them coming

  • @cks5631
    @cks5631 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is so helpful! I can now look at my own MRI with better clarity of what it all means. Thank you!

  • @daledaiuto6902
    @daledaiuto6902 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes I sure would like see more videos on this subject. This is very interesting, and information. I always look at my own MRI'S. Now I can learn more about my own brain.
    Thank you for your support and dedication. 😎

  • @Elizabeth-xk1jf
    @Elizabeth-xk1jf 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you! Excellent video and super helpful in understanding my own. I too would appreciate more videos like this.

  • @ncfd32
    @ncfd32 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes! Very informative, thanks for sharing. I don’t want to see my MRI but I love the explanation of how you read them!

  • @cyndiabrosie8573
    @cyndiabrosie8573 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Love this ... thank you so much. Please keep them coming.

  • @susanb403
    @susanb403 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes, I absolutely would like more videos like this.

  • @EmilyWithers
    @EmilyWithers 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Love this! I don't always get to see my MRI with my specialist and when I look at it on my own I don't often know what I am looking at. I would love to see more of these walkthroughs!

  • @randholtham8493
    @randholtham8493 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Yes this is an interesting topic that I really would like to learn more about! Deeper is better! Like for example this lesion would likely present this symptom.

  • @carolinegazaille3256
    @carolinegazaille3256 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very interesting ! Thanks for explaining what I could not understand at my neurologist appointment 🤗

  • @elinordrake9716
    @elinordrake9716 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I actually don't have an ms diagnosis but some imaging I had recently showed volume loss & your video explained that well for me. Thanks!

  • @sonias.k6377
    @sonias.k6377 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much for this. It really helps me understand the true purpose and use of the mri analysis and exactly what is being tracked. I greatly appreciate this

  • @andrewreisinger6860
    @andrewreisinger6860 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes! I find theses MRI videos extremely interesting. Thank you Doctor Boster. The size of my ventricles are HUGE. Diagnosed at 22, I'll be 50 next week. Looking at my images, I can't believe that I am still (kinda) walking.

  • @rawsomehappy
    @rawsomehappy 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Yes! Absolutely share more of these I put my MRI disc in my computer and brought up a healthy brain side by side analysis Found 12 lesions in my cerebellum. Went to a local neurologist for confirmation:Told me I look too healthy for MS so it must be Lyme Disease

    • @Petra44YT
      @Petra44YT 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      What a really bad neurologist! That's nonsense. Since when do you diagnose MS by how people "look"? Honestly, that makes me mad!

  • @sherilynnf8886
    @sherilynnf8886 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks for keeping ms'ers like me informed!

  • @stephanieparkinson2597
    @stephanieparkinson2597 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Amazing video I would love to see more like this thank you Aaron for sharing.

  • @DrBrandonBeaber
    @DrBrandonBeaber 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very nice video. I would definitely like to see more of this.

  • @RenEBerry.
    @RenEBerry. 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes!! Specific information, especially with objective findings as part of discussion is wonderful. It helps inform me and future questions for my neurologist who does not typically show me my scans. I’m guessing because they’re stable, but I hate not seeing them, and now I have intelligent questions and a reason to see my scans, past merely that I want to.

  • @Chloe-uh9xq
    @Chloe-uh9xq 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    I would love to know how many lesions is too many or what is average

  • @WMACPT
    @WMACPT 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yes please do more videos like this. Also comment on what type of MS you’d dx these patients with. And their Nuero deficits if applicable. Thanks Dr Boster!

  • @sheilathepotter6636
    @sheilathepotter6636 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is a fantastic video, thank you. Might have to ask my neuro for copies of my MRI and re-watch this while comparing to my own scans. 😄

  • @ShameccaStephens
    @ShameccaStephens 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Absolutely loved this !!! Super informative and breaks down all the Terminology and what things means ! It helps to see what it’s doing in the brain 🧠

  • @Newyou-ro8ou
    @Newyou-ro8ou ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Awesome video and narrative…very easy to understand w/ correlating slides and graphs…I was a radiology tech years ago …it makes me wish I had the mentorship and guidance to attend med school …

  • @rickbailey6084
    @rickbailey6084 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very interesting. I would be fascinated to learn more if you were to produce more videos like this. Thanks, Dr. B!