See the globus Pallidus internus as the internal Police that NORMALLY inhibit the thief (thalamus) from movement (stealing); thus, if you inhibit the internal Police (the globus Pallidus internus), the thief is free to move about and steal (ie. The Thalamus can cause movement; which is the direct pathway of stealing). I hope this helps.
Great video as usual. What separates you from the rest is the fact that you can think from the perspective of medical students, try your best to simplify concepts and provide it in a easy-to-digest manner. But you also go a step further, by providing mnemonics and diagrams etc so that it actually stays in students heads. Far too often, professors and lecturers just care about presenting the material, without really considering the aspects that I've listed above. Thank you for all your videos. Tip: For all of you out there, whenever you watch Dirty's videos do not skip the advertisements and watch them fully. You'll be supporting him that way too!
Thank you dirty Great Video as always .. probably watching this for the 4th time . BUT : I believe that there should be a black X or something clarifying that the step from (GPi & Substancia Nigra) to the (thalamus) does NOT occur in DIRECT pathway and this is actually part of the DISinhibiting(activation) . The same black X : in the step from GPe to Subthalamic nucleus in INDIRECT pathway , coz here the GPe is actually inhibited and this step does NOT occur and that’s why the Subthalamic nucleus is free Activating (GPi & Substancia Nigra) .
I like yours. I'll add this explanation to help me more. Direct: Motor control to SIT. Indirect: EN breaks up SIT "MS EN IT: cannot SIT, INHIBIT MOTOR.
This is a great video! I am earning my Master's in Speech Language Pathology and I'm currently taking a class on motor speech disorders. We covered the basal ganglia last week in class that included the direct and indirect pathway. I was so lost in class BUT this completely cleared it up with clear straight to the point explanations. Thank you so much!
I started a new role as a MSL for a PD drug. This was the most helpful video by far t hat I have seen explaining these concepts! thank you so much for this!!!
You are literally my number 1 recommended resource for step/comlex. I swear there is not a single resource out there that is as easy to understand/high yield as the way you put it. I really appreciate you making this videos free, truly god sent!!!
we used this video to support our Neurophysiology lecture today. we redrew the arrows as a class to ensure understanding as there were a couple arrows that initially confused us. the overview and mnemonic were very helpful!
for anyone wondering this is all dependent on whether the dopamine from SNc stimulates the D1 or D2 receptor which decides where the GABA goes( direct or indirect) the motor cortex sends direct signals to the striatum which causes gaba release
Another mnemonic. Glutamate is used in Chinese food. So if you're excited about Chinese food, you should remember that glutamate causes excitation. GABA is yelling at you in caps to stop, or inhibit. Hope that helps
In your flowchart, the Substantia Nigra is displayed within the same box as the GPi. However, since it is located in the Midbrain, I think the illustration is more graphically accurate if it were to appear as input from another source. Also, you should discuss the stimulatory/inhibitory effects on Dopamine depending on the D1/D2 receptors.
I agree with you on this one, while the flowchart does get its point across, the Substantia Nigra should not be within the same box as the GPi. It would be easier to understand that the Substantia Nigra is in the Midbrain, if it were displayed coming from a different source.
I know you stated in the beging of the video what the colored lines stood for. However, for more clarity throughout the video with excitatory and inhibitory pathways could use key in the corner to beter keep track throughout the video.
yea, it is impressive...superb explanation!! thank you thank you...a practice question for this at end would have been a great addition...maybe next video? MILLION THANKS AGAIN! Love seeing your channels growth, excellent job thus far!
Great video Dirty and im a big fan of you but in the last step of INDIRECT pathway, GP internus inhibit Thalamus ---> which will further inhibit the Motor Cortex and this will inhibit the movement. PLEASE correct me if I'm wrong, and the arrow in that case going from Thalamus to Motor cortex in indirect pathway should be red not green. my source is B&B videos. thank you
Basically video is correct--thalamus to motor cortex neuron is excitatory thats why drawn in green instead of red...although activation of substantia nigra by indirect pathway will lead to inhibition of thalamus and the no excitatory signal will go from thalamus to cotex
Correct me if I am wrong , but comparing this to my school notes, in the direct pathway there should be a green arrow between the GP internus and Substantia Nigra box, signifying that we are "disinhibiting" the substantia nigra and allowing the thalamus to excite the motor cortex. For the indirect pathway, the red line between the striatum and GP externus is correct. The next line between the GP externus and the subthalamic nucleus should be green though, because the Subthalamic nucleus is being disinhibited. The arrow between the subthalamic nucleus and the GP internus/substantia nigra box is then therefore green. Because the substantia nigra is now free to inhibit, there should be a red arrow connecting it to the thalamus, and furthmore a red arrow from the thalamus to the motor cortex, because the indirect pathway inhibits movement.
Love this video as always. Just thought, an easier way to remember "MSENIT" is to think of Chancellor Palpatine from star wars saying "i M the SENIT". Works for me lol
You had me all the way to 11:53. At first it seemed that the pathways both cause movement. The thalamus role inhibits and inhibiting thr inhibitor causes movement
There is something that can be added on to make it more memorable.. DIRECT PATHWAY: COME STRAIGHT INTO THALAMUS COME- COrtex STRAIGHT- STRiatum INTO- Globus pallidus INTernus THALAMUS INDIRECT PATHWAY: COME STRAIGHT, GET EXTERNUS 'n GET INTO THALAMUS here, GET EXTERNUS is GP EXTERNUS, and, 'N is Nucleus(subthalamic), rest all same..
Heres how to make this video the best. 1. Draw a lever or like a car in park. 2. Change gears or take off the break hence internus and sbn then the car goes. Students would remember that well.
I think its all good for memorising the pathway involved but the part that links this pathway to parkinsons needs abit more clarity. Substantia nigra (could be drawn outside of the box) is controlling the pathway of globus pallidus so when there is parkinsons this control is absent therefore the direct and indirect pathways are activated together causing resting tremors and rigid movements symptoms in a patient
In the Indirect pathway, net effect is "Turning off the Motor cortex. In this case The arrow/Line which is going from the Thalamus to Cortex should be in Red Colour. The Thalamus is Turning OFF the motor cortex in the End.
@@etheldeitz3392No you misunderstand, the indirect pathway excites the substantia nigra which then INHIBITS the thalamus which stimulates the motor cortex. The effect of the thalamus is still exciting the motor cortex, it is just doing it to a lesser extent. The thalamus never inhibits the cortex, the graph is correct.
If the Subthalamic Nucleus in the indirect pathway excites the substantia nigra which is inhibitory by nature, shouldn't the line to the motor cortex be red and not green as it's "turning off the motor cortex"?
Can we say that bodies natural tendency is for the movement....... But SN and GPI works as a breaks as when they stimulate thalamus inhibits movements and when they stop stimulating.... There are no breaks on the tendency of movement......... And it will cause motor movement?
Wouldn’t it be green arrow going to thalamus in case of direct pathway(since Substantia nigra is disinhibited)? And wouldn’t it be red arrow from thalamus to the motor cortex in indirect pathway since here motor cortex is being “turned off”?
Bit of a late response but for anyone else who might be in the same boat: The GPi and Substantia Nigra always INHIBIT the thalamus, in other words they inhibit movement. The thalamus always ACTIVATES the cortex, meaning stimulates movement. In the case of direct pathway, the inhibitor (Gpi) is inhibited by Striatum -> movement. In the indirect, the inhibitor is activated by Subthalamic nucleus -> no movement. But in both cases the Gpi remains the inhibitor (that's why the red arrows are there) and the Thalamus remains the activator (green arrows).
No it the thalamus will always activate the cortex but if it is inhibited, it cannot activate, you’lld need to just use logic hence to avoid confusion it’s better the pathways stay the same(normal) and we use logic
The green arrow(right side) from thalamus to motor cortex ,is Indirect pathway. So, there will be no activation signal sending from thalamus to motor cortex, am I right? *(im a bit confuse with the green arrow at the right side from Thalamus to motor cortex. Please correct me if I'm wrong) Will it be more clear there is a cross marked along the green arrow to indicate there's no activation?
If in both the pathways thalamus gets activated and sends excitatory signals to motor cortex,then how in indirect pathway thalamus inhibits motor cortex .if substantia niagra inhibits thalamus ,then why thalamus is shown as excitatory??
See the globus Pallidus internus as the internal Police that NORMALLY inhibit the thief (thalamus) from movement (stealing); thus, if you inhibit the internal Police (the globus Pallidus internus), the thief is free to move about and steal (ie. The Thalamus can cause movement; which is the direct pathway of stealing). I hope this helps.
Clever!
Wow, thanks a ton 😂
Clever 😂
Good way to remember
You deserve 1 billion $ for this mnemonic 🎉😅
Great video as usual. What separates you from the rest is the fact that you can think from the perspective of medical students, try your best to simplify concepts and provide it in a easy-to-digest manner. But you also go a step further, by providing mnemonics and diagrams etc so that it actually stays in students heads.
Far too often, professors and lecturers just care about presenting the material, without really considering the aspects that I've listed above.
Thank you for all your videos.
Tip: For all of you out there, whenever you watch Dirty's videos do not skip the advertisements and watch them fully. You'll be supporting him that way too!
Thank you dirty Great Video as always .. probably watching this for the 4th time .
BUT : I believe that there should be a black X or something clarifying that the step from (GPi & Substancia Nigra) to the (thalamus) does NOT occur in DIRECT pathway and this is actually part of the DISinhibiting(activation) .
The same black X : in the step from GPe to Subthalamic nucleus in INDIRECT pathway , coz here the GPe is actually inhibited and this step does NOT occur and that’s why the Subthalamic nucleus is free Activating (GPi & Substancia Nigra) .
I like yours. I'll add this explanation to help me more. Direct: Motor control to SIT. Indirect: EN breaks up SIT "MS EN IT: cannot SIT, INHIBIT MOTOR.
This has to be one of the best videos youve created, thanks again Dr. Dirty
This is a great video! I am earning my Master's in Speech Language Pathology and I'm currently taking a class on motor speech disorders. We covered the basal ganglia last week in class that included the direct and indirect pathway. I was so lost in class BUT this completely cleared it up with clear straight to the point explanations. Thank you so much!
I started a new role as a MSL for a PD drug. This was the most helpful video by far t hat I have seen explaining these concepts! thank you so much for this!!!
Literally you saved half of my day studying this thing again. Cant thank u enough.❤
Love that you refer to yourself as Dirty
thank you so much for your videos, not only for MD students but for us PharmD students, the mnemonics are lifesavers
You are literally my number 1 recommended resource for step/comlex. I swear there is not a single resource out there that is as easy to understand/high yield as the way you put it. I really appreciate you making this videos free, truly god sent!!!
we used this video to support our Neurophysiology lecture today. we redrew the arrows as a class to ensure understanding as there were a couple arrows that initially confused us. the overview and mnemonic were very helpful!
for anyone wondering this is all dependent on whether the dopamine from SNc stimulates the D1 or D2 receptor which decides where the GABA goes( direct or indirect)
the motor cortex sends direct signals to the striatum which causes gaba release
Another mnemonic. Glutamate is used in Chinese food. So if you're excited about Chinese food, you should remember that glutamate causes excitation.
GABA is yelling at you in caps to stop, or inhibit. Hope that helps
good one, thanks :)
In your flowchart, the Substantia Nigra is displayed within the same box as the GPi. However, since it is located in the Midbrain, I think the illustration is more graphically accurate if it were to appear as input from another source. Also, you should discuss the stimulatory/inhibitory effects on Dopamine depending on the D1/D2 receptors.
Great point
I agree with you on this one, while the flowchart does get its point across, the Substantia Nigra should not be within the same box as the GPi. It would be easier to understand that the Substantia Nigra is in the Midbrain, if it were displayed coming from a different source.
I know you stated in the beging of the video what the colored lines stood for. However, for more clarity throughout the video with excitatory and inhibitory pathways could use key in the corner to beter keep track throughout the video.
yea, it is impressive...superb explanation!! thank you thank you...a practice question for this at end would have been a great addition...maybe next video? MILLION THANKS AGAIN! Love seeing your channels growth, excellent job thus far!
Great video Dirty and im a big fan of you but in the last step of INDIRECT pathway, GP internus inhibit Thalamus ---> which will further inhibit the Motor Cortex and this will inhibit the movement. PLEASE correct me if I'm wrong, and the arrow in that case going from Thalamus to Motor cortex in indirect pathway should be red not green. my source is B&B videos. thank you
I had the same doubt
Basically video is correct--thalamus to motor cortex neuron is excitatory thats why drawn in green instead of red...although activation of substantia nigra by indirect pathway will lead to inhibition of thalamus and the no excitatory signal will go from thalamus to cotex
and this is why negative times negative = positive
BEST EXPLANATION EVERRRRR LOVE FROM PAKISTAN ❤️❤️
You are the modern robbin hood for medical students
Thank you so much!
I have my Neuroanatomy exam in two days, and this video helped me clear my confusion.
Great videos! I am a psych NP student and find your instruction valuable. I wish you had more psychiatry specific material... ♥️♥️♥️
Thank you sir. This helps us psych NPs as well! Went Johns Hopkins and they don’t even explain these concepts as nicely as you do.
Hello Dirty, you are beyond amazing! Thank you for your effort and contribution! This is very helpful! I appreciate it! :)
Correct me if I am wrong , but comparing this to my school notes, in the direct pathway there should be a green arrow between the GP internus and Substantia Nigra box, signifying that we are "disinhibiting" the substantia nigra and allowing the thalamus to excite the motor cortex.
For the indirect pathway, the red line between the striatum and GP externus is correct. The next line between the GP externus and the subthalamic nucleus should be green though, because the Subthalamic nucleus is being disinhibited. The arrow between the subthalamic nucleus and the GP internus/substantia nigra box is then therefore green. Because the substantia nigra is now free to inhibit, there should be a red arrow connecting it to the thalamus, and furthmore a red arrow from the thalamus to the motor cortex, because the indirect pathway inhibits movement.
You are right dude
Thanxs❤
Awesom doc .. always coming up with strategic approach in nailing the steps 🙏🙏
Love this video as always. Just thought, an easier way to remember "MSENIT" is to think of Chancellor Palpatine from star wars saying "i M the SENIT". Works for me lol
This is the way.
not yet! jk, good way to remember
I'm glad I'm not the only person who thought of this lol.
You had me all the way to 11:53. At first it seemed that the pathways both cause movement. The thalamus role inhibits and inhibiting thr inhibitor causes movement
There is something that can be added on to make it more memorable..
DIRECT PATHWAY: COME STRAIGHT INTO THALAMUS
COME- COrtex
STRAIGHT- STRiatum
INTO- Globus pallidus INTernus
THALAMUS
INDIRECT PATHWAY: COME STRAIGHT, GET EXTERNUS 'n GET INTO THALAMUS
here, GET EXTERNUS is GP EXTERNUS, and, 'N is Nucleus(subthalamic), rest all same..
If you need these rules you are pretty lost..
Heres how to make this video the best.
1. Draw a lever or like a car in park.
2. Change gears or take off the break hence internus and sbn then the car goes.
Students would remember that well.
Great but missing Dopamine effects on D1 and D2 in Striatum
Man, this is golden! Thank you!
Thank you so much for this wonderful video!! 🙏🏻
This made my learning very smooth.
Awesome! 👍 ...made it so simple. Grateful!
I do not have words to thank you.
Omg you are my hero . You nailed this !! Thank you so much !!!
I think its all good for memorising the pathway involved but the part that links this pathway to parkinsons needs abit more clarity. Substantia nigra (could be drawn outside of the box) is controlling the pathway of globus pallidus so when there is parkinsons this control is absent therefore the direct and indirect pathways are activated together causing resting tremors and rigid movements symptoms in a patient
Thank you for the amazing video about neurology🙌🙌
hey dirty epic vids as always, one suggestion, can u make a vid about pharmacokinetics and its related BS... thx a lot
Thank you very much for nice Mnemonic MSIT - driect pathway, and MSENIT - indirect pathway
I was looking for this subject last night, thank you very much
thanks i finally understand this concept now
Thank you so much! I feel lucky to find this video.
I m your fan your way of teaching is just amazing 🤩
In the Indirect pathway, net effect is "Turning off the Motor cortex. In this case The arrow/Line which is going from the Thalamus to Cortex should be in Red Colour. The Thalamus is Turning OFF the motor cortex in the End.
Agreed. You were doing so good up till about11:53. This is what confuses us. You guys
Please fix stop confusing us
@@etheldeitz3392No you misunderstand, the indirect pathway excites the substantia nigra which then INHIBITS the thalamus which stimulates the motor cortex. The effect of the thalamus is still exciting the motor cortex, it is just doing it to a lesser extent. The thalamus never inhibits the cortex, the graph is correct.
Please see my responds above
I am going to use your video during my BG lecture today 🙂
for the indirect pathway, bc the thalmus is being inhibited by the turning on of the substantia nigra, shouldnt the motor cortex be inhibited as well?
If the Subthalamic Nucleus in the indirect pathway excites the substantia nigra which is inhibitory by nature, shouldn't the line to the motor cortex be red and not green as it's "turning off the motor cortex"?
You guys rock for real
Thank you for solving one of my Nightmares ❤
Thanks sir for this wonderful explanation...
Wonderful presentation..thank you🙏
So nice video, I was having trouble remembering it before and was making so lengthy tables for memorizing. Thanks a lot!!
Can we say that bodies natural tendency is for the movement....... But SN and GPI works as a breaks as when they stimulate thalamus inhibits movements and when they stop stimulating.... There are no breaks on the tendency of movement......... And it will cause motor movement?
Love this video, very informative
In IP the arrow leading from Thalamus to MC should be red then?
THANK YOU VERY MUCH ❤
Love the little mnemonics in between that you often come up with... Great video!
How pallidothalamic tract (GPi to thalamus) is responsible for resting tremors in Parkinson??Please help
sir you make my concepts clear .. thanks a lot
Really awesome. Thank you
Clear and concise.
Thank you so much 👍
Plz make a Video on limbic system ASAP
It will be really beneficial for me 😔
Why is the arrow to the motor cortex green in both cases if one is inhibiting?
the mnemonic is super helpful!!
You can remember them by the rule of Math (-)(-)=(+) for Direct Pathway
And
(+)(-)=(-) for Indirect Pathway
O.O .... t-th-thankyou...
Wouldn’t it be green arrow going to thalamus in case of direct pathway(since Substantia nigra is disinhibited)? And wouldn’t it be red arrow from thalamus to the motor cortex in indirect pathway since here motor cortex is being “turned off”?
Bit of a late response but for anyone else who might be in the same boat:
The GPi and Substantia Nigra always INHIBIT the thalamus, in other words they inhibit movement. The thalamus always ACTIVATES the cortex, meaning stimulates movement.
In the case of direct pathway, the inhibitor (Gpi) is inhibited by Striatum -> movement. In the indirect, the inhibitor is activated by Subthalamic nucleus -> no movement.
But in both cases the Gpi remains the inhibitor (that's why the red arrows are there) and the Thalamus remains the activator (green arrows).
No it the thalamus will always activate the cortex but if it is inhibited, it cannot activate, you’lld need to just use logic hence to avoid confusion it’s better the pathways stay the same(normal) and we use logic
But indirect pathway is turning off motor cortex then why green arrow ?
can you make a video explaining the cerebellar pathways it gets super confusing
So much helpful for such a confusing topic !!!
Thanks :-), It was very much needed.
Thank you so much😊
Thank you so much 🙏🏻
At last...... found something amazing.
Thanks sir for this explanation
Thank you so much for this amazing video
Seriously thank you for this
Well explained. Thank you.
Keep them coming please
Thank you sooooo much
Please make a video on osmotic demylinating syndrome and Spinal lesions
Why is everything high yield 😣😭😭
wow.. nice video. very helpful
Thank you so much
Thanks a lot for making it so simple.
thank you so much!!! you're awesome
The green arrow(right side) from thalamus to motor cortex ,is Indirect pathway.
So, there will be no activation signal sending from thalamus to motor cortex, am I right?
*(im a bit confuse with the green arrow at the right side from Thalamus to motor cortex. Please correct me if I'm wrong)
Will it be more clear there is a cross marked along the green arrow to indicate there's no activation?
Hey , a small doubt…. Should the substantia nigra be at the top of the flowchart….. like SN inhibits striatum right ?
Good lord I needed this
Thank you so much for this!
If in both the pathways thalamus gets activated and sends excitatory signals to motor cortex,then how in indirect pathway thalamus inhibits motor cortex .if substantia niagra inhibits thalamus ,then why thalamus is shown as excitatory??
I'm gonna bring the nobel prize to your home !!
thank you thank you thank you
Thank you so much!!
You're amazing
Do you have an explanation of the anatomy of a seizure?
Like renshaw cells in spinal cord..?
THANK YOU!!!!
U just saved my life
You are awesome dirty!!!