Hi Kitby, I am glad you posted this video. It is another effort to know about our history in common. I have dedicated my last five years to work on the legacy of the Manila galleon in Mexico and the Acapulco Galleon in the Filipinas. The results of all the DNA testing I have done and hundreds of volunteers have shared with me are astonishing. We share the same genes. I have a lot to say about my research but in the meantime I am open for questions. Maraming Salamat.
Enjoyed your video. I always suspected Moro Bay had something to do with Filipinos since I saw it on the map over 50 years ago. And, I heard of "Filipino Cajuns" who arrived in Louisiana in the 1800s and jumped ship and stayed when the Spaniards left area. The term "Manila Men" is new to me. But, they're probably the same group of Filipinos due to the geographical proximity of New Orleans. Thank you for your research and video. Do you a book regarding this topic?
It doesn't surprise me at all I grew up with the Filipinos in California in San Diego we are the same Mexicans Americans and Filipinos we have so much in common My first girlfriend in sixth grade she was Filipina very beautiful
Americano man here living in NC USA with my awesome Philippine asawa we been together for 6 years now we're close to same age and we're happy couple bc we both put God first in our lives which makes everything better and stronger. Filipinos are cool folks and many of them are pretty smart too. Philippines always a USA ally and a beautiful country overall
Amen mga igsoon , it's all because of Jesus and one of these days, I don't know who she is or where she is just yet but one of these days me too oh God please in the name of Jesus. Panalanginan ka sa Diyos akong minihal nga mga kaigsoonan 🇺🇲💖🇮🇱💖🇵🇭
Thank you for making videos about our culture and history! I really find that knowing our identity as Filipinos is essential for knowing who we are as well.
I personally understood that Filipinos were the first Asians to arrive in the United States, even before it was known as the USA. I also learned that there were early Filipinos in California as well as in Louisiana. I’m glad I discovered this information online in the early 2000s when I first started using the internet.
Indians as referred as Native Americans were the first Asian that reaches the American continent. Native Americans crossed the Bering Straight through the Ice Bridge from the Asian Continent.
The first Asian if you do not consider the Amerindians as such are the Chinese under Admiral Yong Zhe (pls correct me if that is the right name). In fact, many of the Amerindians are born to have blue buttocks, an indictator that they have Chinese DNA. This happened long before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines. There is a book about this.
@@baldeagledelta3482 source: trust me bro!.. chinese able learn how to sail in open seas 600 years ago.. while Austronesian people have been sailing since thousands years dated back pre Han dynasty. just look at largest Island in Southern Africa and entire Pacific Region are Austronesian descendant.. Austronesian people today = Filipinos, Indonesian, Malaysian, Southern Vietnamese, Southern Thai, native people in Taiwan, Pacific Islanders, Madasgacar.. and some native people in Central America are related to Austronesian people too..
@ Why should I trust you?? I already read the book years ago. The travels of Admiral Zheng He I believe it was during the Ming Dynasty. The book title : 1421 The Year China Discovered America by Gavin Menzies Amazon May still have it. As I said blue buttocks among native Amerindians were indicators of Chinese DNA and racial inter-mixing. This is a proven fact. In the Philippines this is also prevalent among families with Chinese ancestry. Ask your doctor to be enlightened.
Thank you Kirby for bringing this to light. Read about the early Filipinos in America from a book, Filipino Americans(forgot the name of the author). Wish more Filipinos could watch your vlog. Long before the OFWs was coined, we had Filipinos visiting and migrating to other parts of the Spanish colonies by way of the Galleon trade. It is said/written that the “Pinoys” were with Fr.Junipero Serra in his quest to establish missions in California. And that the Ataulfo mango from Mexico is the little sister of the larger Philippine mango. Hope you can explore where most of the Filipinos settled in Mexico and if there is any evidence they ventured to Canada. Maraming salamat
I'm a proud Kapampangan po, born and raised in Angeles, Pampanga. Thank you for a well-done video, kabayan. Who's watching with me in 2024 going to 2025? ❤ MAPGA po tayo. Make Philippines 🇵🇭 Great Again!
And I am grateful to God for every Filipino in America that loves our country and our long friendship and history with the Philippines ! Panalanginan ka sa Diyos akong minihal nga mga higala 🇺🇲💖🇵🇭
Wow very interesting I'm Mexican American and I have a daughter that she's Filipina in Mexican very beautiful The cultures are so much alike and by value and respect
All of that silver ended up going to the Chinese. Mexican silver coins. I stepped foot in Louisiana for a few weeks years ago. Didn't know Filipinos settled there. 😅
It's no wonder why the history of Europe is longer than the history of USA, Even England alone is longer, there's not even known empires or kingdoms to existed to the land that eventually became the USA prior to the European colonization.
The Filipinos in the 30s have their own clubs,gatherings with singing,dancing.They're considered wild exotic men from the fareast,it attracted alot of those redheaded Irish gals,that usually ignored by white men.Alot of these men went back home with their Caucasian wives and they have the first mixed race children prewar.
The Mexican liquor already existed prior. It was only the Filipino method of how the sap is harvested that has been adopted for its efficiency compared to their old method.
@@ynnos5555 According to Paulina Machuca in her book El vino de coco, a professor of history from Colegio de Michoacan. Filipinos introduced Tuba making to Mexico and also Lambanog, which was called vino de coco. According to her research, vino de coco was very popular until it was supressed by Spanish authority because it competed with Spanish liquor. The Mexicans took the technology of distilling vino de coco and used it to create mescals, which Tequila is a varient. Its well documented. Just look at the Wikipedia for mescal.
@@Basta11 isn’t that what I said? They took the process of making tuba and applied it in their local liquor production which is Mezcal. Tequila is a type of mezcal or Mexican liquor that predates Filipino contact. The origins of tequila date back to around 250-300 A.D.
@@ynnos5555 that is not what you said. And then that you are saying is completely contradicted by the evidence by Mexican historians themselves. Mescal did not exist prior to Filipinos coming into the region because the Mexicans did not have distillation technology. First, Tuba and Lambanog (vino de coco) were very popular in the 1600s. When the Spaniards outlawed it and destroyed many coconut plantations, that is when the Mexicans applied vino de coco distillation technology to pluque (from agave) which they had, which became Mezcal to which Tequila is a version that become globally popular.
Hello KirbyAraullo #AskKirby I want to learn more about the colourful culture and the astonishing achievement of the cham people and also the current issues and experiences after cham people back in their ancestral homeland and throughout the Diaspora.
Wow, I didn't realize that. I'm surprised. But then again, it makes sense Madrid would want to make use of our ancestor's superb maritime skills and use them for initial-diplomacy with non-Europeans. I'm curious to see how intertwined PH History truly s with the histories of other nations & regions!
The video seems a bit embellished. The more accurate description is that the Spaniards brought some of them along as shipmates/laborers and occasionally used them for interactions with natives. This video makes it seem as though they were central to the Spanish Americas project. There's not much evidence that the Luzones indios came in large numbers. And when they did come, they would have do so with assimilation as subjects of Spain, and the few that settled in the Americas would have been absorbed into the general population, marrying local women and then their mixed children losing their language and fast becoming indistinguishable from a typical local Spanish Americas person, physically, linguistically and culturally. Genetic studies of people in Latin America haven't found large asian admixture. There's probably more Chinese admixture (from latter immigration waves) in Latin America, although still small. Indigenous American, European and then some African are the three overwhelming sources of ancestral traces, matching the historical account and genetic evidence...with Chinese and middle easters following, as a result of latter migrations. Don't get me wrong. I'm glad the story is being told about Filipinos in the Americas. But it's inaccurate to make it so prominent.
@@carlosrodas423 you didnt know that filipino ha 30 - 40 % of chinese dna would you think instead of luzones indios dna the expertsaid it is chinese but the truth ut only same as chinese dna 😅
@@FREEMEN.1989 Filipinos have primarily Austronesian DNA. Traces of that are hardly found anywhere among Latin Americans, and many large scale genetic studies have been made. The historical record also doesn't show large-scale movement to the Americas. My point was that hard evidence doesn't support the claim that Luzones indios had a prominent role in the Spanish project of colonizing the Americas, or "central" role as the video incorrectly says. To the contrary, it was native warriors from Mexico, the Tlaxcalans and others, who made up most of the troops that conquered in the Americas along the Spaniards, and were even taken to the Philippines to help subdue the islands. But I'm glad this part of the story of the Americas (luzones indios) is being told even if it's a minor one.
@@carlosrodas423 if you say minor why does the variety of mango in mexico is related to Philippine mango/carabao mango and why the mexican said the tequilla is from the filipino wine tuba and lambanog and many cultural traditions if mexico is related to the culture of filipinos...native what they called luzones indios?
Pilipinos with the spanish missionaries in California. Famous was Panday Pira. In New Orleans Louisiana the Pilipinos were taken by the pirates from galleon trade and sold as slaves to work in cotton and sugarcane farm. These pilipino families descendant still in New Orleans areas. I met a pilipino family in Port Sulphur Louisiana. They still speak thier native language Ilocano. 😅😅😅
Another problem in America is the term Chinos - 400+ years ago it means mixed or tainted blood & it originally referred to Pinoys but later on even to Blacks & i think even South Asians. Anyway, that's 200 years before the Chinese came. Today, Pinoys & others think Chinos means Chinese - the original meaning is lost & in away got 'discredited' - what a mess .....
Yes during Colonization to be under the rule of Phillip II of Spain. But however, in modern linguistic, Filipino are now the people native to Las Islas Filipinas
The indigenous natives selected the term "Filipino" for themselves when they declared independence from Spain in 1898 as Republica Filipina. So what if it was originally a Spanish term? Ever since the successful War for Philippine Independence in 1898, the Filipinos have been recognized as a separate and vibrantly unique ethnic and cultural identity which can no longer be discarded. There is no other term that can replace the name Filipino in the annals of world history because to do so will make the world forget what the people from the Philippines have already accomplished.
Will, if the garden of Eden is in the Philippines then Adam and Eve came from there so it only make sense for the native American Indian to be the first Filipino people to migrate in the west particularly in North America. After all the native American Indian appeared to look like native Filipinos. God is great :) Good job!
What part of Filipino history in America surprised you the most? 🤔
Hi Kitby,
I am glad you posted this video. It is another effort to know about our history in common. I have dedicated my last five years to work on the legacy of the Manila galleon in Mexico and the Acapulco Galleon in the Filipinas. The results of all the DNA testing I have done and hundreds of volunteers have shared with me are astonishing. We share the same genes.
I have a lot to say about my research but in the meantime I am open for questions. Maraming Salamat.
Ýý
Enjoyed your video. I always suspected Moro Bay had something to do with Filipinos since I saw it on the map over 50 years ago. And, I heard of "Filipino Cajuns" who arrived in Louisiana in the 1800s and jumped ship and stayed when the Spaniards left area. The term "Manila Men" is new to me. But, they're probably the same group of Filipinos due to the geographical proximity of New Orleans. Thank you for your research and video. Do you a book regarding this topic?
Sir Kirby pwede po vid tungkol sa precolonial bicolanos 😇
It doesn't surprise me at all I grew up with the Filipinos in California in San Diego we are the same Mexicans Americans and Filipinos we have so much in common My first girlfriend in sixth grade she was Filipina very beautiful
Americano man here living in NC USA with my awesome Philippine asawa we been together for 6 years now we're close to same age and we're happy couple bc we both put God first in our lives which makes everything better and stronger.
Filipinos are cool folks and many of them are pretty smart too. Philippines always a USA ally and a beautiful country overall
Amen mga igsoon , it's all because of Jesus and one of these days, I don't know who she is or where she is just yet but one of these days me too oh God please in the name of Jesus. Panalanginan ka sa Diyos akong minihal nga mga kaigsoonan 🇺🇲💖🇮🇱💖🇵🇭
Thank you for making videos about our culture and history! I really find that knowing our identity as Filipinos is essential for knowing who we are as well.
I personally understood that Filipinos were the first Asians to arrive in the United States, even before it was known as the USA. I also learned that there were early Filipinos in California as well as in Louisiana. I’m glad I discovered this information online in the early 2000s when I first started using the internet.
Indians as referred as Native Americans were the first Asian that reaches the American continent. Native Americans crossed the Bering Straight through the Ice Bridge from the Asian Continent.
How fascinating and interesting. Thank you for what you do Kirby. I love learning about our people’s history.
Thank you, Kabalen! I learned so much from you, especially about us Kapampangans 🤗
Filipinos were the first recorded asians in north America!
@@AsiniusNaso
Incorrect, the native Americans or Indians was the first. They are actually Asian and Asian descent
The first Asian if you do not consider the Amerindians as such are the Chinese under Admiral Yong Zhe (pls correct me if that is the right name).
In fact, many of the Amerindians are born to have blue buttocks, an indictator that they have Chinese DNA.
This happened long before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines.
There is a book about this.
@@baldeagledelta3482 source: trust me bro!.. chinese able learn how to sail in open seas 600 years ago.. while Austronesian people have been sailing since thousands years dated back pre Han dynasty. just look at largest Island in Southern Africa and entire Pacific Region are Austronesian descendant.. Austronesian people today = Filipinos, Indonesian, Malaysian, Southern Vietnamese, Southern Thai, native people in Taiwan, Pacific Islanders, Madasgacar.. and some native people in Central America are related to Austronesian people too..
@
Why should I trust you??
I already read the book years ago.
The travels of Admiral Zheng He I believe it was during the Ming Dynasty.
The book title :
1421 The Year China Discovered America by Gavin Menzies
Amazon May still have it.
As I said blue buttocks among native Amerindians were indicators of Chinese DNA and racial inter-mixing. This is a proven fact.
In the Philippines this is also prevalent among families with Chinese ancestry.
Ask your doctor to be enlightened.
@@baldeagledelta3482another chinese claim lol
Thank you Kirby for bringing this to light. Read about the early Filipinos in America from a book, Filipino Americans(forgot the name of the author). Wish more Filipinos could watch your vlog. Long before the OFWs was coined, we had Filipinos visiting and migrating to other parts of the Spanish colonies by way of the Galleon trade. It is said/written that the “Pinoys” were with Fr.Junipero Serra in his quest to establish missions in California. And that the Ataulfo mango from Mexico is the little sister of the larger Philippine mango. Hope you can explore where most of the Filipinos settled in Mexico and if there is any evidence they ventured to Canada.
Maraming salamat
As a guy from the states I really like this video. I wish schools taught more of this type of history to our kids.
I'm a proud Kapampangan po, born and raised in Angeles, Pampanga. Thank you for a well-done video, kabayan. Who's watching with me in 2024 going to 2025? ❤ MAPGA po tayo. Make Philippines 🇵🇭 Great Again!
I enjoyed your video . Salamat 🙏
And I am grateful to God for every Filipino in America that loves our country and our long friendship and history with the Philippines ! Panalanginan ka sa Diyos akong minihal nga mga higala 🇺🇲💖🇵🇭
Cool video!!!
WOW so interesting THANK YOU!
Filipinos stayed in Louisiana..Filipino town..Creole called ,,the pinoys were there year 1500,,thru sailors,warriors,
Filipinos were taken to theses places by the Spanish and to a lesser extent the Portuguese as indenched slaves nothing more then that.
Wow very interesting I'm Mexican American and I have a daughter that she's Filipina in Mexican very beautiful The cultures are so much alike and by value and respect
Don't forget that the Indios/Luzones taught the Mexicans how to make tequila.
The liquor already existed prior but the Filipino method of harvesting the sap was adopted.
And we thought them how to cook MENUDO soup. It’s PAPAITAN in the pinas. Mexico just put extra spices & some more delicious ingredients.
True
How about the ,DINUGOAN ?AND ADOBO ?
Kirby your GREAT, Tks man
All of that silver ended up going to the Chinese. Mexican silver coins. I stepped foot in Louisiana for a few weeks years ago. Didn't know Filipinos settled there. 😅
Great video❤
so the Filipinos are the workforce of the world. thats nice
More like mercenaries, even before the Spanish arrived, the lushong people, the knife wielding people.
@@PaulRamone356 they are definitely not known as fierce warriors 😂 more like good workers/skilled labor/slave
I met an so old filipino man and they were the first filipino’s in America. He told me stories. It’s an honor to meet him.
SIR KIRBY PLEASE MAKE A VIDEO ABOUT PRECOLONIAL BICOLANOS
Filipinos in California and Louisiana
GOOD RESEARCH..
Thank you
Good video. Are you a member of FANHS?
Americans do not know this history of the past . Untold truth .
It's no wonder why the history of Europe is longer than the history of USA, Even England alone is longer, there's not even known empires or kingdoms to existed to the land that eventually became the USA prior to the European colonization.
Many spanish in za mbaonga from Spain because of soldier from Spain scattered in mindanao many native mistesa spanish from spain
Mabuhay thanks can you do a video about Navy sailor from the Filipino American war to world 2 salamat
My grandfather was half Spanish but he lives in Libmanan Camarines Sur he already died long time ago
Do you know that "Apo inti" in Quecha is "Apo init" in Ilocano? Quecha is a language spoken in Bolivia.
wait.... what does the phrases mean?
@@nyessalamanderman353 god of sun
@@edithterlich8980 is that for both languages?
inti sounds like init in Tagalog because the word heat is init in tagalog which means sun's emitting heat
The first Filipinos that arrived in North America, there great great great grand children are probably Mexican nationals by now.
No wonder there is a Place called Indio California and I’ve been there by myself way back 2015.
The Filipinos in the 30s have their own clubs,gatherings with singing,dancing.They're considered wild exotic men from the fareast,it attracted alot of those redheaded Irish gals,that usually ignored by white men.Alot of these men went back home with their Caucasian wives and they have the first mixed race children prewar.
You should do how Filipinos introduced Tuba and Lambanog to Mexico, which lead to Tequila.
The Mexican liquor already existed prior. It was only the Filipino method of how the sap is harvested that has been adopted for its efficiency compared to their old method.
@@ynnos5555 According to Paulina Machuca in her book El vino de coco, a professor of history from Colegio de Michoacan. Filipinos introduced Tuba making to Mexico and also Lambanog, which was called vino de coco. According to her research, vino de coco was very popular until it was supressed by Spanish authority because it competed with Spanish liquor. The Mexicans took the technology of distilling vino de coco and used it to create mescals, which Tequila is a varient.
Its well documented.
Just look at the Wikipedia for mescal.
@@Basta11 isn’t that what I said? They took the process of making tuba and applied it in their local liquor production which is Mezcal. Tequila is a type of mezcal or Mexican liquor that predates Filipino contact. The origins of tequila date back to around 250-300 A.D.
@@ynnos5555 that is not what you said. And then that you are saying is completely contradicted by the evidence by Mexican historians themselves.
Mescal did not exist prior to Filipinos coming into the region because the Mexicans did not have distillation technology.
First, Tuba and Lambanog (vino de coco) were very popular in the 1600s. When the Spaniards outlawed it and destroyed many coconut plantations, that is when the Mexicans applied vino de coco distillation technology to pluque (from agave) which they had, which became Mezcal to which Tequila is a version that become globally popular.
Paulina Machuca
th-cam.com/video/RpptfiM-W1I/w-d-xo.htmlsi=DdwKKC4Okw0bhMiw
Hello KirbyAraullo #AskKirby
I want to learn more about the colourful culture and the astonishing achievement of the cham people and also the current issues and experiences after cham people back in their ancestral homeland and throughout the Diaspora.
Wow, I didn't realize that. I'm surprised. But then again, it makes sense Madrid would want to make use of our ancestor's superb maritime skills and use them for initial-diplomacy with non-Europeans. I'm curious to see how intertwined PH History truly s with the histories of other nations & regions!
The video seems a bit embellished. The more accurate description is that the Spaniards brought some of them along as shipmates/laborers and occasionally used them for interactions with natives.
This video makes it seem as though they were central to the Spanish Americas project.
There's not much evidence that the Luzones indios came in large numbers.
And when they did come, they would have do so with assimilation as subjects of Spain, and the few that settled in the Americas would have been absorbed into the general population, marrying local women and then their mixed children losing their language and fast becoming indistinguishable from a typical local Spanish Americas person, physically, linguistically and culturally.
Genetic studies of people in Latin America haven't found large asian admixture. There's probably more Chinese admixture (from latter immigration waves) in Latin America, although still small.
Indigenous American, European and then some African are the three overwhelming sources of ancestral traces, matching the historical account and genetic evidence...with Chinese and middle easters following, as a result of latter migrations.
Don't get me wrong. I'm glad the story is being told about Filipinos in the Americas. But it's inaccurate to make it so prominent.
@@carlosrodas423 you didnt know that filipino ha 30 - 40 % of chinese dna would you think instead of luzones indios dna the expertsaid it is chinese but the truth ut only same as chinese dna 😅
@@FREEMEN.1989
Filipinos have primarily Austronesian DNA. Traces of that are hardly found anywhere among Latin Americans, and many large scale genetic studies have been made.
The historical record also doesn't show large-scale movement to the Americas.
My point was that hard evidence doesn't support the claim that Luzones indios had a prominent role in the Spanish project of colonizing the Americas, or "central" role as
the video incorrectly says.
To the contrary, it was native warriors from Mexico, the Tlaxcalans and others, who made up most of the troops that conquered in the Americas along the Spaniards, and were even taken to the Philippines to help subdue the islands.
But I'm glad this part of the story of the Americas (luzones indios) is being told even if it's a minor one.
@@carlosrodas423 if you say minor why does the variety of mango in mexico is related to Philippine mango/carabao mango and why the mexican said the tequilla is from the filipino wine tuba and lambanog and many cultural traditions if mexico is related to the culture of filipinos...native what they called luzones indios?
Now I know, si Kirby ang unang filipino in America
wish Age of empire include this to their game
Dakal a salamat po.
Pilipinos with the spanish missionaries in California. Famous was Panday Pira.
In New Orleans Louisiana the Pilipinos were taken by the pirates from galleon trade and sold as slaves to work in cotton and sugarcane farm.
These pilipino families descendant still in New Orleans areas. I met a pilipino family in Port Sulphur Louisiana. They still speak thier native language Ilocano. 😅😅😅
Another problem in America is the term Chinos - 400+ years ago it means mixed or tainted blood & it originally referred to Pinoys but later on even to Blacks & i think even South Asians. Anyway, that's 200 years before the Chinese came. Today, Pinoys & others think Chinos means Chinese - the original meaning is lost & in away got 'discredited' - what a mess .....
Proud Luzon Indios
🇺🇲💖🇵🇭
Filipino is a Spanish term. It SHOULD NOT be used to refer to our indigenous people
proud filipino here
Ano pala dapat ang tawag?
Yes during Colonization to be under the rule of Phillip II of Spain. But however, in modern linguistic, Filipino are now the people native to Las Islas Filipinas
The indigenous natives selected the term "Filipino" for themselves when they declared independence from Spain in 1898 as Republica Filipina. So what if it was originally a Spanish term? Ever since the successful War for Philippine Independence in 1898, the Filipinos have been recognized as a separate and vibrantly unique ethnic and cultural identity which can no longer be discarded. There is no other term that can replace the name Filipino in the annals of world history because to do so will make the world forget what the people from the Philippines have already accomplished.
can you post your references?
I feel its lapulapu 😂 and friends were the Filipinos, just kidding!
It might be Amaya and Bagani. lmao 😂
Native Americans ancestors are from Asia!
Siberia.
@@dub_h7900 native americans originally are indians. They were outsmarted by white americans until it was white americans who is owning the land
i lab u
Will, if the garden of Eden is in the Philippines then Adam and Eve came from there so it only make sense for the native American Indian to be the first Filipino people to migrate in the west particularly in North America. After all the native American Indian appeared to look like native Filipinos. God is great :) Good job!
🇺🇲💖🇵🇭
❤😂🎉
They are not called Filipinos. THEY ARE CALLED PEOPLE FROM Maynilad . . ( TREES NATIVE TO Philippines Not called Philippines)
America is one continent... a northern and southern.😂❤😮😅
Who cares. Filipinos are Spanish period!
Can you trace what realy the name or our country before Spaniard came here..
Wrong title. It should be the first Filipinos to visit America. And they did not go on there own free will but rather it was due to the Spaniards.
Correct
Surely then you denouncing slavery
ano daw? kapampangits? STOP BOLADIZING THE KAPAMPANGANS! don't mislead people for pasikat purposes!
What the title should of read was the first indenched slaves to arrive in America via the Spanish
Pano maging navigator ang kapampangan eh wala nga dagat yung pampanga bisaya ang mga navigator
Eh anong tawag mo sa Manila Bay? Hindi ba parte ng dagat yun?
@@KirbyAraullo layo ng pampanga sa manila BAY
@@MangKanor-wp9xb Sigurado ka?
@@KirbyAraullo lakarin mo!
Oo nakapunta na ako, nilakad ko na din. Ikaw?
Gotdam Spaniards ruined the party 🤦🏻♂️
wow kayo na