Stimulants Protect ADHD Brains

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 27 พ.ย. 2024
  • Dr. Russell Barkley describes research demonstrating that stimulant medication protects the brains of ADHD children. He asserts this is among the most important reasons to begin treatment of ADHD early and to continue the use of medications. This segment was part of a 1-day program on ADHD in Children and Teens. For more information see www.jkseminars.com

ความคิดเห็น • 194

  • @محمدالطيب-ض9ث
    @محمدالطيب-ض9ث 2 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    I love you dr barkley i love you. I feel you stand with us

  • @Chizuru94
    @Chizuru94 ปีที่แล้ว +31

    This makes me cry so much. I had to be taken off of medication due to bad side effects with around 10, 1-2 months after I had first gotten them (iirc) and now I'm almost 30, my and my whole family's life (and relatives) is miserable, I never did much or achieved smth and on some days, I just want to die. Glad I can finally get meds and hopefully different ones (I got Medikinet as a kid, but a high dose) and do smth with my life and save my family. But gosh, I just can't get over how different my life could've been T-T

    • @emp1704
      @emp1704 ปีที่แล้ว +7

      hello there! when i first started taking medication i also had bad side effects (depression, no appetite, etc.) but i spoke to my doctor and she told me that since you can’t know before trying meds which one will work for you, sometimes you just need to test out a few before finding the one that works. she put me on a different kind of adhd medication and all of my bad symptoms went away. i’m so glad that i tried another medication because it’s truly made my life so much easier. i have better grades, i can juggle more activities, and i’m able to get so much more done in a shorter amount of time. i understand how frustrating being on the wrong medication can be, but i encourage you to keep looking! good luck!

    • @patrick0189
      @patrick0189 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      So much more time left in your life to live, my friend. Just now figuring this all out myself at 33. Look ahead at all the possibilities!

    • @JustinBlastoff
      @JustinBlastoff ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I’m sorry you’re feeling down. Life is so crazy it’s hard to know which way is up many times. You are a brave soul for pushing through with your family. May God bless you and enhance you and your family’s life.

    • @paseogrown3849
      @paseogrown3849 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I had the same reaction. I immediately broke down crying when I watched this and began thinking about what could’ve been.

    • @symbolsarenotreality4595
      @symbolsarenotreality4595 ปีที่แล้ว

      You do not need to be cns stimulants. You are talking like you are just suffering withdrawal from addiction.

  • @proKREStination
    @proKREStination 6 ปีที่แล้ว +23

    This is really interesting. Do you know where I can find 1. A more complete recording of this talk? 2. The journal articles Dr. Barkley is citing here?

    • @jandkseminars
      @jandkseminars  6 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      The video is a short clip of Dr. Barkley's presentation to J&K Seminars. Use the following link for his latest two presentations... bit.ly/2u3oyk9

    • @jandkseminars
      @jandkseminars  6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      This video was recorded in April 2015. You can see a full description of this video this link bit.ly/2u3oyk9 I hope you found the clip helpful. You can see other video's at www.jkseminars.com

    • @portland17A
      @portland17A 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      He is full of crap. Don't believe him!

    • @natnat5082
      @natnat5082 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      @@portland17A tell us more?

    • @portland17A
      @portland17A 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@natnat5082 This guy did a review of the literature back in 1978, and found that there was no long or even medium term academic benefit to ADHD kids taking stimulant drugs over those who don't. Multiple reviews by Swanson and Oregon State University and others over the years showed no long-term benefit in any area. Other epidemiological studies draw the same conclusion. Yet he accuses any parent NOT "medicating" their ADHD-type kids of child abuse! He makes tons of money for how "expert opinion" even though he lies about the research. He's not a researcher any more. He's a marketing agent.

  • @lagomorphia9
    @lagomorphia9 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Can this brain plasticity apply for adult brains too, people who werent diagnosed until adulthood, or only children.

    • @bomcimtube
      @bomcimtube ปีที่แล้ว

      they probably do since brain plasticization happens in adults too

  • @AbdullaHernandez
    @AbdullaHernandez 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Does caffeine have a similar effect, and can it be corrected in adulthood?

  • @ReginaldDesrosiers
    @ReginaldDesrosiers 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    !!!

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Amphetamine stimulants have been used medically since early in the twentieth century, but they have a high abuse potential and can be neurotoxic. Although they have long been used effectively to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents, amphetamines are now being prescribed increasingly as maintenance therapy for ADHD and narcolepsy in adults, considerably extending the period of potential exposure. Effects of prolonged stimulant treatment have not been fully explored, and understanding such effects is a research priority

    • @heartspacerelaxations6924
      @heartspacerelaxations6924 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      What are the long term effects? Jordan Peterson says it’s risky.

    • @normietwiceremoved
      @normietwiceremoved 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@heartspacerelaxations6924 And Jordan Peterson is a fucking loony who only eats meat.

    • @MsScarletwings
      @MsScarletwings 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@heartspacerelaxations6924 Jordan Peterson is a literally brain-damaged shill who had a sketchy doctor in another country treat his Benzos addiction with *an induced coma.* I don’t think he’s quite the reliable source on good psychiatric practice.
      The long-term effects of adhd treatment are lately a better quality of living and REDUCED rates of drug addictions and premature deaths

    • @KD-ou2np
      @KD-ou2np 2 ปีที่แล้ว +19

      @HeartSpace Relaxations jp is a pyschologist. Not a psychiatrist. He is not an expert on this subject.

    • @admiral7599
      @admiral7599 ปีที่แล้ว

      Alcohol and Tobacco are way more harmful and abusive than Amphetamines. Alot of those drug users find that Speed is too "lame" and instead most of them will just use Meth instead as it's way more addictive due to Methylation. Also since people with ADHD are under-stimulated they're more likely to abuse other drugs due to it giving them some escape or self-medicating effects and thus the recurring use.
      Also, I'm not sure if Paul Erdos ever had ADHD but he was an example of someone who used the drug for scientific benefit but wasn't addicted. He even made a bet that he could stay off them and did for a month.

  • @symbolsarenotreality4595
    @symbolsarenotreality4595 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I am a residential youth worker, a social worker and a bouncer.
    When I was on one residential site the site lead was describing a client, an 11 year old girl who had 'adhd' and was on ritalin. He also said she had trouble sleeping, eating and was hypersexualised.
    I told him day dot straight up, 'Thats what uppers do.'
    He was brainwashed by the medical industry.
    I have grown up with mates with 'adhd' who were on ritalin and they were all messed up from it. They didn't need it and it just messed them up. Imagine making a child addicted to stimulants. Absurdly unethical and unscientific.

    • @mchl252
      @mchl252 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      They might have been misdiagnosed as having ADHD (in which case they didn't need those meds), might've been on wrong dosages or meds (there's a few), or lack of therapy in addition to meds (which is usually necessary). There might've been other conditions or traumas besides (or instead of) ADHD.
      For genuine properly diagnosed ADHD these medications work and there's tons of research to back that up.

    • @justinnengel3473
      @justinnengel3473 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      No, this stupid anecdote is what's absurdly unscientific.

  • @rebekah1216
    @rebekah1216 5 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Stimulants protect .Physicians pocket books from feeling mal-practice insurance rates skyrocketing costs do to an unending sea of lawsuits brought against them demanding they be held accountable to their own publicly spoken words of endorsement and enthusiasm for ADHD meds used in children.

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Russell Barkley says once a person is diagnosed with ADHD there is no reason for them not to be taking Adderall or Ritalin. He can say what he wants, but the only people who should be involved in this decision are the parents and physician, and, if the child is old enough, them.

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Helps when he's being paid six figure sums or a third of his income from big pharma to say this Rebekah

    • @symbolsarenotreality4595
      @symbolsarenotreality4595 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@alanberkeley7282 I am a residential youth worker, a social worker and a bouncer.
      When I was on one residential site the site lead was describing a client, an 11 year old girl who had 'adhd' and was on ritalin. He also said she had trouble sleeping, eating and was hypersexualised.
      I told him day dot straight up, 'Thats what uppers do.'
      He was brainwashed by the medical industry.
      I have grown up with mates with 'adhd' who were on ritalin and they were all messed up from it. They didn't need it and it just messed them up. Imagine making a child addicted to stimulants. Absurdly unethical and unscientific.
      See how well your brain is protected from the neurodegeneracy stimulants cause with daily use and how well your circulation is in your extremities after a few years. It raises cortisol levels and is neurotoxic.
      You realise all living beings have the symptoms of ADHD? Like not being able to pay attention at times, thats because we are not robots.
      A CNS stimulant habit from childhood is not the answer.
      Oh yeah and a lot of junkies will declare their kids have adhd so they can get access to stimulants. Why wouldn't they scam like that?
      Oh yeah and everyone I have know on them from childhood grows up to be addicted to uppers, because they have had them so long since childhood, its all they know.

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    If such a high proportion of US children and young adults need medication to pass as normal like Barkley says does that not suggest that normal has lost any meaning? Instead a false pattern of 'model behavior' has been instituted and chemically reinforced and as the years go by if this continues normal will become more progressively artificial and require more medical maintenance.

    • @Raijinili
      @Raijinili 3 ปีที่แล้ว +20

      People who deny ADHD or completely reject stimulants tend to ignore that there are adults with ADHD. There are even adults who grew up undiagnosed, whose lives are worse for it. You can go talk to them. It's not just children and young adults who experience symptoms.
      People who deny ADHD focus on school and work behavior, as if ADHD is just a learning disability. It isn't just a matter of fitting society's expectations or being "normal". You can't make a society where "normal" means it's okay to go hungry or thirsty for hours so that you can stick with this trivial but stimulating thing. You can't make it "normal" to be unable to work on your OWN personal projects, because that's an expectation you place on yourself. You can't make susceptibility to addiction "normal".
      You have a very limited understanding of how ADHD affects people. You can start by reading comments from people who were diagnosed as adults (even into their 50s and 60s).
      www.reddit.com/r/ADHD/comments/liraqa/raise_your_hand_if_you_were_diagnosed_late_in_life/
      It's irrelevant to compare people who took stimulants with the general population who didn't. Do you look into studies comparing medicated and unmedicated ADHD? Try to find studies on drug (including alcohol) addiction, life expectancy, premature death, physical health, depression.

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Raijinili www.additudemag.com/adhd-medications-may-cause-long-term-brain-changes/
      Why doesn't Barkley tell you about this?

    • @Raijinili
      @Raijinili 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      @@alanberkeley7282 Are you asking me why the Barkley in this 2015 video didn't tell me about a study published in 2016?
      Maybe because it's an initial study, and needs follow-up studies to confirm its results.
      Maybe because it's not clear whether the changes are good or bad.
      Maybe because this video is before the study was published.

    • @Raijinili
      @Raijinili 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

      @@alanberkeley7282 Why don't you tell us what the effects of untreated ADHD are on life expectancy?

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Raijinili Studies funded by big pharma and people whose careers depend on the success and drugging of ADHD

  • @JaredOBagley
    @JaredOBagley 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    “Reduce economic burden”…no economy lasts forever and the people that benefit the most from the economy are the ones who jack it up and cause it to collapse. I couldn’t support an economic collapse more than I already do

  • @martinwhitely1163
    @martinwhitely1163 5 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Barkley should be regarded as a bad joke.

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Not just a bad joke, a sick joke

    • @wearejungians
      @wearejungians 5 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Martin Whitely why do you say this?

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 5 ปีที่แล้ว

      Barkley is a pharma backed drug pusher and an authoritarian prick

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@wearejungians Helps when he's being paid six figure sums or a third of his income from big pharma to say this

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @Tod Stewart These people do. Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy also were convincing. Politicians are convincing as well

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Amphetamines cause the body to run on overdrive understand. So even though behavior kind of normalizes Mentally for an ADHD person. The physical side effects of amphetamines cause muscles to constrict a little tighter than what they normally are, people grit their jaws, Etc. There is physical side effects to uppers Whether they are needed or not.When you are not taking them your body releases that constriction and hell yeah you are sore. They are no joke they are hard on the body.

    • @TheConvectuoso
      @TheConvectuoso 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      So basically you’re doing exactly what Dr Barkley and ignoring the positives of the meds.
      Also methylphenidate (Ritalin) is not an amphetamine but is a stimulant.

    • @MsScarletwings
      @MsScarletwings 2 ปีที่แล้ว +12

      You realize they literally don’t work like an upper when you have ADHD right??? The effects are completely different in normal people because they don’t have the neurochemical deficiency that it stabilizes in people with the disorder.
      All amphetamine medication does for me is level my mood swings and allow me to be able to concentrate on mundane tasks like doing the laundry without a chaotic maelstrom inside of my head pulling me in a thousand other directions or sapping away all my energy. I sleep a lot better with adderall, too.

    • @apryldavis9797
      @apryldavis9797 2 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      @@MsScarletwings same for me, I can actually take my adderall and go to sleep afterwards it does not act as an upper for me.

    • @ashk4319
      @ashk4319 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      I have ADHD and the first time I took my prescription, I relaxed for literally the first time in my entire life and I slept four hours.
      I still have to time my medication correctly, so that if it relaxes me too much I don’t fall asleep at an inconvenient time. Sometimes, I just take it before bed.
      I’ve been on anti-anxiety medication, nearly every one you can think of, I was prescribed.
      But none of them relaxed me like Ritalin or Adderall. None of them. My body goes from clenched tight, anxious and wound up to feeling loose and calm.
      The first time I ever took my medication I was so relaxed I immediately fell asleep. It even reduced my heart rate and improved my tachycardia symptoms.
      Someone who truly has ADHD is not amped up by stimulants.
      And sometimes I just take a 200 mg caffeine pill to help me sleep now that I know it helps me relax.

    • @CraftyVegan
      @CraftyVegan ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@ashk4319 I drink coffee to fall asleep, and my toddler falls asleep if I let them have caffeinated water… like, every single time.

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Russell Barkley says once a person is diagnosed with ADHD there is no reason for them not to be taking Adderall or Ritalin. He can say what he wants, but the only people who should be involved in this decision are the parents and physician, and, if the child is old enough, them.

    • @MsScarletwings
      @MsScarletwings 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @Blue Dream Fr, I will never understand what motivates these people to jump into ideological cults so passionately focused on nothing but taking away healthcare from other people, Especially when they demonstrate such a depth of ignorance for what they’re talking about.

    • @leeparra474
      @leeparra474 ปีที่แล้ว

      What is this comment? Are you a real person or from a Ben Stiller movie?
      Diagnose: Identify the nature of (an illness or other problem) by examination of the symptoms.
      "doctors diagnosed a rare and fatal liver disease"
      When you are diagnosed with something. It means the doctors have ruled out all other alternatives. It's a medical term you clown. You may as well have said this.
      "Russell Barkley says once a person is diagnosed with liver cancer there is no reason for them not to get surgery. He can say what he wants, but the only people who should be involved in this decision are the parents and physician, and, if the child is old enough, them."
      That is how unbelievably stupid your comment is. It is so dumb, that I have become less intelligent having to point it out to you. Surely some of my brain cells have faded from this reality due to the immense aura of stupid emanating from your comment. May god have mercy on your soul.

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Acute intoxication
    • agitation/aggression
    • pupil dilation
    • headache
    • tremors and writhing movements of the body
    and limbs (dyskinesia)
    • nausea, abdominal cramps
    • dry mouth
    • sweating
    • anorectic effects, decreased appetite
    • increase in body temperature (hyperthermia)
    • increased breathing rate, blood pressure and
    heart rate (possible arrhythmia)
    • dizziness, tremor, irritability and confusion
    • hallucinations
    • convulsions
    Methamphetamine
    Neuroprotective are they Barkley?

    • @moikanos11
      @moikanos11 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Nice, except most people correctly dosed on these stimulants don't experience any of the symptoms.
      I only got dry mouth on elvanse and 0 side effects on concerta. Meanwhile they have changed my life.
      Shut the fuck up

    • @admiral7599
      @admiral7599 ปีที่แล้ว

      Caffeine does the same shit and ADHD people are more likely to abuse that due to the short term effects. If you didn't try to push a bullshit narrative you'd know this is due to abuse and only a small amount of people react negatively. Also not everyone reacts the same either and some of these are more likely to occur in 'normal' people without the condition since they have a normalized dopamine/norephineprine system.

    • @Omniverse0
      @Omniverse0 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Those are the effects on a normal person.
      Quit being disingenuous and present your credentials.

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Barkley denies his own research that shows stimulants to make essentially no difference in children's academic performance. There have been other reviews by Swanson et. al. in 1993 and by Oregon State University in 2001 or so that showed the same thing. The OSU study showed no advantage in ANY long-term outcome for "treated" vs. "untreated" kids diagnosed with ADHD, including no difference in test scores, graduation rates, college enrollment, drug use, teen pregnancy rates, delinquency rates, employer satisfaction, social skills or even self esteem. This same result has been consistent for decades. Yet most people are completely unaware of this information, because the psychiatric profession finds it inconvenient. Other studies supporting this finding are the Raine study in Australia, the Quebec ADHD study, the Finish/USA comparison study, and the long-term results from the US MTA study. It is utterly delusional at this point to maintain that stimulants are critical for kids' success in school, yet Barkley and others make lots of money off this idea and continue to promote that stimulants are essential and that parents who fail to "treat" their "ADHD" kids with stimulants are being neglectful.

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Barkley says these medications work 80% of the time. That's what big pharma pay him to say. In reality it is around 40-50%.

    • @heartspacerelaxations6924
      @heartspacerelaxations6924 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I suspect your right. Same with SSRI’s and depression, not much better than placebo. High dose fish oil, regular exercise and AM bright sunlight combined are FAR more effective than SSRi’s.
      SSRI’s also carry risk of homicidal behaviour, esp in young males. The Walsh institute has the largest database in the world on mental health.
      I’m concerned dr barkley makes no mention of things like those I mentioned about (except exercise), nor of issues like under methylation, over methylation, nor Krypto Pyrole Urea (requiring zinc, b6, omega 3 and 6).
      Big phara are very against dietary supplements, with few exceptions they can’t avoid.

    • @coreycox2345
      @coreycox2345 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      There are side effects, Alan Berkely. I will have to give this some thought. I can focus and write for hours if I take them and have a difficult time if I do not. I wonder if other treatments might be effective without the nervousness these add simultaneously.

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@coreycox2345 Don't take them

    • @coreycox2345
      @coreycox2345 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@alanberkeley7282, I am with you on that, yet hope to find that there is an alternative. It is essential to me that I write.

    • @KD-ou2np
      @KD-ou2np 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Which part of your ass did you pull these numbers from?

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    A guy with a PHD who is in bed with Big Pharma, who receives a third of his taxable income from them, who has made a career and good living out of promoting a bullshit disorder. I'm a retired engineer. I have nothing to lose. I'm not in bed with Big Pharma or taking their money or gifts or holidays or payments. My career doesn't depend on it. And besides this guy has a PHD. So what? He couldn't do my job. He wouldn't have a clue. Just because he has a PHD behind his name doesn't make him a smart, or good person, or in his case moral,. because he isn't. He telling you what his pharma paymasters want you to know.
    He's nothing better than the drug pusher on the street corner. In fact he's worse.

    • @KD-ou2np
      @KD-ou2np 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      This is great copypasta. Are you a troll? Haha

    • @Knightgil
      @Knightgil ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yep. Just a drug dealer in a suit and tie. Nothing different from this guy and your average cocaine dealer. If anything, this guy is more dangerous

    • @julie9577
      @julie9577 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      'my brother tragically died I can't deal with it, it's big pharma's fault so NO ONE SHOULD EVER TAKE PSYCH MEDS!!'
      Did I get the gist, Berk?
      Go talk to someone, man ... sounds like you might benefit from treatment.

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Barkley's vested interest in the success of ADHD isn't his brother's death in a car crash. It is the career of Russell A Barkley. Barkley talks about ADHD being scientific. “Does your child have difficulty awaiting his turn seldom, often, or never? Does he interrupt or intrude on others seldom, often, or never?” The answers are then tallied up and a diagnosis is made. A computer or layperson could just as easily perform the evaluation. The child himself is observed only minimally by the doctor; rarely is the context of his behavior-family life, school, friendships-considered. The tidy list of DSM symptoms may look objective, and they may satisfy the discipline’s need to look “scientific,” but they are heavily subject to the eye of the beholder.
    Richard Fee was diagnosed as ADHD as was John Edwards. Where are they now?

    • @moikanos11
      @moikanos11 3 ปีที่แล้ว +9

      Your comment is full of inaccuracies. No the diagnosis does not go that way. No treatment does not go that way.

    • @KD-ou2np
      @KD-ou2np 2 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      Lol if you met me and watched me perform my daily tasks you would know ADHD is real.

    • @PrincessMicrowave
      @PrincessMicrowave ปีที่แล้ว +6

      Sorry, that is absolutely not how ADHD is diagnosed. It is a many-hours long process that does certainly take into account the context of family life, school life and friendships.

  • @alanberkeley7282
    @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    As a kid I remember playing for hours outside my home with neighborhood kids, engaging in games of tag that extended over blocks, playing baseball, building dens, playing King of the Mountain while standing on mounds of dirt that had been dug up by construction crews, building simple forts with scrap wood, putting on pretend music concerts, building things, making things, as kids do. There was no smart ass psychiatrist telling me I'd got Bipolar or ODD or ADHD back then. What a f*cking time this is to be a kid eh? People like Ned Hallowell, Barkley, Biederman, Faraone, Brown, Dodson and CHADD have made tons of money out of ADHD, for big pharma, have taken money from big pharma and have turned the youth of America into drug addicts. What an achievement that is

    • @AKJRees
      @AKJRees 3 ปีที่แล้ว +9

      Ah. The spectacular anecdote. Truly, your wisdom and knowledge know no bounds.

    • @alanberkeley7282
      @alanberkeley7282 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@AKJRees Yours never has bounds to surround it with

    • @FurtiveSkeptical
      @FurtiveSkeptical ปีที่แล้ว

      You're a Liar.