Each and every one of us who've grown up in Serbia (or anywhere in ex-Yugoslavia, really) remembers having at least one Ei Niš appliance in their home. From a fellow engineer and a long-time fan and follower of the channel, thanks for covering this topic! Also, huge kudos to mr. Stevan Golubović for preserving the history of our former electronics industry giant; I wasn't even aware of his work prior to watching this video. I will definitely be keeping an eye out for his upcoming book on the subject.
The RCA1802 was more than powerful enough to run a calculator. Thanks to RCA's Silicon-On-Sapphire manufacturing process, they were manufactured in radiation hardened, space rated versions and were used in several displays in the space shuttles, for operating several satellites, and they've been crashed into both Venus and a moon of Jupiter. NASA and JPL have used quite a number of them.
The 1802 is far more powerful than the processors in most calculators. However, it's just a processor chip. It needs a bunch of other chips to form a complete solution. It's rather unsuitable for a calculator, rather than insufficiently powerful.
Nice video! As someone who is from ex-Yugoslavia, I would like to see more video essays like these. Although the industry wasn't very innovative and groundbreaking, the collapse of many industries (mainly in Bosnia and Serbia) is an interesting topic that I would like to see more on this channel. Greetings from Banja Luka, BiH!!
In 1991 industry collapsed in whole ex Yugoslavia,not just Serbia and Bosnia.Simple all companies had some connection with other in ex Yugoslavia and when that braked and add ongoing war ,sanctions it was impossible ,world moved on and cheap imports west and imports from east flooded market and they were just abonded and all mashines just sold for small money
"Wasn't very innovative and groundbreaking" a fair bit of yugoslavia's industries were either amongst the first of their kind on a global scale, or were the first of their kind on the balkans as a region.
I happen to have a black&white TV with only a two-inch tube, but it has an all-band tuner which is able to go up into the GPS satellite bands. Still useful for odd jobs.
I had 27 inch EI Nis Tv in living rom,color with telext and 100 channels ,which was very big for that era ,in my room i had old black white TV which my grandmother gave me and i had commodore 64 connected to it,so when my parent were at work i would connect commodore to Ei Nis TV in living room . But most desired EI Nis product for us teen then was Ei Niš HSR 160 Hi Fi ,you connect to large speakers and terrorize neigbours
Congratulations to you that you cover some stories from ex-Yugoslavia, there is a lot more to tell! If we only stay in field of semiconductors (in broad sense), there was not only Ei Niš, but there was also RIZ (Radio Industrija Zagreb) in Croatia, Rudi Čajavec in Bosnia and Hercegovina and Iskra in Slovenia, each of which has interesting story per se. And if we look on computer history, there was a CER line of indigenous mainframes (CER - Cifarski Elektronski Računar -> Numerical Electronic Computer), Digitron Buje (Croatia) which produced first electronic pocket calculator in Europe (DB800 in 1971), Iskra designed a 4 bit microprocessor EMZ-1001 around 1975 and produced it using USA AMI NMOS technology, Iskra-Delta has strong ties to DEC producing DEC compatible minicomputers (in the 80’s) etc, etc, etc…. As mentioned, there is a lot of interesting stories to tell about those times… And the last but not least, in 1984 I got my first computer, Sinclair ZX Spectrum. I used Ei Diplomat B/W tv set as monitor for it. They worked together admirably 👍… Greetings from Slovenia
Actually I didn’t even mentioned yugoslav home computers of that time. This is an exciting chapter too. There was not only Lola, there were also (among others) Galeb and Orao from PEL Varaždin, Secom from Ei and some others but I would certainly put the Galaksija (DIY project authored by Voja Antonić) on the top of that bunch. There was so lot going on back then… As I said, there are really interesting and exciting stories to be told…
Tesla (Serbia) was a electronic giant, even bigger then EU NIS. Seems like not many today even knows or wants to talk about it ... Tesla company still exist today in Belgrade making all sorts of stuff, granted on smaller scale as before. It made the 1st radio and I think 1st TV in Europe too. Or maybe 2nd but yeah they made bunch of stuff and developed everything "in house" when they started. Obviously the name Elektronski Institut i Industrija Nikola Tesla was given in respect to Nikola Tesla. Later shortened to just Tesla. Btw this Tesla company have nothing to do with that clown Elon Musk's company of the same name ... I am also surprised he manage to keep the name too.
@@minmogrovingstrongandhealthy Tesla US nothing to do with Tesla Serbia/Yugoslavia okay. There was also a Tesla in Czechoslovakia. You should not call Mr. Musk a clown.
Ei preamp tubes were the best. Nothing performed like they did in guitar preamps when overdriven. The plate structures were enormous in comparison to others being mae in the 90s, especially in comparisons to the ones out of Chinese factories.
The most famous and well regarded products of Ei Nis were vacuum tubes that were in production alongside the semiconductors for more than 40 years and are still praised for their quality and reliability but they stop producing them in the 90's.
My father worked with EI Nis in the 70s! He had a telecommunication company in Yugoslavia and one time, he managed to buy out the entire production capacity for a very specific cable used in telephony that year. It got him in trouble with the state because it turned out EI Nis gave a single man a monopoly without being aware of it: even the PTT, the national telecommunications agency, would have to order cables from him from that point on in Zagreb. They ordered him to return the cables back to EI Nis, but he negotiated that he'd return half /and/ make a profit on it. He said that when he came to Nis in his Mercedes, at the time a rare sight in Yugoslavia, they treated him exceptionally well and to all kinds of festivities at night (and I can only imagine the 'negotiations' being done under the influence of a lot of rakija)
Yugoslavia had quality products. The first pocket calculator in Europe was designed and produced in SFR Yugoslavia. It was a company called Digitron Buje.
There is a Serbian company called Mikroelectronica. They are a like high end Arduino type company who sell Compilers and development boards and breakout boards. They do not manufacturer semiconductors but basically produce PCB's.
I have had a huge amount of success with their products. The time from concept to product was extremely short with every product I built with their compilers and debugging tools. PIC16 and PIC32 MCUs. Very much slicker than the STM32 and ESP32 eco systems I've used since.
Thanks for the amazing video. I had a small 12" B/W Ei Niš TV set in my bedroom as a teenager. I used it mainly with my ZX Spectrum. Ah, the nostalgia.
Vacuum tubes produced in EI Nis factory were respected among audiophiles all over the world. Cheap, acceptably reliable and of high sound quality! Even today, many decades after, you can stll find them in ads, sometimes as NOS. Remember when Manley Labs sourced output tubes from EI at some point.
I love this channel, is always my first choice on TH-cam. Some ideas for future videos (forgive me if you already did it and I didn't realize it): rise and fall of Commodore (quite wild and interesting) - rise and fall of Sinclair - history of microprocessors (from 4004) - rise and fall of Altair (very peculiar)...
Interesting! I was dreaming about Dynaudio speakers. Having not enough money for something better , I bought HSR 160. There were only two good things to say about it: nice price and size of woofer. I miss fascinating sound of some really big drum on one of Santana's first albums. You can not hear it with small or midsized boxes.
My uncle worked in EI Nis factory during Yugoslavia.Then Nis was ritch city off strong middle class much reacher them mine Kragujevac (which produced arms and not so famous Yugo) . His house was 3 story with big terrace on top and all houses in that area are were similarly big . Everone in Yugoslavia had some EI product and they were top quality ,we bought in late 80s almost in same time for our new house EI NIs TV and SAmsung TV ,EI Nis was so much better in every way ,100 chanels,teletext ,big size for that time with 2 big speakers from side ,its first modern looking TV we had .It survived until 2004 with 0 repairs when we finally ditched for flat screen TV .And where is now EI NIs,only walls left and where is Samsug. There is on youtube 15 minute long video off EI Nis factory from 1986 "Šta je to Elektronska industrija Niš - ETVNIŠ86 "
Nevermind Yugo. Crvena Zastava produced and produces military vehicles and amrament, sometimes branch into existing brands like Fiat and Renault as a side job. They make great things, but sure enough the "Yugo" is what everyone is braking with and at ... like its only that produced there ...
A truly sad and mostly unknown victim of the Yugoslav breakup wars is stuff like this, peoples lives work being eradicated as a mere afterthought due to conflict. Loss of life will always be the primary measure of how destructive an armed conflict is, but losing high tech industry like this has negative effects that echo into the future decades.
Guys I worked with microchips at Senis, specialy designed smart sensor for measuring magnetic field. Just wow, cheers to these great people which survived collapse of Ei and made their own micro company. 🎉❤
I always thought most of the old electronics we had when I was a kid was manufactured in CCCP, and I got to know that they were from Yugoslavia. Thank you.
I like how in all these stories, everyone who goes to Yugo develops a special fondness for it and its people, and also there is just bunch of chaos and mistakes constantly stifling success. The duality of Yugo. PS, the food really is great here in Niš
JUS as a production standard in former Yugoslavia was made of pick (best) values of German DIN and Russian Gost standards. ( That was mentioned by some professor at our university during the lecture). That meant that all products made following it were of at least solid or very good quality. Some APOLLO project parts were manufactured in Yugoslavia-pneumatic parts as I heard, as well as some tóols from Trebinje factory in the Bosnian Federation. For example, the washing machine made by EI was working in my parent's house for 30 years 1993-2023 !?! It was still working when we replaced it. Guess where to buy such quality these days. TV sets were not fancy but also known for longevity as Renrtgen machines. Some radio sets won the prize for quality in sound and solutions. Only as you mentioned, very bad marketing, some bad management and low international sales as war and the sanctions in the 90' made it's toll. I was very happy to see an honorable mention of Professor Djordje Bošan who was my Physics teacher working at Elektronski Fakultet u Nišu. He was a very kind man and an excellent and interesting lecturer. God let him rest in peace. We are all sad to see the collapses and buyouts of all former big Yugoslavia giants( all over the former country). Now almost all old industries are in the hands of foreigners or collapsed as well as the banking sector. Most former republics, now ''like'' independent'' are governed by corrupt politicians. There is no big difference from land to land. I see this trend happening now in the EUROPE. Watch for a few decades (maybe even years). Big thanks for the effort making this video and big thanks to the colleague who provided photos. Best regards to all good people over the globe from Norway, od naj-Nišlije u Norveskoj. PS. Nećes Kopati!
Ei Niš, also known as Electronics Industry Niš lol a significant player in the electronics industry, its connection to MEMS/NEMS might not be direct, but I assure you that one exists!
Also, during a "wave" of UFO sightings during the 70s, Niš was home to numerous UFO visits and events, with many being recorded and reported but never shown and virtually no record of this fact now exists. One of the pictures in this video, 16:50 showing the bridge and road to Zagreb, shows one in the air.
Zavodi is not "labs". Zavody means pluiral of some kind of a business unit that usually produces something - it could be anything. I'm from the ex-czechoslovakia and we also called many of our state businesses "Závody".
All ex-Yugoslavian republics were thoroughly deindustrialized. All our factories were bought by western companies, then closed. Workers were fired and tools and machines sold to scraps. Everything was done for all of us to become dependent on western imports without any serious production of our own. The same fate happened to EI NIŠ
We did that , or at least we let our politicians do that while distracting us with importance of nationality , fall of Yugoslavia will go down in history as a great example of stupidity of the masses .
@@mirko1989 Not at all. It will go down in history as stupidity of croats and slovenes. When they stay eu dumpster and cheap labor source and we continue developing our own way, with all so called ''blocks'' east and west alike.
True. Very very true. In Macedonia we used to have huge factories that produced steel, iron, buses, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles and other products throughout the country. Now most of it is gone or in way smaller capacity, thanks to the huge mismanagement and corruption done in the transition period.
Great video, but the premises of EI are not abandoned. Most of it is now smaller manufacturing businesses and retail space plus office buildings and coworking space. When it’s rush hour, you can expect traffic inside the factory
Zavod mean research facility with production. Morava is comon river name/brand in Serbia. There is South, West and Great Morava. Just Morava is river in Czech Republic, but Serbians like to cut South, West or Great.č
Nis is really nice city! There is a nice museum with old electronics in the Science and Technology Park. There is also some electronics companies working here.
While being largest, Ei Niš wasn't only electronic manifacturer in Yugoslavia. Rudi Čajavec from Banja Luka (Bosnia&Herzegovina) was probably second, by production of household appliances, together with Slovenian Iskra and Gorenje. Thing about electronic industries in Yugoslavia is that civilian production was merely just side quest, most of production was either for military or specialized. For example Pretis from Sarajevo was known for their express cookers and licensed built NSU motorcycles, but real deal was weapon production.
since long back i am watching your investigative journalisam in key point technolgy revolution rise and fall of cutting age technolgy awesome to make such documentry you made i congrates to you for your meticulosy verstile nature of your investigative documantiation of technlogy revolution always remebr you thanking you lots of love from india prverb for your motivation sprit rome was not bulit in a day german proverb craftmanship stand over the gold , your documentory gives me leran more , thanking you from india lots of love
The Slovenian electronics company engineers in Western Europe knew really well feom the 1970s on is Iskra. Their components had a real impact, when little from behind the iron curtain did.
The economy was destroyed by the price of oil (Yugoslavia was heavily dependent on importing oil) and later the sanctions, that both destabilized the whole country, as well. Not by people being evil like in some cartoons that you believe from all of the propaganda.
@@dimitrijekrstic7567sanctions and wars are done to destroy entire nations. That is why Syria or Iraq or Libya with promising futures were destroyed. Libya even had Western living Standards before NATO decides to bring democracy
My grandfather was one of the engineers who worked on patents and projects for Ei Nish. He projected and patent many electricity conductors as well as power transformers which are still in use in Macedonia, for instance.
Although the fate of the country as well as the company Ei Nis was not fortunate, the spirit of the city still persists. Across Nis now there are multiple small to medium sized companies that develop hardware and semiconductors, mostly as a contractors for other tech giants but nevertheless. Because of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering there is a lot hardware engineers in the city working on various projects. I am one of the engineers working in small company developing semiconductors for large tech giants. I know this is not the same as having full industrial complex in the city with a lot of talented people working, it is still something and I believe there is still a lot of unutilized talent here that maybe one day can be turned into something big! Thanks for the video.
I wish there was enough info to make a video about DMB - FTMT (factory of turbo motors and transmissions), they made parts for Rolls Royce, Boeing, and also for Ariana rocket! It was located in Belgrade. Now it operates as a logistics center and cosmetics factory for Lilly Drogerie/Kompresor.
@@xmj6830 I meant that it's not seen as a tragedy for the citizens of the new nations. People voted for breakup for a reason. And Yugoslavia was already mediocre at best, subpar most of the time beforehand.
Not enough emphasis is put on 1974 constitution. 2 years before that complete Serbian and Croatian top goverment organization was dismantled, and in this new constitution every nationality got a republic, except Serbia that was divided into autonomous provinces. A real mess of a constitution that announced end of Yugoslavia. One can only speculate what was going on behind the curtain as Tito was not as much in control as before. On Ei note, I visited in 2011. It is an enormous complex that is now divided into smaller pieces that small businesses bought or rent. There is even one small semiconductor business that makes some sort electronic assemblies, I think it used to be called Tagor, but recently company from abroad bought it and now it is called Qualis. It is far from glory days, but it gives hope that some industry still survives there.
Thanks, vintage Ei brand TV sets still pop up from time to time in fleamarkets here in France, and I have some of their electronic componants in my pile of weird stuff
@@AfrimBlleki-p1d The census shows there was no "genocide" on the media hyped "victims" who actually gained percentage during the wars and it is they who have the most ethnically cleansed statelets and cities.
I love seeing Yugoslav companies and production being explored in depth on TH-cam I am from Serbia and while I know we used to produce so many things I never knew quite how big the companies were or what exactly we produced back then. Things like these are not thought to younger generations like mine, nor mentioned too much by adults unless they worked in one of them with passion.
I still have my dad's Ei Niš sound system which, according to him, he brought himself from Niš to Podgorica in my grandfather's Yugo. During the years we got more modern speakers from Yamaha, but those old Ei Niš ones still sound better.
There were 6 republics and in 1974 Serbia was forced to have two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo & Metohija, while there was no Knin province for Serbs in Croatia. Bombings by NATO were unlawful, they bombed hospitals, civilian trains, bridges and chemical industries, and those responsible were never sent to trial because they are from the west and the rules don't apply to them.
@@qZbGmYjS4QusYqv5 In the video he says there were 8 republics in SFRJ and there never were. Provinces were instituted with the change in the constitution in 1974. and were removed with the amendments in 1989.
@@thekraken1173 Yeah, yeah, sure, that's the reason they bombed us. Serbs died as much as the rest in those 90's wars. And there were genocides against Serb population but nobody's going to acknowledge that because Serbs are "villains" in the media and that's the only thing that's important. Yugoslavia was a sovereign recognized country and then a much stronger enemy started a war without the approval of the UN and took a part of the country and declared it independent, sounds familiar maybe? It's the same thing as Ukraine and Russia, but *Kosovo is "independent" and Crimea is not. The west thinks the rules don't apply to them.
Yugoslavia as a country was amazing. I remember years ago looking at quality wood furniture at Sears and noticed a Made in Yugoslavia stamped underneath.
Same story and MO for all industries on Balkan. Yugoslav wars were deliberate and successful attack from the West to plunder people of this region. Manny lack in depth interdisciplinar knowledge to recognize that and result will persist. Some nations may even disapier by the end of century as a result.
Over 90 factories in Serbia alone had closed since 1991 - when Yugoslavia collapsed. The loss of a common market, inability to change from Socialism to Capitalism, criminal privatizations, sanctions and hyperinflation during the 1990s, inability to stay competitive on the market, mismanagement (sometimes even on purpose so that the company could be sold to someone), etc... all contributed to the closure of once successful companies.
Dear asinometry😊😊 it is your 500th comment can you please make a video on the history of sensors and the companies responsible to make it happen and it's importance in the modern technology .currently I m unable to buy a coffee but may be some day we will share a table brother😅
There are another 3 (also as iconic) signature electronic companies from ex Yougoslavia which were identical or analogous to Ei Niš, these are: 'RIZ' from Zagreb, Croatia 'Rudi Čajavec' from Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 'Iskra' from Ljubljana, Slovenia
thank you for the video. as a Romanian boomer, I suggest you investigate the story of Romanian semiconductors industry in the eighties. pretty interesting. I could help in the research.
Have to say: Tito has died in the age of 88, in 1980. After his death, it has been launched scenario for dismantling Yugoslavia. Loans has to be oayed off in increased rate, simultaneously every other investment in Yugoslavia has been stopped. In that situation, every available goods including food has to be exported, to the level of exaustion of domestic market. We had not enough bread, flour, milk , coffee, petrol, almost nothing in stores. And, that was big reason for making civil war.
I was confused how well and precisely prepared this video is, but later turned out you had insiders :D Anyhow we thank Stevan G for his time and effort, to make information available worldwide.
I am from Nish and I did not know this. It is shame on Serbia that we never have made such well detailed documentary on this topic. By the way, I was one of prof. Boshan's students.
13:35 The Dutch picture text roughly translated into English:" Interieur of the chip factory in Nijmegen, from Philliphs; colloqually also called "The Cathedral". New generation chips have been produced for the here pictured apparatus for phone calls. TV and a computer are integrated. In the foreground there is a specialised worker in protective clothing. The American Qualcom has bought up the factory (which produced under the name NXP Semicunductors since 2006) in 2016. The factory wasn't in the ownership of Philips at that point.
I had EI Nis computer PECOM 64 in the style of Commodore 64 . Now we only produce cables. It is political not up to what people can do but what global power decided what we can or can't do.
Ei Nis made vacuum tubes and their equipment was saved after closure and mad made its way to the UK where the great british valve project is using it to make valves again.
I listened this video from an amplifier with EI tubes and transformers and also speakers with EI drivers. Its just the setup I usually have my bedroom. 😅
A little hint: If _NIŠ_ is pronounced _NĪSH,_ as you can see the letter _Š_ (S+v above it) is like _SH_ in English _WASH._ So it's not possible that the letter _S_ would be the same. It remains _S_ like in _SEE,_ hence the letter _S_ in _INDUSTRIJSKI_ is pronounced like that
Today the Ei complex in Niš is in a very peculiar spot. The old building has been semi renovated and now houses mostly small logistical companies and office spaces for many companies. One of the buildings has been totally repurposed to be a private university and another building is a furniture megastore. At this point the only thing standing unchanged is the building of the state owned trade high school. At this point it looks like corpse that became a house for small animals that are now living in its body
Picture at 4:16 of "activation" is likely an image of a burn-in rack with the operator preparing to fire the getters on the tubes to spray alkaline metals on the inside of the envelope to remove the last bit of gas.
Each and every one of us who've grown up in Serbia (or anywhere in ex-Yugoslavia, really) remembers having at least one Ei Niš appliance in their home. From a fellow engineer and a long-time fan and follower of the channel, thanks for covering this topic!
Also, huge kudos to mr. Stevan Golubović for preserving the history of our former electronics industry giant; I wasn't even aware of his work prior to watching this video. I will definitely be keeping an eye out for his upcoming book on the subject.
Can confirm here from Croatia. Ei Niš, Končar and Gorenje were everywhere.
Koncar I gorenje.
Yeah, I’m new to this and I’m learning about the impact Serbs have had on the electronic industry. Živela Srbija!
Please inform me when the book arrive.
@@Mew178+ Čajavec , Iskra
The RCA1802 was more than powerful enough to run a calculator. Thanks to RCA's Silicon-On-Sapphire manufacturing process, they were manufactured in radiation hardened, space rated versions and were used in several displays in the space shuttles, for operating several satellites, and they've been crashed into both Venus and a moon of Jupiter. NASA and JPL have used quite a number of them.
The 1802 is far more powerful than the processors in most calculators. However, it's just a processor chip. It needs a bunch of other chips to form a complete solution. It's rather unsuitable for a calculator, rather than insufficiently powerful.
Stevan G was my student, a great potential. Many thanks for the video, which could not become so good unless Stevan G contributed. Many thanks!
Both you and Stevan are 2nd-Serbians i.e. traitors.
Greetings from Nis!
Must be Nice, oh nvm
I need to visit :) It looks beautiful!
thanks Bro! greetings from Poland
idemo Niiiiiiiiš!
Gotta admit, your town has some great gothic rock scene.
Nice video! As someone who is from ex-Yugoslavia, I would like to see more video essays like these. Although the industry wasn't very innovative and groundbreaking, the collapse of many industries (mainly in Bosnia and Serbia) is an interesting topic that I would like to see more on this channel. Greetings from Banja Luka, BiH!!
Just story of Digitron Buje a first IC calculator in EUROPE is beyond belief
In 1991 industry collapsed in whole ex Yugoslavia,not just Serbia and Bosnia.Simple all companies had some connection with other in ex Yugoslavia and when that braked and add ongoing war ,sanctions it was impossible ,world moved on and cheap imports west and imports from east flooded market and they were just abonded and all mashines just sold for small money
Only USSR can bring back the glory of the country
"Wasn't very innovative and groundbreaking"
a fair bit of yugoslavia's industries were either amongst the first of their kind on a global scale, or were the first of their kind on the balkans as a region.
@@rcajavus8141and the first robotic hand in the world, do not forget🎉
Damn I didn't expect ei nis to see on your channel,still have their black and white tv at home.Probably still works
I happen to have a black&white TV with only a two-inch tube, but it has an all-band tuner which is able to go up into the GPS satellite bands. Still useful for odd jobs.
I had 27 inch EI Nis Tv in living rom,color with telext and 100 channels ,which was very big for that era ,in my room i had old black white TV which my grandmother gave me and i had commodore 64 connected to it,so when my parent were at work i would connect commodore to Ei Nis TV in living room .
But most desired EI Nis product for us teen then was Ei Niš HSR 160 Hi Fi ,you connect to large speakers and terrorize neigbours
Congratulations to you that you cover some stories from ex-Yugoslavia, there is a lot more to tell! If we only stay in field of semiconductors (in broad sense), there was not only Ei Niš, but there was also RIZ (Radio Industrija Zagreb) in Croatia, Rudi Čajavec in Bosnia and Hercegovina and Iskra in Slovenia, each of which has interesting story per se. And if we look on computer history, there was a CER line of indigenous mainframes (CER - Cifarski Elektronski Računar -> Numerical Electronic Computer), Digitron Buje (Croatia) which produced first electronic pocket calculator in Europe (DB800 in 1971), Iskra designed a 4 bit microprocessor EMZ-1001 around 1975 and produced it using USA AMI NMOS technology, Iskra-Delta has strong ties to DEC producing DEC compatible minicomputers (in the 80’s) etc, etc, etc….
As mentioned, there is a lot of interesting stories to tell about those times…
And the last but not least, in 1984 I got my first computer, Sinclair ZX Spectrum. I used Ei Diplomat B/W tv set as monitor for it. They worked together admirably 👍…
Greetings from Slovenia
Maybe you skipped in error Lola personal computer designed and produced in Belgrade
Actually I didn’t even mentioned yugoslav home computers of that time. This is an exciting chapter too. There was not only Lola, there were also (among others) Galeb and Orao from PEL Varaždin, Secom from Ei and some others but I would certainly put the Galaksija (DIY project authored by Voja Antonić) on the top of that bunch. There was so lot going on back then… As I said, there are really interesting and exciting stories to be told…
@@Barbarpapa1 Lola was very interesting project, one could purchase also as DIY kit unlike other as they were selling them as off the shelf product.
Tesla (Serbia) was a electronic giant, even bigger then EU NIS. Seems like not many today even knows or wants to talk about it ... Tesla company still exist today in Belgrade making all sorts of stuff, granted on smaller scale as before. It made the 1st radio and I think 1st TV in Europe too. Or maybe 2nd but yeah they made bunch of stuff and developed everything "in house" when they started. Obviously the name Elektronski Institut i Industrija Nikola Tesla was given in respect to Nikola Tesla. Later shortened to just Tesla.
Btw this Tesla company have nothing to do with that clown Elon Musk's company of the same name ... I am also surprised he manage to keep the name too.
@@minmogrovingstrongandhealthy Tesla US nothing to do with Tesla Serbia/Yugoslavia okay. There was also a Tesla in Czechoslovakia.
You should not call Mr. Musk a clown.
so many things that Serbia used to produce is never mentioned in schools, a shame
Not even in our own universities and engineering schools; a real shame indeed :)
Zastava arms has ver niche products
Most of it if not all was during Yugoslavia.
@@mmdirtyworkz Maybe he should have said: many things that Yugoslavia used to produce is never mentioned in schools..
the more I learn about yugo the more I hate the current government
Ei preamp tubes were the best. Nothing performed like they did in guitar preamps when overdriven. The plate structures were enormous in comparison to others being mae in the 90s, especially in comparisons to the ones out of Chinese factories.
What about the telfunken "smooth plate" ones that cost like 200 bucks a pop
I know a guy who is part of the Serbian audophile cult, he spent years looking for parts to reconstruct EI Niš tube-gramophone. He loves it.
@@zaxmaxlax No telefunken in 90s. Ei was the last good/proper manufacturer
That is why Chinese are still in business and Ei is gone, over engineering
Huh
The most famous and well regarded products of Ei Nis were vacuum tubes that were in production alongside the semiconductors for more than 40 years and are still praised for their quality and reliability but they stop producing them in the 90's.
My father worked with EI Nis in the 70s! He had a telecommunication company in Yugoslavia and one time, he managed to buy out the entire production capacity for a very specific cable used in telephony that year. It got him in trouble with the state because it turned out EI Nis gave a single man a monopoly without being aware of it: even the PTT, the national telecommunications agency, would have to order cables from him from that point on in Zagreb. They ordered him to return the cables back to EI Nis, but he negotiated that he'd return half /and/ make a profit on it. He said that when he came to Nis in his Mercedes, at the time a rare sight in Yugoslavia, they treated him exceptionally well and to all kinds of festivities at night (and I can only imagine the 'negotiations' being done under the influence of a lot of rakija)
They accidentally created an exclusive distributor LOL
Oligarch
I know a few cable guys from the early day and man, alot of them are stinking rich today :D
Lol 😂
Typical.
Yugoslavia had quality products. The first pocket calculator in Europe was designed and produced in SFR Yugoslavia. It was a company called Digitron Buje.
It could NOT KEEP UP WITH TAIWAN today Taiwan left Yugoslavia in the dust even though RCA gave both a start
@@Rio-by1eh Ofc bro Yugoslavia fell apart and was unstable since the 90s
The die photo of the GEM21 at 14:40 is fascinating. I was doing gate array design in the US at that time.
There is a Serbian company called Mikroelectronica. They are a like high end Arduino type company who sell Compilers and development boards and breakout boards. They do not manufacturer semiconductors but basically produce PCB's.
I have had a huge amount of success with their products. The time from concept to product was extremely short with every product I built with their compilers and debugging tools. PIC16 and PIC32 MCUs. Very much slicker than the STM32 and ESP32 eco systems I've used since.
This is such a niche topic.
Good one.
💥flawless. isn't that a beautiful thing.. :)
Yugoslavia had 6 republics not 8. Also Ei did not have monopoly in tv manufacturing. There were 5 tv set manufacturers in total.
6 republics and two autonomous provinces, therefore 8 local governments.
@@Drunken_Master the video is wrong because it says 8 republics
@@Drunken_Masteroff course you know always better, are you the german
@@Kartraceonesix repubics is right, its a fact:Six republics and two autonomous provinces
@@boriscangalovic western generations were and are brought up on propaganda, very little facts.
Thanks for the amazing video. I had a small 12" B/W Ei Niš TV set in my bedroom as a teenager. I used it mainly with my ZX Spectrum. Ah, the nostalgia.
Vacuum tubes produced in EI Nis factory were respected among audiophiles all over the world. Cheap, acceptably reliable and of high sound quality!
Even today, many decades after, you can stll find them in ads, sometimes as NOS.
Remember when Manley Labs sourced output tubes from EI at some point.
I love this channel, is always my first choice on TH-cam.
Some ideas for future videos (forgive me if you already did it and I didn't realize it): rise and fall of Commodore (quite wild and interesting) - rise and fall of Sinclair - history of microprocessors (from 4004) - rise and fall of Altair (very peculiar)...
Us audiophiles growing up in the 80s always dreamt of getting an Ei HiFi140 and matching it with danish dynaudio speakers
Interesting! I was dreaming about Dynaudio speakers. Having not enough money for something better , I bought HSR 160. There were only two good things to say about it: nice price and size of woofer. I miss fascinating sound of some really big drum on one of Santana's first albums. You can not hear it with small or midsized boxes.
Hey i found one used for 50 euros lol
try dynaudio 1000 speakers with cayin ai265 $80 amplifier
My uncle worked in EI Nis factory during Yugoslavia.Then Nis was ritch city off strong middle class much reacher them mine Kragujevac (which produced arms and not so famous Yugo) . His house was 3 story with big terrace on top and all houses in that area are were similarly big .
Everone in Yugoslavia had some EI product and they were top quality ,we bought in late 80s almost in same time for our new house EI NIs TV and SAmsung TV ,EI Nis was so much better in every way ,100 chanels,teletext ,big size for that time with 2 big speakers from side ,its first modern looking TV we had .It survived until 2004 with 0 repairs when we finally ditched for flat screen TV .And where is now EI NIs,only walls left and where is Samsug.
There is on youtube 15 minute long video off EI Nis factory from 1986 "Šta je to Elektronska industrija Niš - ETVNIŠ86
"
Nevermind Yugo. Crvena Zastava produced and produces military vehicles and amrament, sometimes branch into existing brands like Fiat and Renault as a side job. They make great things, but sure enough the "Yugo" is what everyone is braking with and at ... like its only that produced there ...
A truly sad and mostly unknown victim of the Yugoslav breakup wars is stuff like this, peoples lives work being eradicated as a mere afterthought due to conflict. Loss of life will always be the primary measure of how destructive an armed conflict is, but losing high tech industry like this has negative effects that echo into the future decades.
Guys I worked with microchips at Senis, specialy designed smart sensor for measuring magnetic field. Just wow, cheers to these great people which survived collapse of Ei and made their own micro company. 🎉❤
Superbly done video, thanks!
I always thought most of the old electronics we had when I was a kid was manufactured in CCCP, and I got to know that they were from Yugoslavia. Thank you.
Zavod could also mean plant/factory
In russian yes, in serbian no.
more like center/bureau.
@@Drunken_Master In serbian zavod could also mean plant.
Also research center with production facility
There is no direct translation, cz. even some medical institutions had " zavod" in their titles. Itsa Socialist way ti say " say Enterprise
Everyone talks about the EI Niš, nobody's talking about Živković Slobodan, the half-man half-farmer who got fired from the Elektronska Industrija
My late grandfather's neighbor!
th-cam.com/video/_s_y1oYLMqE/w-d-xo.htmlsi=yY85VG1WwtzaI_bN
Did Constantine have Knights that say Nis ?
Good one 😄
Ignorance is bliss
😂😂😂
Funny joke, but modern day Nis was called Naissus in Greek/Roman
@@BlackeyeVuk Naiss🤙
My brother went to Yugoslavia on holiday in the early 80's he said it was really nice.
I like how in all these stories, everyone who goes to Yugo develops a special fondness for it and its people, and also there is just bunch of chaos and mistakes constantly stifling success.
The duality of Yugo.
PS, the food really is great here in Niš
2:55 заводи is the plural of the word завод, which is a unit of economic activity
Fascinating look at EI Nis’s legacy in the semiconductor industry! This story is a reminder of how critical innovation and adaptability are in tech.
JUS as a production standard in former Yugoslavia was made of pick (best) values of German DIN and Russian Gost standards. ( That was mentioned by some professor at our university during the lecture). That meant that all products made following it were of at least solid or very good quality. Some APOLLO project parts were manufactured in Yugoslavia-pneumatic parts as I heard, as well as some tóols from Trebinje factory in the Bosnian Federation.
For example, the washing machine made by EI was working in my parent's house for 30 years 1993-2023 !?! It was still working when we replaced it. Guess where to buy such quality these days. TV sets were not fancy but also known for longevity as Renrtgen machines. Some radio sets won the prize for quality in sound and solutions. Only as you mentioned, very bad marketing, some bad management and low international sales as war and the sanctions in the 90' made it's toll.
I was very happy to see an honorable mention of Professor Djordje Bošan who was my Physics teacher working at Elektronski Fakultet u Nišu. He was a very kind man and an excellent and interesting lecturer. God let him rest in peace.
We are all sad to see the collapses and buyouts of all former big Yugoslavia giants( all over the former country).
Now almost all old industries are in the hands of foreigners or collapsed as well as the banking sector. Most former republics, now ''like'' independent'' are governed by corrupt politicians. There is no big difference from land to land.
I see this trend happening now in the EUROPE. Watch for a few decades (maybe even years).
Big thanks for the effort making this video and big thanks to the colleague who provided photos. Best regards to all good people over the globe from Norway, od naj-Nišlije u Norveskoj.
PS. Nećes Kopati!
prijatelju,
iskopase na zalost vec na mnogim mestima, kao testiraju, zatrovase vode i prirodu...
Man i love your videos they are so interesting and well researched !
Ei Niš, also known as Electronics Industry Niš lol a significant player in the electronics industry, its connection to MEMS/NEMS might not be direct, but I assure you that one exists!
Also, during a "wave" of UFO sightings during the 70s, Niš was home to numerous UFO visits and events, with many being recorded and reported but never shown and virtually no record of this fact now exists. One of the pictures in this video, 16:50 showing the bridge and road to Zagreb, shows one in the air.
Great video, very infirmative. I would like to see one about Iskra, another electronics giant, at least in relative terms.
Zavodi is not "labs". Zavody means pluiral of some kind of a business unit that usually produces something - it could be anything. I'm from the ex-czechoslovakia and we also called many of our state businesses "Závody".
In this particular case it means "research facility".
All ex-Yugoslavian republics were thoroughly deindustrialized. All our factories were bought by western companies, then closed. Workers were fired and tools and machines sold to scraps. Everything was done for all of us to become dependent on western imports without any serious production of our own. The same fate happened to EI NIŠ
We did that , or at least we let our politicians do that while distracting us with importance of nationality , fall of Yugoslavia will go down in history as a great example of stupidity of the masses .
@@mirko1989 Not at all. It will go down in history as stupidity of croats and slovenes. When they stay eu dumpster and cheap labor source and we continue developing our own way, with all so called ''blocks'' east and west alike.
Pises gluposti,velika vecina nije imala veze sa zapadom vec je bila domaca
@dQuasi2 pa rudnik zlata je poslovao negativno pa sad muka jer kinezi prave pare
True. Very very true. In Macedonia we used to have huge factories that produced steel, iron, buses, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles and other products throughout the country. Now most of it is gone or in way smaller capacity, thanks to the huge mismanagement and corruption done in the transition period.
It's crazy how much Eastern Europe has regressed in most fields since 1990
not just crazy, but also sad. The civil wars haven't helped, nor the ethnic cleansing and religious cleansing aspects causing them...
It is to be expected when an entirely new economic system was implemented. They all started again from bottom up
Yeah, the most capable ones went on to support US & Canada's efforts in these fields
Eastern Europe is mostly on the rise again most of these countries only had their own industry because they were forced to do everything themselves
Cheap Chinese and Korean tech killed electronic industry everywhere in Europe.
Great video, but the premises of EI are not abandoned. Most of it is now smaller manufacturing businesses and retail space plus office buildings and coworking space. When it’s rush hour, you can expect traffic inside the factory
How do you crank these out this fast? Do you have a team? Were you saving these up? How? Your output is insane lately.
Don't overwork yourself bro.
Zavod mean research facility with production. Morava is comon river name/brand in Serbia. There is South, West and Great Morava. Just Morava is river in Czech Republic, but Serbians like to cut South, West or Great.č
Stevan G is a legend! Cheers from SM
Nis is really nice city! There is a nice museum with old electronics in the Science and Technology Park. There is also some electronics companies working here.
While being largest, Ei Niš wasn't only electronic manifacturer in Yugoslavia.
Rudi Čajavec from Banja Luka (Bosnia&Herzegovina) was probably second, by production of household appliances, together with Slovenian Iskra and Gorenje.
Thing about electronic industries in Yugoslavia is that civilian production was merely just side quest, most of production was either for military or specialized.
For example Pretis from Sarajevo was known for their express cookers and licensed built NSU motorcycles, but real deal was weapon production.
since long back i am watching your investigative journalisam in key point technolgy revolution rise and fall of cutting age technolgy awesome to make such documentry you made i congrates to you for your meticulosy verstile nature of your investigative documantiation of technlogy revolution always remebr you thanking you lots of love from india prverb for your motivation sprit rome was not bulit in a day german proverb craftmanship stand over the gold , your documentory gives me leran more , thanking you from india lots of love
Great video, thanks so much!
The Slovenian electronics company engineers in Western Europe knew really well feom the 1970s on is Iskra. Their components had a real impact, when little from behind the iron curtain did.
They had the advantage of being on the periphery of the Soviet empire so could maintain links and gain advantages with the free West.
@@obsidianjane4413 Free west? xD
@@tzoa4443 That you think that only means you are ignorant.
@@obsidianjane4413 It's literally exactly the opposite. But I won't get into serious topics because of a bad joke like the one you told.
@@tzoa4443 Good because I don't argue with commiekiddies either.
I was thinking "Man I grew up in Serbia, never heard of Ei Niš" and then I saw the logo, instant nostalgia.
what a diaster i cannot belive the self inflicted damage that was done by the goverment, not even germans where this capable of destroying an enconomy
" self inflicted damage " 👎
@@nikolaforzane2285it's true. You can blame whoever you wanna blame, it's ultimately our own fault.
@@dimitrijekrstic7567 Yeah, we imposed sanction on ourselves 🤣
The economy was destroyed by the price of oil (Yugoslavia was heavily dependent on importing oil) and later the sanctions, that both destabilized the whole country, as well. Not by people being evil like in some cartoons that you believe from all of the propaganda.
@@dimitrijekrstic7567sanctions and wars are done to destroy entire nations. That is why Syria or Iraq or Libya with promising futures were destroyed. Libya even had Western living Standards before NATO decides to bring democracy
Reality is that essentially all semiconductor mfg in the world exists today due to government subsidies. It's a tough business.
My grandfather was one of the engineers who worked on patents and projects for Ei Nish. He projected and patent many electricity conductors as well as power transformers which are still in use in Macedonia, for instance.
Heh, That Yugo car. My dad in MN had one of those, until it totally broke down in the 90s. So Yea I'm laughing. lol
Although the fate of the country as well as the company Ei Nis was not fortunate, the spirit of the city still persists. Across Nis now there are multiple small to medium sized companies that develop hardware and semiconductors, mostly as a contractors for other tech giants but nevertheless. Because of the Faculty of Electronic Engineering there is a lot hardware engineers in the city working on various projects. I am one of the engineers working in small company developing semiconductors for large tech giants. I know this is not the same as having full industrial complex in the city with a lot of talented people working, it is still something and I believe there is still a lot of unutilized talent here that maybe one day can be turned into something big! Thanks for the video.
As usual, Jon, there is no need to praise your work ! YOU ARE SIMPLY THE BEST ! PERIOD ! MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALWAYS !
I remember their Lira 512 computer from back in the day.
It was a partnership with Olivetti, I think. We had couple of those at school.
I wish there was enough info to make a video about DMB - FTMT (factory of turbo motors and transmissions), they made parts for Rolls Royce, Boeing, and also for Ariana rocket! It was located in Belgrade. Now it operates as a logistics center and cosmetics factory for Lilly Drogerie/Kompresor.
Excellent as always
Thank you for sharing this story, didnt knew this.
A Serbian Node. A film that will shock you.
LMAO
The breakup of Yugoslavia and decent into chaos and mediocrity of all the constituent groups is such a tragedy on so many levels.
Most of the residents here wouldn't agree with you.
@@Janezslovenski Mediocrity is the right word whether you accept it or not. I would add hatred and racism played a big role.
@@xmj6830well, Socialism is death
@@xmj6830 I meant that it's not seen as a tragedy for the citizens of the new nations. People voted for breakup for a reason. And Yugoslavia was already mediocre at best, subpar most of the time beforehand.
There was no breakup. Serbs attacked Croatia, and never paid war reparations.
Not enough emphasis is put on 1974 constitution. 2 years before that complete Serbian and Croatian top goverment organization was dismantled, and in this new constitution every nationality got a republic, except Serbia that was divided into autonomous provinces. A real mess of a constitution that announced end of Yugoslavia. One can only speculate what was going on behind the curtain as Tito was not as much in control as before.
On Ei note, I visited in 2011. It is an enormous complex that is now divided into smaller pieces that small businesses bought or rent. There is even one small semiconductor business that makes some sort electronic assemblies, I think it used to be called Tagor, but recently company from abroad bought it and now it is called Qualis.
It is far from glory days, but it gives hope that some industry still survives there.
Amazing video!
Very good Sir
Thanks, vintage Ei brand TV sets still pop up from time to time in fleamarkets here in France, and I have some of their electronic componants in my pile of weird stuff
Serbia mentioned! Greetings from србија.
Serbia permendet por permendet per genocide !
@@AfrimBlleki-p1d The census shows there was no "genocide" on the media hyped "victims" who actually gained percentage during the wars and it is they who have the most ethnically cleansed statelets and cities.
From USA.
I mourn for our lost industries in the Americas, Western, and Eastern europe.
I love seeing Yugoslav companies and production being explored in depth on TH-cam
I am from Serbia and while I know we used to produce so many things I never knew quite how big the companies were or what exactly we produced back then. Things like these are not thought to younger generations like mine, nor mentioned too much by adults unless they worked in one of them with passion.
Best regards from Niš!
I still have my dad's Ei Niš sound system which, according to him, he brought himself from Niš to Podgorica in my grandfather's Yugo.
During the years we got more modern speakers from Yamaha, but those old Ei Niš ones still sound better.
There were 6 republics and in 1974 Serbia was forced to have two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo & Metohija, while there was no Knin province for Serbs in Croatia. Bombings by NATO were unlawful, they bombed hospitals, civilian trains, bridges and chemical industries, and those responsible were never sent to trial because they are from the west and the rules don't apply to them.
What autonomy (which was unlawfully removed in the 1980s) has to do with anything?
@@qZbGmYjS4QusYqv5 In the video he says there were 8 republics in SFRJ and there never were. Provinces were instituted with the change in the constitution in 1974. and were removed with the amendments in 1989.
@@maksimum018 So NATO bombing Serbs is unlawful but Serbs ethnically cleansing Bosniaks, Albanians and Croatians is lawful
@@maksimum018 Shouldn’t have genocided Bosniaks, Kosovars and Croatians. NATO bombing was a reaction.
@@thekraken1173 Yeah, yeah, sure, that's the reason they bombed us. Serbs died as much as the rest in those 90's wars. And there were genocides against Serb population but nobody's going to acknowledge that because Serbs are "villains" in the media and that's the only thing that's important. Yugoslavia was a sovereign recognized country and then a much stronger enemy started a war without the approval of the UN and took a part of the country and declared it independent, sounds familiar maybe? It's the same thing as Ukraine and Russia, but *Kosovo is "independent" and Crimea is not. The west thinks the rules don't apply to them.
Yugoslavia as a country was amazing. I remember years ago looking at quality wood furniture at Sears and noticed a Made in Yugoslavia stamped underneath.
Pozdrav za Stevana G.
Same story and MO for all industries on Balkan. Yugoslav wars were deliberate and successful attack from the West to plunder people of this region. Manny lack in depth interdisciplinar knowledge to recognize that and result will persist. Some nations may even disapier by the end of century as a result.
Over 90 factories in Serbia alone had closed since 1991 - when Yugoslavia collapsed. The loss of a common market, inability to change from Socialism to Capitalism, criminal privatizations, sanctions and hyperinflation during the 1990s, inability to stay competitive on the market, mismanagement (sometimes even on purpose so that the company could be sold to someone), etc... all contributed to the closure of once successful companies.
What a trip down the memory lane :) ... Maybe you'd also be interested in covering a story of Iskra Delta and their deal with Digital?
And how they leaked USA chips to GDR when it was technology forbidden to be sold to Warsaw packt countries. Robotron/Stasi was happy
Dear asinometry😊😊 it is your 500th comment can you please make a video on the history of sensors and the companies responsible to make it happen and it's importance in the modern technology .currently I m unable to buy a coffee but may be some day we will share a table brother😅
There are another 3 (also as iconic) signature electronic companies from ex Yougoslavia which were identical or analogous to Ei Niš, these are:
'RIZ' from Zagreb, Croatia
'Rudi Čajavec' from Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
'Iskra' from Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ei is a name of great renown among hifi enthusiasts.
thank you for the video. as a Romanian boomer, I suggest you investigate the story of Romanian semiconductors industry in the eighties. pretty interesting. I could help in the research.
Have to say: Tito has died in the age of 88, in 1980. After his death, it has been launched scenario for dismantling Yugoslavia. Loans has to be oayed off in increased rate, simultaneously every other investment in Yugoslavia has been stopped. In that situation, every available goods including food has to be exported, to the level of exaustion of domestic market. We had not enough bread, flour, milk , coffee, petrol, almost nothing in stores. And, that was big reason for making civil war.
Actually the Tito government made changed in the constitution in 1974 which helped set Yugoslavia on a path to break up.
I use to study in Nis. It was a very nice time.❤
Very interesting story.
Thanks for the video. 👍
I was confused how well and precisely prepared this video is, but later turned out you had insiders :D Anyhow we thank Stevan G for his time and effort, to make information available worldwide.
Paraguay mentioned!
I am from Nish and I did not know this. It is shame on Serbia that we never have made such well detailed documentary on this topic. By the way, I was one of prof. Boshan's students.
13:35 The Dutch picture text roughly translated into English:" Interieur of the chip factory in Nijmegen, from Philliphs; colloqually also called "The Cathedral". New generation chips have been produced for the here pictured apparatus for phone calls. TV and a computer are integrated.
In the foreground there is a specialised worker in protective clothing.
The American Qualcom has bought up the factory (which produced under the name NXP Semicunductors since 2006) in 2016. The factory wasn't in the ownership of Philips at that point.
Id love to see you cover Sloboda factory complex history.
I had EI Nis computer PECOM 64 in the style of Commodore 64 . Now we only produce cables. It is political not up to what people can do but what global power decided what we can or can't do.
Ei Nis made vacuum tubes and their equipment was saved after closure and mad made its way to the UK where the great british valve project is using it to make valves again.
Amazing video
I listened this video from an amplifier with EI tubes and transformers and also speakers with EI drivers. Its just the setup I usually have my bedroom. 😅
Thank you Stevan
First AI robotic autonomous hand was made in Belgrade, Serbia in 1964 than in 1972 something even more advanced.
The Belgrade Hand
Niš is a great city - thanks for this history!
A little hint: If _NIŠ_ is pronounced _NĪSH,_ as you can see the letter _Š_ (S+v above it) is like _SH_ in English _WASH._ So it's not possible that the letter _S_ would be the same. It remains _S_ like in _SEE,_ hence the letter _S_ in _INDUSTRIJSKI_ is pronounced like that
Today the Ei complex in Niš is in a very peculiar spot. The old building has been semi renovated and now houses mostly small logistical companies and office spaces for many companies. One of the buildings has been totally repurposed to be a private university and another building is a furniture megastore. At this point the only thing standing unchanged is the building of the state owned trade high school. At this point it looks like corpse that became a house for small animals that are now living in its body
Just fenomenal
Picture at 4:16 of "activation" is likely an image of a burn-in rack with the operator preparing to fire the getters on the tubes to spray alkaline metals on the inside of the envelope to remove the last bit of gas.
My family still uses a TV set from Ei Niš produced in 89‘
wow i learned a lot !ty