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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 29 มิ.ย. 2024
- Find out what your pee can tell you about your health!
0:00 Intro
0:45 The basics
1:01 Fluorescent urine
1:18 Red urine
4:30 Orange urine
5:04 Purple urine
5:52 Green urine
6:21 Frothy urine
6:54 Peeing too much
7:44 Peeing too little
8:03 How much water should you drink?
8:57 Color-changing urine
Can you drink too much water? This video discuss a tragic case of a woman who died from a water overdose - watch to understand how this happened and what you need to know for your health. • Can you drink TOO MUCH...
This video is made for educational purposes only and should not be viewed as medical advice. Speak to your doctor if you have any concerns about your health.
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~ Siobhan (Violin MD) ~
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📚 References:
* www.cmaj.ca/content/180/2/251
* www.cmaj.ca/content/190/8/E224
* www.cmaj.ca/content/179/5/491
* www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
* www.cmaj.ca/content/184/14/1600
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📸 Image Credits:
- Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. - Own work, CC BY 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31118601
- By Copene - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64819648
- By NIAID - Malaria Parasite Connecting to Human Red Blood Cell, CC BY 2.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62117171
Want to learn more about your body? This is part of a whole series - check out the playlist here! th-cam.com/play/PLbkdRr5gLuLSTfko4KJkF7MMzfpg3w6i7.html
One of these days I'm going to binge watch your videos, Dr. Siobhan. ❤
cool, thank You. please, where is the video about the Woman Who drank too much water? regards.
ok, never mind, I've found it, thank You.
@ViolinMD I was just diagnosed with AVN on both of my hips. Would you be able to possibly do a video explaining AVN? I hear it's quite rare
So what do you recommend for someone with an overactive bladder like my brother?
Mine was Red. I went to the ER right away and found out that I had Stage 3 Kidney Cancer. I had my left kidney removed and so far, the cancer hasn't returned. I need to get checked at least once a year. Stage 3 Kidney Cancer has a 53% chance to live 5 years. I'm at 1 and 6 months since surgery so we'll see how it goes the next few years. So, if you have blood in your urine you can't waste any time to get it checked and if Cancer Surgery. Another few weeks or months could change it from an early stage 3 to a late stage 3 or stage 4.
Wishing you well 💞
May I ask, what other symptoms did you have?
@@RubyJane6904 that's the bad thing you really don't. Most people don't find out until the urine turn red. I was seeing a Nephrologist since some of my kidney numbers were off. She had me get off daily strong antinflamatorie (Meloxicam) and my numbers returned to normal. When cancer was found she review all my tests and visit and couldn't find anything to indicate cancer.
Wishing you health for a long time ❤
Praying for your continued health. ❤🙏🏻
My husband drinks beet juice and was super freaked out when it turned his pee a reddish tint the first time. You should do research on cases of colored sweat. My doctor diagnosed me with having Chromhidrosis. My sweat is blue. It’s pretty interesting and also annoying since it turns my toilet seat and white clothes blue over time.
I was just coming to say this. My sister S loves beets and had quite a few with dinner. I can't remember how much later (I was in early elementary school) but she came running into the kitchen crying, "Mommy! Mommy! I'm peeing blood!" Cue my youngest sister, who was still in a high chair, saying, "It's probably her period". Talk about double takes. And it was just the beets.
@@kathleendavidson3316i love he chutzpa of your youngest sister 😂
the blue Chromhidrosis is interesting. do you know what substance causes the blue colour?
Just wear blue
Or you are taking supplements (such as Alive) that contain a beet extract in its veggie powder blends. Scared the hell out of me even though the color was only visible against white TP.
Thank you for this lesson on urine. You have a wonderful manner of making medical issues easily understood by us non medical viewers. I had no idea just how many varying colours of urine there are, nor the issues that cause these colour changes. I thoroughly enjoyed watching this video.
Thank Mary - so glad you enjoyed it!
I'm surprised you didn't cover what is probably most common, cloudy urine. As you pointed out normal healthy pee is clear and light yellow. I learned the hard way that cloudy urine is an indication of a urinary tract infection. My elderly mother is prone to UTIs caused by the E.coli bacteria. Since I have to help her on and off the toilet, I would notice most of her infections by the appearance of her pee in the toilet bowel. If it was cloudy she had an infection. I would then place an urine collection hat on the toilet to collect a sample to take to her doctor's office. The problem I have had with my mother when she has an infection, is that after taking a big pee in the morning her bladder would kind of lock up for rest of the day until bedtime. I finally wised up and placed the hat on the toilet the first thing in the morning. The other problem my mother has is that she is allergic to penicillin, so her doctor would prescribe a cephalosporin antibiotic (Cefprozil, Cefdinir, Cefuroxime) and Ciprofloxacin. One time somehow I did not catch her infection in time and her urine had a milky like appearance. I took the sample to her doctor's office and later that day her doctored called me to say my mother should go to the hospital, so my mother took an ambulance ride to the ER. Her UTI had become septic, the E.coli bacteria was in her bloodstream and her kidneys and lungs were infected. Her blood pressure was unstable and at one time had dropped to 60/30. The ER doctors were expecting her to pass, or at the very least her kidneys would be so damaged she would have to go on dialysis. The ER doctors kept pumping Cefprozil into her. By the next morning her vital signs had stabilized and over the next few days her kidneys fully recovered their function, and she went home. A 95 year old women is not expected to survive this severe an infection. About 7 months after my mother's hospitalization she had an infection that was resistant to first Cefprozil and then Cefuroxime. Her doctor then prescribed Ciprofloxacin which cured the infection. My mother now has UTIs that are resistant to cephalosporin antibiotics. Her doctor now is prescribing Ciprofloxacin for her UTIs, and she is on a prophylaxis antibiotic called Nitrofurantoin Macro and thankfully it has significantly reduced the incidence of UTIs.
I am paralyzed and have to use a catheter to pee. So hello UTIs, especially when I first became injured about three years ago. I take D-Mannose with Cranberry (it’s a pill with both combined) and find that helps so much! As I try to avoid antibiotics as much as possible because as you said, your body becomes resistant. Hope that helps! And of course I drink lots and lots of water 🤍
Thank you for bringing this up! I’ve have several occurrences of cloudy urine and I have kidney stones but not sure if it’s due to infection as it comes and goes.
Please research severe side effects of Ciprofloxacin. I am one among thousands and thousands who have been severely crippled by this drug.
Dr. Jonathan Wright of Tahoma Clinic did extensive research and wrote an article about using D-Mannose for UTI. 1tsp every 2-3 hrs for several days then a maintenance dose
Wow, that's very informative ❤
Bright pink urine can also be caused by (lots of) beetroot. So, before panicking, try to remember your last meals.
Oh my gosh, exactly my experience! Also with red dragon fruit.
I freaked myself out this way! I had some beet juice shots before a long bike ride and panicked after the ride when I used the restroom at the start/finish area. The color was very, very wrong.
I dropped down to the comments to mention that I tinge my urine red at-will, at least once or twice a week, and because I am inclined towards hypertension and have none of the conditions mentioned, my doctor thinks that color for me is preferable! It's just a strange form of announcing one's diet. 😁
Beetroot is very high in oxalates and should not be consumed so remember not to consume it!
*MR OBALAR* ON TH-cam CURED ME TOTALLY🇺🇸..
What great timing. We're currently learning about the urinary system in my Biology class. I'll be sending this to my prof! Thanks Siobhan!
Oh fantastic - so glad to hear that! Hope some of the "real world" examples are helpful!
This brings me back to last year when I noticed blood when I urinated with no pain. Made an appointment with my doctor and it took a couple of weeks to get a KUB and CT scan, they found in my bladder a growth so I was referred to a urologist. I am now onto my 3rd rigid Cystoscopy under GA for bladder cancer with in 12 months. Thank you Siobhan for all your interesting posts on TH-cam.😊
@@williamwatkins1849 William: I am very sorry for this ordeal. Keep strong and give yourself a reward after you have completed therapy.
Thanks for this information 👍
Omg, thank you soooo much for saying that not everyone needs to drink 8 cups of water a day! I did that for about 6months, forcing myself to drink that much even though I wasn’t thirsty. I was peeing every 30min 😔😳 and my urine was clear. After those 6months I got extreme panic attacks and anxiety that lasted about a year!! I started adding electrolytes to my water and drinking only when thirsty. After about a year, slowly the anxiety subsided and the multiple a day panic attacks stopped. I think by forcing myself to drink that much water each day flushed out lots of electrolytes from my body and that’s why I had such terrible symptoms
Thanks for sharing. I think I have that problem
Thank you very much for sharing your story. But water should be sipped or just take a mouth full at a time. Water is important to flush out toxic out of the kidney.
Thank you for this .
@@dami430lol you can drink a bottle of water relatively quickly without fearing whatever tf you just said. Sure, normal sips of water is good, but don’t act like people can’t gulp down some water. You sound moronic
8 cups is not even that many
Yay, Siobhan, I'm so glad you’ve posted again! 😊 I really missed your videos, they're such a great motivation for me as an aspiring med student!
Good stuff for all of us to know. Even just the basics. But I'm also extremely grateful that there are specialists with even more knowledge that can help us.
Whenever a new video of you pops, I click on it quickly! Wishing you the best, Dr. Siobhan!😊
Very informative, thank you, love how excited you are to talk about the subject & the clear messages you get across.
Thank you for covering this topic in full detail. I really learned a lot when thought I already knew the whole notion of this matter.
Thank you for starting out with the warning about finding blood in the urine. I am a 75 yr. old woman diagnosed 2 1/2 years ago with bladder cancer. (I was never a smoker, but did have chemo for breast cancer 18 years before; one of the chemo drugs I was given was Cyclophosphamide, my only identified risk factor). From my first symptom (hematuria) until diagnosis took 7 months. Everyone kept testing for a UTI (always negative!). My PCP referred me to a urologist 4 months after that first episode of hematuria, and the urologist's office dragged things out another 3 months before I had a cystoscopy. I finally ended up at the closest NCI hospital (1 1/2 hours away) and had a radical cystectomy (removal of the bladder) in Feb. '22. I'm now a bag lady, and can pee standing up! Best of all, using a night bag, I can sleep through the night without having to get up and pee every few hours!
is the worst, a urologist
🙏🏾🙏🏾🙏🏾
@@leopoldpoppenberger8692what?
Thank you. It was because of this video I realized I had problems. So it was at morning and After it came reddish brown cola coloured I thought maybe my periods was irregular as it had been only 2 days after my cycle finished. But later when I went again I saw it was then Red. After I began to have severe stomache and vomits. So I went to the doctor and had a MT scan and found out I had kidney stones but it was gone. And thanks to the scan, I found I had a small cyst in my ovaries and I also had umbilical hernia.
So, Always be sure to see a doctor before it worsens
Dr. Siobhan does a fantastic job explaining the various aspects and indicators. Learning more about this often-overlooked aspect of our health is both fascinating and valuable. Definitely worth a watch for anyone interested in understanding more about their well-being.
I really love her smile and the way she explains everything
Thanks shivon
Now you see THIS is how you make an interesting TH-cam video! ... The enthusiasm and obvious deep knowledge of this subject is what holds the viewers attention! ... A very interesting video, and not too long and boring like some videos are! ... Excellent!
if your pee turns red you have cancer so see your doctor immediately because your lifes in danger
You are an exceptional teacher. Intelligent, articulate and the enthusiasm is just brilliant. Thank you.
You posted this right as I'm learning how to read and understand Urine Dip Tests and how to do them. You're so awesome, Siobhan! They are apart of my midtem which I'm also in the middle of doing.
Commenting for the algorithm. Up with excellent, educational and well presented creators! Great video Dr Siobhan.
Youre such a good teacher. Thank you for teaching us what to look for
Always good to see you uploading, Siobhan! 😊
You have a wonderful, wonderful way of presenting all this complex knowledge. I was an ICU nurse for 30 years and a pain nurse for 10 and you are entertaining and so brilliant at your presentations
Oh, I love my Dr. Violin Rheumatologist!! Glad to see your post. TFS
Straight to the point. Fully pedagogical. Love this kind of educators.
I had to look it up!😂 I love words and I love it when people use words that are not common
.. I think it helps our brains to grow new dendrites 😁
This was a fun and informative presentation to learn more with an overview about a specific health topic for the general public (without excessive terminology and complication). You cited some freaky situations to peak curiosity without freaking out the viewer, with the main message that you should see a doctor when you have something weird happen. Nice job.
I found Sebi's mucus comments highly interesting, because over the years I have recently noticed that certain products (for example, dairy--even if powdered) create mucus in my throat after eating or drinking it.
So, I will definitely research mucus and the products that cause it.
As to Sebi saying that acidity is problematic, some people claim that an acidic gut helps with digestion of food especially for those of us who have a slow metabolism. So, I have to hear more on that from Sebi's viewpoint.
Unfortunately, the truth of his claims can only be proven by trying the so-called diet yourself or witnessing someone's weekly in-person/video changes.
These days, word of mouth (testmonies) alone is totally useless since liars and fakers abound on the internet..
A series of pictures (showing physical progress) can help prove effectivenes and long-term weight loss changes. Anything else (agility improvement, disease reversals, etc.) cannot be easily proven online.
Thanks for the video; I did get some useful info from it. 🙂👍🏼
The Dr is back in the house! Love a good urine lecture!! 💛 Thanks Dr Siobhan.
Thank you!! and happy new year!
@@ViolinMD You too!
Thank you! As someone who does have Lupus your insight are quite beneficial.
I just love your videos. They're so informative and fun to watch. Look forward to your videos every time. I got to watch my last C-section in September while it was being done. My doctor let me look on a TV screen beside me so I can watch the whole thing. It just blows my mind what doctors can do and how they can diagnose you and it's crazy how one doctor doesn't know what's wrong with you and then another doctor can give you an answer. Doctors are so cool.
oh wow, watching your own C-section! that sounds very brave to me - and congratulations!
Thanks vampire
Thank you; you're an entertaining soul to listen to. I'll be running this back to listen again.
This was amazing. I needed to hear this. I've been dehydrated and ignoring it. I'm glad I watched this and learned. Subscribed!
-Shirley and Skittles Marie 🐱 🐈
You were made for this. Thank you for taking the time to educate us.
Fantastic high-quality videos! Thank you! I love your videos! Not only super intelligent, but also a great and beautiful video presenter. 😊 Congratulations!
Great example of the old ways of diagnosing diabetes in 'Outlander' season 2 when Claire volunteers at the hospital. Obviously travelling back through time she had to be very careful what term she used to tell Mother Hildergarde but she mentioned 'sugar disease". Love chugging the water down myself, but I'll try to go easy on it!
Thanks Siobhan! I'm looking forward to the next episode of this series!
You look amazing, especially your freckles and long hair.
RN for the last 30 years. I pee in a clear glass every time I need to go when at home for just the reasons you explained.
I didn't know about hydroxicobalamin; I love learning from your videos!
Happy New Year Dr. Siobhan!! Have been following you since you were a third year resident! Absolutely LOVED watching this as it was educational and entertaining at the same time. Keep it up!!
I am no professional at all, just being curious and medical topics always intrigue me.
Thank you for your clear video. You are good at telling your story and bringing the message so enthusiastic and lively. A real treat to look at.
Good to learn about the various ways of how urine can look like and good information for people not knowing to be aware.
Thanks again.
OMGosh so glad I came across you, you have such amazing and informative information! Thank you
Appreciate your help letting us know about urine test on different colors. This Help me understand alot better. Have a Bless-Day. 🙏
First time at your channel - those crazy TH-cam algorithms! Great information and presentation. You now have a new subscriber.
I totally missed my calling in life. I adore your videos.. I’ll be your student anytime! As a chronically ill woman, I’m on a mission to try and heal myself of my autoimmune issues, RA, AS and just feeling awful all the time. I still take the Mac-daddy meds, biologics/dmards.. but I really think if I can find the right functional medicine doctors, I might be able to help myself as well. I would do anything to feel better. Thank you for your incredible content! I love watching your videos!! I’m too old and sick to become a doctor, but I’m never too old to learn something new. ❤️👍🏻
Same, same! I'm actually trying to get into med school because if it. I don't know if I'll make it being sick and also not so young anymore. But here's to going for impossible. We need more rheumatologists who are willing to look beyond and address the whole person, and take into account nutrition as well. I hope to one day be a rheumatologist who knows what she's talking about.
The only source of information I need is SM, it answers my questions. Thank you
As always a fabulous public service, beautifully - informativly but non-threateningly-presented. EXCELSIOR!
Great video. Six years ago I looked into the toilet right before I flushed and saw red. It was the one, and only sign given to me before being diagnosed with bladder cancer. I called my doctor who sent me for a urine test right away. After the results came back I was sent to a urologist. I was lucky the cancer was caught early. Now I go for a yearly cystoscopy. Please if you see red in the toilet call your doctor right away. My urologist told me so many people ignore the sign.
My grandma was peeing blood and went to the hospital, and they just totally wrote her off. By the time they got her into a urologist, it was too late. She had stage 4 bladder cancer. They removed her bladder, and she passed within 9 months of her first peeing blood.
I love your energy, and I appreciate the fact that you included visual examples in your video! Thank you! 🙏
LOVE your channel. Always such interesting stuff! Thank you 😊
I love your videos! Thanks for sharing some of your knowledge in such an interesting way. I always learn so much.
Loving your content! Thank you for sharing your knowledge and for all the research you're doing to produce the videos! Well done!
You are so enthusiastic, I like it. Very interesting topic so I understand why.
Your videos are so informative that I can retain a lot of what you’re teaching, thank you
Your style of delivering this information kept me engaged, interested and fascinated right til the end!!! New sub here!
So lovely to hear that - thank you! Great to have you here!
Jai Mata di @@ViolinMD
Wow@@ViolinMD
This is crazy! I had no idea urine could be so many colors. Thank you for the lesson!
Great video Siobhan lovely to see you as always❤️
Great to see you - happy new year!! And thank you!
Can we get daily videos like this!? You are awesome and I love the way you teach!
You think she has the time to sit and record a video for YOUR benefit? Lmao 🤡
5:25 - Commonly associated with turkey, yes. It should be noted though that despite turkey meat's high levels of tryptophan, the body cannot absorb almost all of it due to other competing amino acids present. Seeds and nuts should be more strongly associated, especially raw pumpkin seeds. Your body can actually use its tryptophan, especially since they contain fibre as well which helps with its uptake. Most people probably aren't getting enough, it is good to supplement.
So helpful! I have one healthy kidney and get my bloodwork done regulary to monitor it, but it's helpful to know what I can look for to get ahead of any potential issues in the future.
Glad to come across this video. Learned more here than I ever have from a urologist! And, you're a whole lot easier on the eyes as well!!!!
*MR OBALAR* ON TH-cam CURED ME TOTALLY❤.
This is so interesting and I don’t ever think about it
I was 35 5/7 weeks pregnant with my twins and I noticed foamy urine. I remembered it could be a sign of proteinuria. So I took my blood pressure and wow it was high! I was diagnosed with preeclempsia. Delivered my twins at 36 weeks.
see what to watch out for in your pee🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
Very informative, great video.
Thanks for a great video! :) Hydration balance is among the most difficult things for me. Im autistic and almost never feel thirst. Forcing down water is really difficult and uncomfortable, but I try to take a few clunks each time I wash my hands or eat food, just to make sure I get some water in me over the day. My dad has the same issue and he eventually developed huge, painful kidney stones that required surgery. My pee is still way too dark most of the time, so need to keep working on it.
Great info makes me feel.more comfortable with the great info. Thank you
Well done mate helping millions of people around the world.
Ohhh I wish this video was released a week ago. I’m pregnant and before pregnancy I wasn’t a big water drinker. I’ve been panicking about not getting enough and was drinking close to 80oz a day. Last week I woke up with 10/10 pain in my back that came as soon as I drank water. I went to the ER and the doctors diagnosed me with a stomach virus. I reviewed my own labs and realized I was over hydrated. When I provided a urine sample the ER doctor said my urine was crystal clear with no signs of infection. I suffered through so much pain until I started sipping water slowly throughout the day.
This was a timely video. My husband is currently dealing with kidney issues. Thank you❤
Ma'am you are great to share your knowledge with we people to take care of our body. Thanks a lot.
As a medical lab scientist going to med school, i learned all about the renal system in my med lab science undergrad degree. One of my favorite body systems, and i like how all these different conditions can turn your urine into almost any color lol.
She's pretty flippant about lupus nephritis though. That can finish off your kidneys. I depend on the guys and gals in the lab to monitor my condition. I wish you a satisfying and successful career. ❤
Awesome video, great explanation
So rocking cool! Thank you for the GREAT video!!
Violin md. Love your videos , you really do a great job as a teacher. My dog had blood in his pee, since he was 17 I thought he was dying. After too much time I brought him in to the vets , I was disappointed in myself as I love my boy Eddy. Vets tested his pee,he had a urinary infection. Medication fixed it. Amazing detective work on the rare deseases at 10:00 , pee colors matter! Congratulations your almost at 1M subscribers!
Another great video. Thank you, Dr!
I recently started as a medical assistant in a urology clinic back in September and find this super interesting
Thank you. Subscribed. Love the way you do your videos. :) and learnt something too.
Wow! Interesting! Thank you!
Nice video with a lot of vital information
I had blood in my urine, a local doctor wouldn't take this seriously, I ended up in hospital on intravenous antibiotics. By then I was a bit addled in thinking,so not my best. Over a month later, and lots of antibiotics I recovered. The hospital staff were all great. However I refuse to see the Doctor who disregarded my concerns initially. Thanks for making this video it is so important for people to understand. Regards Joseph
This is another reason why AI doctors are going to be amazing. They won't be biased like your doctor was and will take your concerns very seriously.
@@Midnight24435 Thanks for the kind comment, I hope AI will help everyone too.
Did you get any definitive diagnosis? Type and/or location of the infection? Just curious.
@@Joss0051 Did you also have other symptoms? Did you have a Fever or a burning sensation when urinating?🤔 Can't believe your doctor just dismissed the blood in your urine!! What an unethical doctor to be sure!😟
@@gloriamaryhaywood2217 Thanks for considerate comments, it was all a bit horrible at the time, I don't want to go over it again, I hope you understand. I also hope that that's not a rude reply, so thanks again and an innocent hug from me. Warm regards Joseph
Thank you for not covering your freckles with make up, I admire people with them and I get said when they try to hide like it’s a bad thing. It’s so unique and beautiful. You are beautiful and thank you for all the information you are sharing!
The Dr is back! Looking forward to your informative and interesting videos😊
Changed from normal notifications to all...your videos are great!
I appreciated your point about not overhydrating! I have seen some massive water bottles at stores with lines on them indicating how much should be drunk per hour and it seemed strange given how different everyone’s water needs are. I have found that the best way for me to stay hydrated is just to keep water with me all day long and sip whenever my mouth feels dry.
I actually went to the hospital for over-hydrating and I didn't think I was particularly overdoing it. Luckily it was caught because I had some unrelated diagnostic tests earlier that day. Had to spend overnight there with IV fluids slowly raising my sodium levels. I'm surprised more people don't end up in the hospital with the amount of water I hear people being encouraged to drink.
Thank you for sharing your knowledge and experience.
As always, thank you for all the amazing information you're providing us with your great video. A big hello from the island of Cyprus, literally on the other side of the planet 😁
great post ! thank you !!
Hi Siobnan I have been follwoing your videos for a long time my name is Mike amd I'm very in tune when it comes to my health I have subscribed to your channel for this reason
girl you are a genius thank you for sharing your wisdom
Great info . Awesome !!!!
Hello Doctor,i always enjoy watching all your videos.they show me alot about health.your videos are very educational.
Good job, doctor. Thank you .
Best medical vlog ever. My favorite doctor.
Wow, very amazing insight, thank you for sharing , learning a lot from your videos
You are always informative, enthusiastic and adorable❤️🥰😎
This is an excellent presentation.
How interesting you posted this..I've learned so much about urine and hidden issues since my prostate cancer and hypotension diagnoses... proteinuria... flora in the urine and uti....hope all is well..stay SAFE and WARM🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹
Its been forever since you posted a video! Welcome back Siobhan 👋
Aw thanks Brian - feels good to be post in the new year! Don't worry - more to come!!
Dear Dr. Siobhan, when you have time, could you make a video about how many harmful bacteria can be transmitted to people by ticks and how some of such bacteria can hide inside macrophages eluding detection tests? Have a good weekend, hope you and Mark have a great heating working to keep you warm!❤
ok, i’m just gonna say how much i LOVED the teabag in the urine bit. and the expression when you decided not to taste a sample to make your point. haha! brilliantly informative as always and so deftly prepared and presented. 🤩😻