The first heart valve transplant from pig to human was in 1965 at Baylor Hospital in Dallas. The recipient was my dad, Paul. Same year I was born...in the same hospital even. My dad lived another three years, taken out by an aneurism in his brain.
As a stem cell researcher I think CRISPR/Cas9 has truly revolutionized laboratories all around the world. The great thing about CRISPR (compared to other gene editing tools) is that it is very easy to handle and very precise. In my field of research, CRISPR is often used to simulate diseases. For some years, so-called “brain organoids” have been made in the laboratory. Brain organoids are often called “tiny brains in petri dishes” as they mimic some characteristics of brains (I made a video about them a while ago). We make them from stem cells and can introduce mutations using CRISPR to study brain disorders such as schizophrenia, Rett syndrome or Alzheimers disease. In this manner, a lot of insightful studies have been conducted in the last years!
I have the greatest admiration for people like you doing the work that you do. The older I get, the faster technology enables giant leaps in our understanding of, and ability to treat or correct malfunction in humans and other life forms. If I knew in my youth that science would advance to where we are today in technology and specifically molecular biology, I might have taken a different career path.
Whats the extent of the "brain organoids" function? Im really curious to know how easily you can grow nerve cells in a dish lined up like transistors to store information and perform calculations
The issue is, " Are we wise enough to be able to use it safely and ethically?" . Historically humanity hasn't done well (initially) with new knowledge. But 100% agree, has great potential for humanity.
It is important to say this: CRISPR for gene editing is *not* a scalpel or knive. It is a "find and replace" tool. And as every programmer can tell you: *Do not mess up the find part*
It pretty much is and there are even more CRISPR technologies out there in development right now, which will make these initial findings mentioned in the video look like a childs toy. I'm pretty confident that we will be able to control our entire biology with CRISPR or technologies derived from it one day, maybe even within our life times. In our lab there's a poster with "Wir crisprn das", meaning "We'll CRISPR that" because whenever you encounter a problem at the genomic level, someone will suggest using it, as there is always a possible CRISPR solution.
if we treat crispr with as much urgency as covid, we might get somewhere quicker. Let's hope we can breed absolute geniuses that will help to solve our hardest problems.
Honestly ever since I found out about crispr it has yet to stop blowing my mind. How do people write a genetic code that can be inserted into a DNA sequence???? How does any of this happen?? It's truly astonishing
Dna is like a jigsaw puzzle but placed like jenga. So just slide a piece out and put a new one in. But that new piece has to be the same jigsaw shape or it wont fit
I would also be interested in the potential harmful uses or side-effects of the technology, like "why not attack certain kinds of human beings by targeting genes specific to them".
It's more likely that advances in genetic engineering spurred modern zombie tropes. Like the movie 2012, Planet of the Apes, or Lucy. Popular science culture spurs on relevant scifi and apocalypse movies
They don’t just use the cutting method but, they also now use base editing which is more reliable. Crispr is always advancing. It will be very interesting to see what they can do in a few more years.
I still think of deep fried potato sticks when I hear "CRISPR", cos nothing makes me happier than nice and crispy chips (as us brits call them) fresh out of the fryer... :P
I have repeating this since 2016, CRISPR will impact and change humanity much more than computers did or will. Are you afraid of Skynet? It already happened in GATTACA.
In my biotech class I had to make a paper regarding CRISPR so I have been researching about it and now I have been getting recommendations and webinars ads in Facebook and TH-cam all about CRISPR. 😅
Regarding transplantation rejection: how about taking a look at DNA stripping and suffusion? The hypothesis behind it is that rejection rate would be heavily cut, because the donor organ would essentially contain the DNA of the recipient. Depending on the similarity between the protein scaffold for the organ in question, the concern about harmful genetically-included viral sequences might not even be a concern?
I remember a video on Corgis they mentioned mRNAs can some fall back to main genenome and doublicating genes isn't that Case in point Lamarcism. Bacteria don't develop resistance to Antibiotics from selection. But. Absorbing Genes from other bacteria that dies around them. Also another scishow video.
Hank, tell us your skincare routine! I just saw a comment saying that you're 40, and I always thought you were in your late 20s. How do you look so young??
I am still terrified of the possibility of weaponizing it especially if coupled with Gene drive technology. Now zombie movie plots don't seem that far fetched 😖
After decoding the human genome and developing quantum computing I wonder if you could grow a digital analog of an individual person cell by cell? Then we could test medical treatments for a specific person on them virtually without actually having to do it. We could test every possibility to see what works.
That would only work if we knew how the human body functioned in its entirety. Which we do not. Too many genes, bacteria, and environmental factors determine how the body functions and reacts
#1 sounds unnecessarily complex without a clear advantage. You still need to match the bacteriophage to the bacteria, which is the main difficulty with effective phage therapy. At the same time, once these phages are used up, they're gone; normal bacteriophages are self replicating, so a small amount can potentially infect a much larger quantity of bacteria.
@6:00 Xeno-tissues are not new. I´ve been doing pig cell implants since 2005 for various chronic/metabolic medical issues. The most sought is for getting patients off of their diabetes medication(including insulin), though it has other application like: Thyroid, cirrhosis, kidney failure, autoimmune disease like lupus & arthritis, to mention a few. The tissues go through a sterilization process & not a single pig-retrovirus issue ever came up with any patient. Since 2005, that I´ve been doing this, I´ve had ZERO patients reject the tissues & after an average of 5-7 years, the patients tend to come back for a "booster" implant. While writing this, I have two patients(brother & sister), coming in about 14 hours to have the procedure done. I had done an implant for their mother about 8 years ago. Apparently, they saw & like the results.
@@milad.nikzad "the ability to cut and insert DNA has so many applications of its own" But that's exactly what _gene editing_ is; just because it has many applications, doesn't mean this isn't what is being used here to achieve those...
Sleigh bells ring. Butter chruning. A little flower might be burning. Now is the time. Bite the butter and fly. This is cannabutter Christmas time. This is cannabutter Christmas tiiime!
I’m cool with everything but #3, we should instead focus on perfecting 3-d printed organs made from cells from the individual, this will have the least risk of rejection.
@@bolasblancas420 Even if it doesn't pan out to something great, it's definitely shaping up to be a good precursor for more developed ideas on the matter.
Scientists: "Hey, bacteria, nice self-defense system you've got there. Could we take a look? Yes? Oh, thanks. Ok, I'm done with it now, you can have it back. [Look at what it's doing to itself!]"
It would be really great if you guys would do a segment on how Soviet and Georgian medicine is responsible for decades of research into bacteriophage therapy. Let’s not pretend that this is all American ingenuity. We are late to the game.
When did science finally figure out how each section of DNA fully affects a person over the entire life span? Doesn't each section have multiple affects based upon what other sections are active? So how can they know what the life long, multi generational changes made to a person's DNA will have? Especially if both parents have the treatment. Which means that all children of theirs will have the modified code. How do those modified codes work while a child is developing? These are the real questions that need answered before rDNA is used in such a massive scale.
The first heart valve transplant from pig to human was in 1965 at Baylor Hospital in Dallas. The recipient was my dad, Paul. Same year I was born...in the same hospital even. My dad lived another three years, taken out by an aneurism in his brain.
Amazing
I'm sorry for your loss but glad your dad's life could be extended.
Wow, im waiting for this comment to blow up
The very first successful xenograft replacement of the aortic valve in a human was performed in September 1965 by Carpentier and his team in Paris
Wait, what? YOUR dad?? Wow!
As a stem cell researcher I think CRISPR/Cas9 has truly revolutionized laboratories all around the world. The great thing about CRISPR (compared to other gene editing tools) is that it is very easy to handle and very precise. In my field of research, CRISPR is often used to simulate diseases. For some years, so-called “brain organoids” have been made in the laboratory. Brain organoids are often called “tiny brains in petri dishes” as they mimic some characteristics of brains (I made a video about them a while ago). We make them from stem cells and can introduce mutations using CRISPR to study brain disorders such as schizophrenia, Rett syndrome or Alzheimers disease. In this manner, a lot of insightful studies have been conducted in the last years!
If theycould use this to fight Alzheimers it would be truly awesome.
I have the greatest admiration for people like you doing the work that you do. The older I get, the faster technology enables giant leaps in our understanding of, and ability to treat or correct malfunction in humans and other life forms. If I knew in my youth that science would advance to where we are today in technology and specifically molecular biology, I might have taken a different career path.
My great grandpap died from alzheimer's
I like corn
Whats the extent of the "brain organoids" function? Im really curious to know how easily you can grow nerve cells in a dish lined up like transistors to store information and perform calculations
The issue is, " Are we wise enough to be able to use it safely and ethically?" . Historically humanity hasn't done well (initially) with new knowledge. But 100% agree, has great potential for humanity.
It is important to say this: CRISPR for gene editing is *not* a scalpel or knive. It is a "find and replace" tool.
And as every programmer can tell you: *Do not mess up the find part*
Yeah, I program as well, when they mention how good it is, I'm like, but if you want to change a small gene, how do you know it doesn't repeat
CRISPR has to be the most amazing biological advance so far.
It pretty much is and there are even more CRISPR technologies out there in development right now, which will make these initial findings mentioned in the video look like a childs toy. I'm pretty confident that we will be able to control our entire biology with CRISPR or technologies derived from it one day, maybe even within our life times.
In our lab there's a poster with "Wir crisprn das", meaning "We'll CRISPR that" because whenever you encounter a problem at the genomic level, someone will suggest using it, as there is always a possible CRISPR solution.
"more than just gene editing."
As if it wasn't impressive already.
Ikr
Fun fact;
It's called "C. Difficile" (Clostridum Difficile) for the French word play ("C'est difficile") meaning "It's hard/difficult".
"Collateral cleavage"
No, you're chuckling!
Pig: makes the bacon that clogs your arteries, and makes the replacement arteries
This is good for big pigness
Reject humanity
return to pigge
I'm going into the pig valve businesses with pork bellies on the side. Gonna be makin the bacon.
@@Tom-fh3zg
God damnit, Tom.
I always knew those pigs were up to something
This is some super villain stuff here, just, more delicious
So much hard work must go into the script for these videos. Thank you to everyone who works on Sci-Show.
"just" gene editing
This could also be used for evil
@@darylsuess8990 Evil is subjective. For the diseases and other live beings tools we are the evil. ;)
@@darylsuess8990 a brick can also be used for evil
“Just” editing your body no biggie
@@darylsuess8990 what about guns? should we ban all guns just because they can be used to shoot people?
Literally the cure to all heritable disease if we finally get our act together.
@@pupip55 humanity
bruh, that is the same way to solve world poverty and achieve world peace,..if you still don't know what I mean, then just look at global warming
if we treat crispr with as much urgency as covid, we might get somewhere quicker. Let's hope we can breed absolute geniuses that will help to solve our hardest problems.
@@wackey2k10 honesty, we don't need to solve many more problems. Just regulatory approval.
@@wackey2k10 good luck when they fall into corruption and bribe money
I keep all my genetically-modified vegetables in the CRISPR drawer.
Well I was having a good day :(
Get out
I don't get it-
Ffs I hate that I like this
Keeping the (modified or not) apples fresh is good.
But who in the hell heels appels in the drawer?
The CRISPR basket is the way to go.
I just noticed how young Hank looks for a 40 year old. Jeez.
Baby fais.
That's because he's been using all that sweet Complexly money on giving himself rejuvenating CRISPR treatments.
He's 40?!?! Damn he looks great!
I thought he was in his early 20's
It’s the way he dresses like a cool middle school kid
Crispr is literally sci-fi technology happening irl
Sci non-fi, haha
Sci-rl
For real! We definitely are living in the future.
i have had Lyme and it lest me in a wheelchair for 2 years I wish they could come up with a shot to protect yourself like the flu shot does.
They did, but sadly the lyme disease vaccine was discontinued.
Bacteriaphage: Infect, Multiply And Kaboom
Humans: Erase From Existence
"Chop Up His Own Gene"
Bacteriaphage: Even For Me That Is Brutal
Phage: Don't you think it's a bit extreme to just-
Humanity: NO
"Just gene editing"
Jesus, Hank, I'm glad I'm not your kid; you're tough to impress. :)
Well, his brother did write The Fault in our Stars. A very impressive family.
#4 is called Gene Drive. For anyone interested to look it up more (there's a quite a few different kinds as well)
that antibiotic idea gives me chills. They're triggering an autoimmune type response in bacteria.
CRISPER has enormous potential to change our future for the better in all sorts of unimaginable ways!!
"Collateral Cleavage" is definitely my new band name
@Ben Louis I feel like I just had a stroke reading that
Really cool! We just had Restriction Enzymes in our program and now this happened. Thanks for the video
Honestly ever since I found out about crispr it has yet to stop blowing my mind. How do people write a genetic code that can be inserted into a DNA sequence???? How does any of this happen?? It's truly astonishing
Dna is like a jigsaw puzzle but placed like jenga. So just slide a piece out and put a new one in. But that new piece has to be the same jigsaw shape or it wont fit
I would also be interested in the potential harmful uses or side-effects of the technology, like "why not attack certain kinds of human beings by targeting genes specific to them".
I hope it’s not foreshadowing that every zombie movie starts off with a genetically engineered virus 🦠
It's more likely that advances in genetic engineering spurred modern zombie tropes. Like the movie 2012, Planet of the Apes, or Lucy. Popular science culture spurs on relevant scifi and apocalypse movies
@@alainabishop9299 Like I Am Legend. Starts with a clever cure for cancer.
This stuff just makes me so excited - we are truly in the middle of a scientific revolution
Glad, scientists understood the importance of gene editing, and starting to use CISPR to aid humanity.
When can we try it ? I reaaaally wanna try it I have an autoimmune disorder 🥺🥺🥺🥺💔
But does it work for frying? Why not CRISPR food?
this is a highly underrated comment
The DNA double helix in the preview picture is left-handed.
Cannot unsee
Z- dna lol
Truly exponential information I remember hearing about crispr a really long time ago
Exponential information? What
Exceptional*?
@@ARF_average 5,000 papers on a subject in 1 year
They don’t just use the cutting method but, they also now use base editing which is more reliable. Crispr is always advancing. It will be very interesting to see what they can do in a few more years.
FDA approval baby
Scishow. Thanks for another CRISPR video. Please MORE gene editing and anit ageing videos! I love them.
I still think of deep fried potato sticks when I hear "CRISPR", cos nothing makes me happier than nice and crispy chips (as us brits call them) fresh out of the fryer... :P
in my opinion both CRISPR and machine learning algorithms have been the most influential features of the past decade or so
I have repeating this since 2016, CRISPR will impact and change humanity much more than computers did or will.
Are you afraid of Skynet? It already happened in GATTACA.
Why I remember watching this video much earlier?
In my biotech class I had to make a paper regarding CRISPR so I have been researching about it and now I have been getting recommendations and webinars ads in Facebook and TH-cam all about CRISPR. 😅
My Siberian cat’s name is CRISPR! DNA-editing sharp claws!
Regarding transplantation rejection: how about taking a look at DNA stripping and suffusion? The hypothesis behind it is that rejection rate would be heavily cut, because the donor organ would essentially contain the DNA of the recipient.
Depending on the similarity between the protein scaffold for the organ in question, the concern about harmful genetically-included viral sequences might not even be a concern?
Amazing! I am so envy to future generations how much better health and quality of life they will have because of these technologies!
It's already helping cure sicklecell anemia. ♥️
This is mind blowing!
love seeing those sources tho! :)
I remember a video on Corgis they mentioned mRNAs can some fall back to main genenome and doublicating genes isn't that Case in point Lamarcism. Bacteria don't develop resistance to Antibiotics from selection. But. Absorbing Genes from other bacteria that dies around them. Also another scishow video.
Hank, tell us your skincare routine! I just saw a comment saying that you're 40, and I always thought you were in your late 20s. How do you look so young??
That lyme disease project is very cool. Imagine if we get on top of creating gene drives, you'd only need to release a handful of mice
causing a bacteria to destroy it's own DNA is so brutal and i absolutely love it XD
Every time c.diff comes up on scishow I think someone should tell John
wonderful info bro
Yes. 10/10. thank you
Now I have CRISPR CAS-9 from Acapella Science stuck in my head.
I am still terrified of the possibility of weaponizing it especially if coupled with Gene drive technology.
Now zombie movie plots don't seem that far fetched 😖
After decoding the human genome and developing quantum computing I wonder if you could grow a digital analog of an individual person cell by cell? Then we could test medical treatments for a specific person on them virtually without actually having to do it. We could test every possibility to see what works.
That would only work if we knew how the human body functioned in its entirety. Which we do not. Too many genes, bacteria, and environmental factors determine how the body functions and reacts
"They are using our own satellites against us."
Crispr antibiotics are so cool!
Yay! Dalek intro is back
Collateral Cleavage:
How breast augmentation often occurs in women that are friends of one that had the procedure.
That's all fine and good, but will it hasten the arrival of my flying car? WHERE IS MY FLYING CAR?
Let's not forget REAL hoverboards!
People already suck at driving, the last thing I want is some random dude flying into my house. Lmao.
@@vtogvblog Good point. We should probably get that whole autopilot thing down first.
Can we take a moment to imagine the absolute nightmare that would be flying car traffic? And I don't just mean that in a joking manner!
This is even better, now, you can gene edit some wings!
molecular biology is so freaking cool!
Please make an episode on how the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine work.
I love the words "collateral cleavage"
"We are not only men of science: we are men of hope."
#1 sounds unnecessarily complex without a clear advantage. You still need to match the bacteriophage to the bacteria, which is the main difficulty with effective phage therapy. At the same time, once these phages are used up, they're gone; normal bacteriophages are self replicating, so a small amount can potentially infect a much larger quantity of bacteria.
Gotta love CRISPR episodes.
One day you could be forced to
@@blindsightedkill You forgot your tinfoil hat...
@@ltrs1212 Oh I'll use that to save my phone from solar flares.
all of this is amazing news!
2:47
Me, who watched the the Kursgesagt video on bacteriophages: "Ah, a man of culture I see"
If anyone's interested, search for FELUDA covid strip - scientists in India have used Fn cas9 to create a covid detection test :)
@6:00 Xeno-tissues are not new. I´ve been doing pig cell implants since 2005 for various chronic/metabolic medical issues. The most sought is for getting patients off of their diabetes medication(including insulin), though it has other application like: Thyroid, cirrhosis, kidney failure, autoimmune disease like lupus & arthritis, to mention a few. The tissues go through a sterilization process & not a single pig-retrovirus issue ever came up with any patient.
Since 2005, that I´ve been doing this, I´ve had ZERO patients reject the tissues & after an average of 5-7 years, the patients tend to come back for a "booster" implant.
While writing this, I have two patients(brother & sister), coming in about 14 hours to have the procedure done. I had done an implant for their mother about 8 years ago. Apparently, they saw & like the results.
How to get around the PCR step in testing???
Any plans to serve SciShow videos on Complexly directly? I'd rather watch these videos in a way where SciShow gets a larger cut of the ad revenue
Bro, I’ve been trying to learn more about cripsr for years, shits dear to my heart
I love CRISPR and gmo technology.
Emmanuelle got the cutest face I’ve ever seen on a 52 yo geneticist genius ♥️😂
My brother had c. dif. at the beginning of 2020, he almost died from it. It's not a joke when you have it.
Also, some CRISPR companies are up 100% since early this year... Good times.
Finished this video thinking “Dang, that’s a lot of uses for CRISPR.” Then I realized-that’s not even including the main gene editing tool!
What do you mean "not even including the main gene editing tool"? _All_ these applications are based on that capability
@@thstroyur Well yeah these are extensions of that capability but just the ability to cut and insert DNA has so many applications of its own
@@milad.nikzad "the ability to cut and insert DNA has so many applications of its own" But that's exactly what _gene editing_ is; just because it has many applications, doesn't mean this isn't what is being used here to achieve those...
@@thstroyur Ok sure. We both agree that CRISPR is dope tho
@@milad.nikzad Ok sure.
If I remember correctly, the gene-editing CRISPR is CRISPR-Cas9. Are these applications using CRISPR with a different number on the end?
Nope... same number.
There's no way anything could possibly go wrong.
I still don't know why we don't have the science that was used in the show Nova: can we live forever
does CRISPR work only before someone gets born.
or can we use it to change things on us today?
can you use CRISPR to have different color hair ?
Sleigh bells ring. Butter chruning. A little flower might be burning. Now is the time. Bite the butter and fly. This is cannabutter Christmas time. This is cannabutter Christmas tiiime!
I’m cool with everything but #3, we should instead focus on perfecting 3-d printed organs made from cells from the individual, this will have the least risk of rejection.
CRISPR-Cas9 the power of God in the palm of our hand
Three most important technologies for the coming years? I'd say crispr, neuralink, and quantum computing.
I don’t feel neuralink just yet.
Neuralink?
@@bolasblancas420 Even if it doesn't pan out to something great, it's definitely shaping up to be a good precursor for more developed ideas on the matter.
@@kylestanley7843 Elon Musk's plan to stick electrodes in your brain and hook you up to a computer.
@@rolfs2165 ... Ahh. Hey, at least it has the potential to save us from Skynet, if nothing else.
CRISPR is future
Ok but the name CRISPR sounds delicious like it would be so good
Oh how fun, we're playing with scissors now. Kindergarten (of gene editing) here we come!
Nr. 1 is basically "Why are you hitting yourself? Why are you hitting yourself? Why are you hitting yourself?"
but I think 4 is crossing a lime
Bruh wtf my teacher wants a 3 page essay on this 10 minute video
Then you may get more than 3 pages from this.
Scientists: "Hey, bacteria, nice self-defense system you've got there. Could we take a look? Yes? Oh, thanks. Ok, I'm done with it now, you can have it back. [Look at what it's doing to itself!]"
Surely these could be coopted into the most effective antiviral treatment ever
Modifying animals with their own natural gene variants is such a clever idea. We're literally helping them evolve faster.
I gained a lot of weight and ended up with collateral cleavage, it would be ok if I wasn’t a man.
Whoah, cellular Swiss Army knife? So science 🧬
Another step towards Supermutants.
*Title* : 4 Ways CRISPR Is More Than Just Gene Editing
*Video* : proceeds to show 4 applications of gene editing with CRISPR
Dan Rather did a great show on this.
It would be really great if you guys would do a segment on how Soviet and Georgian medicine is responsible for decades of research into bacteriophage therapy. Let’s not pretend that this is all American ingenuity. We are late to the game.
When did science finally figure out how each section of DNA fully affects a person over the entire life span? Doesn't each section have multiple affects based upon what other sections are active? So how can they know what the life long, multi generational changes made to a person's DNA will have? Especially if both parents have the treatment. Which means that all children of theirs will have the modified code. How do those modified codes work while a child is developing? These are the real questions that need answered before rDNA is used in such a massive scale.