It's just been pointed out to me that I made a mistake with the structure of TNT at the beginning of the video. It's supposed to be three NO2 groups and one CH3 group, not the other way around!
Love the fact you went to the RI and then talked to them about errors you found in papers from hundreds of years ago! Now that is dedication. Really shows how good Lonsdale was at maths!!
Perhaps the best TH-cam recommendation I’ve ever gotten. I’m doing my undergrad in Chemistry, and the occasional discussion of history always leaves me wondering how exactly they would have figured all this stuff out back then.
Yes.... I've read a lot of that history, and man, it STILL amazes me - how they made that transition to organic synthesis without modern instrumentation is fantastic...
It's funny because in physics, 90% of your first year is probably going to be about the history of physics. But in chemistry, it's just right to theory.
I finished up the general chemistry series, will be taking the organic chemistry series this fall and running supplemental instruction classes/groups for general chemistry as well
As someone who loves organic chemistry, this was so interesting. I love learning the whole history of how we discovered what I learned from my textbook.
As a stamp collector in the 1970s, you could freely buy benzene to dissolve old stamp adhesive. No one seemed too worried about the dire health effects. Those were the days, eh.
You can surely buy Xylene which (I'm guessing) would provide about the same solvent action with a higher flash point and (some would say) a slightly less alarming odor.
Yup - back then carbon tetra chloride, thallium salts in ant poison, oh hell, don't forget a trip to the farm supply store for malathion and the like, Coleman lamp mantles containing radioactive thorium....it was a different era....glad I grew up back then! 😊
@@kevinclass2010 sadly I must say less and less. Even back in 2014 when I started uni they were phasing it out and removing or replacing most experiments that involved benzene to toluene or xilene. Not to mention carbon tet, I personally didn't have a single experiment involving it. It is probably a good thing from a safety point of view, but god damn it, I am a chemist. I should be trusted dealing with these substances, there are so many interesting experiments...
I'd suggest checking out Khan Academy's video on pi bonds. I remember being a complete newb to ANY chemistry, general or organic, and coming across the o-chem videos he made. Despite my lack of background, I was still able to understand a great deal about what he was explaining because it was so well explained. I never cared for chemistry before I watched those videos, but I've been in love with it ever since. I was bullied out of high school in the first months, so I never even got into learning chemistry in school. I've done a good enough job teaching myself all things STEM between textbooks, online lectures, microlectures, and all of the other resources online. Heck, you could practically get an entire college education for free. You just don't get the $50,000 toilet paper to prove that you're smart when you're done it all. 😅
And you dont get the practical lab skills which I argue is very important as a chemist. Chemistry unlike computer science cannot be fully learned on your own at home.@@VoidHalo
Phenomenal video. Doing my undergrad in chemistry right now, and I loved learning about the history of how we came to our modern understanding of complex concepts. We may think things like pi delocalization or electron orbitals are somewhat intuitive or simple now, but its humbling and inspiring to learn how people discovered them, and how we stand on the shoulders of giants.
Fascinating video, thanks. I must pop in and see Faraday's lab next time I'm in London. You did a brilliant job decoding Kekule's structures, it's wonderful to see the ingenuity of the time working out organic structures without the shorthand bonding lines we all take for granted today.
5:45 -- I love that you found that Faraday had almost found the correct molecular formula for benzene. I think that the problem with determining benzene's molecular formula was that chemists (wrongly) assumed that all gases (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) were monatomic gases, whereas they were actually diatomic. This caused chemists to incorrectly determine the atomic weight of other elements. It wasn't until the Congress of Karlsruhe (1860) that chemists adopted Avogadro's ideas and began to agree upon the atomic weights of the elements. BTW I found, and posted on Wikipedia's article about benzene, the early papers which proposed various structures for benzene (9:12, 10:51 and following papers). P.S. You did a great job of researching, producing, and editing this video.
14:43 hey...hats off to you! For years, this had been a wish...since youtube took off. Always 'dreamt' that someone should make a video on this...the journey in discerning benzene structure; especially the dream part. And thanks for that 17th century translation and graphic. The ourobourous one never really sat with me well. Once again, thanks for making this video.
An excellent deep dive into the fascinating history of benzene! From Faraday’s initial discovery to Kekulé’s iconic dream, it's incredible to see how such a simple molecule has shaped organic chemistry and industry. The story behind its structure is a perfect example of how chemistry blends mystery with scientific progress. Looking forward to more videos like this that explore the pivotal moments in chemistry!
It's when you came to delocalized electrons, I got excited. The colors of dyes and organic polymer semiconductors are something I'd like to understand. The history was interesting in itself. Thank you for the interesting video.
You have found your audience! I just pictured telling someone I clicked Play as soon as I saw “history of benzene” and realized I’m part of the fringe.
😂 never thought of that, but I mentally put these in the basket not to share or talk about with anyone other than my son. Hmm 🤔 I wonder if he's only humoring me ?
This molecule is so very interesting and so very involved with even modern chemistry. With my current work, benzene is considered a contaminate and I have also learned it's beneficial properties as well. In a certain way I feel it was an essential part of the formation of early cellular beginnings.
Absolutely incredible video. Your passion for the subject exudes, and your communicative ability is remarkable. Interesting topic, super informative. I learned a lot from watching this
5:06 sounds like me in high school. I understood the concepts very well, even having high level discussions with the teachers, but I kept making what I liked to call kindergarten mistakes in the actual math.
Please, I would love to talk with you about this intensely beautiful piece of work. For your information, I am Dr John Courtneidge. I did my first Degree in Chemistry at Bristol. Then, after being a school Chemistry Teacher, eventually as Head of Chemistry at Eltham Green School (appointed by Headmaster Peter Dawson), I returned to the academic world of Chemistry by completing my PhD in Chemistry at University College London. Then, after a brief spell at that place in South Kensington, I was invited back to UCL to work with Alwyn Davies, recently deceased, who was made FRS, partly as as a result of our work together. My interest in the symbolic representation of information is deeply nourished by your beautiful video. From it I have made a screenshot of the depiction, side by side, of Kekulé's diagram for benzene and our modern representation. Wow! Again, my thanks! Dr John Courtneidge, Littlehampton, West Sussex, 8th June 2024, 9:02pm. Wow!
Fascinating! The title of the video says fascinating, and it is. Combines organic chemistry. And history. And the personal story in the imagination of Kekule. Fascinating!
10:23 I like this kinda way of drawing chemical bonding. Its interesting. Would be annoying to work with long term as well writing a few letters & drawing 1 line for a bond is far nicer & organic chemistry has its whole sleek elegant ignore the hydrogen & carbon in the hydrocarbon chain & just make it a zig zag with an extra line or two for functional groups.
@6:54 I believe it must've been another Faraday mistake since oxygen was known to be diatomic and correct formula for water was known. The discrepancy in the weight of carbon doesn't seem to matter when it comes to finding the ratio of C and H in the whole equation.
When I was studying organic chemistry in university, I wonder how did they know all of these. The lecturer never told us. It is good now to know the story behind every discovery/conclusion a chemist made in the past.
Let us learn to dream, gentlemen, an then perhaps we shall learn the truth but let us beware of making our dreams public before they have been approved by the waking mind." ~ Kekulé One of my absolute favorite quotes of all time!
I just remembered that Germany even issued a postage stamp dedicated to Kekule at some point. I don't collect stamps, but I'd love to get my hands on one of those.
I've always loved the story of Kekule finding the structure of benzene. That was one of the first things I remember learning about chemistry. I'm self taught, so I was kind of all over the place until I figured out a logical order to learn things in. Supplementing the gaps with textbooks. Luckily I have a cousin who is a bio PhD who gave me all of her old textbooks from undergrad. :D
I'd LOVE to see a video on the history of safety in chemistry. About various lab accidents, glass explosions, blindings, etc that led up to our modern culture of safety in chemistry. I read once how Robert Bunsen was blind in his right eye after some cacodyl cyanide in a glass vessel exploded, sending glass shrapnel and toxic chemicals into his face and eyes. I'd also love to see a video about the history of isolating fluorine, and various lab accidents that occurred as a result.
The reason why the chemists back then gave (quite sensibly) a mass ratio of 6:1 for C:H is because they did not know that Hydrogen is made of diatomic molecules.
Entirely, yes. Due, I consider, to my fellow Quaker, John Dalton's quite reasonable application of our Quaker Testimony to Simplicity to the formula of water and, before that of elrmental hydrogen: OH and H respectively, not our modern H2O and H2 (ps I don't know, yet, how to represent sub-and super-scripts on this Android keyboard . . .!).
One of great personalities in benzen chemistry was J. J. Loschmidt - his structure of benzen was without double bonds near the delocalization of el. model (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt). He was born in todays Czech Republic (Austria in 19. centure), but before 1990 (under communist party) he was not in Czech. Rep. known, because of his German nationality.
Gosh darned Kekule and😮 his nightmare, err....dream! (LOL - I always pronounced his name "keck cool") I learned it right when I was a kid, but it's been many moons since then...
electromagnetism was discovered by Orsted and famously united by Maxwell, electrochemistry was invented by Humphry Davy, the teacher of Michael Faraday, who *contributed* heavily to the field of electrochemistry but did not invent it
This is a great video, but I have a question . . . I get that, instead of three pi bonds, benzene has a delocalised electron density. But, according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, no more than two electrons should be able to occupy the circular orbitals. Given that there should be six electrons involved in the pi-bonding system, what happens with the other four?
There are six molecular pi-orbitals from the six atomic p-orbitals. Three of those molecular orbitals are doubly-occupied and are more stable, energetically, than the constituent p-orbitals, hence benzene's stability. The other three moleculat pi-orbitals are called 'anti-bonding' pi-orbitals because their energy level is, corresponingly, higher than that of the constituent atomic p-orbitals. All of that flows from the Molecular Orbital Theory of Chemistry. I hope that helps! Ps: Please, I would love to talk with you about this intensely beautiful piece of work. For your information, I am Dr John Courtneidge. I did my first Degree in Chemistry at Bristol. Then, after being a school Chemistry Teacher, eventually as Head of Chemistry at Eltham Green School (appointed by Headmaster Peter Dawson), I returned to the academic world of Chemistry by completing my PhD in Chemistry at University College London. Then, after a brief spell at that place in South Kensington, I was invited back to UCL to work with Alwyn Davies, recently deceased, who was made FRS, partly as as a result of our work together. My interest in the symbolic representation of information is deeply nourished by your beautiful video. From it I have made a screenshot of the depiction, side by side, of Kekulé's diagram for benzene and our modern representation. Wow! Again, my thanks! Dr John Courtneidge, Littlehampton, West Sussex, 8th June 2024, 9:02pm. Wow!
@@johncourtneidge Yes indeed - I was about to say that, but you got there three months sooner! To fill out your answer further for @nigeldepledge3790, the ring-shaped orbital is the lowest-energy (most stable). The other two occupied orbitals are less strongly bonding and are shaped like pairs of half-rings. I guess that's probably more detail than the presenter wanted to include in this video. [I also have a Doctorate in Chemistry, but my research involved the bonding in uranyl (VI) ions. UCL was my second choice when applying for a first degree; a friend of mine went there to study Chemical Engineering.]
I'm no chemist (as my question will show 😂) but I've always loved the subject. My question is, is there a danger posed for children that ingest a product "fortified with Vit C" but the product also contains the preservative Potassium Benzoate? Ascorbic Acid & Potassium Benzoate creates Benzene.. but I don't know if the amounts are dangerous.
@@DS-ud6ys actually I was thinking it probably represents how the p orbital makes a circle shape over the benzene, which kinda gives it all its weird properties.
@@kushagra64 to us they said the reason it is a circle is because benzene is not cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene. You can measure the bond lengths and instead of alternating longer and shorter bonds, all are uniform.
It's just been pointed out to me that I made a mistake with the structure of TNT at the beginning of the video. It's supposed to be three NO2 groups and one CH3 group, not the other way around!
TriNitroToluene
T:TRI
N:NITRO
T:TOLUENE
Thanks, I'm aware, it was just a silly mistake 😅
It's OK...as long as you don't make a mistake wiring the blasting caps. 😊
You have inadvertently given out the formula for mcdonald's secret sauce.
@@Alhassanamr.2007lol "I made a mistake, here's how it should have been"
"HEY GUY HERE'S THE THING YOU JUST EXPLAINED BUT IN CAPITAL LETTERS!"
Love the fact you went to the RI and then talked to them about errors you found in papers from hundreds of years ago! Now that is dedication. Really shows how good Lonsdale was at maths!!
Almost as dedicated as Lonsdale herself! Okay not really, but still…
I love the fact that he double-checked Faraday in the first place 😄
It might just be a typo made by the publisher...
@@nuravlearnThe RI would have checked rather than throwing Faraday under the bus, I hope! 😊
"benzene is a ring"*
*This was revealed to me in a dream
Why did it have to be snakes?
@@theeniwetoksymphonyorchest7580 No accounting for dreams!
Maybe it was snakes because Kekule was drinking a little too much??
source?... " it was revealed to me in a dream
@@theeniwetoksymphonyorchest7580 Kekule might've been reading old chemistry stuff, y'know, the one with snakes biting their tails
Perhaps the best TH-cam recommendation I’ve ever gotten. I’m doing my undergrad in Chemistry, and the occasional discussion of history always leaves me wondering how exactly they would have figured all this stuff out back then.
Yes.... I've read a lot of that history, and man, it STILL amazes me - how they made that transition to organic synthesis without modern instrumentation is fantastic...
It's funny because in physics, 90% of your first year is probably going to be about the history of physics. But in chemistry, it's just right to theory.
they were not distracted by TH-cam and Twitter
ah, a fellow undergrad chemistry student; I look forward to running into a chemistry major at my college eventually; so far all med students
I finished up the general chemistry series, will be taking the organic chemistry series this fall and running supplemental instruction classes/groups for general chemistry as well
"The chemist I'm referring to is of course August Kekule"
Me: "Ah yeah, was just about to say that..."
As someone who loves organic chemistry, this was so interesting. I love learning the whole history of how we discovered what I learned from my textbook.
I am amazed by the quality of your videos and the few people that watches them. Its a pitty, but great video.
I appreciate that. Let’s hope more people are able to find and enjoy this one!
As a stamp collector in the 1970s, you could freely buy benzene to dissolve old stamp adhesive. No one seemed too worried about the dire health effects. Those were the days, eh.
You can surely buy Xylene which (I'm guessing) would provide about the same solvent action with a higher flash point and (some would say) a slightly less alarming odor.
Yup - back then carbon tetra chloride, thallium salts in ant poison, oh hell, don't forget a trip to the farm supply store for malathion and the like, Coleman lamp mantles containing radioactive thorium....it was a different era....glad I grew up back then! 😊
@@stevengill1736carcinogens can still be used with proper equipment and precaution.
@@kevinclass2010 sadly I must say less and less. Even back in 2014 when I started uni they were phasing it out and removing or replacing most experiments that involved benzene to toluene or xilene. Not to mention carbon tet, I personally didn't have a single experiment involving it. It is probably a good thing from a safety point of view, but god damn it, I am a chemist. I should be trusted dealing with these substances, there are so many interesting experiments...
Don’t stop making these videos and I promise you’ll get the recognition you deserve
As a Ph.D. organic chemist, I endorse this video. Thank you for your great channel.
Underrated.
No joke, I learned more about Pi bonds from this one video than I did in my entire organic chem class. Good job dude
I'd suggest checking out Khan Academy's video on pi bonds. I remember being a complete newb to ANY chemistry, general or organic, and coming across the o-chem videos he made. Despite my lack of background, I was still able to understand a great deal about what he was explaining because it was so well explained. I never cared for chemistry before I watched those videos, but I've been in love with it ever since. I was bullied out of high school in the first months, so I never even got into learning chemistry in school. I've done a good enough job teaching myself all things STEM between textbooks, online lectures, microlectures, and all of the other resources online.
Heck, you could practically get an entire college education for free. You just don't get the $50,000 toilet paper to prove that you're smart when you're done it all. 😅
And you dont get the practical lab skills which I argue is very important as a chemist. Chemistry unlike computer science cannot be fully learned on your own at home.@@VoidHalo
What kind of shit school do you go to if this video is better than the class?
Some professor thinks their students were as smart as them,they don't teach fundamentals @@lajoswinkler
That just shows how education system declined. But most importantly we have wonders of biology like a third gender, and that's what matters... ;)
Phenomenal video. Doing my undergrad in chemistry right now, and I loved learning about the history of how we came to our modern understanding of complex concepts. We may think things like pi delocalization or electron orbitals are somewhat intuitive or simple now, but its humbling and inspiring to learn how people discovered them, and how we stand on the shoulders of giants.
Fascinating video, thanks. I must pop in and see Faraday's lab next time I'm in London. You did a brilliant job decoding Kekule's structures, it's wonderful to see the ingenuity of the time working out organic structures without the shorthand bonding lines we all take for granted today.
Thanks for watching! Definitely check out Faraday’s lab when you get the chance. It’s like stepping back in time.
Thanks
Thanks for the support!
5:45 -- I love that you found that Faraday had almost found the correct molecular formula for benzene.
I think that the problem with determining benzene's molecular formula was that chemists (wrongly) assumed that all gases (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) were monatomic gases, whereas they were actually diatomic. This caused chemists to incorrectly determine the atomic weight of other elements.
It wasn't until the Congress of Karlsruhe (1860) that chemists adopted Avogadro's ideas and began to agree upon the atomic weights of the elements.
BTW I found, and posted on Wikipedia's article about benzene, the early papers which proposed various structures for benzene (9:12, 10:51 and following papers).
P.S. You did a great job of researching, producing, and editing this video.
And it explains why the formula of water was still correct.
14:43 hey...hats off to you! For years, this had been a wish...since youtube took off. Always 'dreamt' that someone should make a video on this...the journey in discerning benzene structure; especially the dream part. And thanks for that 17th century translation and graphic. The ourobourous one never really sat with me well. Once again, thanks for making this video.
An excellent deep dive into the fascinating history of benzene! From Faraday’s initial discovery to Kekulé’s iconic dream, it's incredible to see how such a simple molecule has shaped organic chemistry and industry. The story behind its structure is a perfect example of how chemistry blends mystery with scientific progress. Looking forward to more videos like this that explore the pivotal moments in chemistry!
friendship with benzene over, now cubane is my best friend
fantastic videos. especially the atomic pictures imagined by kekule really made me realize what a hard way it was to grasp the atom.
I love how the stereotype for "the" in the paragraph below the equations at 6:42 is flipped
Lmao
I saw that and knew I'd find a comment about it!
It's when you came to delocalized electrons, I got excited. The colors of dyes and organic polymer semiconductors are something I'd like to understand.
The history was interesting in itself. Thank you for the interesting video.
i really like these videos. its really nice to know the history of chemistry
You're doing an amazing work sir, really hope & wish that you get the attention you deserve..
Excellent video. You talk fast but not too fast. I like this
You have found your audience! I just pictured telling someone I clicked Play as soon as I saw “history of benzene” and realized I’m part of the fringe.
😂 never thought of that, but I mentally put these in the basket not to share or talk about with anyone other than my son. Hmm 🤔 I wonder if he's only humoring me ?
This molecule is so very interesting and so very involved with even modern chemistry.
With my current work, benzene is considered a contaminate and I have also learned it's beneficial properties as well.
In a certain way I feel it was an essential part of the formation of early cellular beginnings.
REMEMBER BENZENE? IT'S BACK
Assemble the squad!
God bless the 1960s
For the curious, this is a reference from Explosions and Fire Tom's exclamation from.. idk which video.
@@spotsieshis s4n4/polythiazyl synthesis I think
@@spotsies Several. The NCl3 one among others
Absolutely incredible video. Your passion for the subject exudes, and your communicative ability is remarkable. Interesting topic, super informative. I learned a lot from watching this
This is so interesting!! Thank you for your great content 🙏🏼
Well presented and the history involved even kept the non-chemist like myself interested and engaged. Very well done.
It just shows how far we have come in such a short time in our understanding.
why this guy is not popular???
Takes time. I have 7 YT chs ranging from 1mil to 35k. For one person, it takes years and too much time.
An amazing video. Thank you!!!
This is so cool, glad I found your channel
5:06 sounds like me in high school. I understood the concepts very well, even having high level discussions with the teachers, but I kept making what I liked to call kindergarten mistakes in the actual math.
Please, I would love to talk with you about this intensely beautiful piece of work.
For your information, I am Dr John Courtneidge. I did my first Degree in Chemistry at Bristol. Then, after being a school Chemistry Teacher, eventually as Head of Chemistry at Eltham Green School (appointed by Headmaster Peter Dawson), I returned to the academic world of Chemistry by completing my PhD in Chemistry at University College London.
Then, after a brief spell at that place in South Kensington, I was invited back to UCL to work with Alwyn Davies, recently deceased, who was made FRS, partly as as a result of our work together.
My interest in the symbolic representation of information is deeply nourished by your beautiful video. From it I have made a screenshot of the depiction, side by side, of Kekulé's diagram for benzene and our modern representation. Wow!
Again, my thanks!
Dr John Courtneidge, Littlehampton, West Sussex, 8th June 2024, 9:02pm.
Wow!
Wow what a great explanation and details....
Fascinating! The title of the video says fascinating, and it is. Combines organic chemistry. And history. And the personal story in the imagination of Kekule. Fascinating!
But then why are antiaromatic compounds with 4n delocalised pi bonds so unstable
10:23 I like this kinda way of drawing chemical bonding. Its interesting. Would be annoying to work with long term as well writing a few letters & drawing 1 line for a bond is far nicer & organic chemistry has its whole sleek elegant ignore the hydrogen & carbon in the hydrocarbon chain & just make it a zig zag with an extra line or two for functional groups.
One of the most interesting channels on chemistry.
New subscriber added !
As an organic chemistry lover
I found this video very fascinating
Really a great video, sir @Chemistorian. Learned a lot about the history of the structure. It was amazing.
Lots of love from India............
❤❤❤❤
@6:54 I believe it must've been another Faraday mistake since oxygen was known to be diatomic and correct formula for water was known. The discrepancy in the weight of carbon doesn't seem to matter when it comes to finding the ratio of C and H in the whole equation.
I'm surprised no one in 1800s London corrected Faraday's math.
Excellent video! I’m subscribing for more science history and more visits from you to the royal society :)
Fantastic. Thank you.
Yes!
"so how did you figure this benzene thing anyway?"
"it came to me in a dream"
brilliant
When I was studying organic chemistry in university, I wonder how did they know all of these. The lecturer never told us.
It is good now to know the story behind every discovery/conclusion a chemist made in the past.
2:10 okay but why is no one talking about that?
vídeo foda, mano! Fantástico poder assistir ter acesso a isso de graça! thank you for the great content!
Obrigado, estou feliz que você tenha gostado!
"Benzene, it's back!"
2:58 Why does it look like that dude in the picture is letting a massive fart that even blows his coattails up?
Let us learn to dream, gentlemen, an then perhaps we shall learn the truth but let us beware of making our dreams public before they have been approved by the waking mind."
~ Kekulé
One of my absolute favorite quotes of all time!
Wow awesome video, thank you
I just remembered that Germany even issued a postage stamp dedicated to Kekule at some point. I don't collect stamps, but I'd love to get my hands on one of those.
Whatever Kekulé was drinking that evening, I would like some… visionary.
Having been exposed (long term) to benzine in my work, I can attest to the damage done to a body. Low red blood cell counts with chronic fatigue.
Cool. Thanks for sharing.
1:27 “Faraday” he founded the “field” of electromagnetism. 😉 👏
This is REALLY good stuff btw - subscribed!
Amazing video, deserves 10x views. Thank you
As a teenager, I had benzene in my chemicals collection. It was disappointingly unreactive in my hands.
I've always loved the story of Kekule finding the structure of benzene. That was one of the first things I remember learning about chemistry. I'm self taught, so I was kind of all over the place until I figured out a logical order to learn things in. Supplementing the gaps with textbooks. Luckily I have a cousin who is a bio PhD who gave me all of her old textbooks from undergrad. :D
Science education and remarkably good French pronunciation, nice.
I'd LOVE to see a video on the history of safety in chemistry. About various lab accidents, glass explosions, blindings, etc that led up to our modern culture of safety in chemistry. I read once how Robert Bunsen was blind in his right eye after some cacodyl cyanide in a glass vessel exploded, sending glass shrapnel and toxic chemicals into his face and eyes. I'd also love to see a video about the history of isolating fluorine, and various lab accidents that occurred as a result.
The reason why the chemists back then gave (quite sensibly) a mass ratio of 6:1 for C:H is because they did not know that Hydrogen is made of diatomic molecules.
Entirely, yes. Due, I consider, to my fellow Quaker, John Dalton's quite reasonable application of our Quaker Testimony to Simplicity to the formula of water and, before that of elrmental hydrogen: OH and H respectively, not our modern H2O and H2 (ps I don't know, yet, how to represent sub-and super-scripts on this Android keyboard . . .!).
Bro casually rectifying Faradays's mistakes 😂
One of great personalities in benzen chemistry was J. J. Loschmidt - his structure of benzen was without double bonds near the delocalization of el. model (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt). He was born in todays Czech Republic (Austria in 19. centure), but before 1990 (under communist party) he was not in Czech. Rep. known, because of his German nationality.
Tbe benzene is only a short of the tylunine
Fantastic thank you
This is so interesting but I don’t think my brain is made for math/maths. 😢
Kekule was a god damn genious for his time, i study organic-chem and ive never heard his name mentioned.
Gosh darned Kekule and😮 his nightmare, err....dream!
(LOL - I always pronounced his name "keck cool") I learned it right when I was a kid, but it's been many moons since then...
electromagnetism was discovered by Orsted and famously united by Maxwell, electrochemistry was invented by Humphry Davy, the teacher of Michael Faraday, who *contributed* heavily to the field of electrochemistry but did not invent it
Much appreciated
This is a great video, but I have a question . . .
I get that, instead of three pi bonds, benzene has a delocalised electron density. But, according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, no more than two electrons should be able to occupy the circular orbitals. Given that there should be six electrons involved in the pi-bonding system, what happens with the other four?
There are six molecular pi-orbitals from the six atomic p-orbitals. Three of those molecular orbitals are doubly-occupied and are more stable, energetically, than the constituent p-orbitals, hence benzene's stability. The other three moleculat pi-orbitals are called 'anti-bonding' pi-orbitals because their energy level is, corresponingly, higher than that of the constituent atomic p-orbitals.
All of that flows from the Molecular Orbital Theory of Chemistry.
I hope that helps!
Ps:
Please, I would love to talk with you about this intensely beautiful piece of work.
For your information, I am Dr John Courtneidge. I did my first Degree in Chemistry at Bristol. Then, after being a school Chemistry Teacher, eventually as Head of Chemistry at Eltham Green School (appointed by Headmaster Peter Dawson), I returned to the academic world of Chemistry by completing my PhD in Chemistry at University College London.
Then, after a brief spell at that place in South Kensington, I was invited back to UCL to work with Alwyn Davies, recently deceased, who was made FRS, partly as as a result of our work together.
My interest in the symbolic representation of information is deeply nourished by your beautiful video. From it I have made a screenshot of the depiction, side by side, of Kekulé's diagram for benzene and our modern representation. Wow!
Again, my thanks!
Dr John Courtneidge, Littlehampton, West Sussex, 8th June 2024, 9:02pm.
Wow!
@@johncourtneidge Yes indeed - I was about to say that, but you got there three months sooner!
To fill out your answer further for @nigeldepledge3790, the ring-shaped orbital is the lowest-energy (most stable). The other two occupied orbitals are less strongly bonding and are shaped like pairs of half-rings.
I guess that's probably more detail than the presenter wanted to include in this video.
[I also have a Doctorate in Chemistry, but my research involved the bonding in uranyl (VI) ions. UCL was my second choice when applying for a first degree; a friend of mine went there to study Chemical Engineering.]
What is oil gas?
I cannot answer your question, however, I seem to get it quite often. 😉😊 I was wondering the same. Never heard of that before. 🤔
0:27 TNT has been drawn incorrectly there is only one methyl group but three nitro groups
Benzin and Benzene are actually the same word, just the spelling is adapted to the language. Benzin in German and Benzene in Englisch.
6:41 why is "the" in "Other experiments of _the_ same kind ..." upside down?
Well dne my good man, well done indeed. 🌼
very good job
Most cheerfully, benzene is used to extract the industrial seed oils, corn, cottonseed, canola, etc.
Cyclohexane, I believe.
Its back
Is benzene an example of quantum superposition ongoing in a pure substance?
I'm no chemist (as my question will show 😂) but I've always loved the subject. My question is, is there a danger posed for children that ingest a product "fortified with Vit C" but the product also contains the preservative Potassium Benzoate?
Ascorbic Acid & Potassium Benzoate creates Benzene.. but I don't know if the amounts are dangerous.
great video!
Asprin structure is wrong.... OH group should be replaced by methyl group.
You know shits gonna pop off when some random guy from England gets curious 🧐
Benzene, its back! E&I! Tommy!
August when the cycle wips out old cells for new growth ✨️
THX for the good work. Caveat : Why talking so fast?
So that's what the circle meant in the benzene symbol...🤯
The snake biting its tail.
@@DS-ud6ys actually I was thinking it probably represents how the p orbital makes a circle shape over the benzene, which kinda gives it all its weird properties.
@@kushagra64 to us they said the reason it is a circle is because benzene is not cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene. You can measure the bond lengths and instead of alternating longer and shorter bonds, all are uniform.
@@DS-ud6ys what in the deluded conspiracies?
Very interesting and informative
Magnificent ❇️
Liked for your correction. 🎉
Cutting fluid for marble maybe ?
I feel sad for the frogs.
Can you share the referenceses u used?