The FASCINATING 200-Year History of Benzene
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 26 มิ.ย. 2023
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#science #chemistry #history #organicchemistry #education
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It's just been pointed out to me that I made a mistake with the structure of TNT at the beginning of the video. It's supposed to be three NO2 groups and one CH3 group, not the other way around!
TriNitroToluene
T:TRI
N:NITRO
T:TOLUENE
Thanks, I'm aware, it was just a silly mistake 😅
It's OK...as long as you don't make a mistake wiring the blasting caps. 😊
You have inadvertently given out the formula for mcdonald's secret sauce.
@@Alhassanamr.2007lol "I made a mistake, here's how it should have been"
"HEY GUY HERE'S THE THING YOU JUST EXPLAINED BUT IN CAPITAL LETTERS!"
"benzene is a ring"*
*This was revealed to me in a dream
Why did it have to be snakes?
@@theeniwetoksymphonyorchest7580 No accounting for dreams!
Maybe it was snakes because Kekule was drinking a little too much??
source?... " it was revealed to me in a dream
@@theeniwetoksymphonyorchest7580 Kekule might've been reading old chemistry stuff, y'know, the one with snakes biting their tails
Love the fact you went to the RI and then talked to them about errors you found in papers from hundreds of years ago! Now that is dedication. Really shows how good Lonsdale was at maths!!
Almost as dedicated as Lonsdale herself! Okay not really, but still…
I love the fact that he double-checked Faraday in the first place 😄
It might just be a typo made by the publisher...
Perhaps the best TH-cam recommendation I’ve ever gotten. I’m doing my undergrad in Chemistry, and the occasional discussion of history always leaves me wondering how exactly they would have figured all this stuff out back then.
Yes.... I've read a lot of that history, and man, it STILL amazes me - how they made that transition to organic synthesis without modern instrumentation is fantastic...
It's funny because in physics, 90% of your first year is probably going to be about the history of physics. But in chemistry, it's just right to theory.
they were not distracted by TH-cam and Twitter
ah, a fellow undergrad chemistry student; I look forward to running into a chemistry major at my college eventually; so far all med students
I finished up the general chemistry series, will be taking the organic chemistry series this fall and running supplemental instruction classes/groups for general chemistry as well
No joke, I learned more about Pi bonds from this one video than I did in my entire organic chem class. Good job dude
I'd suggest checking out Khan Academy's video on pi bonds. I remember being a complete newb to ANY chemistry, general or organic, and coming across the o-chem videos he made. Despite my lack of background, I was still able to understand a great deal about what he was explaining because it was so well explained. I never cared for chemistry before I watched those videos, but I've been in love with it ever since. I was bullied out of high school in the first months, so I never even got into learning chemistry in school. I've done a good enough job teaching myself all things STEM between textbooks, online lectures, microlectures, and all of the other resources online.
Heck, you could practically get an entire college education for free. You just don't get the $50,000 toilet paper to prove that you're smart when you're done it all. 😅
And you dont get the practical lab skills which I argue is very important as a chemist. Chemistry unlike computer science cannot be fully learned on your own at home.@@VoidHalo
What kind of shit school do you go to if this video is better than the class?
As someone who loves organic chemistry, this was so interesting. I love learning the whole history of how we discovered what I learned from my textbook.
Don’t stop making these videos and I promise you’ll get the recognition you deserve
As a Ph.D. organic chemist, I endorse this video. Thank you for your great channel.
Phenomenal video. Doing my undergrad in chemistry right now, and I loved learning about the history of how we came to our modern understanding of complex concepts. We may think things like pi delocalization or electron orbitals are somewhat intuitive or simple now, but its humbling and inspiring to learn how people discovered them, and how we stand on the shoulders of giants.
As a stamp collector in the 1970s, you could freely buy benzene to dissolve old stamp adhesive. No one seemed too worried about the dire health effects. Those were the days, eh.
You can surely buy Xylene which (I'm guessing) would provide about the same solvent action with a higher flash point and (some would say) a slightly less alarming odor.
Yup - back then carbon tetra chloride, thallium salts in ant poison, oh hell, don't forget a trip to the farm supply store for malathion and the like, Coleman lamp mantles containing radioactive thorium....it was a different era....glad I grew up back then! 😊
@@stevengill1736carcinogens can still be used with proper equipment and precaution.
@@kevinclass2010 sadly I must say less and less. Even back in 2014 when I started uni they were phasing it out and removing or replacing most experiments that involved benzene to toluene or xilene. Not to mention carbon tet, I personally didn't have a single experiment involving it. It is probably a good thing from a safety point of view, but god damn it, I am a chemist. I should be trusted dealing with these substances, there are so many interesting experiments...
"The chemist I'm referring to is of course August Kekule"
Me: "Ah yeah, was just about to say that..."
I am amazed by the quality of your videos and the few people that watches them. Its a pitty, but great video.
I appreciate that. Let’s hope more people are able to find and enjoy this one!
REMEMBER BENZENE? IT'S BACK
Assemble the squad!
God bless the 1960s
For the curious, this is a reference from Explosions and Fire Tom's exclamation from.. idk which video.
@@spotsieshis s4n4/polythiazyl synthesis I think
@@spotsies Several. The NCl3 one among others
5:45 -- I love that you found that Faraday had almost found the correct molecular formula for benzene.
I think that the problem with determining benzene's molecular formula was that chemists (wrongly) assumed that all gases (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) were monatomic gases, whereas they were actually diatomic. This caused chemists to incorrectly determine the atomic weight of other elements.
It wasn't until the Congress of Karlsruhe (1860) that chemists adopted Avogadro's ideas and began to agree upon the atomic weights of the elements.
BTW I found, and posted on Wikipedia's article about benzene, the early papers which proposed various structures for benzene (9:12, 10:51 and following papers).
P.S. You did a great job of researching, producing, and editing this video.
And it explains why the formula of water was still correct.
I love how the stereotype for "the" in the paragraph below the equations at 6:42 is flipped
Lmao
Fascinating video, thanks. I must pop in and see Faraday's lab next time I'm in London. You did a brilliant job decoding Kekule's structures, it's wonderful to see the ingenuity of the time working out organic structures without the shorthand bonding lines we all take for granted today.
Thanks for watching! Definitely check out Faraday’s lab when you get the chance. It’s like stepping back in time.
Underrated.
fantastic videos. especially the atomic pictures imagined by kekule really made me realize what a hard way it was to grasp the atom.
friendship with benzene over, now cubane is my best friend
Let us learn to dream, gentlemen, an then perhaps we shall learn the truth but let us beware of making our dreams public before they have been approved by the waking mind."
~ Kekulé
One of my absolute favorite quotes of all time!
Most cheerfully, benzene is used to extract the industrial seed oils, corn, cottonseed, canola, etc.
Cyclohexane, I believe.
It's when you came to delocalized electrons, I got excited. The colors of dyes and organic polymer semiconductors are something I'd like to understand.
The history was interesting in itself. Thank you for the interesting video.
You have found your audience! I just pictured telling someone I clicked Play as soon as I saw “history of benzene” and realized I’m part of the fringe.
😂 never thought of that, but I mentally put these in the basket not to share or talk about with anyone other than my son. Hmm 🤔 I wonder if he's only humoring me ?
When I was studying organic chemistry in university, I wonder how did they know all of these. The lecturer never told us.
It is good now to know the story behind every discovery/conclusion a chemist made in the past.
An amazing video. Thank you!!!
Well presented and the history involved even kept the non-chemist like myself interested and engaged. Very well done.
Absolutely incredible video. Your passion for the subject exudes, and your communicative ability is remarkable. Interesting topic, super informative. I learned a lot from watching this
It just shows how far we have come in such a short time in our understanding.
You're doing an amazing work sir, really hope & wish that you get the attention you deserve..
i really like these videos. its really nice to know the history of chemistry
This is so cool, glad I found your channel
This is so interesting!! Thank you for your great content 🙏🏼
This molecule is so very interesting and so very involved with even modern chemistry.
With my current work, benzene is considered a contaminate and I have also learned it's beneficial properties as well.
In a certain way I feel it was an essential part of the formation of early cellular beginnings.
Wow what a great explanation and details....
One of the most interesting channels on chemistry.
New subscriber added !
This is REALLY good stuff btw - subscribed!
Excellent video. You talk fast but not too fast. I like this
Fascinating! The title of the video says fascinating, and it is. Combines organic chemistry. And history. And the personal story in the imagination of Kekule. Fascinating!
Excellent video! I’m subscribing for more science history and more visits from you to the royal society :)
Cool. Thanks for sharing.
Amazing video, deserves 10x views. Thank you
very good job
Really a great video, sir @Chemistorian. Learned a lot about the history of the structure. It was amazing.
Lots of love from India............
❤❤❤❤
5:06 sounds like me in high school. I understood the concepts very well, even having high level discussions with the teachers, but I kept making what I liked to call kindergarten mistakes in the actual math.
"so how did you figure this benzene thing anyway?"
"it came to me in a dream"
brilliant
I just remembered that Germany even issued a postage stamp dedicated to Kekule at some point. I don't collect stamps, but I'd love to get my hands on one of those.
Please, I would love to talk with you about this intensely beautiful piece of work.
For your information, I am Dr John Courtneidge. I did my first Degree in Chemistry at Bristol. Then, after being a school Chemistry Teacher, eventually as Head of Chemistry at Eltham Green School (appointed by Headmaster Peter Dawson), I returned to the academic world of Chemistry by completing my PhD in Chemistry at University College London.
Then, after a brief spell at that place in South Kensington, I was invited back to UCL to work with Alwyn Davies, recently deceased, who was made FRS, partly as as a result of our work together.
My interest in the symbolic representation of information is deeply nourished by your beautiful video. From it I have made a screenshot of the depiction, side by side, of Kekulé's diagram for benzene and our modern representation. Wow!
Again, my thanks!
Dr John Courtneidge, Littlehampton, West Sussex, 8th June 2024, 9:02pm.
Wow!
Kekule was a god damn genious for his time, i study organic-chem and ive never heard his name mentioned.
Fantastic. Thank you.
Yes!
I've always loved the story of Kekule finding the structure of benzene. That was one of the first things I remember learning about chemistry. I'm self taught, so I was kind of all over the place until I figured out a logical order to learn things in. Supplementing the gaps with textbooks. Luckily I have a cousin who is a bio PhD who gave me all of her old textbooks from undergrad. :D
Fantastic thank you
I'd LOVE to see a video on the history of safety in chemistry. About various lab accidents, glass explosions, blindings, etc that led up to our modern culture of safety in chemistry. I read once how Robert Bunsen was blind in his right eye after some cacodyl cyanide in a glass vessel exploded, sending glass shrapnel and toxic chemicals into his face and eyes. I'd also love to see a video about the history of isolating fluorine, and various lab accidents that occurred as a result.
great video!
Very interesting and informative
Excellent!
electromagnetism was discovered by Orsted and famously united by Maxwell, electrochemistry was invented by Humphry Davy, the teacher of Michael Faraday, who *contributed* heavily to the field of electrochemistry but did not invent it
Much appreciated
why this guy is not popular???
Takes time. I have 7 YT chs ranging from 1mil to 35k. For one person, it takes years and too much time.
You know shits gonna pop off when some random guy from England gets curious 🧐
10:23 I like this kinda way of drawing chemical bonding. Its interesting. Would be annoying to work with long term as well writing a few letters & drawing 1 line for a bond is far nicer & organic chemistry has its whole sleek elegant ignore the hydrogen & carbon in the hydrocarbon chain & just make it a zig zag with an extra line or two for functional groups.
vídeo foda, mano! Fantástico poder assistir ter acesso a isso de graça! thank you for the great content!
Obrigado, estou feliz que você tenha gostado!
I’m always amazed how little technology and science came out of the cradle of civilization-Africa. It’s almost like nobody discovers or advances ANYTHING until they leave the dark continent.
Liked for your correction. 🎉
"Benzene, it's back!"
So that's what the circle meant in the benzene symbol...🤯
The snake biting its tail.
@@DS-ud6ys actually I was thinking it probably represents how the p orbital makes a circle shape over the benzene, which kinda gives it all its weird properties.
@@kushagra64 to us they said the reason it is a circle is because benzene is not cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene. You can measure the bond lengths and instead of alternating longer and shorter bonds, all are uniform.
1:27 “Faraday” he founded the “field” of electromagnetism. 😉 👏
Faraday's law became one of the foundations of current* electromagnetic theory, becoming one of Maxwell's equations, in a modified form.
Is benzene an example of quantum superposition ongoing in a pure substance?
i love this video
One of great personalities in benzen chemistry was J. J. Loschmidt - his structure of benzen was without double bonds near the delocalization of el. model (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt). He was born in todays Czech Republic (Austria in 19. centure), but before 1990 (under communist party) he was not in Czech. Rep. known, because of his German nationality.
THX for the good work. Caveat : Why talking so fast?
But then why are antiaromatic compounds with 4n delocalised pi bonds so unstable
I feel sad for the frogs.
6:41 why is "the" in "Other experiments of _the_ same kind ..." upside down?
August when the cycle wips out old cells for new growth ✨️
Can you share the referenceses u used?
Imagine the stuff faraday couldve worked with if his brain existed today with proper calculators and resources. Exponential growth in the sciences
I'm surprised no one in 1800s London corrected Faraday's math.
Whatever Kekulé was drinking that evening, I would like some… visionary.
Whoa! Trip out!
As a teenager, I had benzene in my chemicals collection. It was disappointingly unreactive in my hands.
This is a great video, but I have a question . . .
I get that, instead of three pi bonds, benzene has a delocalised electron density. But, according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, no more than two electrons should be able to occupy the circular orbitals. Given that there should be six electrons involved in the pi-bonding system, what happens with the other four?
There are six molecular pi-orbitals from the six atomic p-orbitals. Three of those molecular orbitals are doubly-occupied and are more stable, energetically, than the constituent p-orbitals, hence benzene's stability. The other three moleculat pi-orbitals are called 'anti-bonding' pi-orbitals because their energy level is, corresponingly, higher than that of the constituent atomic p-orbitals.
All of that flows from the Molecular Orbital Theory of Chemistry.
I hope that helps!
Ps:
Please, I would love to talk with you about this intensely beautiful piece of work.
For your information, I am Dr John Courtneidge. I did my first Degree in Chemistry at Bristol. Then, after being a school Chemistry Teacher, eventually as Head of Chemistry at Eltham Green School (appointed by Headmaster Peter Dawson), I returned to the academic world of Chemistry by completing my PhD in Chemistry at University College London.
Then, after a brief spell at that place in South Kensington, I was invited back to UCL to work with Alwyn Davies, recently deceased, who was made FRS, partly as as a result of our work together.
My interest in the symbolic representation of information is deeply nourished by your beautiful video. From it I have made a screenshot of the depiction, side by side, of Kekulé's diagram for benzene and our modern representation. Wow!
Again, my thanks!
Dr John Courtneidge, Littlehampton, West Sussex, 8th June 2024, 9:02pm.
Wow!
Thanks a lot for this video! Just to make sure I understood: aromatic bonds are circular which allows hydrogen atoms to run “freely” between carbons? Kind of how metallic bonds work but without being a metal?
It’s the pi-electrons that are delocalised, not the hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms are still bonded to their respective carbon atoms, but the pi-electrons are free to move around the ring.
@@Chemistorian thank you! Is it similar to metallic bonds at all?
Cutting fluid for marble maybe ?
Omigosh! I always thought it was Benz who discovered the structure of Benzene!!
Gosh darned Kekule and😮 his nightmare, err....dream!
(LOL - I always pronounced his name "keck cool") I learned it right when I was a kid, but it's been many moons since then...
Fun fact, in romanian, Benzină (benzene) means car fuel (gas, not diesel).
Nice
Benzin and Benzene are actually the same word, just the spelling is adapted to the language. Benzin in German and Benzene in Englisch.
REMEMBER BENZENE , ITS BACK !
an approachable brainiac ... refreshing.
The reason why the chemists back then gave (quite sensibly) a mass ratio of 6:1 for C:H is because they did not know that Hydrogen is made of diatomic molecules.
Entirely, yes. Due, I consider, to my fellow Quaker, John Dalton's quite reasonable application of our Quaker Testimony to Simplicity to the formula of water and, before that of elrmental hydrogen: OH and H respectively, not our modern H2O and H2 (ps I don't know, yet, how to represent sub-and super-scripts on this Android keyboard . . .!).
i heard that kekule copied the structure from the letters of other researcher
Ah, my bubble has been busted! All that poetic lore! "....Of eager atom serpents, dancing tail to mouth..." An exaggeration, an urban myth, like when you learned there is no Santa Claus.... :(
I learned “harmonic bonds”.
What is oil gas?
I cannot answer your question, however, I seem to get it quite often. 😉😊 I was wondering the same. Never heard of that before. 🤔
18:38 Linus Pauling, now sadly famous for having gone completely off the fucking rails!
The story I heard, one of these guys was dozing off and dreamed of children holding hands, dancing in a circle/ring.
"We froze a frog and when we unfroze it was dead. QED."
2:10 okay but why is no one talking about that?
So, this guy was literally just burning oil in a lab and documenting what happens. Damn, I should be a scientist.
Yeah no, easy pickings are long gone unfortunately. Those guys were roaming an earth akin to stone age people walking among chunks of elemental copper rocks. Once they knew how to smelt it, it was scraped off the surface