Just days ago, a new HSR between these 2 cities began to construct. The final designed speed will be 400KM/H. Hopefully, it will be open to public in 2026. As far as I know, it is the first HSR line with 400KM/H commercial running.
we hope malaysia dont buy hsr with china cause we see japan still can fix they problem before 2026 or early cause we wanna fell how shinkansen can being amazing that china bullet train
@@ganboonmeng5370 more expensive. Good because it lasts longer. Chinese products are famous because they are cheap and can't last. It's different from Japan. It can last for more than 20 years and it's quite durable. China is only sophisticated because it plays a lot of technology. It's different from Japan. why is the resale value of toyota good??? think about it, its just china agenda
I'm from china. I went to uni in Melbourne 20 years ago. I was amazed by how developed Melbourne train network was. Let's say things have turned in 20 years. Lol
Honestly this is pretty scary. From the passenger windows it looks cool to be flying along at such high speed, but the front view, seeing how fast everything is coming at you and going, its a little frightening.
Hello, why don't you do other cab-rides? This is the only cab-ride video from the Chinese TGV on TH-cam, there are cab-rides by car but very few by train. Thank you
My mom and I are Chinese and live in the United States and when we went to China to visit our family, we rode on one of these trains, its very smooth and my mom even fell asleep on the ride lol.
Wow! Thats a perfect highspeedroad! Do you know where i can find other cabe view videos from China? My dream is from 北京 to 香港. Respect from Vienna/ Austria. 亲切的问候
The success of Chinese HSR is incredible railway quality rather than incredible trains. The Chinese high-speed train FuXing has a "4M4T" structure, meaning only half of the cars are power cars. This is relatively low compared with other power-distributed EMUs like the shinkansen n700 or Eurostar, which probably have at least a 6M2T structure. However, the reason to why these trains that are better than the Chinese trains had to operate at a lower operating speed is the outdated tracks. The European countries and Japan aren't willing to renovated some of the tracks built in the 80s. Therefore I would say if the Japanese Shinkansen or even the TGV duplex can be modified to fit Chinese tracks, they can probably smoothly run at 400km/h for at least 10 years.
Depends. In Italy, where the Frecciarossa 500 has literally only two powered carriages, with the push-pull config moving 9 unpowered cars, all HS tracks are built after the 2000s and the governement _waited_ for the ERMTS Lv1 to be completed. In France, wasn't common to have 9 carriage config with MTTM + intercalar car + MTTM for barely 4 motor carriages. In Italy, the Italo company uses AGV 575 that were _custom made_ to cut off one of the powered bogies and limit the maax speed to 320 km/h, and this because by 2008 Italo did't have the commercial clearance for 330+ km/h. Out of 11 bogies, only 5 are powered. The most powerful convoy, Frecciarossaaa 1000, uses 8T8M configuration and is rated at 9.6 MW for a train of 501t (14t per axle) The FuXing CR400AF has under 25kV AC a power output of 10.4 MW. That is the base version, with half the power. The fully powered one for a mass of 550t and 209 mt is 20 MW. And the Frecciarossa was at least once considered to be overpowered even for a 380 km/h service. The secret for the HSR in China is to go full on metal jacket with the infrastructure, and putting on it trains so powerful the whole thing start bending the gravity around it by sheer force of determination.
There are other considerations to consider before you can raise the top speed on a line. If the railways were merely maintained/upgraded, it wouldn't be enough to mitigate other factors such as minimum curve radius. Fixing these other factors necessitates a full rebuild of the line, which isn't feasible in most situations.
fYou can't simply straighten out the rail alignment and put faster trains on a track. The overhead wires need to be able to take the load, the tunnel entrances must be engineered to not put up a wall of air resistance, the clearances of switches in the track need to be tight and the switches must take it, the control blocks and signalling must be adjusted to the much longer emergency stopping distances, the track bed must be able to withstand the increased pressure and negative pressure (uplift) without cracking and throwing around concrete, the bridges need to be able to take the higher shock impulses, and a million other things need to be engineered before you can safely run higher speed trains.
The train stations are all very clean and spacious. Here in Germany all the train stations are very dirty and narrow, which makes train travel here stressful.
This indeed is interesting. Thankyou for the ride. If there is s suggestion that I could make, is that the lens is set too wide angle and also there is too much view above the horizon shown. A lovely video though.😊.
My fellow neighbors (USA), this could be us. Imagine flying past rush hour traffic, or vacationing through the heartlands of the country on something like this. Not to mention the massive boost to the economy, let's make it happen!
China progressed much than India,even if you're work together. The chinese influence is extremely evident wherever you go. I don't see that India will overtake China's economic power.
China progressed much than India,even if you're work together. The chinese influence is extremely evident wherever you go. I don't see that India will overtake China's economic power.
@@qhuwirjwoij09ut8u that bodhidharma chinese people worship is from our land buddy. Borders are imaginary , Humanity is real. யாதும் ஊரே யாவரும் கேளீர்.
Yes is very smooth as I did Liuzhou to Beijing on the bullet took 12 hours if I remember, was slow at first through the mountain are about 200kmp but when we hit the flat land I think we hit 200 mph or 320 kmp and hardly felt like you were moving apart from the scenery changing.
Are there any complications that arise from increasingly higher speeds? Anything to do with air resistance? Especially when going through tunnels or passing by other trains
With a population in the billions it is wise to move people by land than air. It would be a gigantic task to move so many by airlines with so many planes flying.
The driver is required to press the pedal within every thirty seconds to ensure that he is in proper control of the train, otherwise the train will assume that the driver is fatigued or incapacitated and immediately apply the emergency brake.
The total length of the line is about 300 kilometers, with all small cities in the middle. Only the starting station and the terminal station are big cities.
Genuinely impressive feat of engineering, kudos to the engineers, drivers and the designers who came up with and built this, again, genuinely impressive marvel. If only the CCP would stop being utter assholes and belligerent war mongering bullies on the world stage.
@catchless C You are right. On this line, D train is for 300KM/H, G train is for 350. I think it is not very reasonable . But technically I don't know why it is like this.
you realise that the construction of these high speed lines were extremely environmentally detrimental. they were built hastily in a top down approach and any concerns or conservationism was ignored to get the project delivered. That's how china does things. Did you notice the fact the air looked disgusting.
@@fridericusrex9812 I don't live in north America I'm from Liverpool. hasn't china built one of the worlds largest motorway systems in just a couple years aswell also destroying the environment. The problem isnt with the type of infrastructure its with the lack of regard for the environment while planning/building it. China also has the most coal fired powerplants and are building more of them. China is such a beautiful country and its a shame to see the environment being mistreated like this splitting habitats apart creating animal inbreeding and extinction.
Presumably, the driver isn't required? There can't be a darn thing a driver could do in the event of an emergency stop being required, other than being the first to die. With technology this good, the Chinese must no longer need train drivers.
Their newest train have maximum speed at 450km/hour with partial automatic system, fully automatic is not added yet because software issue could make 450km/hour train become a mini 9/11 when get derailed and struck a building, some of their regular trains and buses are fully automatic tho with emergency system as you mentioned above
@@khein2204 thank you for that information - very interesting! I think they'll have it fully automated before long. Extremely clever nation with some excellent scientists.
The 'signals' will no doubt, be in cab signals, so all speed limit changes and light changes (green, yellow, red etc) will be on a display in front of the driver, much like the rest of the high speed trains throughout the world. Reacting to an obstacle on the track, not much you can do at that speed, even with an automated system.
@@Xaid0nTT the driver's job seems completely pointless in these circumstances - responding to a light in the cab to adjust the speed, the driver is the weak link. Far simpler to have the "signal" actually control the train, and the driver can be back in the carriages serving tea, checking tickets and being useful.
@@chairmakerPete If it's anything like the trains in Europe, the route information available will show a 10km route in advance. You still need a human present in case any problems with the system. As someone who has used the DLR occasionally in London (which is automated), I'd much rather a human involved, as they are smoother and can react more efficiently should any problems arise.
Check german ICE Trains. Looking 1000 times better and the Drive is more beautiful. In Germany, we have landscape and beautiful mountains and what you have there is dirt, trash and big cities🤮🤮🤢
Rode this line a few weeks ago, maintenance is poor, rocks and rattles all the time.. I decided not to use the train on the return and the Speen was reduced because the track gauge was all over the place..
where are all the passengers? This must be losing piles of money and huge government subsidies. India has plenty of passengers! Volume not speedy trains. Chinese railways used to be crammed like India's. Where is everyone?
There are peaks and lows, times of day, days of week and dates of month, holidays, etc. Between major stations there are departures every 20 minutes so they are not always cramped. I went to China during their May 1 holiday - booking tickets 3 days aheads and it was till sold out - not just on destination but across most of China.
It's crazy how smooth the ride is at that speed
Yes, I agree. Especially when changing tracks it seems so stable.
Agree. It tells the quality of the built infrastructure imo
It's stability is because the train is equipped with damping systems.
Bardzo szkoda ze film nie jest nagrany realistycznie jezeli chodzi o prędkość
. Poproszę o wiecej filmow nagranych aby wejsc na link i sobie ogladac🙂
electric bro china is smart at that
恐らくTH-camにアップロードされた高速鉄道の前面展望動画で最も速いのがこれかと思われます。350km/hも凄いですが成都駅到着前のジャンクションの大きさに驚きました。アップロードに感謝します。
您的内容是世界上最好的。 我不会说中文。 只有大约25个字
Just days ago, a new HSR between these 2 cities began to construct. The final designed speed will be 400KM/H. Hopefully, it will be open to public in 2026. As far as I know, it is the first HSR line with 400KM/H commercial running.
@Valhalla Yes, now constructing as 400kmh standard. CR Chengdu bureau has their own ideas.
we hope malaysia dont buy hsr with china cause we see japan still can fix they problem before 2026 or early cause we wanna fell how shinkansen can being amazing that china bullet train
@@afizi1213China train us cheaper and better...the last time Nazib mark up the price...that's why expensive...😢😂
@@ganboonmeng5370 more expensive. Good because it lasts longer. Chinese products are famous because they are cheap and can't last. It's different from Japan. It can last for more than 20 years and it's quite durable. China is only sophisticated because it plays a lot of technology. It's different from Japan. why is the resale value of toyota good??? think about it, its just china agenda
@@ganboonmeng5370 china also not just use china product think about it
I am from India and I want to say china is on another level in development and i love china rail network 😊❤
Official video by Chengdu Railway Station Group, part of the China Railway Chengdu. They certainly did well in serving the railfans like me!
This is way smoother than I thought it would be! It definitely feels faster on an ultrawide monitor.
Watch at 1.75x playback speed and see what will travel be like in 2025 with new 600 km/h maglev.
2024 and no maglev yet, maybe in 2030
the Chinese will probably reach that speed for commercial hsr earliest
350 is faster than Shinkansen or TGV or any european desifn. Veryimpressive.
It's incredible. Just so smooth and fast. The amount of engineering and construction to build this is far beyond anything I've ever seen in Australia.
I'm from china. I went to uni in Melbourne 20 years ago. I was amazed by how developed Melbourne train network was. Let's say things have turned in 20 years. Lol
Honestly this is pretty scary. From the passenger windows it looks cool to be flying along at such high speed, but the front view, seeing how fast everything is coming at you and going, its a little frightening.
Hello, why don't you do other cab-rides? This is the only cab-ride video from the Chinese TGV on TH-cam, there are cab-rides by car but very few by train. Thank you
My mom and I are Chinese and live in the United States and when we went to China to visit our family, we rode on one of these trains, its very smooth and my mom even fell asleep on the ride lol.
In 20 years, china has built 40.000km of high speed railway, so impressive !
Wow! Thats a perfect highspeedroad! Do you know where i can find other cabe view videos from China? My dream is from 北京 to 香港. Respect from Vienna/ Austria. 亲切的问候
Uncredible. Greetings from Argentina.
That is the best asmr content i have ever seen, i sat and watched all of it.
The success of Chinese HSR is incredible railway quality rather than incredible trains. The Chinese high-speed train FuXing has a "4M4T" structure, meaning only half of the cars are power cars. This is relatively low compared with other power-distributed EMUs like the shinkansen n700 or Eurostar, which probably have at least a 6M2T structure. However, the reason to why these trains that are better than the Chinese trains had to operate at a lower operating speed is the outdated tracks. The European countries and Japan aren't willing to renovated some of the tracks built in the 80s. Therefore I would say if the Japanese Shinkansen or even the TGV duplex can be modified to fit Chinese tracks, they can probably smoothly run at 400km/h for at least 10 years.
Depends.
In Italy, where the Frecciarossa 500 has literally only two powered carriages, with the push-pull config moving 9 unpowered cars, all HS tracks are built after the 2000s and the governement _waited_ for the ERMTS Lv1 to be completed.
In France, wasn't common to have 9 carriage config with MTTM + intercalar car + MTTM for barely 4 motor carriages.
In Italy, the Italo company uses AGV 575 that were _custom made_ to cut off one of the powered bogies and limit the maax speed to 320 km/h, and this because by 2008 Italo did't have the commercial clearance for 330+ km/h. Out of 11 bogies, only 5 are powered. The most powerful convoy, Frecciarossaaa 1000, uses 8T8M configuration and is rated at 9.6 MW for a train of 501t (14t per axle)
The FuXing CR400AF has under 25kV AC a power output of 10.4 MW. That is the base version, with half the power. The fully powered one for a mass of 550t and 209 mt is 20 MW. And the Frecciarossa was at least once considered to be overpowered even for a 380 km/h service.
The secret for the HSR in China is to go full on metal jacket with the infrastructure, and putting on it trains so powerful the whole thing start bending the gravity around it by sheer force of determination.
There are other considerations to consider before you can raise the top speed on a line. If the railways were merely maintained/upgraded, it wouldn't be enough to mitigate other factors such as minimum curve radius. Fixing these other factors necessitates a full rebuild of the line, which isn't feasible in most situations.
It's a non-direct clone of ETR600 series.
fYou can't simply straighten out the rail alignment and put faster trains on a track. The overhead wires need to be able to take the load, the tunnel entrances must be engineered to not put up a wall of air resistance, the clearances of switches in the track need to be tight and the switches must take it, the control blocks and signalling must be adjusted to the much longer emergency stopping distances, the track bed must be able to withstand the increased pressure and negative pressure (uplift) without cracking and throwing around concrete, the bridges need to be able to take the higher shock impulses, and a million other things need to be engineered before you can safely run higher speed trains.
please upload more POV videos of High Speed Trains of China
Merci pour ce voyage, j'attendais ça depuis longtemps.
A speedometer showing speeds would have been quite helpful.
We need more videos like this
The train stations are all very clean and spacious. Here in Germany all the train stations are very dirty and narrow, which makes train travel here stressful.
I think that a train travel in Germany is just fine. I have never felt under stress.
我想看廣深港高鐵
This indeed is interesting. Thankyou for the ride.
If there is s suggestion that I could make, is that the lens is set too wide angle and also there is too much view above the horizon shown. A lovely video though.😊.
My fellow neighbors (USA), this could be us. Imagine flying past rush hour traffic, or vacationing through the heartlands of the country on something like this. Not to mention the massive boost to the economy, let's make it happen!
And turn into a communist state? No thank you.
The 450 models are in trial now and shall be in operation maybe next year? 400km/h commercial op speed.
as a indian i am very happy to see china development we work together to conquer world love china from india
China progressed much than India,even if you're work together. The chinese influence is extremely evident wherever you go. I don't see that India will overtake China's economic power.
China progressed much than India,even if you're work together. The chinese influence is extremely evident wherever you go. I don't see that India will overtake China's economic power.
Focal length of the camera is too short. Thats why the picture is dominated by sky.
Congrats from Chennai, India - வாழ்துக்கள் ❤
We don't need your congrats, buddy.
@@qhuwirjwoij09ut8u that bodhidharma chinese people worship is from our land buddy. Borders are imaginary , Humanity is real. யாதும் ஊரே யாவரும் கேளீர்.
@@BalaMani-72आह! क्षमा तमिल भाई, तुम तो चाटुकार निकले
Yes is very smooth as I did Liuzhou to Beijing on the bullet took 12 hours if I remember, was slow at first through the mountain are about 200kmp but when we hit the flat land I think we hit 200 mph or 320 kmp and hardly felt like you were moving apart from the scenery changing.
Looks like 10 minutes into Subway Surfers.
I thought this day's would never come, an hsr pov from China!
China is currently ruling in infrastructure it's making me envious only
Thanks for video.
Should add speed, distance, where to where....
Just noticed that there are hardly any curves!!its just a straight line. This enables such high speed.
Greetings from Israel! Great and very impressive train ride.
wish u had more of these cab view railway videos
Play this at 3X speed for how fast a commercial airliner travels in relation to the ground.
there is like actually no side to side movement even when its going at around 350 km
crazy
Damn.... A jet train. Very impressive.
I want to race this train with Bugatti Chiron.
In America this will be a straight highway of Hellcats driving at 200 mph.
It looks like the our German ICE Velaro 3 type built by Siemens.
Is it driving on etcs? I recognized the sound😅
谢谢支持
very bad camera positioning. Do we need 3/5ths of the image of the sky?
Good job Chinese engine driver.
Are there any complications that arise from increasingly higher speeds? Anything to do with air resistance? Especially when going through tunnels or passing by other trains
That depends on the train design, these crh400s were designed to minimize air resistance
The wheel system. Overheating, the pushing power....
Experience will answer all your questions
train aerodynamics ,special designed wheel bearing, high performance electric motor
pantograph-wire friction
CRH is simply the best
вот это скорость! молодцы
Press playback speed for 2x and you will get 700 kmh
Airplane speed
shame the picture is just so hard to watch
Any collision here would be a catastrophe.
With a population in the billions it is wise to move people by land than air. It would be a gigantic task to move so many by airlines with so many planes flying.
Hopefully one day you tube will be available in China 😂
What does “duedidued“ mean?
आश्चर्यजनक! राम्रो प्रगति चीन।🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳
Impressive engineering 👍
Obrigado 🖖
什么内销转出口
Flawless engineering. Well done China
Wow!
This is HILARIOUS! China's High Speed Rail (HSR), is losing 50 million dollars. A DAY.
Australian here: it’s insane how backward our rail infrastructure is relative to China’s. It’s a crying shame
What is the repetitive noise that seems to come from inside the cabin?
The driver is required to press the pedal within every thirty seconds to ensure that he is in proper control of the train, otherwise the train will assume that the driver is fatigued or incapacitated and immediately apply the emergency brake.
It's the safety system. The train is designed to stop by default if the driver doesn"t send regular signals that he is conscious. Every X seconds.
Hai saya dari warga Indonesia tapi gak bisa pakai bahasa China 😅
Hallo, sama saya juga don't understand 😅
Udah gak sabar banget pengen naek ni kereta 😎👍
@@m.bimolaksono2670 iya 👍🏻😀
Kereta cepat Jakarta Bundung akan selesai Juni tahun ini. Kereta cepat itu sangat cepat, yaitu 350 km/jam.
Congret, now your train speed is as faster as China.
I have never seen anything travel that fast.
विमान
Czengdu Wschod - niezla stacyjka, cos okolo 30 peronow 😀
Großartig 👍💪
Why are the stations so empty tough
The total length of the line is about 300 kilometers, with all small cities in the middle. Only the starting station and the terminal station are big cities.
@@zhouzhou-dc6oq while even the "small" cities are probably larger than most European cities😅
crazy speed , speedometer
Pretty scary high speed.
Is this 250 kmph or 350? Never experienced it before so wondering about the speed.
350
350km/h.
Great 👍
विंडो व्यूव क्यों नही है?
Beautiful
Genuinely impressive feat of engineering, kudos to the engineers, drivers and the designers who came up with and built this, again, genuinely impressive marvel. If only the CCP would stop being utter assholes and belligerent war mongering bullies on the world stage.
SB
Why does the English speaking world refuse to make one of these? We literally invented trains why do we refuse to make a modern network? 😔
350km/h?
Any problem ?China even has 600 km/h maglev trains
@@aynm3722 I'm just asking how fast this train goes, some trains on this line only go 300km/h
@@aynm3722 CRH380AM ran at 605km/h on the test bench in 2012
@catchless C You are right. On this line, D train is for 300KM/H, G train is for 350. I think it is not very reasonable . But technically I don't know why it is like this.
That’s 217 mph
So cool to see such a amazing rail network in such a short time
you realise that the construction of these high speed lines were extremely environmentally detrimental. they were built hastily in a top down approach and any concerns or conservationism was ignored to get the project delivered. That's how china does things. Did you notice the fact the air looked disgusting.
@@fkl770 It is much more environmentally friendly than the highways and roads you keep building in North America.
@@fridericusrex9812 I don't live in north America I'm from Liverpool. hasn't china built one of the worlds largest motorway systems in just a couple years aswell also destroying the environment. The problem isnt with the type of infrastructure its with the lack of regard for the environment while planning/building it. China also has the most coal fired powerplants and are building more of them. China is such a beautiful country and its a shame to see the environment being mistreated like this splitting habitats apart creating animal inbreeding and extinction.
@@fkl770 And what else do you expect them to do? Remain on farms and live in poverty, so the rest of you blokes can live your lifestyles guilt-free?
@@fkl770 Maybe you should come to China to see for yourself and confirm your assertion other than doing some desktop researching
Germany ICE 200kmh 😂😂😂😂 China nice 👍💪350 kmh
Eine Tacho-Anzeige in irgend einer Ecke des Monitors wäre noch viel hilfsreicher,
說話語言是四川話??還是韓國話???
Presumably, the driver isn't required?
There can't be a darn thing a driver could do in the event of an emergency stop being required, other than being the first to die.
With technology this good, the Chinese must no longer need train drivers.
Their newest train have maximum speed at 450km/hour with partial automatic system, fully automatic is not added yet because software issue could make 450km/hour train become a mini 9/11 when get derailed and struck a building, some of their regular trains and buses are fully automatic tho with emergency system as you mentioned above
@@khein2204 thank you for that information - very interesting! I think they'll have it fully automated before long. Extremely clever nation with some excellent scientists.
The 'signals' will no doubt, be in cab signals, so all speed limit changes and light changes (green, yellow, red etc) will be on a display in front of the driver, much like the rest of the high speed trains throughout the world. Reacting to an obstacle on the track, not much you can do at that speed, even with an automated system.
@@Xaid0nTT the driver's job seems completely pointless in these circumstances - responding to a light in the cab to adjust the speed, the driver is the weak link. Far simpler to have the "signal" actually control the train, and the driver can be back in the carriages serving tea, checking tickets and being useful.
@@chairmakerPete If it's anything like the trains in Europe, the route information available will show a 10km route in advance. You still need a human present in case any problems with the system.
As someone who has used the DLR occasionally in London (which is automated), I'd much rather a human involved, as they are smoother and can react more efficiently should any problems arise.
Wowowowow
next time show even more of the sky please! we do not want to see raiway tracks ok!
Wow its fastest then shinkansen
Oh yea the smoothest too
Check german ICE Trains. Looking 1000 times better and the Drive is more beautiful. In Germany, we have landscape and beautiful mountains and what you have there is dirt, trash and big cities🤮🤮🤢
前方展望!
平均時速258.6km/h
Are Covid-19 in China High-Speed Railway?
yes the American Fort detrick variety
It depends on whether the D etric k lab’s employee are raid the train
Ah,the Dxxxxxxk is a sensitive words, how freedom of speech is!
Yes USA Covid deaths #1 in world. Go USA
Rode this line a few weeks ago, maintenance is poor, rocks and rattles all the time.. I decided not to use the train on the return and the Speen was reduced because the track gauge was all over the place..
I saw you in many videos before. Nice actor.
There are no rocks on the tracks at least try a make a better propanganda next time😂😂😂
It's very impressive what they have achieved in a short time, but what a boring video! It's something to send you to sleep!
No telemetry, no fun...
Ho Lee Fuk
where are all the passengers? This must be losing piles of money and huge government subsidies. India has plenty of passengers! Volume not speedy trains. Chinese railways used to be crammed like India's. Where is everyone?
There are peaks and lows, times of day, days of week and dates of month, holidays, etc. Between major stations there are departures every 20 minutes so they are not always cramped. I went to China during their May 1 holiday - booking tickets 3 days aheads and it was till sold out - not just on destination but across most of China.
uhhhhh still cant fight shinkansen japan aaaa no so power ,i see have problem hahha
+50 social credits
Said a lowlife that has no credit!🤣
Wow troll trying to earn 5 cents. 😁
good for your 2 dads
@@LawasSarawak 😆😆😆
get out
insane how straight the track is no wonder it was extremely detrimental to the environment.
than use car or planes less carbon signature
@@LawasSarawak well its deffo less carbon emissions than you ye e-cig smoking mong.
At least it is better than planes.
😂
you don't have it😂
FAST.....but I can see only overhead powerlines....so BORING and uninformative.....Rather like watching paint dry..... or onions grow. !!!!