This episode is brought to you by the Music for Scientists album! Stream the album on major music services here: streamlink.to/music-for-scientists. Check out “The Idea” music video here: th-cam.com/video/tUyT94aGmbc/w-d-xo.html.
One of the most interesting things about the development of the nucleus is that it seems to have happened exactly 1 time in terms of phylogeny. Pretty interesting because it’s so widespread that it clearly provides a great advantage, and yet it hasn’t evolved independently in another prokaryote since that fateful event a few billion years ago. Wild stuff
We really don’t know that so we? It may have evolved independently dozens of times, but those lineages died out. Without the ability to map DNA of the oldest eukaryotes we can’t possibly know that they all came from a single line.
Yeah, and when the cells make bleb, we say they are "blebbing" literally. Cancer cells make blebs too and these blebs actually make them migrate much faster and have been shown to associate with increased invasion and metastasis. Biology is fascinating.
I've watched a lot of SciShow, I'm not normally one for cell biology but this has to be one of the most fascinating videos I've watched on this channel.
I wanted him to say powerhouse so bad that when it didn't happen I got the same feeling as from a disappointing breakdown in a metal song after the most hype buildup
@@terryfuldsgaming7995 Yeah, I know, but both are equally accurate. If anything, energy centers is more clear and descriptive, but powerhouse is more memorable, so it's a toss up.
Mammals are partially Herpes. We use our Herpes-DNA to suppress the immuno system of the mother so it doesn't kill the fetus. Without it, we wouldn't be able to give live birth.
@@Carewolf Fun fact the viral family in question here the Nucleocytoviricota (thank you copy and past lol) which contains the giant viruses also contains a few deadly scourges the most infamous are the pox viruses and the herpes viruses. The viral Eukaryogenesis hypothesis was actually proposed in 2001 based on two teams of researchers independently noticing the similarities between pox viruses evolutionary conserved elements and the conserved elements of the Eukaryotic nuclear genome. Interestingly phylogenetics indicates that much of the conserved core of Eukaryotic nuclear genomes appears to share a last common ancestor with the Nucleocytoviricota the debate is over whether the Nucleocytoviricota are descended from a Eukaryotic nucleolus or if the nucleolus is descended from a viral replication factory. The evidence seems to favor the latter interpretation if molecular clock estimates are to be believed as they suggest the last common ancestor predated the first Eukaryotic cells but the idea that we may be viruses seems to obviously bother some people. The Nucleocytoviricota at least the various clades of giant viruses in the group are interesting as unlike most viruses they carry all of their own protein sequences transcription factors and the likes only depending on the hosts ribosomes which allows them to successfully infect any unfortunate Eukaryote which mistakenly swallows them by phagocytosis. (They look like food) This also provides the answer for why a virus would evolve autonomy the ability to infect more types of hosts and thus escape the evolutionary trap where wiping out ones host species results in extinction. Also apparently apparently Linear DNA is only known of in Eukaryotes and the Nucleocytoviricota as prokaryotes both Bacteria and Archaea use circular loops of DNA to store their genetic information. These linear genomes are dependent on histones proteins that in Eukaryotes are central to the formation of chromosomes however they are also used for the packaging of Viral DNA into proteins envelopes. Likewise I have read that two of Eukaryote's three types of DNA Polymerase are thus far shared only with the Nucleocytoviricota with the third being Archaeal in origin. And in terms of the lack of archaeal viruses it is probably due to a lack of looking for archaeal viruses as prokaryote viruses have long been neglected, outside or early phage therapies, prior to the efforts to treat pathogens which develop resistance to antibiotics metagenomic studies of the sediments where the first obligatory anaerobic Asgardarchaeota and thus far the only member of this clade of archaea to be successfully cultured in the lab, was found around a deep sea hydrothermal vent apparently show sequences similar to the Nucleocytoviricota which if confirmed (or not) could provide irrefutable proof for (or against) the viral hypothesis. www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679175v1.full(The most recent hypothesis article) now.uiowa.edu/2018/02/giant-viruses-may-play-intriguing-role-evolution-life-earth Interesting stuff really the way this story is all turning out would be great to finally know the answer as it might help us gauge the odds for multicellular life elsewhere in the universe. How likely or unlikely was it?
Those are the two newest theory's, so probably nobody has done in depth analysis yet. It seems like the giant virus theory only explains the nucleus, not the mitochondria. So I expect a combination is going to end up the most likely answer.
@@duckwhistle Yeah it is probably a combination for instance the microbes the Lokiarchaeota archaea cultured Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum captured are effectively metabolically controlled using stolen genetic sequences of the smaller prokaryotes which allow the large Asgard archaea to utilize metabolic processes it can't itself. It has these tentacle appendages that grab onto its captured exosymbiotes. In some sense it is sort of a forced microbial domestication If I'm interpreting the original paper on the culturing right it seems the means it uses to keep control over the microbes probably depends on it keeping a membrane between itself and these captive microbes since prokaryote genomes are simultaneously transcripted and translated (unlike Eukaryotes and viruses which all separate these two processes) so I'm suspecting that the virus high-jacking the cell was likely the thing that allowed it to break through the evolutionary bottleneck forcing the archaeon to keep its captured microbes outside itself trapping them so they can't escape. DNA viruses are also good at stealing genetic information from the host so if the virus set up shop in the archaea long term it would probably be able to eventually capture the archaea's genome minus its CRISPR immune system that is what viral replication factories seem to have evolved to counter. Once that is done everything else becomes comparatively "simple" just evolve a way to encapsulate the smaller microbes and find a way to ensure the captured microbe virus and host cell replicate in lock step and you are done. A lot easier said than done but it seems the most natural explanation especially if all 3 components are trying to self replicate on their own you could get a large mix of different combinations with the more effective combinations winning out in the long term....
I find it problematic that in school and even university mostly everything is treated like "This is how it is" and not as "This is the current knowledge/idea (or one of them)"
@@PR-cq4zc Ah, the answer is already known! Where in Genesis does it specify how God formed our nuclei? Was it from formerly Archaean cytoplasm, or nucleocytoviricota, or some entirely other exocytotic material? (and if so, which?) This information would be of great interest to biologists today.
The bible is not designed to be a scientific text book, though it is confirmed by science. Science tells you how something happens, the bible tells us WHY things happen. Read it. It will change your live forever.
Organells where glucose and Oxygen are transformed into ATP (used for protein creation) and Carbondioxide (which we breath out). They have they own genetic code which always comes from the mother (since sperm cells ditch they mitchrochondria when fusing with the female egg),
"Ah, yes--The Asgardian Archea. The *mightiest* of all archea and the true and rightful heir to the throne of Asgard. Odin's true progeny! They will serve us well." --Thor, probably
"Asgard or Asgardarchaeota is a proposed superphylum consisting of a group of archaea that includes Lokiarchaeota, Thorarchaeota, Odinarchaeota, and Heimdallarchaeota." Scientists after naming these: We did it bois, we snuck in pop culture references in serious scientific literature once again.
@@bobymanna8468 It's all because of a beautiful field of hydrothermal vents between Greenland and Norway, called "Loki's Castle". These archaea were discovered nearby. Probably less of a popculture reference than a mythology reference, but still pretty great. That, and the first discovered were Lokiarchaeota, which were about as controversy- and confusion-causing to scientists as the mythical Loki.
Not all viruses harm you, though; Some actually help to protect you. [Oh, and I got through this whole coronavirus time without ever getting sick from it despite going out of my home 6 days each week.]
I love the video. Actually Lynn Margaulis originally proposed a hypothesis that the nucleus was the result of endosymbiosis. She had no way of proving it. So 'serial endosymbiosis' was limited to mitochondria and chloroplasts which of course, have retained some of their own DNA; and can be compared to genophores of, respectively, Alphaproteobacteria and Cyanobacteria.
I recall learning in high school biology that a lot of our non-coding DNA likely came from viruses that infected our ancestors, but that never quite made sense to me. However, if the giant virus hypothesis is correct, that would help fill in the gaps from that high school bio lesson.
This isn't quite the same thing. What your high school bio was talking about was viruses infecting gamete cells of your ancestors. Since viruses add their own dna to a host cell's, when that gamete fused with another to start making a baby, the baby inherited that extra viral dna. The actual virus is long gone and the cells don't know what to do with the leftover code, but they keep copying it down the generations just cause it's there. This video is more about an ancient viral infection of a single celled organism coevolving into a weird kind of symbiotic relationship way before anything was even multicellular. The virus here actually stuck around and became the nucleus. Would be like if your brain was actually an alien parasite that had been around so long you forgot how to live without it. At least I hope that's what it's all saying, otherwise I understand nothing of biology
My biology classes thought me that actually the placenta that most mammal species make during pregnancy is thanks to a coding gene that we borrowed from a retrovirus' viral envelop
0:52- may be more accurate to say that "almost every cell TYPE in our bodies has a nucleus." Erythrocytes (RBCs) make up 80-85% of our total cell number, but have no nucleus (in mammals, anyway). Just a minor correction.
I like the giant virus theory because it makes sense to me how that arrangement could be replicated in that cell's descendants. The invagination and blebs ideas don't feel like they have an easy explanation of how their cellular arrangements could be genetically inheritable. For example, if an archaea replicates inside of its enclosed bleb sphere, how does that result in two complete cells with their own mitochondria and one "nucleus," rather than two "nuclei" surrounded by mitochondria sharing a single cell?
You just made me realise that I've forgotten everything I learned about cells :( To be fair it was getting on for 30 years ago since I last had any basic study of them with regards to botany, and about pushing on 45 years since I did biology at school! lol
Do y'all watch the video before you hit like or do you hit like the moment it's possible to do so? I'm mostly asking this to drive engagement for the algorithm.
I like it when I open it because I know I am gonna like it, if I don't like it I still leave the like because I liked their other vids, if I hated it then I'll remove my like, if I absolutely despise it I might dislike it
As an undergraduate I was told that Mitochondria was originally a pathogen that eventually evolved a symbiosis with the organism. No one knew about giant viruses back then but this would also explaine the relationship between viruses and living organisms.
I love hypothesizing about life and Humanity and microbiology. Organic and inorganic compounds. Micro and Macro, space, galaxies, stars, black holes. Man life is just so fascinating.
1:12 Stefan: Yeah, I know, that's just what they named it. (Invagination) 4:30 Stefan: Yeah, I know, that's just what they named it. (Blebs) 5:32 Stefan: Seriously? How much worse can these names get? (Asgard Archea) 9:19 Sound mixer: *MY NAME IS TUNA SPONSORED BY POLLOCK*!!
Very cool! A minor correction: at 0:52 "nucleus that protects our genetic code" -- instead of code, use genome/chromosomes/DNA because the genetic code is the code used for translating mRNA into proteins.
@@TonyTigerTonyTiger Yes, it's used, but it is wrong. The correct term is genome or chromosome. Genetic *code* is something we share with almost all other species that exist (w/ the exception of bacteria).
"BLEBS" is so funny to me because on one hand there's this whole complex academic nomenclature thing where you have to name molecules and organisms a specific way in this specific order, and on the other hand we've got stuff called BLEBS and quarks and Snurps and Asgard lmao
I find it weird that there is no evolutional hypothesis on how such a virus could become a nucleus. Because to me it sounds pretty simple. The giant virus is very big. It likely thats a lot of time and energy to produce more, so the virus sets up shop in the cell for some time. That in turn means, the longer the infected cell survives the better for this type of virus. That would cause evolutionary pressure towards basically coinhabitating the cell and turning from an infection into a full on parasite. And that is not to far from the Virus ending up in the cell alone and taking over fully. I also like the notion that our DNA is not the original one, but basically a bodysnatcher that has been impersonating cellular life for the last few billion years.
[Sorry for the late answer] There is one hypothesis about this. One implication of the viral eukaryogenesis is that, if this infection really happened, the virus would take full control of the archaeon (as our nuclei have full control of our cells). It could have reproduced and destroyed the archaea, but as you said, setting up a viral factory and reproducing might take a lot of resources and time from an already small organism (Asgard archaea, quite possibly). So, by a small random chance, the virus didn't do that. Instead, it just remained there, and used the archaeon's reproductive mechanisms for itself to replicate and set up viral factories within the archaeon's copies. Effectively, if this hypothesis is correct, the virus would have simply recruited the entire archaeon as a symbiont, and found a new way to proliferate within it's descendants.
Someone in the field must have proposed bacterial infection and symbiosis by now? I've always thought those are the most obvious mechanisms, rather than random cavities, or blebs?
Damn I really wish this video had come out a couple if months ago, righe before I had my cell biology exam at university. The exam went very well but still ... having known about these theories (which are not really featured in any textbook) would have made quite an impression on the examiner😂😂 Ok just joking now, but the point is I really love SciShow cause more often than not you provide us with up-to-date information, very useful but most of all extremely interesting!!
Rapid fire presentation - hands moving and repeating their movements, the voice using the similar tones and no pause between words. If only he didn’t shout his words as well, then maybe I could handle this presentation style... with the volume down just a bit more.
Very nice video. I’ve been meaning to learn more about eukaryogenesis, as I think it may be the solution to the Fermi paradox. It only happened once and took the longest time of any evolutionary step
Microbiology is SO FASCINATING! I forget why I hated it in school sometimes, but then I see a video and my trypophobia punches me in the brain and I'm like, "oooooooh yeaaaaah.... I'll just scroll to the comments and listen quietly."
This is a question I long wondered myself. IMHO the Endosymbiosis theory has so much evidence to support it, that it is pretty ironclad. Incarnation is actually pretty common in bacteria to produce gas compartments for some organisms so they can float in water and for forms of nitrogen metabolism. I am certainly willing to entertain 'giant viruses' although it seems a bit exotic on the outside. Food for thought, something to read more about.
I'm rather more impressed with how Nick Lane wrote about it. Basically an Archaeal methanogen lived in an environment with Bacteria that produced hydrogen as a respiratory by product. As the archaea needed as much hydrogen as possible it wrapped itself around the bacterium to insure it got all that the bacterium could produce. After several generations of bacterium dying and leaving behind DNA some of it got included into the archaea's DNA. Some of this DNA included genes for bacterial membranes, but not the instructions for what part of the cell they were supposed to function in so they globed around and formed the first nucleus. And to cut a long story short it was preserved because it gave RNA strands time to get fixed because the rain of bacterial genes that were being incorporated into the proto-nucleus were making a giant mess of things.
After watching all these scishow clips I have come to a conclusion. It would be far easier to say what does not need more research than to say it needs more research. In a way human hunger for information is promising, and then another the endless task is quite daunting.
That image on the thumbnail is giving me flashbacks. I drew that structure several times on biology exams back in middle/high school, with the exact same positioning for its parts and all. I used to wonder, does memorizing how to draw a nucleus even mean anything to me? 🤔
I will never get over the fact that "creationists" insist on having a god who's dumber than they are - when the wonders that actually exist in creation are so awesome.
This episode is brought to you by the Music for Scientists album! Stream the album on major music services here: streamlink.to/music-for-scientists. Check out “The Idea” music video here: th-cam.com/video/tUyT94aGmbc/w-d-xo.html.
Thanks for the video.
this sounds a little like a superhero origin story... it even has "asgard" in it! nice.
Asking why to much especially in nature somethings just happened
Aren't sprm Ukaryote cells
@@WithScienceAsMySheperd They have no cytoplasm only a membrane and nucleus
One of the most interesting things about the development of the nucleus is that it seems to have happened exactly 1 time in terms of phylogeny. Pretty interesting because it’s so widespread that it clearly provides a great advantage, and yet it hasn’t evolved independently in another prokaryote since that fateful event a few billion years ago. Wild stuff
We really don’t know that so we? It may have evolved independently dozens of times, but those lineages died out.
Without the ability to map DNA of the oldest eukaryotes we can’t possibly know that they all came from a single line.
@@adamcawa That raises a new question: if it is so beneficial, why did _every single one_ of the other lineages die out?
The likely reason is that the other critters started evolving to prey on them, so brand new ones would be eaten immediately
maybe at first it gives disadvantage and requires some time to evolve, and nowadays such sick cells are just being eaten faster
No mystery at all. God made us. Read Genesis 1
with each scishow episode i grow stronger. not as strong as Muscle Hank, though
Muscle Hank is my dream Daddy.
Wait, what's a muscle Hank?
@@ryanjerryjores6347 The legend himself. Hank Green.
@@ryanjerryjores6347 a shirtless and muscularly-gifted version of Hank Green.
@@TheRepublicOfJohn As opposed to the clothed, muscle deficient pleb we ordinarily see on the show
I feel immature posting this but...
How do you transport an organism that has a membrane bound nucleus?
Eukary-IT!
Hey, I'll buy that joke for a dollar. If you're willing to cell it.
@@Master_Therion with this joke, you seem to come from a family with good genes, help me mit-yo-sis
These jokes are pure golgi.
atleast it wasn't an invagination joke
The only biology I took in college was at parties. I was a fungi to be around.
I love how up to date much of this information is, textbooks can be a bit behind.
My history textbook from 4 years ago referred to 2016 as the far future
"a bit behind" can be a big understatement here.
.
Mine referred to the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Now scientists are saying they're energy centres?
Almost all of them are
I love biologists, they named something a bleb.
I feel like they're getting better at naming things.
"Sonic Hedgehog" is a key signalling molecule in human brain development.
Laughs in Gelae belae, Gelae donut, Gelae fish, Gelae baen, and Gelae rol
Yeah, and when the cells make bleb, we say they are "blebbing" literally. Cancer cells make blebs too and these blebs actually make them migrate much faster and have been shown to associate with increased invasion and metastasis. Biology is fascinating.
@I.M. Shirley Rongh yeah... But its still fun tho, an entire genus of jelly, when in reality its just a genus of slime-mold-eating insects
I've watched a lot of SciShow, I'm not normally one for cell biology but this has to be one of the most fascinating videos I've watched on this channel.
Lotsa great words in this one. "Invagination" and "bleb" are my new faves.
I'm gonna call my bedroom the Envagination Station, because despite what you'd think, it has nothing to do with sex.
You just sorta crumple in on yourself
And that's why it's such a perfect name, *cause neither does your bedroom.*
@@augustuscaesar8287 yes indeed, as the comment said
@@thebush6077 I was emphasizing the point, galaxy brain.
We can never judge a young mannwho simply wants to prokar-yet
Can I get an hour long lecture on this please.
Scientific meeting: "OK, what should we call these cell bits?"
Some OwO kawaii anime scientist: "Blebs!"
Other scientists: "Perfection."
UwU
^w^
It is just a distorted version of the word "blob"
@@dibershai6009 bleb is a fancy blob xD
@Unabashed Hedonist xD
I wanted him to say powerhouse so bad that when it didn't happen I got the same feeling as from a disappointing breakdown in a metal song after the most hype buildup
same
"...energy centers..."
Uhm, excuse me, you meant POWERHOUSE!
:P :P :P :P
So you're here from chubby emu... 😂
It means the same thing.
@@terryfuldsgaming7995 Yeah, I know, but both are equally accurate. If anything, energy centers is more clear and descriptive, but powerhouse is more memorable, so it's a toss up.
@@conlon4332 It's a meme
I FINALLY KNOW WHY MY PARENTS NAMED ME THIS!
I assume your name on TH-cam is truly the name your parents gave you.
@@augustuscaesar8287 i assume the same goes for you, Majesty?
🤣
@@YeeSoest And i was just a falling star... that eventually became smart enough to go on the internet and communicate with plebs and blebs ;p
I'm still trying to figure out what my parents were thinking when they named me...
"Inside human DNA is the remains of a giant virus"
steps back and looks at earth: I can believe that
Agent Smith was right all along.
Mammals are partially Herpes. We use our Herpes-DNA to suppress the immuno system of the mother so it doesn't kill the fetus. Without it, we wouldn't be able to give live birth.
@@bobymanna8468 lol
@@bobymanna8468 So was Thanos.
@@Carewolf Fun fact the viral family in question here the Nucleocytoviricota (thank you copy and past lol) which contains the giant viruses also contains a few deadly scourges the most infamous are the pox viruses and the herpes viruses. The viral Eukaryogenesis hypothesis was actually proposed in 2001 based on two teams of researchers independently noticing the similarities between pox viruses evolutionary conserved elements and the conserved elements of the Eukaryotic nuclear genome.
Interestingly phylogenetics indicates that much of the conserved core of Eukaryotic nuclear genomes appears to share a last common ancestor with the Nucleocytoviricota the debate is over whether the Nucleocytoviricota are descended from a Eukaryotic nucleolus or if the nucleolus is descended from a viral replication factory.
The evidence seems to favor the latter interpretation if molecular clock estimates are to be believed as they suggest the last common ancestor predated the first Eukaryotic cells but the idea that we may be viruses seems to obviously bother some people. The Nucleocytoviricota at least the various clades of giant viruses in the group are interesting as unlike most viruses they carry all of their own protein sequences transcription factors and the likes only depending on the hosts ribosomes which allows them to successfully infect any unfortunate Eukaryote which mistakenly swallows them by phagocytosis. (They look like food) This also provides the answer for why a virus would evolve autonomy the ability to infect more types of hosts and thus escape the evolutionary trap where wiping out ones host species results in extinction.
Also apparently apparently Linear DNA is only known of in Eukaryotes and the Nucleocytoviricota as prokaryotes both Bacteria and Archaea use circular loops of DNA to store their genetic information. These linear genomes are dependent on histones proteins that in Eukaryotes are central to the formation of chromosomes however they are also used for the packaging of Viral DNA into proteins envelopes.
Likewise I have read that two of Eukaryote's three types of DNA Polymerase are thus far shared only with the Nucleocytoviricota with the third being Archaeal in origin.
And in terms of the lack of archaeal viruses it is probably due to a lack of looking for archaeal viruses as prokaryote viruses have long been neglected, outside or early phage therapies, prior to the efforts to treat pathogens which develop resistance to antibiotics metagenomic studies of the sediments where the first obligatory anaerobic Asgardarchaeota and thus far the only member of this clade of archaea to be successfully cultured in the lab, was found around a deep sea hydrothermal vent apparently show sequences similar to the Nucleocytoviricota which if confirmed (or not) could provide irrefutable proof for (or against) the viral hypothesis.
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/679175v1.full(The most recent hypothesis article)
now.uiowa.edu/2018/02/giant-viruses-may-play-intriguing-role-evolution-life-earth
Interesting stuff really the way this story is all turning out would be great to finally know the answer as it might help us gauge the odds for multicellular life elsewhere in the universe. How likely or unlikely was it?
What if it’s a combination of theories, like giant virus + inside out theory? Or do they conflict?
Those are the two newest theory's, so probably nobody has done in depth analysis yet.
It seems like the giant virus theory only explains the nucleus, not the mitochondria. So I expect a combination is going to end up the most likely answer.
@@duckwhistle Yeah it is probably a combination for instance the microbes the Lokiarchaeota archaea cultured Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum captured are effectively metabolically controlled using stolen genetic sequences of the smaller prokaryotes which allow the large Asgard archaea to utilize metabolic processes it can't itself. It has these tentacle appendages that grab onto its captured exosymbiotes. In some sense it is sort of a forced microbial domestication
If I'm interpreting the original paper on the culturing right it seems the means it uses to keep control over the microbes probably depends on it keeping a membrane between itself and these captive microbes since prokaryote genomes are simultaneously transcripted and translated (unlike Eukaryotes and viruses which all separate these two processes) so I'm suspecting that the virus high-jacking the cell was likely the thing that allowed it to break through the evolutionary bottleneck forcing the archaeon to keep its captured microbes outside itself trapping them so they can't escape. DNA viruses are also good at stealing genetic information from the host so if the virus set up shop in the archaea long term it would probably be able to eventually capture the archaea's genome minus its CRISPR immune system that is what viral replication factories seem to have evolved to counter. Once that is done everything else becomes comparatively "simple" just evolve a way to encapsulate the smaller microbes and find a way to ensure the captured microbe virus and host cell replicate in lock step and you are done. A lot easier said than done but it seems the most natural explanation especially if all 3 components are trying to self replicate on their own you could get a large mix of different combinations with the more effective combinations winning out in the long term....
I find it problematic that in school and even university mostly everything is treated like "This is how it is" and not as "This is the current knowledge/idea (or one of them)"
How did the nucleus originate?
Me at the start of the video: I don't know
How did the nucleus originate?
Me at the end of the video : I don't know 😂
No mystery at all. God made us. Read Genesis 1
@@PR-cq4zc fairy tale
@@PR-cq4zc Ah, the answer is already known! Where in Genesis does it specify how God formed our nuclei? Was it from formerly Archaean cytoplasm, or nucleocytoviricota, or some entirely other exocytotic material? (and if so, which?) This information would be of great interest to biologists today.
The bible is not designed to be a scientific text book, though it is confirmed by science.
Science tells you how something happens, the bible tells us WHY things happen. Read it. It will change your live forever.
I'm sorry, mitochondria is the WHAT of the cell????
Anus
Organells where glucose and Oxygen are transformed into ATP (used for protein creation) and Carbondioxide (which we breath out).
They have they own genetic code which always comes from the mother (since sperm cells ditch they mitchrochondria when fusing with the female egg),
"Ah, yes--The Asgardian Archea. The *mightiest* of all archea and the true and rightful heir to the throne of Asgard. Odin's true progeny! They will serve us well."
--Thor, probably
"Have you ever caught an Asguardian Archea?" *lighning explodes building as Thor sneezes* "Much worse...."
"Asgard or Asgardarchaeota is a proposed superphylum consisting of a group of archaea that includes Lokiarchaeota, Thorarchaeota, Odinarchaeota, and Heimdallarchaeota."
Scientists after naming these: We did it bois, we snuck in pop culture references in serious scientific literature once again.
thats why earth was called midguard,as we are descended from asgard
I heard this in Chris Hemsworth’s Thor voice. 😂
@@bobymanna8468 It's all because of a beautiful field of hydrothermal vents between Greenland and Norway, called "Loki's Castle". These archaea were discovered nearby. Probably less of a popculture reference than a mythology reference, but still pretty great.
That, and the first discovered were Lokiarchaeota, which were about as controversy- and confusion-causing to scientists as the mythical Loki.
Short "this episode is brought to you by" format is great, it makes you feel grateful to someone who sponsoring good things.
I hate the nucleus. The nucleus decided to evolve and now I have to go to work and pay rent. All my homies hate the nucleus.
Just remember when we was just a free floating Archea, no nucleus, no mitochondria,
what a happy time...
haha..
This was a very thought provoking segment, thanks a lot to everyone!
Viruses are truly quite amazing. Such a tiny thing can cause chaos.
Yeah, it's called the year 2020, the viral year that never ends.🥴😮💨
nervous laughter
As we’ve all come to know.
Not all viruses harm you, though; Some actually help to protect you.
[Oh, and I got through this whole coronavirus time without ever getting sick from it despite going out of my home 6 days each week.]
And without them our genetic code would much more vulnerable.
Dang thought this was gonna be a nuclear chemistry episode. Microbiology will have to do!
I just watches a PBS Eons episode on worm holes that was about worm's holes. I never saw it coming.
Biology #1
I love the video. Actually Lynn Margaulis originally proposed a hypothesis that the nucleus was the result of endosymbiosis. She had no way of proving it. So 'serial endosymbiosis' was limited to mitochondria and chloroplasts which of course, have retained some of their own DNA; and can be compared to genophores of, respectively, Alphaproteobacteria and Cyanobacteria.
I recall learning in high school biology that a lot of our non-coding DNA likely came from viruses that infected our ancestors, but that never quite made sense to me. However, if the giant virus hypothesis is correct, that would help fill in the gaps from that high school bio lesson.
This isn't quite the same thing. What your high school bio was talking about was viruses infecting gamete cells of your ancestors. Since viruses add their own dna to a host cell's, when that gamete fused with another to start making a baby, the baby inherited that extra viral dna. The actual virus is long gone and the cells don't know what to do with the leftover code, but they keep copying it down the generations just cause it's there.
This video is more about an ancient viral infection of a single celled organism coevolving into a weird kind of symbiotic relationship way before anything was even multicellular. The virus here actually stuck around and became the nucleus. Would be like if your brain was actually an alien parasite that had been around so long you forgot how to live without it.
At least I hope that's what it's all saying, otherwise I understand nothing of biology
My biology classes thought me that actually the placenta that most mammal species make during pregnancy is thanks to a coding gene that we borrowed from a retrovirus' viral envelop
As an information hog, I love your videos. They give enough for me to decide if I want to learn more. Keep up the great work.
Wow, this is just so extremely interesting. Surely beats the "sky daddy made it!" answer to everything.
If you think this beats the sky daddy explanation, then you haven't asked enough questions.
@@kazuya99ace Lol. Yeah right.
Soo, when Agent Smith (from the Matrix) called humanity a virus.. well... he wasn't too far off huh?
Hoobooyy O_O
There is more stored viral DNA in our genome than things we use for proteins, so he's not wrong, necessarily...
In my biology classes we were told that about 8% of our genome comes from viruses.
"Beneath the clothes, you find a man, and beneath the man, you find... his nucleus"
That is quite some interesting topic, I would like to hear more about it, if there is anything.
Come with me, and you'll be, in a world of pure invagination.
I wanna know what the scary tunnel is like in THAT version of the movie.
@@Vanvidum I'm going to guess it's nice and moist... :P
@@Vanvidum well according to this video, you may never come back out.
I. Died.
Bless you for this comment
We'll begin
With a spin
Traveling in
The world of my creation
What we'll see
Will defy
Explanation
I watch all your stuff and honestly thanking your music for scientists ad. I much enjoy it
Fascinating, thank you.
Mitochondria is the Powerhouse of the Cell
How dare they call it the “energy center”
@artez 1 true but I'm faithful to the meme
Literally came here just to say this and like every other comment that also said this.
Bravo. Kudos for tackling such a difficult subject.
Love the videos about microbiology, keep it up!
*_"Come with me / And you'll be / In a world of pure invagination"_* 𝓡𝓲𝓴𝓴𝓲 Ⓣⓘⓚⓚⓘ 𝕥𝕒𝕧𝕚.
Now I wanna know more about giant viruses, like you can't just drop a bombshell like that
Best sci fi program on the tube!!
There is not a chance on this planet I'd ever be able to keep a strait face doing a video like this.
0:52- may be more accurate to say that "almost every cell TYPE in our bodies has a nucleus." Erythrocytes (RBCs) make up 80-85% of our total cell number, but have no nucleus (in mammals, anyway). Just a minor correction.
1:20 Thanks for the explanation.
I like the giant virus theory because it makes sense to me how that arrangement could be replicated in that cell's descendants. The invagination and blebs ideas don't feel like they have an easy explanation of how their cellular arrangements could be genetically inheritable. For example, if an archaea replicates inside of its enclosed bleb sphere, how does that result in two complete cells with their own mitochondria and one "nucleus," rather than two "nuclei" surrounded by mitochondria sharing a single cell?
Y'all rockin with the nucleus??!?
Yeah 😔
No I use sheet metal
Let’s put chloroplasts in consenting animal cells! 😂👍
and then we can say goodbye to carbohydrates.
CellCraft reference?
Oh I love that game
For some reason I'm reminded of a spongebob episode where he makes a rainbow between his hands, every time you mention invagination....
Best vocabulary lesson of 2021
The blebs of The Asgard. Nice
You just made me realise that I've forgotten everything I learned about cells :(
To be fair it was getting on for 30 years ago since I last had any basic study of them with regards to botany, and about pushing on 45 years since I did biology at school! lol
Great show!
Do y'all watch the video before you hit like or do you hit like the moment it's possible to do so?
I'm mostly asking this to drive engagement for the algorithm.
I watch before
I like at like mid point. When something cool or funny hits me. In this episode I like it at the "serious scientist called it "BLEB""
I like it right when i start the video so I don’t forget!
I like it when I open it because I know I am gonna like it, if I don't like it I still leave the like because I liked their other vids, if I hated it then I'll remove my like, if I absolutely despise it I might dislike it
Mostly at the end, unless it's something I really enjoy then I'll hit the like button at that moment
Love origins videos !!
As an undergraduate I was told that Mitochondria was originally a pathogen that eventually evolved a symbiosis with the organism. No one knew about giant viruses back then but this would also explaine the relationship between viruses and living organisms.
I cannot stop staring at his hoodie strings
I love hypothesizing about life and Humanity and microbiology. Organic and inorganic compounds. Micro and Macro, space, galaxies, stars, black holes.
Man life is just so fascinating.
The fact that someone named something 'blebs' gives me an unreasonable amount of joy
I think the biggest question that's not answered by the 4 or 5 theories is: How did this affect Mitosis?
1:12 Stefan: Yeah, I know, that's just what they named it. (Invagination)
4:30 Stefan: Yeah, I know, that's just what they named it. (Blebs)
5:32 Stefan: Seriously? How much worse can these names get? (Asgard Archea)
9:19 Sound mixer: *MY NAME IS TUNA SPONSORED BY POLLOCK*!!
Very cool! A minor correction: at 0:52 "nucleus that protects our genetic code" -- instead of code, use genome/chromosomes/DNA because the genetic code is the code used for translating mRNA into proteins.
I've heard 'genetic code' used both ways, but I agree with you because separating them would eliminate ambiguity and enhance clarity.
@@TonyTigerTonyTiger Yes, it's used, but it is wrong. The correct term is genome or chromosome. Genetic *code* is something we share with almost all other species that exist (w/ the exception of bacteria).
Most interesting video all week props
1:20 Allow me to correct the speaker: the etymology of the word "vagina" is Latin for the word "sheath", as for a sword (phallic enough, right?).
2:39 No, mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell.
I need more scishow video than old text book 😁
the lightning of those hoodie laces make me mad. Great video, though. As always
I’m just here to say the obligatory ✨the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell✨
"BLEBS" is so funny to me because on one hand there's this whole complex academic nomenclature thing where you have to name molecules and organisms a specific way in this specific order, and on the other hand we've got stuff called BLEBS and quarks and Snurps and Asgard lmao
I find it weird that there is no evolutional hypothesis on how such a virus could become a nucleus. Because to me it sounds pretty simple. The giant virus is very big. It likely thats a lot of time and energy to produce more, so the virus sets up shop in the cell for some time. That in turn means, the longer the infected cell survives the better for this type of virus. That would cause evolutionary pressure towards basically coinhabitating the cell and turning from an infection into a full on parasite. And that is not to far from the Virus ending up in the cell alone and taking over fully.
I also like the notion that our DNA is not the original one, but basically a bodysnatcher that has been impersonating cellular life for the last few billion years.
[Sorry for the late answer]
There is one hypothesis about this. One implication of the viral eukaryogenesis is that, if this infection really happened, the virus would take full control of the archaeon (as our nuclei have full control of our cells). It could have reproduced and destroyed the archaea, but as you said, setting up a viral factory and reproducing might take a lot of resources and time from an already small organism (Asgard archaea, quite possibly). So, by a small random chance, the virus didn't do that. Instead, it just remained there, and used the archaeon's reproductive mechanisms for itself to replicate and set up viral factories within the archaeon's copies. Effectively, if this hypothesis is correct, the virus would have simply recruited the entire archaeon as a symbiont, and found a new way to proliferate within it's descendants.
I love the lecturers pronunciation of the English language.
Someone in the field must have proposed bacterial infection and symbiosis by now? I've always thought those are the most obvious mechanisms, rather than random cavities, or blebs?
Guys, make a video about this article: "On the emergence of eukaryotes and other enigmas". It's going to be very cool!
Thx I have been learning about this
Damn I really wish this video had come out a couple if months ago, righe before I had my cell biology exam at university. The exam went very well but still ... having known about these theories (which are not really featured in any textbook) would have made quite an impression on the examiner😂😂
Ok just joking now, but the point is I really love SciShow cause more often than not you provide us with up-to-date information, very useful but most of all extremely interesting!!
Rapid fire presentation - hands moving and repeating their movements, the voice using the similar tones and no pause between words. If only he didn’t shout his words as well, then maybe I could handle this presentation style... with the volume down just a bit more.
That’s some serious Science my dude !
Very nice video. I’ve been meaning to learn more about eukaryogenesis, as I think it may be the solution to the Fermi paradox. It only happened once and took the longest time of any evolutionary step
Interesting hypothesis.
Microbiology is SO FASCINATING! I forget why I hated it in school sometimes, but then I see a video and my trypophobia punches me in the brain and I'm like, "oooooooh yeaaaaah.... I'll just scroll to the comments and listen quietly."
I always wondered how plumbuses were made.
We miss you on tangents.
2:38 I think you meant "powerhouse".
All I know....
that the mitochondria....
is the powerhouse of the cell.
These guys stick with us in the beginning you know.
imagine being such a close friend that you evolved into essentially a organ into your friend
you can tell that stefan LOVES the virus theory
Music for scientists? I'm intrigued...
You can’t ask WHY genetic changes happen!!! If it’s not fatal, then the change survives until it either becomes useful or a vestige.
This is a question I long wondered myself. IMHO the Endosymbiosis theory has so much evidence to support it, that it is pretty ironclad. Incarnation is actually pretty common in bacteria to produce gas compartments for some organisms so they can float in water and for forms of nitrogen metabolism. I am certainly willing to entertain 'giant viruses' although it seems a bit exotic on the outside. Food for thought, something to read more about.
4:15 OKAY. THIS is what happens when kids grown up on Rick & Morty and Marvel movies get doctorates in microbiology.
6:51 I love how excited he gets. xD
The word "blebs" makes me so happy
I'm rather more impressed with how Nick Lane wrote about it. Basically an Archaeal methanogen lived in an environment with Bacteria that produced hydrogen as a respiratory by product. As the archaea needed as much hydrogen as possible it wrapped itself around the bacterium to insure it got all that the bacterium could produce. After several generations of bacterium dying and leaving behind DNA some of it got included into the archaea's DNA. Some of this DNA included genes for bacterial membranes, but not the instructions for what part of the cell they were supposed to function in so they globed around and formed the first nucleus. And to cut a long story short it was preserved because it gave RNA strands time to get fixed because the rain of bacterial genes that were being incorporated into the proto-nucleus were making a giant mess of things.
You had me at invagination
After watching all these scishow clips I have come to a conclusion.
It would be far easier to say what does not need more research than to say it needs more research.
In a way human hunger for information is promising, and then another the endless task is quite daunting.
invagination, awesome, can't wait to throw that into polite conversation.
The mitochondria is the **powerhouse** of the cell.
My favorite archaean streamer, Tyler Bleb-ins
"which very serious scientists called... blebs!"
gotta love schishows writers
That image on the thumbnail is giving me flashbacks.
I drew that structure several times on biology exams back in middle/high school, with the exact same positioning for its parts and all.
I used to wonder, does memorizing how to draw a nucleus even mean anything to me? 🤔
I will never get over the fact that "creationists" insist on having a god who's dumber than they are - when the wonders that actually exist in creation are so awesome.