Resources & Recommended Readings 📖 Aguilar, Carmencita T. 1987. The Muslims in Manila Prior to Colonial Control. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 📖 Araullo, Kirby. 2021. The Fierce Women of Southeast Asia. 📖 Araullo, Kirby. 2021. Tondo, Slavery, & the Revolt of the Lakans. 📖 Araullo, Kirby. 2021. What They Never Told You About the ‘Discovery’ of the Philippines 📖 Araullo, Kirby. 2024. Who Were the Luzones? Notes & Doodles on Precolonial Luzon 📖 Bergaño, Diego. 1860. Vocabulario de La Lengua Pampanga En Romance. 📖 Blair, Emma Helen, and James Alexander Robertson. 1903. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. Vol. 1-55. 📖 Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Past Revisited. 📖 Furlong, Matthew J. 2014. Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720. University of Arizona. 📖 Gallop, Annabel Teh. 2019. Silsilah Raja-Raja Brunei: The Manuscript of Pengiran Kesuma. 📖 Hasyim, Muhammad. Archipel: Études Interdisciplinaires Sur Le Monde Insulindien, no. 97 (June): 173-212. 📖 Henson, Mariano A. 1955. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns (A.D. 1300-1955) with the Genealogy of the Rulers of Central Luzon. 📖 Jocano, F. Landa. 1998. Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage. 📖 Jumsai, Brig. Gen. M.L. Manich. 1987. History of Thailand & Cambodia from the Angkor to the Present. Chalermnit Press. 📖 Junker, Laura Lee. 2000. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Quezon City: Ateneo De Manila University Press. 📖 Laarhoven, Ruurdje. 1989. Triumph of Moro Diplomacy: The Maguindanao Sultanate in the 17th Century. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. 📖 Loarca, Miguel, Juan Plasencia, Pedro Chirino, Francisco Colin, and Antonio Pigafetta. 1975. The Philippines at the Spanish Contact. 📖 Majul, Cesar Adib. 1965. Political and Historical Notes of the Old Sulu Sultanate. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 38 (1): 23-42. 📖 Munoz, Paul Michel. 2016. Early Kingdoms: Indonesian Archipelago & the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. 📖 Parker, Luther. 1931. The Gats and the Lakans. Philippine Magazine, January. 📖 Parker, Luther. 1931. The Lakandolas. Philippine Magazine, February. 📖 Parker, Luther. 1931. The Last of the Lakans. Philippine Magazine, March. 📖 Pigafetta, Antonio, and T J Cachey. 2007. The First Voyage around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition. Toronto: University Of Toronto Press. 📖 Postma, Antoon. 1992. The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: A Valuable Philippine Document. Philippine Studies 40 (2): 183-203. 📖 Reid, Anthony. 1995. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. New Haven: Yale University Press. 📖 Saleeby, Najeeb. 1908. The History of Sulu. 📖 San Agustin, Gaspar de, and Manuel Merino. 1975. Conquistas de Las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. 📖 Santiago, Luciano P. R. 1990. The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman (1571-1898): Genealogy and Group Identity. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 (1): 39-73. 📖 Scott, William Henry. 1982. Cracks in the Parchment Curtain and Other Essays in Philippine History. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. 📖 Scott, William Henry. 1992. Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. 📖 Scott, William Henry. 1997. Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City, Manila, Philippines: Ateneo De Manila University Press. 📖 Souza, George Bryan, and Jeffrey Scott Turley. 2016. The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, Ethnography and History of the Pacific, South-East Asia and East Asia. Leiden: Brill. 📖 Wadi, Jukipli. 2008. Rajah Sulayman, Spain and the Transformation of the Islamic Manila. In More Hispanic than We Admit 1: Insights into Philippine Cultural History. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal Foundation.
If Manila and ton do was richer than Madrid, why did the Spanish came and conquer them? If Manila was truly wealthy they should have conquered Spain, not the other way around, also the word rajah is a Hindu word meaning king. Also pork was a widely favored type of meat in the precolonial philippines along with tattoos, it is said lapu lapu and most visa yang warriors have tattoos which is considered haram. They do not even have books in the philippines during that time where does this source come from? Is this a alternate history channel? Seems nice Wasn't the golden age of philippines, a few years after WWII from 1950s to 1980s
From Brunei, lots of Bruneians (and borneans) also wondered what happened to Maynila in 1570s. We just learnt a bit that it fell right before Spaniards tried to conquer and colonise Brunei in 1578. The fall of Maynila really affects demographics and geopolitics in the Southeast Asia region (especially in Malay world). Thank you for the video, insight and knowledge.
As a result of the conquest of Manila, it also emerged as the first global city as it connected Asia, Europe and Americas by trade through Manila Acapulco Galleon trade. It was the only city in Asia able to trade across the Pacific and Atlantic.
Sana ma cover din ang kasaysayan ng Ilocos bago dumating mga Kastilla. Halos hindi na babanggit ang kasaysayan ng kaharian ng Ilocos kung meron man. At kung ano ang Vigan bago naging Intramuros ng norte.
You deserve to have a chair in historical teaching or at least involve in restructuring the Philippine History subjects from primary to tertiary level.
@@KirbyAraullo I just hope it isn't a fair skinned princess and spanish soldier romance in the backdrop of the Battle Of Manila with the titile of "1570". :P
thanks you very much kirby The Battle of Manila (1570) was fought in Manila between the native Filipinos led by Raja Soliman (III) and the Spaniards led by Martin de Goiti, Maestro de Campo on May 24, 1570. The forces under Goiti were victorious and as a result Manila became a capital of the Philippines.
"Filipinos led by Raja.Soliman"??? There were no "Filipinos" back then. And if there were, Raja.Soliman will surely reject being called a "Filipino". It was the Manileños against the Spaniards. Or the Soliman tribe against Spaniards.
@@woodykusaki9970 When talking about history, one has to be clearly specific on the facts. This is not fiction or literary art. Solayman is a different "country" or political entity from Humabon, Lapu-lapu, etc. They each have their own little country distinct from one another. This is historical facts. None of them were "Filipinos" until they accepted Spanish rule and join the bigger "nation" formed by Spanish authorities. This is how Philippines, as a unified nation, started.
@@allanbernabe38 but the distinction between the Philippine tribes is not relevant in this discussion. It's like invalidating a historian's claim for referring to Ancient Greece as Ancient Greece when Greece did not exist at the time. They were divided like us with their city-states. Philippines is an easy way to refer to a group of people in a certain region.
@@woodykusaki9970 the difference is, "Filipinos" came into existence only by the unification of Spanish authority. It's unlike ancient Grecian tribes coming together to eventually form a "Greek" state on their own. Philippines or Filipinos is a Spanish creation. For the ancient tribes who resisted or rejected Spanish rule, to be called "Filipinos" is actually an insult to them.
This is very good, but I also have some correction... 1. I don't think that Lankandula was a "king"... The title "Lakan" seems to roughly translate to "Landlord" its cognate in Javanese is "Raka" but it also appears in a Sanskritized form as "Rakarayan" and in Malay it appears as "Karayan". Lankandula owned properties on both Luzon and Brunei, his relative (brother or cousin) was the Rajah of Manila, while his nephew was the crown prince/heir apparent to the throne and his grandfather was the Rajah of Brunei (I know that people nowadays call him "Sultan" but historically the ruler of Brunei was still referred to as "Rajah" during those times)... With all of these said, Lakandula was probably more like a Duke rather than a King. 2. The term "sultan" was rarely used back then. Even the "sultans" used the title "Rajah" at the time of the arrival of the Europeans. Pigafetta on Moluccas: "*...et chiamaſſe raia ſultan Manzor" "...and he was called Rajah Sultan Mansur."* On Brunei's king: *"...Queſto re e moro et ſe chiama raia Siripada..." "That king is a Moro and his name is Raia Siripada."* \*He likely used the term "sultan" as a proper name rather than the actual title ie "rajah". They also STILL used the term "Rajah" (which was pronounced by the SEAsians/Filipinos more like "raya", "laya, or "ladya" per later Sp. dictionaries NOT "ra-ha" or "ra-zha" as we use today in Sp. and English) even on those that continued to use the native term "datu". Eg. Pigafetta on chiefs in Sangir (Sangihe/N. Moluccas): "*Queſta yſola tenne quato re raia matandatu raia lalagha Raia bapti et raia parabu ſonno gentili ſta in tre gradi et mezo a lartico et 27. legue longi de ſaranghany. et edetta ſanghir.*" English: "*That island has four kings, \[namely\],* ***Raia Matandatu***, *Raia Lalagha, Raía Bapti, and Raia Parabu. The people are heathens. The island lies at a latitude of three and one-half degrees toward the Arctic Pole and is 27 leguas from Saranghany ('Sarangani, PH'). Its name is Sanghir*." In a later PH example that was similar: "Rajah Matanda" (per accounts by the Legazpi expeditions). I spoke about the concept of "old" vs. "young" kings, which is a type of system continued from the pre-Islamic period and carried on by the later Muslim states which considered themselves "sultanates" (note at the bottom of the post). \**If tldr: pre-colonial chiefs, essentially groomed their successors (who usually were their nephews or their sons). The "old king" essentially reaches a certain age and he "semi-retire" leaving his successor to do most of the tasks of the state eg. like a vizier or prime minister + top military general, until he (the older) dies or fully abdicates at which time the "prime minister" ie "young king" becomes the senior; thus he and his successor will continue a similar cycle.* *An example of this in the PH is the relationship of Ache (ie "Raxa Matanda" ie "old Rajah") and his nephew, Sulayman ("Young Rajah"), the last kings of Manila, who were ousted from power by the Spanish. This type of system was continued on by Muslim chiefdoms ie "sultanates" like in Maguindanao, evidenced by their history and accounts of the British (read post). This type of system probably pre-dated Islamic and Hindu influence.* "Sultan" was an emerging term and had not fully displaced the term "rajah" because this time period (15th and 16th, even the 17th c.) was a transition period between Islamization of once heavily Hindic region. The earliest "sultanates" in the region that were prominent enough only emerged in the 1400s (Malay Peninsula ie Malacca sultanate), while those in Java and Sumatra only emerged after the 1520s and later (Banten and Mataram). Some of these existing "sultanates" that emerged.
Can I ask some questions miss Dayang Marikit? what places in the Ph where Islamize or converted to Islam based on facts and documents? coz most Muslim people that I saw from different social media platforms around the comment sections are strongly claimed that we're Muslims back then, Islamize archipelago based on their teachings and they had this history book that has been published with regards to Islamization of the archipelago and in latter called the Philippines. I forgot the book title that he shared tho I haven't read yet. That's why some Muslim Indonesians and Malays talk sh*t about Pinoys who converted to Catholic coz the thing that they acknowledge about our history is that we're once a muslim not the Hindu-Buddhist, animist and etc.
I just wonder, can the people of Maynila before the Spanish conquistadors conquered them in 1571 still be considered Bruneians, correct? I mean, Rajah Matanda and Rajah Suleiman were Bruneians during the conquest of Maynila, right?
Scorch Earth Retreat Tactics, was in fact very common in those days. Cebu or Sugbo literally got it's name from an event that transpired in it's history, and that event was the burning of Sri Lumaya the first King of Cebu. Literally taken from Kang Sri Lumaya Sugbo or From Sri Lumay's Great Fire.
@@xexnaessey3684Technically wrong. 1. The Philippines didn't exist yet. It was still independent city/regional states. 2. Cebu was already conquered/occupied and gave allegiance to Spain for their own survival as a people so they owed Manila no loyalty. Did Manila send thousands to help defend Visayas? 3. As mentioned, the Spanish were cruel and corrupt everywhere they ruled. Even in Spain. So why would a local ruler cross them and bring further cruelty?
@@user-zy1oh8jk7jYes they were not a unified country yet, but they were very familiar with the concept of alliance networking, so yes betrayals still happened. The rulers of Manila had been intertwined with the rulers of Brunei and Sulu through intermarriages. The main problem is that the Visayans were not Muslim and the Muslim rulers of Manila and Brunei didn't really see them as equals, so to them the Visayan people could be exploit, there were some preaching and conversion missions sent by Brunei but that's about it, most of their interactions were during slave raiding (when people were taken as slaves) so there was no loyalty. Another thing that Manila did is that they've taken over the most important ports in the archipelago, therefore making all other polities become "economic hostages"... Nearly all inter-island and inter-ethnic trading activities were controlled by Manila Moro merchants, even Spanish accounts mention that they couldn't trade in Butuan because the Manila Moro merchants wouldn't allow trade unless it was silver that was being traded. Basically Manila had woven a trading empire or trading colony... Manila's monopoly on the archipelago's trade didn't make the Visayans feel any loyalty to them because they felt like they had no freedom. Another fact that people don't know about is that the Spaniards were able to settle in Cebu with the help Tagalog Moros who aided them in making deals and agreements with the local rulers, read about Mahomar.
@@ellerjosephYes they were not a unified country yet, but they were very familiar with the concept of alliance networking, so yes betrayals still happened. The rulers of Manila had been intertwined with the rulers of Brunei and Sulu through intermarriages. The main problem is that the Visayans were not Muslim and the Muslim rulers of Manila and Brunei didn't really see them as equals, so to them the Visayan people could be exploit, there were some preaching and conversion missions sent by Brunei but that's about it, most of their interactions were during slave raiding (when people were taken as slaves) so there was no loyalty. Another thing that Manila did is that they've taken over the most important ports in the archipelago, therefore making all other polities become "economic hostages"... Nearly all inter-island and inter-ethnic trading activities were controlled by Manila Moro merchants, even Spanish accounts mention that they couldn't trade in Butuan because the Manila Moro merchants wouldn't allow trade unless it was silver that was being traded. Basically Manila had woven a trading empire or trading colony... Manila's monopoly on the archipelago's trade didn't make the Visayans feel any loyalty to them because they felt like they had no freedom. Another fact that people don't know about is that the Spaniards were able to settle in Cebu with the help Tagalog Moros who aided them in making deals and agreements with the local rulers, read about Mahomar.
What I learned personally about world/philippine history in general is that over time, information is changed, modified, misinterpreted to the point of inaccuracies leading to modern fiction. In the Philippines, the only reliable, factual, concrete informations are the following: Boxer Codex illustrations, the Philippine geography, the dialects or languages, discovered artifacts, local customs/culture. Everything else we read or hear about from supposed scholars, experts, professors etc are just their own complicated over-analyzations and theories. Not everything has an answer and it’s ok to say, “I do not know.”. Just apply logic to the obvious and the likely answer is simply that. Sort of like Occam’s theory of the simplest explanation tending to be the right one rather than adding complexities to the point of basically boolshyetting. Kirby, you do very good work and I pick-up useful information here and there. But sometimes your explanations are so detailed and complex that I wonder where you get your informations. The fact that Manila was practically pulverized in WW2 it would be nearly impossible to find centuries of Philippine history since most were destroyed or burned and might I add possibly fabricated to fit the Spanish or American narratives. Don’t get me wrong, your work is fascinating but after what happened in the past decades, I have learned that events, history and facts can easily be distorted, deleted and dilated.
I'm still new to this but what about the Philippine caste system like Maginoo, Maharlika and Alipin for Luzon and Tumao, Timawa and Uripon for the Visayas? Also, what about the different tribes? Are they factual?
Please refresh my memory. Bakit nahayaang ma-itayo ang Intramuros nun bumalik ang mga kastila kahit na isang taon lang ang lumipas ay nag karoon sila ng digmaan?
Medyo over simplified, may paraan ba para ipaliwanag ang political stucture, trade, industry, timeline, etc. Madaming flowery words na ginamit sa video, "spirit, identity, resilence, heritage" Ano ang examples ng precolonial traits na makikita hanggang ngayon sa Manila? Medyo broad din yung precolonial period pero parang compressed din ang presentation. Sana sinabi din sa video kung ano ang size ng Manila at kung saan ito matatagpuan, ano ang sinasakop na area ng original Manila sa current Manila, ano ang population size ng Manila. Hindi din pinaliwanag ang "wealth" ng Manila, wala naman standard currency nung panahon na yun at hindi laging gold ang basehan ng weath, natural resources. Base rin sa presentation, parang Manila lang ang gusto ng Spanish, pero ang gusto talaga nila ay ang buong Pilipinas. Manila ba ang nakikipag trade sa ibang bansa, o sila ang nakikipag trade sa Manila, may ship building industry ba ang Manila? Mga details na ganun. "Liberate the Philippines from Spanish rule" wala naman silang concept ng one nation nung panahon na yun, nahahaluan ng modern nationalism. Para sa mga Spanish, location lang ang gusto nila sa Manila, wala naman value sa kanila ang mga nakatira doon at kung anong civilization ang maabutan nila doon. Ano ba ang Manila kumpara sa Aztec at Maya civilization na pinabagsak din ng Spanish conquest.
Important, pero konteng evidence nakunan kasi either nasira ng mga kastila or di masyadong nagrecord ng mga ninuno naten in my assumption. Also Philippines isn't fully conceptualized before.
He is romanticizing Manila which is im not too sure if was the case. He even said Manila was richer than Madrid during the precolonial period. Where are his evidence?
Sir Kirby, are there any maps that outline the old pre-colonial Manila based on actual anthropological excavations and studies? How I wish we, especially the youth, could visualize our past civilization.
Imagine this being a sequel to the 1521 movie where 49 years later, another princess and spaniard fall in love but suddenly find themselves in the middle of the Battle of Manila. :P
Diba po kasaysayan naman natin to Bakit hindi sa wikang filipino or tagalog nalang po kayo nag paliwanag ganito rin po ang sinusulong nila historyador Xiao Chua na lahat po sa tagalog dapat pinapaliwanag
Something seems off. Muslims have sultans. Hindu have rajas. If the head of Manila is a raja, he's most likely not a Muslim. Otherwise, he would call himself a sultan. Muslims are very sensitive about this title game. Which is why you see sultans predominantly in Mindanao, where Muslims are well entrenched.
The title “Raja” is not exclusively Hindu, it simply means “King/Queen” in Southeast Asia. Many sultanates in Southeast Asia use both “Raja” and “Sultan” interchangeably. For example, Sultan Iskandar Shah, the founder of the Sultanate of Malacca, was also known as Raja Iskandar Shah. The official title of the Queen of Brunei is also “Raja Isteri” which literally means “King’s Wife.” Sometimes “Sultan” and “Raja” are also used together in combination, such as in the case of the ruler of Perak in Malaysia whose official title is “Sultan, Yang di-Pertuan dan Raja Pemerintah.” Most crown princes, if not all, throughout the many Sultanates of Southeast Asia are given the title “Raja Muda” which literally means “Young King.” In the case of Manila’s rulers, for example, Raja Matanda is a grandson of Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei, and a great grandson of Sultan Sharif-ul Hashim, the founder of the Sultanate of Sulu. Raja Matanda’s cousin is also the mother of Sultan Kudarat of Maguindanao. Just because his official title was “Raja” it doesn’t mean he was not Muslim. Hope this helps 😊
"Raja" is a title of mobility which originated from Hindu religion. It's a title for a polytheistic honor. Muslims are furiously monotheistic. It is very strange that a Muslim head will proudly bear the title of a polytheistic organization. It's like wearing a crown that insults his very own religious belief.
I found info that could explain the contradiction. Raja Sulayman was originally non-Muslim. He could be Hindu (source did not mention this part). He was later on converted to Muslim, probably either as a precondition for serving as vassal king to Sultan of Brunei, or after he gained this connection. His was converted before the arrival of Spaniards. He retained the "Raja" title after his conversion.
@@allanbernabe38you arent reading or familiar with the history of south east asia then. south east asia was heavily influenced by Hindu & Buddhist Ideas due to the Vast Maritime Silk Road. This gave birth to Indian influenced Sri Vijaya and Madjapahit empire in Indonesia, amd the Khmers in the Mainland. In summary, The process of Islamization in South East Asia was a slow and syncretic process initiated by Maritime Trading and moving away from Hindu/Buddhist world view. It was not a militant and antagonistic process like the one you read in the middle east.
Resources & Recommended Readings
📖 Aguilar, Carmencita T. 1987. The Muslims in Manila Prior to Colonial Control. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia.
📖 Araullo, Kirby. 2021. The Fierce Women of Southeast Asia.
📖 Araullo, Kirby. 2021. Tondo, Slavery, & the Revolt of the Lakans.
📖 Araullo, Kirby. 2021. What They Never Told You About the ‘Discovery’ of the Philippines
📖 Araullo, Kirby. 2024. Who Were the Luzones? Notes & Doodles on Precolonial Luzon
📖 Bergaño, Diego. 1860. Vocabulario de La Lengua Pampanga En Romance.
📖 Blair, Emma Helen, and James Alexander Robertson. 1903. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. Vol. 1-55.
📖 Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Past Revisited.
📖 Furlong, Matthew J. 2014. Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720. University of Arizona.
📖 Gallop, Annabel Teh. 2019. Silsilah Raja-Raja Brunei: The Manuscript of Pengiran Kesuma.
📖 Hasyim, Muhammad. Archipel: Études Interdisciplinaires Sur Le Monde Insulindien, no. 97 (June): 173-212.
📖 Henson, Mariano A. 1955. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns (A.D. 1300-1955) with the Genealogy of the Rulers of Central Luzon.
📖 Jocano, F. Landa. 1998. Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage.
📖 Jumsai, Brig. Gen. M.L. Manich. 1987. History of Thailand & Cambodia from the Angkor to the Present. Chalermnit Press.
📖 Junker, Laura Lee. 2000. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Quezon City: Ateneo De Manila University Press.
📖 Laarhoven, Ruurdje. 1989. Triumph of Moro Diplomacy: The Maguindanao Sultanate in the 17th Century. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers.
📖 Loarca, Miguel, Juan Plasencia, Pedro Chirino, Francisco Colin, and Antonio Pigafetta. 1975. The Philippines at the Spanish Contact.
📖 Majul, Cesar Adib. 1965. Political and Historical Notes of the Old Sulu Sultanate. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 38 (1): 23-42.
📖 Munoz, Paul Michel. 2016. Early Kingdoms: Indonesian Archipelago & the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.
📖 Parker, Luther. 1931. The Gats and the Lakans. Philippine Magazine, January.
📖 Parker, Luther. 1931. The Lakandolas. Philippine Magazine, February.
📖 Parker, Luther. 1931. The Last of the Lakans. Philippine Magazine, March.
📖 Pigafetta, Antonio, and T J Cachey. 2007. The First Voyage around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan’s Expedition. Toronto: University Of Toronto Press.
📖 Postma, Antoon. 1992. The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: A Valuable Philippine Document. Philippine Studies 40 (2): 183-203.
📖 Reid, Anthony. 1995. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. New Haven: Yale University Press.
📖 Saleeby, Najeeb. 1908. The History of Sulu.
📖 San Agustin, Gaspar de, and Manuel Merino. 1975. Conquistas de Las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas.
📖 Santiago, Luciano P. R. 1990. The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman (1571-1898): Genealogy and Group Identity. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 (1): 39-73.
📖 Scott, William Henry. 1982. Cracks in the Parchment Curtain and Other Essays in Philippine History. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers.
📖 Scott, William Henry. 1992. Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers.
📖 Scott, William Henry. 1997. Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City, Manila, Philippines: Ateneo De Manila University Press.
📖 Souza, George Bryan, and Jeffrey Scott Turley. 2016. The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, Ethnography and History of the Pacific, South-East Asia and East Asia. Leiden: Brill.
📖 Wadi, Jukipli. 2008. Rajah Sulayman, Spain and the Transformation of the Islamic Manila. In More Hispanic than We Admit 1: Insights into Philippine Cultural History. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal Foundation.
Always love those sources.
If Manila and ton do was richer than Madrid, why did the Spanish came and conquer them? If Manila was truly wealthy they should have conquered Spain, not the other way around, also the word rajah is a Hindu word meaning king. Also pork was a widely favored type of meat in the precolonial philippines along with tattoos, it is said lapu lapu and most visa yang warriors have tattoos which is considered haram. They do not even have books in the philippines during that time where does this source come from? Is this a alternate history channel? Seems nice
Wasn't the golden age of philippines, a few years after WWII from 1950s to 1980s
The Muslims were also invaders
Can you provide the ORIGINAL sources from let's say the year 1000 - 1500 showing that Manila was richer than Madrid ?
From Brunei, lots of Bruneians (and borneans) also wondered what happened to Maynila in 1570s. We just learnt a bit that it fell right before Spaniards tried to conquer and colonise Brunei in 1578. The fall of Maynila really affects demographics and geopolitics in the Southeast Asia region (especially in Malay world). Thank you for the video, insight and knowledge.
Yes, there was a Tagalog Muslim scholar named "Datuk Manila" who was able to flee to Malacca, you could check it online.
As a result of the conquest of Manila, it also emerged as the first global city as it connected Asia, Europe and Americas by trade through Manila Acapulco Galleon trade. It was the only city in Asia able to trade across the Pacific and Atlantic.
Man, imagine if we're able to pull off a Shogun or even Vikings level of production value to be able to tell these historical events.
Sana nabuhay ako nung pre colonial era para nasulat ko Yung boung history ng pilipinas bago mga kastila😢
Sana ma cover din ang kasaysayan ng Ilocos bago dumating mga Kastilla. Halos hindi na babanggit ang kasaysayan ng kaharian ng Ilocos kung meron man. At kung ano ang Vigan bago naging Intramuros ng norte.
You deserve to have a chair in historical teaching or at least involve in restructuring the Philippine History subjects from primary to tertiary level.
I enjoy your discussions of Philippine History.
Thank you for your support, I'm glad you enjoy it!
I hope i can see a Filipino version of Game of Thrones centered on Manila’s fate before and after the Spanish Arrived
Working on it 😉
@@KirbyAraullo I just hope it isn't a fair skinned princess and spanish soldier romance in the backdrop of the Battle Of Manila with the titile of "1570". :P
@@KirbyAraullosir can u also have an episode about the history of 10 bornean datus and history of panay island?Maraming salamat po.
Philippines Total War
I often comw back to find sources! This has been very welcome ^^
thanks you very much kirby
The Battle of Manila (1570) was fought in Manila between the native Filipinos led by Raja Soliman (III) and the Spaniards led by Martin de Goiti, Maestro de Campo on May 24, 1570. The forces under Goiti were victorious and as a result Manila became a capital of the Philippines.
"Filipinos led by Raja.Soliman"??? There were no "Filipinos" back then. And if there were, Raja.Soliman will surely reject being called a "Filipino". It was the Manileños against the Spaniards. Or the Soliman tribe against Spaniards.
When someone says "Filipino" I think it's understood that the person is referring to the natives inhabiting the region. Don't take it literally.
@@woodykusaki9970
When talking about history, one has to be clearly specific on the facts. This is not fiction or literary art. Solayman is a different "country" or political entity from Humabon, Lapu-lapu, etc. They each have their own little country distinct from one another. This is historical facts. None of them were "Filipinos" until they accepted Spanish rule and join the bigger "nation" formed by Spanish authorities. This is how Philippines, as a unified nation, started.
@@allanbernabe38 but the distinction between the Philippine tribes is not relevant in this discussion. It's like invalidating a historian's claim for referring to Ancient Greece as Ancient Greece when Greece did not exist at the time. They were divided like us with their city-states. Philippines is an easy way to refer to a group of people in a certain region.
@@woodykusaki9970 the difference is, "Filipinos" came into existence only by the unification of Spanish authority. It's unlike ancient Grecian tribes coming together to eventually form a "Greek" state on their own. Philippines or Filipinos is a Spanish creation. For the ancient tribes who resisted or rejected Spanish rule, to be called "Filipinos" is actually an insult to them.
Thank you so much, as an aspiring history professor/historian, I love your contents they're factual, animated and engaging. More power po 😉
👌👌 very informative!
Thank you 🙏🏽
A great video once again datu Kirby❤, I wonder if Pre-colonial Cagayan Valley was also part of the Kingdom of Lúsung?😁
This is very good, but I also have some correction...
1. I don't think that Lankandula was a "king"... The title "Lakan" seems to roughly translate to "Landlord" its cognate in Javanese is "Raka" but it also appears in a Sanskritized form as "Rakarayan" and in Malay it appears as "Karayan". Lankandula owned properties on both Luzon and Brunei, his relative (brother or cousin) was the Rajah of Manila, while his nephew was the crown prince/heir apparent to the throne and his grandfather was the Rajah of Brunei (I know that people nowadays call him "Sultan" but historically the ruler of Brunei was still referred to as "Rajah" during those times)... With all of these said, Lakandula was probably more like a Duke rather than a King.
2. The term "sultan" was rarely used back then. Even the "sultans" used the title "Rajah" at the time of the arrival of the Europeans.
Pigafetta on Moluccas:
"*...et chiamaſſe raia ſultan Manzor" "...and he was called Rajah Sultan Mansur."*
On Brunei's king:
*"...Queſto re e moro et ſe chiama raia Siripada..." "That king is a Moro and his name is Raia Siripada."*
\*He likely used the term "sultan" as a proper name rather than the actual title ie "rajah".
They also STILL used the term "Rajah" (which was pronounced by the SEAsians/Filipinos more like "raya", "laya, or "ladya" per later Sp. dictionaries NOT "ra-ha" or "ra-zha" as we use today in Sp. and English) even on those that continued to use the native term "datu".
Eg. Pigafetta on chiefs in Sangir (Sangihe/N. Moluccas): "*Queſta yſola tenne quato re raia matandatu raia lalagha Raia bapti et raia parabu ſonno gentili ſta in tre gradi et mezo a lartico et 27. legue longi de ſaranghany. et edetta ſanghir.*"
English: "*That island has four kings, \[namely\],* ***Raia Matandatu***, *Raia Lalagha, Raía Bapti, and Raia Parabu. The people are heathens. The island lies at a latitude of three and one-half degrees toward the Arctic Pole and is 27 leguas from Saranghany ('Sarangani, PH'). Its name is Sanghir*."
In a later PH example that was similar: "Rajah Matanda" (per accounts by the Legazpi expeditions). I spoke about the concept of "old" vs. "young" kings, which is a type of system continued from the pre-Islamic period and carried on by the later Muslim states which considered themselves "sultanates" (note at the bottom of the post).
\**If tldr: pre-colonial chiefs, essentially groomed their successors (who usually were their nephews or their sons). The "old king" essentially reaches a certain age and he "semi-retire" leaving his successor to do most of the tasks of the state eg. like a vizier or prime minister + top military general, until he (the older) dies or fully abdicates at which time the "prime minister" ie "young king" becomes the senior; thus he and his successor will continue a similar cycle.*
*An example of this in the PH is the relationship of Ache (ie "Raxa Matanda" ie "old Rajah") and his nephew, Sulayman ("Young Rajah"), the last kings of Manila, who were ousted from power by the Spanish. This type of system was continued on by Muslim chiefdoms ie "sultanates" like in Maguindanao, evidenced by their history and accounts of the British (read post). This type of system probably pre-dated Islamic and Hindu influence.*
"Sultan" was an emerging term and had not fully displaced the term "rajah" because this time period (15th and 16th, even the 17th c.) was a transition period between Islamization of once heavily Hindic region. The earliest "sultanates" in the region that were prominent enough only emerged in the 1400s (Malay Peninsula ie Malacca sultanate), while those in Java and Sumatra only emerged after the 1520s and later (Banten and Mataram). Some of these existing "sultanates" that emerged.
Can I ask some questions miss Dayang Marikit? what places in the Ph where Islamize or converted to Islam based on facts and documents? coz most Muslim people that I saw from different social media platforms around the comment sections are strongly claimed that we're Muslims back then, Islamize archipelago based on their teachings and they had this history book that has been published with regards to Islamization of the archipelago and in latter called the Philippines. I forgot the book title that he shared tho I haven't read yet. That's why some Muslim Indonesians and Malays talk sh*t about Pinoys who converted to Catholic coz the thing that they acknowledge about our history is that we're once a muslim not the Hindu-Buddhist, animist and etc.
I just wonder, can the people of Maynila before the Spanish conquistadors conquered them in 1571 still be considered Bruneians, correct? I mean, Rajah Matanda and Rajah Suleiman were Bruneians during the conquest of Maynila, right?
While, Lakan Dola of Tondo as well as the Kapampangan and Tagalog Lakans are still known as Luzones.
Nope, the people are still native tagalog unless they make a rule to make Bruneian/Malay as official language but it just a lingua franca at that time
Scorch Earth Retreat Tactics, was in fact very common in those days. Cebu or Sugbo literally got it's name from an event that transpired in it's history, and that event was the burning of Sri Lumaya the first King of Cebu. Literally taken from Kang Sri Lumaya Sugbo or From Sri Lumay's Great Fire.
It helps not having your population vulnerable to new diseases as, let’s say, they were already part of the “greater world”.
This wouldnt have happen if the Visayans did not join the Legazpi's conquest of the archipelago.
Exactly cebu monarch is the First Traitor of the Philippine Hinstory 😂
@@xexnaessey3684Technically wrong.
1. The Philippines didn't exist yet. It was still independent city/regional states.
2. Cebu was already conquered/occupied and gave allegiance to Spain for their own survival as a people so they owed Manila no loyalty. Did Manila send thousands to help defend Visayas?
3. As mentioned, the Spanish were cruel and corrupt everywhere they ruled. Even in Spain. So why would a local ruler cross them and bring further cruelty?
@@xexnaessey3684you have to understand we were not one nation yet. How can they betray someone you have no loyalty to?
@@user-zy1oh8jk7jYes they were not a unified country yet, but they were very familiar with the concept of alliance networking, so yes betrayals still happened. The rulers of Manila had been intertwined with the rulers of Brunei and Sulu through intermarriages. The main problem is that the Visayans were not Muslim and the Muslim rulers of Manila and Brunei didn't really see them as equals, so to them the Visayan people could be exploit, there were some preaching and conversion missions sent by Brunei but that's about it, most of their interactions were during slave raiding (when people were taken as slaves) so there was no loyalty. Another thing that Manila did is that they've taken over the most important ports in the archipelago, therefore making all other polities become "economic hostages"... Nearly all inter-island and inter-ethnic trading activities were controlled by Manila Moro merchants, even Spanish accounts mention that they couldn't trade in Butuan because the Manila Moro merchants wouldn't allow trade unless it was silver that was being traded. Basically Manila had woven a trading empire or trading colony... Manila's monopoly on the archipelago's trade didn't make the Visayans feel any loyalty to them because they felt like they had no freedom. Another fact that people don't know about is that the Spaniards were able to settle in Cebu with the help Tagalog Moros who aided them in making deals and agreements with the local rulers, read about Mahomar.
@@ellerjosephYes they were not a unified country yet, but they were very familiar with the concept of alliance networking, so yes betrayals still happened. The rulers of Manila had been intertwined with the rulers of Brunei and Sulu through intermarriages. The main problem is that the Visayans were not Muslim and the Muslim rulers of Manila and Brunei didn't really see them as equals, so to them the Visayan people could be exploit, there were some preaching and conversion missions sent by Brunei but that's about it, most of their interactions were during slave raiding (when people were taken as slaves) so there was no loyalty. Another thing that Manila did is that they've taken over the most important ports in the archipelago, therefore making all other polities become "economic hostages"... Nearly all inter-island and inter-ethnic trading activities were controlled by Manila Moro merchants, even Spanish accounts mention that they couldn't trade in Butuan because the Manila Moro merchants wouldn't allow trade unless it was silver that was being traded. Basically Manila had woven a trading empire or trading colony... Manila's monopoly on the archipelago's trade didn't make the Visayans feel any loyalty to them because they felt like they had no freedom. Another fact that people don't know about is that the Spaniards were able to settle in Cebu with the help Tagalog Moros who aided them in making deals and agreements with the local rulers, read about Mahomar.
Scorched earth tactic great tactic
A great movie to look forward to. Just like Bangrajun of thailand
What I learned personally about world/philippine history in general is that over time, information is changed, modified, misinterpreted to the point of inaccuracies leading to modern fiction. In the Philippines, the only reliable, factual, concrete informations are the following:
Boxer Codex illustrations, the Philippine geography, the dialects or languages, discovered artifacts, local customs/culture.
Everything else we read or hear about from supposed scholars, experts, professors etc are just their own complicated over-analyzations and theories. Not everything has an answer and it’s ok to say, “I do not know.”. Just apply logic to the obvious and the likely answer is simply that. Sort of like Occam’s theory of the simplest explanation tending to be the right one rather than adding complexities to the point of basically boolshyetting.
Kirby, you do very good work and I pick-up useful information here and there. But sometimes your explanations are so detailed and complex that I wonder where you get your informations. The fact that Manila was practically pulverized in WW2 it would be nearly impossible to find centuries of Philippine history since most were destroyed or burned and might I add possibly fabricated to fit the Spanish or American narratives.
Don’t get me wrong, your work is fascinating but after what happened in the past decades, I have learned that events, history and facts can easily be distorted, deleted and dilated.
I'm still new to this but what about the Philippine caste system like Maginoo, Maharlika and Alipin for Luzon and Tumao, Timawa and Uripon for the Visayas?
Also, what about the different tribes? Are they factual?
@@woodykusaki9970 they do exist in later recent history books btw(around college lvl afaik). He even did listed some references
slavers everywhere they went
but the true slave never exist wahahahh I'm laughing...lie is always lie but exist but never win
Please refresh my memory. Bakit nahayaang ma-itayo ang Intramuros nun bumalik ang mga kastila kahit na isang taon lang ang lumipas ay nag karoon sila ng digmaan?
Even back them the Manila people were already colonized by another foreign power, the Brunei Malays.
malapit na po ako
Thats good I didn't hear you claiming as the direct descendant of the rajas or the Spanish conquistadors.
Mga Lihim Ni URDUJA ( 2023 )🕰️⬅️ - [ SANYA LOPEZ ] 🤔💭
Please discuss the the legitimacy of Out of Igorot Theory - as opposed to Out of Taiwan Theory
Rizal is tagalog so hinde sya hero sa aming manga bisaya.. Yung mga story sa libro ay galing lang naman sa luzon
Intramuros is the original Manila.
Forts Santiago and San Antonio Abad are both star forts that the old kingdom built, not by the Spaniards
Sounds interesting, where can i read more about it
@@reybladen3068 there's a community here on YT that talks about starforts. Jon Levi is one of my go to's
tartarian empire
I'm the 1st
Medyo over simplified, may paraan ba para ipaliwanag ang political stucture, trade, industry, timeline, etc. Madaming flowery words na ginamit sa video, "spirit, identity, resilence, heritage" Ano ang examples ng precolonial traits na makikita hanggang ngayon sa Manila? Medyo broad din yung precolonial period pero parang compressed din ang presentation. Sana sinabi din sa video kung ano ang size ng Manila at kung saan ito matatagpuan, ano ang sinasakop na area ng original Manila sa current Manila, ano ang population size ng Manila. Hindi din pinaliwanag ang "wealth" ng Manila, wala naman standard currency nung panahon na yun at hindi laging gold ang basehan ng weath, natural resources. Base rin sa presentation, parang Manila lang ang gusto ng Spanish, pero ang gusto talaga nila ay ang buong Pilipinas. Manila ba ang nakikipag trade sa ibang bansa, o sila ang nakikipag trade sa Manila, may ship building industry ba ang Manila? Mga details na ganun. "Liberate the Philippines from Spanish rule" wala naman silang concept ng one nation nung panahon na yun, nahahaluan ng modern nationalism. Para sa mga Spanish, location lang ang gusto nila sa Manila, wala naman value sa kanila ang mga nakatira doon at kung anong civilization ang maabutan nila doon. Ano ba ang Manila kumpara sa Aztec at Maya civilization na pinabagsak din ng Spanish conquest.
Important, pero konteng evidence nakunan kasi either nasira ng mga kastila or di masyadong nagrecord ng mga ninuno naten in my assumption. Also Philippines isn't fully conceptualized before.
He is romanticizing Manila which is im not too sure if was the case. He even said Manila was richer than Madrid during the precolonial period. Where are his evidence?
Binabasa . Mo.lng. kung ano simulation ng. MNanakop.
AMAYA ( 2011 )🕰️⬅️ - [ Marian Rivera ] 🤔💭
i hope we can know or what happen to Federal State of the Visayas
Sir Kirby, are there any maps that outline the old pre-colonial Manila based on actual anthropological excavations and studies? How I wish we, especially the youth, could visualize our past civilization.
i hope we can learn about Federal State of the Visayas, and what its history.
Imagine this being a sequel to the 1521 movie where 49 years later, another princess and spaniard fall in love but suddenly find themselves in the middle of the Battle of Manila. :P
Very informative! I have to Subscribed! I hope you’ll do the Burning of Macabebe next.
Just curios if u can find family tree of these past king & queens of Luzon until the present
😮
Diba po kasaysayan naman natin to Bakit hindi sa wikang filipino or tagalog nalang po kayo nag paliwanag ganito rin po ang sinusulong nila historyador Xiao Chua na lahat po sa tagalog dapat pinapaliwanag
Meron po sya mga tagalog versions na video.
Something seems off. Muslims have sultans. Hindu have rajas.
If the head of Manila is a raja, he's most likely not a Muslim. Otherwise, he would call himself a sultan. Muslims are very sensitive about this title game. Which is why you see sultans predominantly in Mindanao, where Muslims are well entrenched.
The title “Raja” is not exclusively Hindu, it simply means “King/Queen” in Southeast Asia. Many sultanates in Southeast Asia use both “Raja” and “Sultan” interchangeably. For example, Sultan Iskandar Shah, the founder of the Sultanate of Malacca, was also known as Raja Iskandar Shah. The official title of the Queen of Brunei is also “Raja Isteri” which literally means “King’s Wife.” Sometimes “Sultan” and “Raja” are also used together in combination, such as in the case of the ruler of Perak in Malaysia whose official title is “Sultan, Yang di-Pertuan dan Raja Pemerintah.” Most crown princes, if not all, throughout the many Sultanates of Southeast Asia are given the title “Raja Muda” which literally means “Young King.”
In the case of Manila’s rulers, for example, Raja Matanda is a grandson of Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei, and a great grandson of Sultan Sharif-ul Hashim, the founder of the Sultanate of Sulu. Raja Matanda’s cousin is also the mother of Sultan Kudarat of Maguindanao. Just because his official title was “Raja” it doesn’t mean he was not Muslim.
Hope this helps 😊
Fun fact, it was said that Raja Sulayman of Manila was also named after his maternal great great grandfather, Sultan Sulaiman of Brunei.
"Raja" is a title of mobility which originated from Hindu religion. It's a title for a polytheistic honor. Muslims are furiously monotheistic. It is very strange that a Muslim head will proudly bear the title of a polytheistic organization. It's like wearing a crown that insults his very own religious belief.
I found info that could explain the contradiction.
Raja Sulayman was originally non-Muslim. He could be Hindu (source did not mention this part). He was later on converted to Muslim, probably either as a precondition for serving as vassal king to Sultan of Brunei, or after he gained this connection. His was converted before the arrival of Spaniards. He retained the "Raja" title after his conversion.
@@allanbernabe38you arent reading or familiar with the history of south east asia then. south east asia was heavily influenced by Hindu & Buddhist Ideas due to the Vast Maritime Silk Road. This gave birth to Indian influenced Sri Vijaya and Madjapahit empire in Indonesia, amd the Khmers in the Mainland. In summary, The process of Islamization in South East Asia was a slow and syncretic process initiated by Maritime Trading and moving away from Hindu/Buddhist world view. It was not a militant and antagonistic process like the one you read in the middle east.
wahahahhaah i said..manila is evil side🤭🤭🤭🤭
A country was born. Spain abolished slavery.
It was already a country, and they started the Spanish Inquisition in it.
encomienda is Slavery. Spain enacted Western Style Slavery.
Slavery is a system when an individual is owned to be sold and traded and abused by the owner. This was abolished by Spain .