158,962,555,217,826,360,000 (Enigma Machine) - Numberphile
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 9 ม.ค. 2013
- The Nazi's Enigma Machine - and the mathematics behind it - was a crucial part of World War II. Flaw video at: • Flaw in the Enigma Cod...
More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓
Brown papers on ebay: bit.ly/brownpapers
Dr James Grime demonstrates the machine and discusses its many configurations.
James' "day job" is touring with the Enigma machine - he could even visit you - see more at enigma.maths.org/content/proje...
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Hitler when he invaded France
0:57
😂😂😂
YOINK ALL MINE
Yoink
A rule of the internet should be that you can make any thing in to a meme just because of you
XF
As a side note, this machine been there for over 80 years and can still be used. That's German manufacturing quality.
german engineering at its finest \[T]/
Maybe it's just been restored? They changed the battery compartment so it wouldn't be surprising if they made other fixes.
i guess my cherry board can last 80 years too...
Please note that this machine isn't very comlpicated and it uses real wires with great connection unlike the PCBs we have now. PCBs are really easy to damage. I'm not surprised that this can survive this long. Computers would last much longer if they were built like this, but they would be too big and inefficient. The only thing in that machine that needed to be replaced or charged was the battery because we didn't have and still don't perpetual motion machines.
Not to mention how many years it could of sat in that field
0:57 “YOINK, THATS MINE”
a great thank you to Alan Mathison Turing🇬🇧 and of course to the Polish mathematicians 🇵🇱 from Greece 🇬🇷.
Zois 13 ναι
the click the machine makes when you press a button is highly satisfying
+Poockiy You need Cherry MX Blue
Yosua Petra I'm using Brown.
Buckling spring is the way to go then 😃
+Poockiy tactical click before it was cool
Someone needs to make Enigma machine ASMR.
It's so fun to watch people talk about things they're passionate about :)
+Ethan Ho XDD
well trump is passionate about making american lives better but i dont see u voting dude
u vote trump now boi ;0
scarletrobin you answered my long haunting question of why i selectively listening to different voices with different attention!
Like the Germans and Nazis?
I was the #666 thumbs up, I now own your soul, have a nice day scarletrobin.(￣ω￣)
Omg he has 3,14 million subscribers and his profile picture is π
Omg stop subscribing now !
balanced like everything should be
It's a Christmas miracle!!
Was...
3.15 pie has changed
0:57 My landlord when the stimulus check came in
FYGWNB ASISYS WNOKOQ Q (JNO)
Interesting how wars can make people invent really unimaginable stuff....
Yes, the increase prospect of death tends to do that sometimes.
War is the mother of invention
Marcus Hendriksen I think it is "necessity", but yeah war is acceptable too
War and laziness are the parents of invention.
xXxJokerManxXx Oh wait, yeah you're right! Funny, I always thought it was "war" for some reason xD
I want a mechanical keyboard with enigma click sounds...
Me too. Maybe try clipping retro classic switches or maybe do some serious click bar messing on THICC Clicks
EXACTLY!
IBM Model M keyboard pretty close.
Thank you for bringing up polish, it’s nice being put in such a great context, not many people know we had our part in breaking Enigma code.
Have you seen " imitation game " it's based on breaking enigma
The Polish, from memory, I believe, also built a decoder machine, but it became outdated as the Germans replaced their enigmas for newer more complex ones.
@@Poraqui The Polish Cypher Bureau did build several Bomba machines to help decrypt Enigma messages. However, the Germans made several changes to how they sent messages in 1939 that basically blew up their efforts. And then Poland got invaded by Germany and the USSR.
L@@Poraqui
Historically, the Polish nation had one of the highest number of mathematicians per capita. This account that their nation had enemies on both their western frontier, Germany (Prussia prior-to 1870), and to the east, Russia. Throughout history, Polish governments nourished the training of talented people in the mathematics of code-breaking, to attempt to ascertain what the intentions were, of their enemies to the east and to the west.
Props to him for mentioning the Poles first.
Jim Geary Why?
@@user-sd6lg8lf5c Because the Poles where the first to get their hands on a machine; they took it apart and documented components, settings, etc. Then they built their own simulators called "bombas", mechanical computers; their mathematicians did the foundational work on breaking the code, finally completed in
England. The Poles when through tremendous hardship to get this information to the allies.
@@amramjose They barely battled though and just got took over. They weren't really big components to the war. It would've looked similar without them.
@@amramjose as my comment above states, you are indeed correct, the Poles began making headway before the start of WW II. The main codebreakers who joined the Polish General Staff’s Cipher Bureau in Warsaw were Jerzy Rozycki, Henryk Zygalski, and Marian Rejewski.
(plus the machine less one rotor was actually available to buy commercially some time in 1932 in the danish buisness newspapers as a means to encode private buisness deals and transactions, had the allies noticed this the whole enigma project would have been very different, maybe hitler would have vamped the machine up to another level of complexity as a consequence and the probable solution would have moved even further into an even more infinite improbability of solving, in that case, who knows, thats for a parallel reality world to solve not ours, luckily.)
maneuvers
POLAND !
It still blew my mind when he typed the code back in to write Numberphile. That's super cool.
I watched this vid two years ago. Just now finished watching imitation game and returned to view this a second time
Literally the comment I had intention to write. I guess you decoded me. Absolutely everything is true: watched it two years ago, just watched Imitation game, and returned to this vid just for the sake of it.
This movie lies about Enigma...
This video is ten times more interesting than the film. The film tells you literally nothing about the enigma and its mysteries.
Carl Mahnke depends what you like seeing. Story developed about this machine fascinates me as much as the machine itself.
How about a third time now?It's been 2 years
0:57 Thomas Edison when he met the man who actually invented the lightbulb
I wish I could hit the laughter reaction instead of a thumbs up
What are you implying here?
@@farrellpurba2095 That Thomas Edison didn't invent the lightbulb and took the public credit for it
Creative Nothing I mean like... it’s just a fact at this point yet it isn’t corrected.
You don't know how much I laughed😂🤣🤣
My level of intelligence maxed out after 26 × 26 × 26 😅
@Xtra Spice Mikey 17,576
Did factorials but this is too complex
Me too! I just paused because my brain at "we don't care about those 4 letters so we can divide by 6 factorial". :)
(25x25x25) + (1x1x1)
25³+1³
17576
@@forefatherofmankind3305 25³ = 15625
That Polish Mathematician was Marian Rejewski, he acted as a spy for a couple years, hid from the Nazi Party, broke the Enigma Machine and after all that lost some of his best Mathematician friends who were trying to escape the war. He is truly an un-song hero, and without him, I am certain we would have lost the war. The more remarkable thing is that there was multiple versions of the enigma machine throughout the war, and Marian and his colleagues broke them all.
Tyler Odenthal - ITS Major
Did my Cyptologist Research Report on? ----> Marian Rejewski
I am happy to see that at least someone remembers him; the knowledge about these hardworking men should be spread further.
How would Germany have won if enigma hadn't been broken???
He broke the machine?? What an asshole! That was for code breaking!!
@@boozecruiser Think...
,, through Enigma, the Allies obtained invaluable information about German military movements
Allies would've won either way.
"Yoink, that's mine"
LOL
TriHard Clap
Jk
for some reason i couldnt stop laughing
For a split second I thought that big number was the amount of views that this video had! Either way - impressive video, thanks for posting
That would be impressive, I alone would have had to watch the video at least 147364 times, give or take a couple 😁
Bro really used lsd
that number is almost as big as the US federal debt
Yea it looks like a Katy Perry video
@@sabbracadabra8367
Or a Justin Bieber video...
Sad, sad juncture that humanity is at these days.
"But there is a flaw... if I press the letter 'k'" --> Guy pressed k and the machine exploded
Why dose this have no comments
I just got back from watching The Imitation Game, and it's such a fun coincidence that I find this video now.
The movie is quite good, I highly recommend it.
Indeed it was !
「S」 Cumberbatch's acting was brillian too
I hate Butterchick Cumondick, bad actor.
「S」 The same with me!!! LOL
「S」 It is an amazing film, but it's one of those movies that you can watch once. Some scenes are too painful to re-watch.
For those wanting additional information, in Simon Singh's book "The Code Book", the way the Enigma Machine worked and how it was eventually cracked by the Poles first and by Turing later is very niftily explained
What a lovely man. You can tell his soul is that of a teacher.
It actually got even more complex than that, because it was possible to open up the rotors and rewire them, or to simply twist each side of the rotor by a few turns (so pin 1 on the let would match up to pin 3 on the right, for example), so if they ever worked out that we had an enigma machine and were regularly getting our hands on the code sheets, they could just start to rewire all of the machines, making ours useless for a while.
I'm really glad to see that George Weasley found his passion in muggle arithmetic after the war. His ear's looking great too.
I like this channel because 50 percent the accents of these genius people, 25 percent their high interest in what they do, they are always excited, and 25 percent because it's an interesting channel
the flaw is, the video runs out before the flaw is revealed
another enigma
I hate it when they do these partial videos, and then you can’t find the second half because they gave it some different name.
Fortunately, the second video, about the flaw, is listed in the show notes. Expand the description and it’s there.
@@FriendlyNeighborhoodNitpicker ^ Cheers!
The Nazis killed him before he could tell! 😳
The flaw is that a letter can never be transcribed as itself.
thanks for mentioning Poland :)
This is absolutely fascinating, you think you understand the complexity but then seeing the number when the actual math is done is mind blowing. Well done!
personally id find this number "158,962,555,217,826,360,000" a lot more fascinating......if it were the balance in my bank account....
Liono liony If that were your balance in your bank account you would crash the world economy and a lot of people would die(if you were to spend everything as fast as possible of course). Do you find that fascinating?
Chaosligend indeed.........hmm.......so all I need is that much cash......to bring about the end of the world?.......ill start taking donations!
Chaosligend couldn't u just share it out equally? no more rich/poor just everyone equals
Colm Rooney This is not how it works. You would crash world's economy either way. If you were to share it and to have everyone get the same amount of money, nobody wouldve been poor nor rich. There would be so much money that they would've just become useless. You've seen those pictures of germany after ww1? Their cash was worth, basically, nothing. They used to throw it in the furnace just to warm their house. A slice of bread costed about 2 carts of cash. So, what would happen is that people would drop money as they're not worth anything anymore, they would be worth less than paper that they're made of. People would just go back to the stone age where, the only way you could get grasp of food or items you didn't make yourself was to exchange those items for something equally valuable. As I said, a lot of people, such as lawyers or youtubers, the ones that basically don't make something physical, would die.
Chaosligend This is not how it works either. You have to take in account the fact that there are guys who "prints" the money by just pressing a button and the rest has to work (physically or intelectually) to get some. And nowdays you dont even need coinage or money printing to create money - you got numbers inside computers. So money only represents value as long as people do believes it. Only 10% of all amount of money on the world has something to do with real economy - the rest is a sort of whip in modern slavery. Remember Gaddafi's doubt about US$ real value? We all know how he ended up after he refused to accept money for Lybian's oil.
The Americans would use Navajo native indians from Arizona as their human enigma machines in WW2. Navajo indian language is said to be the most complicated in the planet, more than chinese or Inuit. Its impossible to learn and the only way to know it is by learning it from birth from your parents. Each american division would take a navajo indian with them and they would speak with each other by radio, each translating into english the navajo radio calls. The japanese and the germans were never able to decipher the language. In the navajo language there are 160 ways to describe "little" or "small" just to give you an example how complicated it is.
@James Marcus you can't just claim it as false unless you explain why, at least not if you want to be taken seriously.
Germans: *invent incredibly complex machine that is near indecypherable*
USA: lets just speak another language lol
Sounds interesting. Any sources for the claims? OP and James?
There's a movie on it. It's called Windtalkers
@@firstlast4379 you can look up Navajo code talkers
Well-spoken, crystal clear and a delight to watch! I could listen to you for hours. I didn't want the video to end.I watched a few of your others as well!
Amazing how an online history lesson was able to more effectively and efficiently teach me about factorials and how to solve equations containing such functions than my advanced algebra course in high school.
I like dirt Oh, I was unaware he was a professor. New to the channel. Still, it only took this one short video for me to learn so much.
+ltshep I easily learn more about science in 20-30 minutes of random videos and wikipedia articles than I do in science class
+ltshep Maybe you should pay more attention in class. I get a perfectly fine education here in America.
Back in high school, I switched schools and for the last two went to a different school. The teachers would literally just tell me to go to Khan Academy or whatever. They couldn't bother to teach it well enough but needed you to look it up later. What's the point of wasting 8 hours a day if you need to learn everything outside the classroom anyway?
ltshep this made so much sense all of a sudden
I love digit sequences like '555' appearing in big numbers
Ive been finding a lot of 555s lately,what does it refer to?
The manufacturer: "Don't press K it is the flaw"
The army: "KAPUTT ALLIES"
The Polish: "Got them"
K just pauses my video
The guy asked my question bursting from my heart.. Thank you..
Dear Dr Turing ,
WE want to thank you for your enormous contribution & for your work relating to breaking the
German Military codes & to acknowledge your unique input into developing the very first computer.
Now -- this won't hurt at all -- Dr Turing. - We just want to CHEMICALLY CASTRATE you.
You won't feel a thing.
Breaking the Enigma Machine was a government-held secret. No one except the british secret services knew the code was broken. So for the british autorities, Mr. Turing was a simple military mathematician who was homosexual, and at that time, it was illegal. At least there was an official public apology towards Alan Turing in 2009 and in 2013, the Queen granted him with a posthumous pardon. Only sad thing is he wasn't alive anymore
The Poles originally broke the basic German
Enigma code in 1933.
In 1939 they handed their mathematical formulae to the Brits who realized its importance to them -- should they go to war with Germany.
Breaking the CODE was NOT or EVER the PROBLEM .
The problem was BREAKING IT
FAST ENOUGH so that the information contained within the message would be of some use.
All that changed with the arrival of Dr Alan Turing -- who managed to develop a MECHANICAL COMPUTER which speeded up the decryption process to within about 30 - 40 minutes.
Turing was worth his weight in GOLD to the Brits. The only reason these hypocrites acknowledged his huge value was because
of MODERN DAY PUBLIC OPINIUON and the people who WORKED AT BLETCHLEY PARK ---- OPENLY SPEAKING OUT.
Otherwise Dr Turing & his superb contribution would have been conveniently forgotten.
A bit like Diana -- Princess of Wales &
the attitude of the ROYALS towards her.
A typical case of BRITISH HYPOCRISY.
jbyeats loooooooooooooooooool omg thats hilarious.
BOVEK Music Imitation Game movie
jbyeats Thank you for mentioning the Poles. Without Marjan Rejewski and his two colleagues, Turing has nothing to work with. I have no idea if he had done any early theoretical work in cracking the cipher, but the Poles did, and they typically get NO CREDIT. As a Pole this has angered me for years. :-)
That is the clearest description of the Enigma, that I have heard. Very Nice!
I learned so much from this video. There was a version of the Enigma used for the German Navy that had 8 total rotors (select 3), a fourth rotor, a settable reflector, and the rings on the rotors could be rotated to change the wiring for each letter. Additionally, the rotors could be placed in any order. How do these details change the total number of configurations? Great video I learned a bunch! Thank you!
Based on what I read, the fourth rotor was to the left of the other three and did not move automatically as the message was encrypted or decrypted on different machines. It could however be manual rotated/set into different positions but naturally had to be identical on each machine. Its design was also different that the other three and could not be interchanged with them.
This is one of my favorite videos on TH-cam. Thanks.
I watched a ton of documentaries and even a movie about the Enigma machine, but this is by far the best explanation I've ever seen. It's very fascinating and interesting. Thank you!
It would be interesting to build this in software and expand it to 8 rotors with 1024 contacts.
+Combat King 0 i was thinking about it, and i'm trying to write some algorithms.
I dont know if already exists on the web. but i'll try
Since 8-bit bytes have 256 values and we're working with 1024 values, we could take 5 bytes from a file at a time and divide the bits into 4 groups of 10. That'll give us 4 10-bit numbers which we can put through the algorithm. Once the 10-bit numbers have been encrypted, we split the bits back into 5 groups of 8 and then store the bytes in a new file.
+Combat King 0 got anywhere? This seems very interesting.
I might as well come clean - I've already written the program. It's a bit buggy and fails if there are any read only files involved, but I can fix these problems with enough time. Also it only works under Windows as I don't have any Linx / Mac OS / iOS / Android coding experience, but if you look for a program called Zero Encrypter 4 it does exactly what I've described.
+Combat King 0 Where's the code posted?
Thank you Numberphile!! For decades I have been trying to make sense of this device. How it functioned remained a mystery. Until now.
Other's who explained it never bothered to mention the interconnected circuitry held within the dials.
(I couldn't figure out how the correct letters showed up since the device seemed to have a randomness to it)
Thank you very much for clarifying this device.
Brilliant demonstration. The only one I've seen that convicingly shows how it was used :-)
One more problem: translate from German to English
Smallest problem of all. People like me would have been around back then: Dänish-geborener deutscher mit starkem flair für Sprachen. And so, the translation part would probably take 1/1000 of the time it'd take to break the code.
+Troy Tribbiani vergib ihm, mein fruend. He is a modern person. lol
Es ist ein klein Problem lol
well even if translating it isn't much of a problem, it still is until you have someone available.
Chris Bandy PanzerKamphWagon, armoured battle car, tank
Thank you very much for mentioning Polish mathematicians. After the war British goverment was hiding accomplishments of Polish people (battle of London, breaking Enigma, Monte Casino Battle, etc.) in order to make Stalin (Soviet Union) happier (which was taking control over Poland). It was after 1980s when this data was unclassified but still many Europeans do not know. Propaganda worked. So once again. Thank you very much in the name of all Polish modern mathematicians (And sorry for bad English)
I did not know that, I wonder if there any Mathematicians from other countries whose work went unappreciated during the war.
This was the best explanation on how this machine works that I’ve seen! Thank you so much
Very friendly and understandable explanation ! Thanks a lot
3.14million subscribers!!
th-cam.com/video/__UlMppZZgs/w-d-xo.html
Thanks a ton for such wonderful explanation🙏.Really loved it!
Wel Numberphile, I must applaud you have done some great work on this video and its part 2, keep u the work bro. U work very hard for your videos that is what makes it so interesting. This is a genuine comment from someone who really appreciates the work you do
The Nazis ripped off the Enigma from Dota 2.
How dare !!
imran876339 hahaha made me crack up. But fock ya mate
If I lived in the UK I would like to go to the University of Cambridge just because James works there.
Possibly not anymore
This answers my question of why the plugboard. And this is the only video I've seen so far that answers that. Also the issue of coordinating the settings with the codes sheets and how those were secured. Kudos.
Your Enigma only has 3 rotors. German Navy used 4 or 5 and later upgraded to 6; they called it "Triton Key".
Every security system or cipher used by humans has one, fundamental flaw: human operator. That fact broke Enigma's very efficient code. Enigma wasn't perfect, but its users were the real flaw in its operation.
Damn that movie 'The Imitation Games' didn't cover this part!
which part? and did you pay attention?
They went a little thin on the story.
Yeh I was super confused what’s going on. But I guess that would make the movie too technical
I know i'm like 10 years late on this but the way you are enthusiastic about numbers and the machine in general is just affectuous. Great channel great work :)
amazing video and so well explained too, bravo , superteacher.
never press the letter k i guess
?
Hahaha
when the united states finds another country with oil
0:57
this is the best one
Very simply and cool! You told perfect about encryption and Enigma!
I saw you in London talking about the same enigma machine
The sign on the machine says to only use light bulbs with a diameter of 17 millimeters..
As Alan Turing's partner said. "159 Million Million Million possibilities."
you always do your sums by hand and it intimidates me
Actually, Polish intelligence read Enigma code for years, before giving the solution to France and Britain in early 1939 - three Polish mathematicians - Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski cracked it in 1932 and even created the machine, called "bomb", that was able to crack the daily code. Afterwards. it was easy for British to read the code during the war and work on it further.
5:15 The kriegsmaine had 4 rotors on their machines instead of 3, that is why it was so important to get a naval enigma machine from a u-boat
1:00 You're a cryptographer, wandering through a French field, and you happen to come across the single most well known cryptographic device ever. What else are you going to do with it? Leave it for a cow to choke on?
I'd imagine this could have been some sort of a legal excuse as to how they got it so they could legally hold onto it following the war?
@@polarisraven5613 Because "spoils of war" isn't a legal argument?
@@adammullarkey4996 "legal" doesn't always mean something you can be proud of
@@juliuszkocinski7478 and lying is?
I love maths. But at school, I didn't. It's extremely satisfying how he takes complex problems and makes them seem easy! If only there were more early education teachers who explained mathematics as eloquently and succinctly as he does, we would have more students progressing into STEM fields.
Love this TH-cam channel.
Excelente exposición, profesor 👋👋👋🇦🇷
00:57 i can't stop laughing
The Germans also had weird rules like numbers beside each other can't be switched. A can't be B etc. That'd bring the number down a bit.
Also the German Navy had 8 rotors instead of 5.
If you're interested in learning more I recommend you read "The Code Book" by the owner of the above enigma machine, Simon Singh. Also "The Imitation Game" movie has a pretty decent portrayal of what happened.
First time ever simple explanation about a complex machine thanks
It is so cool to see him so passionate about this topic! And this is such a great example on how to teach math. Storytelling and case studies. Just beautiful!
YOU MADE ONE BIG MISTAKE ( and a little ): You forgot the ring setting ( move the turnover notch positions) : the left-hand
wheel is completely irrelevant, and does not enhance the key space, but 26×26 (or 676) possible ring
settings for the middle and right-hand wheels are possible. Then out of the 26×26×26 wheel positions 26×26 are redundant, leaving 26×25×26 or 16,900 as relevant the answer is : 60 × 16 900 × 676 x 150,738,274,937,250 ( more information : Modern Breaking of Enigma Ciphertexts
by Olaf Ostwald and Frode Weierud )
Yet again whoever talks about Enigma conveniently omits 3 polish cryptographers: Rejewski, Zygalski and Różycki. Without them Alan Touring, whom I admire very much, would probably not know where to begin.
I think this is the one most easily under understandable numberphile videos there are.
Amazing! The number is monumental!
Let's salute to Alan Turing and his team for breaking the Code.
Legend for a reason
The first mathematicians who broke the Enigma were Polish mathematicians: Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki
Not hugely important for the purposes of the video, but the German military had a standard for the plugboards to where letters adjacent to each other couldn't be allowed to be swapped, ie you could not swap W with Q or E on the plugboard, and in all honesty that would probably significantly diminish the number of plugboard settings
Fascinating. And presented by a young smart Johnny rotten too
This is so fascinating and also makes no sense to me. You are an incredible teacher though, and a joy to listen to! 🤩💕✨
So how much did the monthly subscription to those code sheets cost that the Allies couldn't afford it?
It wasn't the cost, it was the hidden fees.
***** And with the inflation it was impossible to get any reichmarks out of Germany.
0:40 - Simon Singh? Isn't that the one from Numberphile, talking about Simpson's and Futurama maths?
Yes it is!
النغثخي عتياسشنينتةميوتية مينيتىي
One of my favorite book series is the ring of Fire by Eric Flint, about whole towns getting sent back in time. There’s one where a cruise ship gets sent back to Ancient Greece, I’d love to see the locals try to wrap their heads around enigma.
The Powerhouse Museum in Sydney has an Enigma machine, and 20 odd years I was able to visit the storage area and have a closer look at it - as a WW2 buff, it was a great thrill!
you have to do it again
The Enigma is obviously the perfect evidence that you should never scorn simplicity.
Kinda odd but the channel is at 3.14 million subscriber
Bruh Pi
Wft
At one point they will have 3, 141, 592 subscribers
Hmmm... I shall now proceed to attempt to code an enigma machine in python, sounds like a fun weekend problem. Thanks Numberphile.
Respect for mentioning polish mathematicians. Many people don't know about polish contribution in breaking Enigma
"So I'm gonna type in "n" to begin with"
james no
I
G
G
E
@DanzaiGod го фуцк yourself
Wouldn't it be set in german? Which has a silly looking "beta" sign for a letter.
Thank you for explaining a complicated machine and the man behind that was more intelligent and complicated.
Not related directly, but there are videos where the machine is disassembled to a greater degree, including the rotors themselves. The fabrication quality of the thing is something to behold.
Enegma was fascinating but what's more astonishing is that someone found a way to break these codes of trillion probabilities within matter of minutes.thats more amazing to me
Side note: I laughed out loud in The Imitation Game when Denniston was interviewing Turing and asked how old he is and he said 27, meanwhile Benedict Cumberbatch is clearly in his 40's 😂😂
The enigma is my personal favority cipher, I like your explanation of the stastics of how secure the enigma is, It also compounds further as the roters can be re-wired, and their were varients of the enigma that had upto 7 rotors, and used from 2 rotors to 4 rotors at a time. One question though, your enigma's rotors are numbers, the original enigmas used A-Z to indicate rotor positions is this a modification to yours?
The cryptography world used alphabetic rotation as standard before WWII, but then the standard change to numeral rotation after then.
I think I missed something. After identifying all of the possible plugboard combinations, how did 159 quintillion turn out to be an answer? Multiplying 150 quintillion by previous two calculation answers results in an even greater value than 159 quintillion. Either that or my calculator is broken.
Well explained sir