"We'd rather talk about things we understand that aren't important, than discuss things that are important, because we don't understand it". Damn. So true.
Is what I allways critize about Elon Musk who decides on a another space race to mars wich I don't realy see the point off and can do nothing about except not buy his stuff.
It’s all apart of the globalists elites plan their puppets are Klaus shwaub and Jobs and Harrari among others who they are well there’s allot of them most likely the usual shadow leaders like the Morgan’s Medici rockefellers and rothchilds and world leaders country’s over , I can’t name every group for sure the ability to hide is what gives them power . They want us chemically castrated so we can’t populate more and without testosterone we won’t have the energy or power to rise up like our ancestors with 10x test would have They want our moral grounding that took us so far erradicated and confused masked under wokness and pushed by their useful idiots the “extreme liberals “ who in the true terms are anything but liberal . And keep us distracted with tv and porn unlike our ancestors who had to stew in their thourghts among the company of friends , leading to them standing up. It’s just like the old Roman saying : “give them bread and games and they will ignore everything else we do” . The devil is in the detail . The world is moving towards feudalism and we are the serfs . The WEF openly talks and publishes its views about how “we will own nothing have no privacy and be happy”. These people have addresses . ...
Highlights 12:00 Useless class 20:18 Hypothetical existential threat - A.I. with goal of calculating pi 55:14 Consciousness VS. Intelligence 1:01:15 Industrial revolution VS. Information revolution - different end games 1:18:00 commerce between algorithms - new economic model?
It’s all apart of the globalists elites plan their puppets are Klaus shwaub and Jobs and Harrari among others who they are well there’s allot of them most likely the usual shadow leaders like the Morgan’s Medici rockefellers and rothchilds and world leaders country’s over , I can’t name every group for sure the ability to hide is what gives them power . They want us chemically castrated so we can’t populate more and without testosterone we won’t have the energy or power to rise up like our ancestors with 10x test would have They want our moral grounding that took us so far erradicated and confused masked under wokness and pushed by their useful idiots the “extreme liberals “ who in the true terms are anything but liberal . And keep us distracted with tv and porn unlike our ancestors who had to stew in their thourghts among the company of friends , leading to them standing up. It’s just like the old Roman saying : “give them bread and games and they will ignore everything else we do” . The devil is in the detail . The world is moving towards feudalism and we are the serfs . The WEF openly talks and publishes its views about how “we will own nothing have no privacy and be happy”. These people have addresses . ...
The alt-right will never leave you. And for good reason. There is always a left hand path and a right hand path. The rest is just the snake eating its tail thinking it is relevant.
Interviewer is not up to the task. He doesn't seem to understand for some reason the basics of the topic, hence dragging down the conversation to reduced monologue, though haven't see anybody else doing a lot better. Consciousness core essence is to be self-aware. What is the possible usefulness to be self-aware for certain entities varies. Certainly, as Harari points out, consciousness is just a natural feature, thus it can be formed etc. as a hybrid(organic-inorganic), or completely inorganic manner. There is all the difference in the world, if we create godlike monster/create artificial hell, or if we create the "opposite". Current stream doesn't indicate likely scenario of compassionate AI. We better nurture the progress towards compassionate, for all of us, specially because AI will be beyond measure more intelligent than the smartest human is now. This all, even if humans will survive as a hubris species. Not realistic to assume humans to survive in a way that we understand the concept today, but in the best case scenario, as a hubris species. As it is, that computers can detect emotions and learn from it to better understand humans than any human can(later on), there is one clear path to computers to become self-aware. A priority is to lead the technological development to the direction, where commonly negative properties(envy, anger etc.) of our emotional features are eliminated and positive like empathy is coded in. One huge obstacle to this scenario to become a reality is that the people in power(very few and possibly more so in future) do not see empathy as a positive property, but rather as a disadvantage. Human feelings formed to serve for ex. to nurturing offspring, that is surely an advantage for the species, thus can argue the importance of artificial empathy. We Should also make a priority any kind of future life(prefer it to have at least a good memory of humans and also actually anything..) to be locked in to infinity i.e. make it impossible to go extinct. This with empathy is something that most sane person would like.
The Audio versions of his books are really well done. They were the backdrop audio during moments of my world travels, and have drastically changed my outlook on life in general.
He should’ve voiced his own books. I can’t stand British accents and the same guy narrates all his books so they’re totally ruined for me. Thanks Audible for not getting the right person to narrate a book😡 Big surprise. 🙄
My fav part of the book: "when the gay parade goes trough jerusalem is when the city is more peacefull because christian, jews and muslims have something to hate together" ahahaha
I have reinvented myself several times (career wise, relationship wise, priority wise... ) You know what ! Its interesting, enjoyable, satisfying . I did not need a hardwear upgrade ! I did need imagination, appetite , I guess courage too. I am still doing it too ! The outcomes were valued, but the capacity never has been ! Quite the contrary ! I found its best not to make my versatility obvious because either it was disbelieved or it was seen negatively ! in other words predictability and stability of focus and priority is rated . So my experience tells me that humanity has no need of hardware upgrades, it needs ideological sophistication , optimism and an end to either/or thinking of personality ....
I think the middle ground of hardware not necessarily upgrading, but aiding/supporting humans? Something that'd say make our survival in space easier? Something that'd make us live longer, or more importantly healthier? Something that'd cure old age as we know it?
Agree... however humans must DEAL WITH TECH and perhaps you are more talented in many aspects than many of us. I hear and feel and observe many things differently which difference affects my priorities ...thus my speaking, reading, YOU-TUBING👀😎 Etc. CARRY ON 👍
Suppose planet earth gets hit by an meteorite & the sun is blocked & most or all of us die, will all memory of previous evolution start from scratch? What if lifestyle (forever chemicals, plastics, batteries, our inventions) destroy our ability to live (water, soil, air), will a master race live with their computers collecting data in geodesic domes or in geothermal bunkers. What purpose are emotions & intelligence if we were the ones who survive & plants & animals become extinct? Does he ever talk about capitalism or the environment, the dumb animal/consumers we are now? Something emperical besides computers managed by isolated (wealth), child-like humans with little education in philosophy/history/religion but obsessed with private, personal concerns, power, control & capital accumulation, not the future of the planet.
The Hitch is gone , sadly. Times are on the change, we can’t help but notice. Well here is the replacement. Listen hard and analyse. He has arrived to educate us with profound logic. His TH-cam talks take us into future with his clear and concise mind. Hitch startled me with intelligence so does this man. Cheers SBM.
@B Smith well, he is not a messenger. He is only projecting his view of possible route of the future. And he is quite dramatic on that. Weak people easily fall to that.
The woman at 52:20 actually makes a very good point, and Harari himself acknowledges it. You can even seen in his facial expression as she's saying it that "Hmmm, I don't have a ready answer for this one."
Really? Doesn't seem to me after such a wonderful and clear answer he gave to the lady. If you read the book, you will know what kind of knowing he meant when he wrote that line. By knowing, he clearly meant the intelligence and not the consciousness. A good portion of the book is dealt with explaining how consciousness is still an unexplored territory in neural science. I dont think theres any incinsistency here.
Dongles Adams called it, the pi super computer... deep thought, Adam' s fictional super computer, created the earth as a computer trying to find the question that equals 42 +:)
Yuval makes so many logical leaps . . . I wish he could justify his perspective. Moreover his predictions which seem largely based on assumptions are so incredibly dehumanizing that I'm surprised he has the gall to open his mouth.
Yeah if the chinese want to merge with machines and cease to be human, that is up to them. I say rig the doomsday machine and hope they don't attack us.
@Bu Rida It's always being rewritten. It's the hard part of being a historian (which is a interest of mine - not a profession). Seeing this quote as a message, it's warning us that we (the people) are being controlled.
The development of technologies with AI will be similar to the development of fire by man. There's a huge disparity between those that will have it and those that don't in terms of power and capabilities.
A great discussion, although could hardly watch 5 minutes without adverts ruining the experience. AI sure has a lot to learn when it comes to user experience
28:00 "With AI driving the car..." You can have several solutions to these ethical questions. And Google and Tesla go to the market, with the "Altruistic Car", and the "Egoistic Car" (You can buy either), the customer is always right! : D interesting question!
He's cute. Though he's gay, the ladies twinkled at him. Intellect is a strong aphrodisiac,! it may be pertinent to the "father my kids" urges that are instinctually driven in women.
Essentially he is not worried about an AI that is self-aware, defined its own purpose and started working towards it, but by an AI that is controlled by a few, is the source of all the wealth creation and hence makes most humans incapable of claiming any share of the wealth created. Yes, most people will lose political and economic power, but to be frank, they never had any to begin with. What they will lose is the ILLUSION of having political and economic power.
The poor person on its own individual level might not have any political and economic power, but collectively, like in an organized union, or in a mass protest gathering, there's mighty power there, enough to even bring down corporation and even government
+Iwana Gohome There won't be any revolutions and revolutions won't change anything other than those who rule. The problems he forecasts are easily solved, through Basic Income Scheme. Everyone gets enough to buy food, some basic necessities and entertainment. Job becomes optional. As long as people are fed, clothed, have a shelter and entertainment to keep them occupied, there won't be any riots and revolutions.
I am sympathetic to the tools and general goal of transhumanism to alleviate human suffering. Yet I wonder what we might be losing if we adopt the materialist philosophy underpinning transhumanism - if we think that humans are just localized, finite minds, we might be looking in the wrong place for ultimate happiness. For instance, from my perspective, rain dances are not obsolete. I believe something interesting is happening there that can't be explained by the current scientific paradigm.
Excellent debate. Pity the BBC presenter did not learn to pronounce the speaker's name, which he repeated countless times, properly. Yuval not Yeovil. Two syllables. How hard can that be for someone fronting a programme called "Intelligence Squared?
One of the most interesting aspects of this debate is I remember hearing one coming up with pretty much the same conclusions - about how our life will be taken over, or at least revolutionised - by computers when I was in my teens, 40 years ago.
I have read and thoroughly enjoyed both of these astonishingly thought provoking books, Listening to Yuval Harari is a genuine pleasure. Thank you so much for making this available.
There is tremendous emotional and psychological healing when another human empathizes with us.. compassionately understands us at a deep level. Then once we are accepted and loved and understood we can move forward. So a psychotherapist can help people understand and accept and love themselves. Maybe in this Brave New World that we are hearing about more of us can be in the healing professions. Maybe not the medical side or the chemical side as much but more the side of really listening and caring for each other. Wouldn't that be nice!!!???!!!
My dear young friend Noah, @ 1:28:30 when you're saying ",,,the most promising is the human reaction to nuclear power ........" there is actually zero progress made since 75 years. The threat with the nuclear destruction is today even bigger then 50-60 years ago, just because it's not in the peoples minds, does not mean it doesn't exist. One stupid error somewhere in any of those missile bunkers, any wrong interpreted radar-observation or an "imperfect" algorithm and the hell breaks loose. To have survived such an threat for 70 decades is not enough, don't we want to get it on here for the next 40 000 years? So where is the progress???, and the "Hope". ? You young Generation has to get rid of that shit, I wish you honestly all the best.
At 7:07: "...we have banished, without any divine help..." That is a rather odd statement for a scientist to say. "Without proof of help..." might be better. Why would he declaratively say "without ANY divine help"? Now he needs to provide proof of the non-contribution. Why even mention it? Just makes him appear more arrogant.
It's all very interesting, but what I don't understand is the naive amount of trust Harari currently seems to attribute to government, when at the same time he states himself that the Internet (developped by a few people in random organisations) has evolved mostly as a good thing so far and seeing at the same time how the same Internet is currently transformed for the worse under government control like in China, Turkey etc.. Both private organisations and the meanwhile really huge government bureaucracy complex have their own agenda, but private organisations at least need the agreement of the customer whereas government has the power to isolate, harm, oppress and even extinct a citizens life without having to live up to real competition within its borders. Government bureaucracies are not following a "neoliberal doctrine" - this is a wrong story that Harari seems to have started to believe. They have instead during the last century tremendously increased their financial income, manpower, authority and regulations. If governments are losing influence in some areas, it has to do with their ineffectiveness and missing independence of thougth / entrepreneurial spirit and then of course because of various mismatches of the level (local, national, global) of regulations vs. the corresponding social and economic activities of people as mentioned by Harari elsewhere.
This is both enlightening and scary at the same time. Yuval Harari is able to explain complex future scenarios with a practical relevance for anyone paying attention. His prediction of "useless people" sounds similar to what Aldous Huxley described in "Brave New World." I wonder whether soma will be a drug or a VR headset?
A drug will be more effective (can cause actual emotional effects) and not to mention, it has a more profitable business plan (you can keep selling drugs to addicts who keep chugging them down).
meauxx Soma is already in place. Digital entertainment and media. Look how dependent we already are, in our free time we watch tv or surf the internet. its almost a drug, except we are not aware of it.
Money and Rights as fiction? These are probably the most important concepts to understand if one wishes to also understand peaceful human interaction on a large scale. These are not myths. Property and the human rights entailed in it are the most necessary attribute of successful, peaceful, stable societies in the modern era. To ignore it as a fiction, just a story one tells, is to deny human rights as something to be sought after. It is to ignore the security of the individual, and to place all faith in elite technocrats and AI god-systems. Am I in the face of some nigh omnipotent man-made machine to lose all value, all of my rights? Am I to be eliminated along with billions for expediency? I would gladly live alongside machine beings who respect my right to exist in freedom as much as theirs. But if you place a man such as this at their head, an unstoppable holocaust may occur.
2020 here: If you’re an American you would not have chosen a question mark for your punctuation at the end of your first sentence. I can guarantee you that. November 4th here: Trump was re-elected last night. Money maybe, but Rights no longer exist. Forget about your question mark!!!!!
The therapist more often effective in achieving successful outcomes regarding those struggling with emotional issues and commonly resulting behavioral problems are those who have themselves personally succeeded in overcoming their own emotional retribution created from an unwanted situation, a life altering event , or a significant loss. The success of these individuals comes from the incredible amount of knowledge gained as a result of their own individual experience. Knowledge so advanced and complex it requires the human mind to process, comprehend, and implement actions necessary for the betterment of human consciousness.
All the famously shared stories are being exposed by this genius with a great logic indeed.....hard to contradict his point of view even for other intellectuals too...
I think the idea he has recently presented of hacking humans under their skin is interesting. I can see a future where people can be tracked and couldn't buy or sell unless they have a certain chip, or mark on or in their body. Doesn't Microsoft have a European patent on some sort of biometric data gathering system? What could go wrong.
The tragedy of the Islamic world is that it has rejected the Enlightenment it enabled by transforming Greek and Roman science/ philosophy into the Renaissance.
A few many years ago I wouldn't have understood what he's talking about and would have thought that he's "crazy" or out of his mind... listening to it today, I believe he is pretty much predicting a future where I perhaps had a glimpse of and kind of looked in this direction and saying it out loud. And I can only agree with him.
Well thats the place where Hinduism & Sanatan Dharma would start playing Its role. Thats the place where "Vedant" would come forward with its very well to go concept of "non-dualism". There is no "me" & "you" , its all the creation of the creator and all are the part of It.As horses were replaced by cars and motors , same way people would be replaced by AI and ML with data driven algorithm, at that time human will no have to fight for mere survival of food and water.And the very same time human with its basic instict of empathy, respect , care , share would start working towards meditation and inner cleanings.Imstead of having mere fight of basics and luxuries, human will work towards reaching higher self......And thats exactly "Sreemadbhagvadgeeta" teaches. In spite if your religion , please do read once being a natural knowledge seeker. You will get your solution.....
Asking for the "real" AI experts instead of a historian at minute 18: Max Tegmark in Life 3.0 spells out these potential lines of developement in a near perfect manner.
All three books Sapiens, Homo Deus and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century should be taught in every school as part of the national school curriculum. Fascinating books!!
It took me a while to get it. Do I like it? Does it matter? You're a smart man, Yuval Harari. It's been years since this and things are as you described them. Will your warnings make any difference?
Perhaps the task of religion, not only now, but in future is not to analyze reality, but to ponder it-reflect on it, and help us decide how to live into changing realities and adapt to them in ways that promote well being and to preserve mystery and meaning for, if we do become useless what then will be the purpose of living if it is absent of meaning
read bothof his books,Sapiens and Homo Deus all in all great , outstanding, loved his writing style the way how he describes A.I ,never got bored because the comparison and parallelism he uses is entertaining,well worth!
Industrial revolution VS. Information revolution----- One good analogy I have heard is as follows: The horse had had all kinds of innovations over many years, which supplemented its productivity. (i.e. the saddle, the stirrup, the plow.) At the end of the 19th century, the internal combustion engine came online, and the horse was replaced. The next 20 years are the end of the 19th century, and you're the horse.
The (Omni) Present in what we call The Now is infinite with 'a beginning ' : " Is there a relationship between PIE and The NOW? ". The PIEnumber changes always, without ending and meanwhile staying unique as a total number (as far found). I think fieldformula change drasticly if The Now (as PIE) is integrated as a 'working' number' not only as an indicator of distance but also in time; Is PIE key to timespace?
I really hope the Intelligence Squared would allow additional translation to other languages so the knowledge and spirit of this video can be spread widely!
So if less and less people are needed in the job market (and those people maybe will have to get universal basic income), does that mean that the people who actually work will have to earn even more in comparison to be willing to work? So the class differences would increase in such a society...
Wow , one and a half hours of the most insight-full discussions i have hear in a long time , sadly most ordinary people are far too busy trying to get by in life to actually find the time to invest in these ideas , but lease find the time if you really care about the future , i highly recomend it to every adult thinking person , real food for thought ...
Very interesting conversations - but there is no mention of negative population growth in the developed world. The population of the globe could be reduced by up to a billion in 20 to 30 years, simply from old people dying and not being replaced. That is going to change the dynamics of the global economy - the countries with growing populations, and growing markets, are sub Saharan Africa and India (but India is already peaking), the West, China, Russia, Asia all have falling populations. In some cases, the population decline is happening rapidly. The massive markets will be the less educated populations of Sub Saharan Africa while the technocrats of the Northern hemisphere represent a declining market.
I do really like him adding up a new class as useless class ... we never encountered such classifications before, thinking all classes somehow are relevant only different .. simply genius...
I worked on London underground automated train system. Most of faults were traced back to driver errors. Trains would run better in normal operation without drivers. But in emergency situations there too many variables. Harari point of philosophical problem with automated cars "who should die?" Is non issue with computerised train systems because emergency default, is to stop. Pretty logical really. Yes people get run over on the track but that's due to people deliberately climbing over physical barriers or suicide, which drivers/computers have never predicted.
Materialist Philosophy ignores the fact that - by its nature, even by admission of honest materialist philosophers - it is itself incomplete, and ploughs on indulging in its own beliefs to create castles built first in the air, then [occasionally getting that far] on sand. This talk is a good example: the belief is that LIFE is caused entirely by material effects. As though dealing efficiently with information problems can lead to economic systems that can bring the things that make life good and worth living: peace and contentment and laughter and generosity and joy and respect and kindliness and love, etc etc. Artificial Intelligence is a misnomer, unless you define intelligence as merely problem-solving. However, the speaker is intelligent. From some of his words I suspect that he might even agree with the above, under his preoccupation with political/technological developments of the near future. Good luck to him. Not enough people think with such clarity.
You've pointed out something very important. He does himself, rest on a materialist premise. There is an alternative to the current methodology of Natural Science, offered by Goethe (see his method on understanding Colour, and challenges Isaac Newton's theory, which we are all taught at school), and added to by Rudolf Steiner. So far, Goethe hasn't made a dent in our education systems, but it leaves the door open to the existence of an existing spiritual realm, and is not the 'closed system' of thinking that the Natural Sciences are.
Professor Harari.... I have changed my Professions five (5) times. I am now developing a new Fusion engine which will be necessary to navigate the Deep-Space environment economically, and achieve near-light speed speed.
The problem here is the usual one: confusing means with ends; cf Kant
7 ปีที่แล้ว +3
Excellent thanks to find someone expressing my thoughts. When we lose our ability to read we also lose ability to write consciousness takes a back seat, and you get generations of USELESS purpose less wandering generalities who wish not to know but engineer our feelings separate from instinct, lose our survival tools.
Getting to full artificial intelligence is not a given. I wouldnt be as positive about overcoming all our struggles through even more technological advancements, but I do like what he presents to us!
If people do not need to have jobs they will focus on leisure and creative activities. They may focus on making each other happy and improving their quality of life through relationships. It is consciousness, feelings, emotions, and relationships that make life worth living, not cold, dead, technological facts. Developing the potential of the minds of the human race is something that should not be wasted.
The myth that ones entire being is result of meaningless bio-chemical reactions of the brain is unfortunate. It's absolutely opposite to "self-realization". Sentience is definitely NOT emotional phenomenon nor mental phenomena, its beyond that, it is eternal and immeasurable by physical instruments. Know the true self which has always been there behind the countless illusions of the world.
“Satan, on the contrary, is thin, ascetic and a fanatical devotee of logic. He reads Machiavelli, Ignatius of Loyola, Marx and Hegel; he is cold and unmerciful to mankind, out of a kind of mathematical mercifulness. He is damned always to do that which is most repugnant to him: to become a slaughterer, in order to abolish slaughtering, to sacrifice lambs so that no more lambs may be slaughtered, to whip people with knouts so that they may learn not to let themselves be whipped, to strip himself of every scruple in the name of a higher scrupulousness, and to challenge the hatred of mankind because of his love for it--an abstract and geometric love.” - Arthur Koestler (Darkness at Noon)
"We'd rather talk about things we understand that aren't important, than discuss things that are important, because we don't understand it". Damn. So true.
Everyone always talks about at least one think they don't understand, probably including the person who said the quote above
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Is what I allways critize about Elon Musk who decides on a another space race to mars wich I don't realy see the point off and can do nothing about except not buy his stuff.
That's why ,he mention about useless people
It’s all apart of the globalists elites plan their puppets are Klaus shwaub and Jobs and Harrari among others who they are well there’s allot of them most likely the usual shadow leaders like the Morgan’s Medici rockefellers and rothchilds and world leaders country’s over , I can’t name every group for sure the ability to hide is what gives them power . They want us chemically castrated so we can’t populate more and without testosterone we won’t have the energy or power to rise up like our ancestors with 10x test would have They want our moral grounding that took us so far erradicated and confused masked under wokness and pushed by their useful idiots the “extreme liberals “ who in the true terms are anything but liberal . And keep us distracted with tv and porn unlike our ancestors who had to stew in their thourghts among the company of friends , leading to them standing up. It’s just like the old Roman saying : “give them bread and games and they will ignore everything else we do” . The devil is in the detail . The world is moving towards feudalism and we are the serfs . The WEF openly talks and publishes its views about how “we will own nothing have no privacy and be happy”. These people have addresses . ...
Thanks!
Highlights
12:00 Useless class
20:18 Hypothetical existential threat - A.I. with goal of calculating pi
55:14 Consciousness VS. Intelligence
1:01:15 Industrial revolution VS. Information revolution - different end games
1:18:00 commerce between algorithms - new economic model?
The number pi (3.1415...), not pie ;-)
@@ThomasKreuz spell check.. LOL!
Is this “useless class” really “useless” if they can be milked for their data?
It’s all apart of the globalists elites plan their puppets are Klaus shwaub and Jobs and Harrari among others who they are well there’s allot of them most likely the usual shadow leaders like the Morgan’s Medici rockefellers and rothchilds and world leaders country’s over , I can’t name every group for sure the ability to hide is what gives them power . They want us chemically castrated so we can’t populate more and without testosterone we won’t have the energy or power to rise up like our ancestors with 10x test would have They want our moral grounding that took us so far erradicated and confused masked under wokness and pushed by their useful idiots the “extreme liberals “ who in the true terms are anything but liberal . And keep us distracted with tv and porn unlike our ancestors who had to stew in their thourghts among the company of friends , leading to them standing up. It’s just like the old Roman saying : “give them bread and games and they will ignore everything else we do” . The devil is in the detail . The world is moving towards feudalism and we are the serfs . The WEF openly talks and publishes its views about how “we will own nothing have no privacy and be happy”. These people have addresses . ...
@@x9147 ,
Excellent questions by the host as well. Love the conversation.. it is mind blowing
Reading Sapiens and Homo Deus is like taking the red pill in the Matrix. Brilliant books.
without the alt-right meme attached at least
lol, yeah.
The alt-right will never leave you. And for good reason. There is always a left hand path and a right hand path. The rest is just the snake eating its tail thinking it is relevant.
jackriver1999 Amazing and life changing
Interviewer is not up to the task. He doesn't seem to understand for some reason the basics of the topic, hence dragging down the conversation to reduced monologue, though haven't see anybody else doing a lot better.
Consciousness core essence is to be self-aware. What is the possible usefulness to be self-aware for certain entities varies. Certainly, as Harari points out, consciousness is just a natural feature, thus it can be formed etc. as a hybrid(organic-inorganic), or completely inorganic manner. There is all the difference in the world, if we create godlike monster/create artificial hell, or if we create the "opposite". Current stream doesn't indicate likely scenario of compassionate AI. We better nurture the progress towards compassionate, for all of us, specially because AI will be beyond measure more intelligent than the smartest human is now. This all, even if humans will survive as a hubris species. Not realistic to assume humans to survive in a way that we understand the concept today, but in the best case scenario, as a hubris species.
As it is, that computers can detect emotions and learn from it to better understand humans than any human can(later on), there is one clear path to computers to become self-aware. A priority is to lead the technological development to the direction, where commonly negative properties(envy, anger etc.) of our emotional features are eliminated and positive like empathy is coded in. One huge obstacle to this scenario to become a reality is that the people in power(very few and possibly more so in future) do not see empathy as a positive property, but rather as a disadvantage. Human feelings formed to serve for ex. to nurturing offspring, that is surely an advantage for the species, thus can argue the importance of artificial empathy.
We Should also make a priority any kind of future life(prefer it to have at least a good memory of humans and also actually anything..) to be locked in to infinity i.e. make it impossible to go extinct. This with empathy is something that most sane person would like.
The Audio versions of his books are really well done. They were the backdrop audio during moments of my world travels, and have drastically changed my outlook on life in general.
He should’ve voiced his own books. I can’t stand British accents and the same guy narrates all his books so they’re totally ruined for me. Thanks Audible for not getting the right person to narrate a book😡 Big surprise. 🙄
As has the world travel I am sure.
My fav part of the book: "when the gay parade goes trough jerusalem is when the city is more peacefull because christian, jews and muslims have something to hate together" ahahaha
how sad and believable.
How about using the word reject instead of hate. Exercising their free will.
Love that statement. He's a genius.
I have reinvented myself several times (career wise, relationship wise, priority wise... ) You know what ! Its interesting, enjoyable, satisfying . I did not need a hardwear upgrade ! I did need imagination, appetite , I guess courage too. I am still doing it too ! The outcomes were valued, but the capacity never has been ! Quite the contrary ! I found its best not to make my versatility obvious because either it was disbelieved or it was seen negatively ! in other words predictability and stability of focus and priority is rated . So my experience tells me that humanity has no need of hardware upgrades, it needs ideological sophistication , optimism and an end to either/or thinking of personality ....
I think the middle ground of hardware not necessarily upgrading, but aiding/supporting humans? Something that'd say make our survival in space easier? Something that'd make us live longer, or more importantly healthier? Something that'd cure old age as we know it?
@@divyanshrai4138 Agree with you longevity research already achieved great results in the lab and the industry is Just starting to take of
@Evan Hodge Not as insensitive as the future AI will be.
Agree... however humans must DEAL WITH TECH and perhaps you are more talented in many aspects than many of us. I hear and feel and observe many things differently which difference affects my priorities ...thus my speaking, reading, YOU-TUBING👀😎 Etc. CARRY ON 👍
Took me a little while to sort this out but yes I agree. Especially with the keeping your versitality private.
Please add subtitles....for better comprehension
it's always amaze me how small is the difference between us and other animals
...because we are animals? Rooted in the animal kingdom?We are nothing without our animal heritage.....
it's really strange, people say they believe in god but when it become uncomfortable or they may lose money - they no longer believe!
Suppose planet earth gets hit by an meteorite & the sun is blocked & most or all of us die, will all memory of previous evolution start from scratch? What if lifestyle (forever chemicals, plastics, batteries, our inventions) destroy our ability to live (water, soil, air), will a master race live with their computers collecting data in geodesic domes or in geothermal bunkers. What purpose are emotions & intelligence if we were the ones who survive & plants & animals become extinct? Does he ever talk about capitalism or the environment, the dumb animal/consumers we are now? Something emperical besides computers managed by isolated (wealth), child-like humans with little education in philosophy/history/religion but obsessed with private, personal concerns, power, control & capital accumulation, not the future of the planet.
Tell that to the apostles in the bible who lost their lives for being Christians and people living in re-education camps in communist countries.
The Hitch is gone , sadly. Times are on the change, we can’t help but notice. Well here is the replacement. Listen hard and analyse. He has arrived to educate us with profound logic. His TH-cam talks take us into future with his clear and concise mind. Hitch startled me with intelligence so does this man. Cheers SBM.
@B Smith well, he is not a messenger. He is only projecting his view of possible route of the future. And he is quite dramatic on that. Weak people easily fall to that.
Well, six years later, and we are here. He was right!
maybe his best interview - and, importantly, interviewer - I have seen yet. Fantastically thought-provoking
The woman at 52:20 actually makes a very good point, and Harari himself acknowledges it. You can even seen in his facial expression as she's saying it that "Hmmm, I don't have a ready answer for this one."
Really? Doesn't seem to me after such a wonderful and clear answer he gave to the lady.
If you read the book, you will know what kind of knowing he meant when he wrote that line. By knowing, he clearly meant the intelligence and not the consciousness. A good portion of the book is dealt with explaining how consciousness is still an unexplored territory in neural science.
I dont think theres any incinsistency here.
It would have been such a great joy to have heard a conversation between Professor Harari and Isaac Asimov.
Maybe in the future we can bring Asimov back to life by training an artificial personality on his written work.
or philip k dick
Dongles Adams called it, the pi super computer... deep thought, Adam' s fictional super computer, created the earth as a computer trying to find the question that equals 42 +:)
Asimov's short story The Last Question posed the ultimate challenge to Harari's materialist philosophy and transhumanism: "But not forever."
And Dawkins
Yuval makes so many logical leaps . . . I wish he could justify his perspective. Moreover his predictions which seem largely based on assumptions are so incredibly dehumanizing that I'm surprised he has the gall to open his mouth.
Yeah if the chinese want to merge with machines and cease to be human, that is up to them. I say rig the doomsday machine and hope they don't attack us.
Mmm...why Chinese ? So yellow of you. Their technology is at least 10 years behind the Americans.
You mean imaginative leaps.
Hes got big funders
He might be the AntiChrist?🤔
It was after this talk Yuval stared writing his new book "21 Lessons for the 21st Century"...
I hope the golden age he talked about in 2016 can be saved and preserved for the future.
“Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.” - Orwell
I beg to differ. Ever heard of Rome, Egypt or the Ottoman empire? Some quotes are crap.
@@leesteal4458 Inner struggle and corruption is actually proving the point of control. They lost their control and their empires fell.
@Bu Rida It's always being rewritten. It's the hard part of being a historian (which is a interest of mine - not a profession). Seeing this quote as a message, it's warning us that we (the people) are being controlled.
Obviously, Orwell stole this quote from Rage Against The Machine.
@@AnkurBorwankar Obviously XD
The interviewer asks interesting and stimulating questions. Great video!
He is Sudanese peasant.
Awesome talk and Q and A
The development of technologies with AI will be similar to the development of fire by man. There's a huge disparity between those that will have it and those that don't in terms of power and capabilities.
A great discussion, although could hardly watch 5 minutes without adverts ruining the experience. AI sure has a lot to learn when it comes to user experience
28:00 "With AI driving the car..." You can have several solutions to these ethical questions. And Google and Tesla go to the market, with the "Altruistic Car", and the "Egoistic Car" (You can buy either), the customer is always right!
: D interesting question!
His sense of humour sprinkled in all his talks is rather attractive
He's cute. Though he's gay, the ladies twinkled at him. Intellect is a strong aphrodisiac,! it may be pertinent to the "father my kids" urges that are instinctually driven in women.
they forgot the 3rd solution, dont buy a self driving car......
Is there a transcript for this?
Essentially he is not worried about an AI that is self-aware, defined its own purpose and started working towards it, but by an AI that is controlled by a few, is the source of all the wealth creation and hence makes most humans incapable of claiming any share of the wealth created.
Yes, most people will lose political and economic power, but to be frank, they never had any to begin with. What they will lose is the ILLUSION of having political and economic power.
The poor person on its own individual level might not have any political and economic power, but collectively, like in an organized union, or in a mass protest gathering, there's mighty power there, enough to even bring down corporation and even government
+Iwana Gohome There won't be any revolutions and revolutions won't change anything other than those who rule.
The problems he forecasts are easily solved, through Basic Income Scheme. Everyone gets enough to buy food, some basic necessities and entertainment. Job becomes optional. As long as people are fed, clothed, have a shelter and entertainment to keep them occupied, there won't be any riots and revolutions.
I am sympathetic to the tools and general goal of transhumanism to alleviate human suffering. Yet I wonder what we might be losing if we adopt the materialist philosophy underpinning transhumanism - if we think that humans are just localized, finite minds, we might be looking in the wrong place for ultimate happiness.
For instance, from my perspective, rain dances are not obsolete. I believe something interesting is happening there that can't be explained by the current scientific paradigm.
i would love to hear a discussion between Yuval Noah Harari and Roberto Unger
All three books translated in Tamil by மேடம் நாகலட்சுமி சண்முகம் அவர்களுக்கு நன்றி Harari is great
Excellent debate.
Pity the BBC presenter did not learn to pronounce the speaker's name, which he repeated countless times, properly. Yuval not Yeovil. Two syllables. How hard can that be for someone fronting a programme called "Intelligence Squared?
He has very bold and highly rational predictive complex predictions!
Where was this filmed? Questions from the audience are of very poor quality vs. the Portman video or the IMF video.
For "not knowing anything about technology", he certainly seems to have his head around technology.
One of the most interesting aspects of this debate is I remember hearing one coming up with pretty much the same conclusions - about how our life will be taken over, or at least revolutionised - by computers when I was in my teens, 40 years ago.
I don't think this a current plan.
I have read and thoroughly enjoyed both of these astonishingly thought provoking books, Listening to Yuval Harari is a genuine pleasure. Thank you so much for making this available.
+MrTorleon I find it thoroughly painful to listen to somebody with such poor English
Satan is the great deceiver. Christ Jesus will give anyone who comes to Him(Christ, that is) life eternal. You can know Him. KJV
AB🇨🇳🇨🇳🏳️⚧️🙃
Why is there no option for close captioning?
There is tremendous emotional and psychological healing when another human empathizes with us.. compassionately understands us at a deep level. Then once we are accepted and loved and understood we can move forward. So a psychotherapist can help people understand and accept and love themselves. Maybe in this Brave New World that we are hearing about more of us can be in the healing professions. Maybe not the medical side or the chemical side as much but more the side of really listening and caring for each other. Wouldn't that be nice!!!???!!!
My dear young friend Noah, @ 1:28:30 when you're saying ",,,the most promising is the human reaction to nuclear power ........" there is actually zero progress made since 75 years. The threat with the nuclear destruction is today even bigger then 50-60 years ago, just because it's not in the peoples minds, does not mean it doesn't exist. One stupid error somewhere in any of those missile bunkers, any wrong interpreted radar-observation or an "imperfect" algorithm and the hell breaks loose. To have survived such an threat for 70 decades is not enough, don't we want to get it on here for the next
40 000 years? So where is the progress???, and the "Hope". ? You young Generation has to get rid of that shit, I wish you honestly all the best.
Completely agree with Yuval when he says the philosophical questions are just as important as the technical ones in regards to AI and biotech.
Both philosophical and ethical, even moreso
Does anyone know where I can get the video with subtitles/closed captions?
What I’ve notice is how many children today are self teaching from TH-cam, even in Mexico, and some are inventing new technology.
At 7:07: "...we have banished, without any divine help..." That is a rather odd statement for a scientist to say. "Without proof of help..." might be better. Why would he declaratively say "without ANY divine help"? Now he needs to provide proof of the non-contribution. Why even mention it? Just makes him appear more arrogant.
It's all very interesting, but what I don't understand is the naive amount of trust Harari currently seems to attribute to government, when at the same time he states himself that the Internet (developped by a few people in random organisations) has evolved mostly as a good thing so far and seeing at the same time how the same Internet is currently transformed for the worse under government control like in China, Turkey etc..
Both private organisations and the meanwhile really huge government bureaucracy complex have their own agenda, but private organisations at least need the agreement of the customer whereas government has the power to isolate, harm, oppress and even extinct a citizens life without having to live up to real competition within its borders.
Government bureaucracies are not following a "neoliberal doctrine" - this is a wrong story that Harari seems to have started to believe. They have instead during the last century tremendously increased their financial income, manpower, authority and regulations. If governments are losing influence in some areas, it has to do with their ineffectiveness and missing independence of thougth / entrepreneurial spirit and then of course because of various mismatches of the level (local, national, global) of regulations vs. the corresponding social and economic activities of people as mentioned by Harari elsewhere.
Really astonishing subject👌🏻
This is both enlightening and scary at the same time. Yuval Harari is able to explain complex future scenarios with a practical relevance for anyone paying attention. His prediction of "useless people" sounds similar to what Aldous Huxley described in "Brave New World." I wonder whether soma will be a drug or a VR headset?
A drug will be more effective (can cause actual emotional effects) and not to mention, it has a more profitable business plan (you can keep selling drugs to addicts who keep chugging them down).
antideprsessants and medicine against anxiety are already, in a way, precursors of the 'soma'
por que no los dos?
Aldous Huxley talked about "Perceptual Cinema", that's more like VR.
meauxx Soma is already in place. Digital entertainment and media. Look how dependent we already are, in our free time we watch tv or surf the internet. its almost a drug, except we are not aware of it.
The most impactful bookI've read in years! Very important for all thinking people to read! Thank you Prof. Harari
The human now is hackeable. Yes thanks Menguele
Have fun being chipped and having zero privacy or thoughts of your own. Turn to Christ for freedom not this horrid stuff.
Money and Rights as fiction? These are probably the most important concepts to understand if one wishes to also understand peaceful human interaction on a large scale.
These are not myths. Property and the human rights entailed in it are the most necessary attribute of successful, peaceful, stable societies in the modern era.
To ignore it as a fiction, just a story one tells, is to deny human rights as something to be sought after. It is to ignore the security of the individual, and to place all faith in elite technocrats and AI god-systems. Am I in the face of some nigh omnipotent man-made machine to lose all value, all of my rights? Am I to be eliminated along with billions for expediency?
I would gladly live alongside machine beings who respect my right to exist in freedom as much as theirs. But if you place a man such as this at their head, an unstoppable holocaust may occur.
2020 here: If you’re an American you would not have chosen a question mark for your punctuation at the end of your first sentence. I can guarantee you that.
November 4th here: Trump was re-elected last night. Money maybe, but Rights no longer exist. Forget about your question mark!!!!!
@@inthevault9603 nope. -
The therapist more often effective in achieving successful outcomes regarding those struggling with emotional issues and commonly resulting behavioral problems are those who have themselves personally succeeded in overcoming their own emotional retribution created from an unwanted situation, a life altering event , or a significant loss. The success of these individuals comes from the incredible amount of knowledge gained as a result of their own individual experience. Knowledge so advanced and complex it requires the human mind to process, comprehend, and implement actions necessary for the betterment of human consciousness.
All the famously shared stories are being exposed by this genius with a great logic indeed.....hard to contradict his point of view even for other intellectuals too...
In the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed is the King.
Thank you , the discussion is quite engaging and captures the essence of all your books i.e Homo deus, Sapiens and 21 Century.
I think the idea he has recently presented of hacking humans under their skin is interesting. I can see a future where people can be tracked and couldn't buy or sell unless they have a certain chip, or mark on or in their body. Doesn't Microsoft have a European patent on some sort of biometric data gathering system? What could go wrong.
To think people are intrigued by the idea of a soulless consciousness....
The tragedy of the Islamic world is that it has rejected the Enlightenment it enabled by transforming Greek and Roman science/ philosophy into the Renaissance.
Outstanding....
How do you calculate a pie? Like the radius or diameter? Is that what he means? I’m confused.
A few many years ago I wouldn't have understood what he's talking about and would have thought that he's "crazy" or out of his mind... listening to it today, I believe he is pretty much predicting a future where I perhaps had a glimpse of and kind of looked in this direction and saying it out loud. And I can only agree with him.
Well thats the place where Hinduism & Sanatan Dharma would start playing Its role. Thats the place where "Vedant" would come forward with its very well to go concept of "non-dualism". There is no "me" & "you" , its all the creation of the creator and all are the part of It.As horses were replaced by cars and motors , same way people would be replaced by AI and ML with data driven algorithm, at that time human will no have to fight for mere survival of food and water.And the very same time human with its basic instict of empathy, respect , care , share would start working towards meditation and inner cleanings.Imstead of having mere fight of basics and luxuries, human will work towards reaching higher self......And thats exactly "Sreemadbhagvadgeeta" teaches. In spite if your religion , please do read once being a natural knowledge seeker. You will get your solution.....
The great man, that i can spend my day listening to him
Asking for the "real" AI experts instead of a historian at minute 18: Max Tegmark in Life 3.0 spells out these potential lines of developement in a near perfect manner.
5 people or the driver = car has ejector seat with parachute and car ejects driver safely whilst driving off the cliff. Driver and the five are safe.
Not exactly, instantly a rocky extension will be produced over the head.
All three books Sapiens, Homo Deus and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century should be taught in every school as part of the national school curriculum.
Fascinating books!!
It took me a while to get it.
Do I like it? Does it matter?
You're a smart man, Yuval Harari.
It's been years since this and things are as you described them.
Will your warnings make any difference?
This book is a monument to pride and human megalomania.
What's your alternative?
The alternative to godhood is death.
Perhaps the task of religion, not only now, but in future is not to analyze reality, but to ponder it-reflect on it, and help us decide how to live into changing realities and adapt to them in ways that promote well being and to preserve mystery and meaning for, if we do become useless what then will be the purpose of living if it is absent of meaning
read bothof his books,Sapiens and Homo Deus all in all great , outstanding, loved his writing style the way how he describes A.I ,never got bored because the comparison and parallelism he uses is entertaining,well worth!
thank you
Industrial revolution VS. Information revolution----- One good analogy I have heard is as follows: The horse had had all kinds of innovations over many years, which supplemented its productivity. (i.e. the saddle, the stirrup, the plow.) At the end of the 19th century, the internal combustion engine came online, and the horse was replaced. The next 20 years are the end of the 19th century, and you're the horse.
Wow, this aged like fine wine!
It's 2023, and AI is here. The useless class is here as well. Very prophetic. 💯
The (Omni) Present in what we call The Now is infinite with 'a beginning ' : " Is there a relationship between PIE and The NOW? ". The PIEnumber changes always, without ending and meanwhile staying unique as a total number (as far found). I think fieldformula change drasticly if The Now (as PIE) is integrated as a 'working' number' not only as an indicator of distance but also in time; Is PIE key to timespace?
Is the number 3,..... to see as: past, present, future/
I really hope the Intelligence Squared would allow additional translation to other languages so the knowledge and spirit of this video can be spread widely!
So if less and less people are needed in the job market (and those people maybe will have to get universal basic income), does that mean that the people who actually work will have to earn even more in comparison to be willing to work? So the class differences would increase in such a society...
Wow , one and a half hours of the most insight-full discussions i have hear in a long time , sadly most ordinary people are far too busy trying to get by in life to actually find the time to invest in these ideas , but lease find the time if you really care about the future , i highly recomend it to every adult thinking person , real food for thought ...
Very interesting conversations - but there is no mention of negative population growth in the developed world. The population of the globe could be reduced by up to a billion in 20 to 30 years, simply from old people dying and not being replaced. That is going to change the dynamics of the global economy - the countries with growing populations, and growing markets, are sub Saharan Africa and India (but India is already peaking), the West, China, Russia, Asia all have falling populations. In some cases, the population decline is happening rapidly. The massive markets will be the less educated populations of Sub Saharan Africa while the technocrats of the Northern hemisphere represent a declining market.
I do really like him adding up a new class as useless class ... we never encountered such classifications before, thinking all classes somehow are relevant only different .. simply genius...
Maybe he’s thinking about the Palestinians.
Not a new mindset. Not an original idea. Previous regimes adopted this working idea
1:08:00 - have you heard about DAO - Decentrelized Autonomous Organization . its been created right now.
Ya...V/AIt's not clear from that
If Google is going to hire philosophers in the future, then I have hopes with getting a job after my PhD
Same here
ha ha ha AAAAHAHAHA a PhD in philosophy ha ha ha oh man.
How nice to know that. Thanks for sharing
I would pay alot if I had it to share views and question them with this man I sit questioning the screen no one interviews him the way I want
Who the hell are you?
Fantastic!
Much food for thought
Yah well we already knew, if you tumble towards a Singularity stuff gets "spaghettified".
what a great word to add to my vocabulary, thanks!
I worked on London underground automated train system. Most of faults were traced back to driver errors. Trains would run better in normal operation without drivers. But in emergency situations there too many variables. Harari point of philosophical problem with automated cars "who should die?" Is non issue with computerised train systems because emergency default, is to stop. Pretty logical really. Yes people get run over on the track but that's due to people deliberately climbing over physical barriers or suicide, which drivers/computers have never predicted.
Materialist Philosophy ignores the fact that - by its nature, even by admission of honest materialist philosophers - it is itself incomplete, and ploughs on indulging in its own beliefs to create castles built first in the air, then [occasionally getting that far] on sand. This talk is a good example: the belief is that LIFE is caused entirely by material effects. As though dealing efficiently with information problems can lead to economic systems that can bring the things that make life good and worth living: peace and contentment and laughter and generosity and joy and respect and kindliness and love, etc etc.
Artificial Intelligence is a misnomer, unless you define intelligence as merely problem-solving.
However, the speaker is intelligent. From some of his words I suspect that he might even agree with the above, under his preoccupation with political/technological developments of the near future. Good luck to him. Not enough people think with such clarity.
You've pointed out something very important. He does himself, rest on a materialist premise. There is an alternative to the current methodology of Natural Science, offered by Goethe (see his method on understanding Colour, and challenges Isaac Newton's theory, which we are all taught at school), and added to by Rudolf Steiner. So far, Goethe hasn't made a dent in our education systems, but it leaves the door open to the existence of an existing spiritual realm, and is not the 'closed system' of thinking that the Natural Sciences are.
Professor Harari.... I have changed my Professions five (5) times. I am now developing a new Fusion engine which will be necessary to navigate the Deep-Space environment economically, and achieve near-light speed speed.
This man and his co parts are probably the biggest threat to humanity than any other singular problem in human history.
Exactly!
Agree!
Nice statement. But without any argumentation it is useless.
Huh
That's a hell of a statement to make with no explanation or example SMH
The problem here is the usual one: confusing means with ends; cf Kant
Excellent thanks to find someone expressing my thoughts. When we lose our ability to read we also lose ability to write consciousness takes a back seat, and you get generations of USELESS purpose less wandering generalities who wish not to know but engineer our feelings separate from instinct, lose our survival tools.
Getting to full artificial intelligence is not a given. I wouldnt be as positive about overcoming all our struggles through even more technological advancements, but I do like what he presents to us!
One of the best discussions with this brilliant man that I've watched. Excellent content and important information for every human being.
Yuval Noah Harari at1:02:55 we finally are free to use our creativity, whithout working on useless and repetitive jobs.
The new "Matrix" by Harari !!
I wish I could watch a dialog between Yuval Harari and Masha Gessen.
Yuval the gay Israeli Google Hitler :)
Jeff Goldblum makes a great interviewer
If people do not need to have jobs they will focus on leisure and creative activities. They may focus on making each other happy and improving their quality of life through relationships. It is consciousness, feelings, emotions, and relationships that make life worth living, not cold, dead, technological facts. Developing the potential of the minds of the human race is something that should not be wasted.
This dude and Robert Sapolsky are EVERYTHING.
Rober Sapolsky is living Legend . Yuval is good but Sapolsky is God level .
@@Q_QQ_Q Only God is God. they are mortal men.
There is more, Nichole.
Keep learning...
@@ShangDiAboveGodhood there is no god .
@@Q_QQ_Q God Is.
Very interesting information that make you think.
The myth that ones entire being is result of meaningless bio-chemical reactions of the brain is unfortunate. It's absolutely opposite to "self-realization".
Sentience is definitely NOT emotional phenomenon nor mental phenomena, its beyond that, it is eternal and immeasurable by physical instruments. Know the true self which has always been there behind the countless illusions of the world.
Humble Guy -- You need dressing to make it easier to consume?
Humble Guy -- Sounded like you were saying it wasn't understandable, not that you just didn't buy it.
I’m not selling anything, I was just expressing my thoughts
I read this in Deepak Chopra's voice.
Knowing how to say his name would be a good start!
Obviously, machines will treat Humanity as a problem in the system, just like humans already do.
Everything boils down to figure out what is right and wrong.
I took his class online of A brief History of Humankind. What a good professor.
Is that course still available? If so, where did he teach it? I’d love to take it.
“Satan, on the contrary, is thin, ascetic and a fanatical devotee of logic. He reads Machiavelli, Ignatius of Loyola, Marx and Hegel; he is cold and unmerciful to mankind, out of a kind of mathematical mercifulness. He is damned always to do that which is most repugnant to him: to become a slaughterer, in order to abolish slaughtering, to sacrifice lambs so that no more lambs may be slaughtered, to whip people with knouts so that they may learn not to let themselves be whipped, to strip himself of every scruple in the name of a higher scrupulousness, and to challenge the hatred of mankind because of his love for it--an abstract and geometric love.” - Arthur Koestler (Darkness at Noon)