I've been using Reaper for about fifteen years (!) and this is the first time I've ever needed to watch a tutorial video about new features. Thanks for taking the time to do it.
It's so improving the workflow. I have now to memorize and to experiment. The toolbars are too small now ... I need toolbar monitor :-D (I will do it by using a small monitor and put it as 4th via HDMI :-D ) The actions to apply the first take or items FX are also great tools. Fixed lanes was the first thing first i start using, but your video and te ones by Kenny are completing the knowledge of this. I can say: WOW. Thanks for the engagement, Jon.
Great overview - thank you Jon! The comping looks amazing. And as usual when you explain new features, I learn more about features in older versions i wasn't aware of :)
I started to learn to record a little over a year ago and started with cakewalk. About 8 months ago my nephew laughed at me and said i should switch to Reaper...went back to cakewalk,it's so much easier and makes much more sense to me.
Reaper does have a pretty steep learning curve. It's great once you get used to it, but there's no point in picking it up if you just want to get right to the point and don't want to have to spend time learning the tool. Stick to cakewalk until you feel limited by it, and maybe then take another look at Reaper.
Wow, the "apply first track FX" is just what I needed.... usually, first FX is my VSTi, while others are my "real" fx. And on a very regular basis, what I do is uncheck all the fx but the Vsti, apply track fx, and then put the vsti offline, and recheck all the fx. This option will be such a nice time saver !
Jon, love what you do. Thanks for the video. But just to clarify, the size of the track spacer can made as small, or big as you like. Preferences - Appearance - Virtual Track Spacer Size
Did they add functionality to DELETE FX chains from the FX chain window or do you still have to navigate to the FX chain FOLDER on your PC to delete one?
Thanks for the video, I'm so thrilled by the new features... comp especially, the hidding of the collapsed tracks and spacers are very nice too. But what's nicer, I thought I only had a licence till 6.99 from the last version I bought almost 4 years ago, but nope, it is still valid for the 7th ! Plus I checked, they haven't increased their price. Amazing people.
container parameter automation is actually fairly simple, as you can just set project/track automation to touch/latch/write and the envelope lane will be created directly on the fly ;)
In addition to it being a lot of things to learn, it dropped at a bad time for me. soon everyone will forget it took me a week to release.. time for the next update video already
I hope I’m making the right choice by updating. I just paid to continue on from 6.9 and haven’t used it much in a few years since last project I was working on. I’m going to have to relearn some things here!
I would like to use Yamaha 02R96 as a control surface in Reaper but when I try to set Yamaha MIDI via USB when I raise a fader of the first channel the one of channel 9 also goes up and so on if I raise channel 9 the 16 also goes up! With Cubase it works perfectly
Had it for about a month. Someone was sharing AI made splash screens on the forum and some one complained about it so then they shared a human made artwork, and it was my favourite.
Newcomer to the reaper gang. Probably won’t even try the demo, I already know I love it. Seems it does everything other daws do and some things they can’t. I’ve never seen anything so customizable. I was just about to dive heavily into cubase 13 pro…never mind. I always felt the best daw is the one you know best, so I probably won’t spend too much time on cubase so I can really focus on reaper. 🎹♥️
Excellent work. Couple comments: Under "built-in way to make scripts for changing mouse modifiers": Exporting the mouse settings only exports that particular setting for that particular mouse action. For example, to recreate Kenny's Razor Fast Mode edit, you need to create 6 different mouse backups, one for each modified action. I had hoped it would be two actions: one for default, one for Razor Edits. So it goes.... Also Backup paths can be relative, for example: "media/Backups", but Realpeak backup paths cannot be relative. Bummer.
yeah the built in script maker just does the current page, I showed a script here a few weeks ago for doing all mouse mods at once, or you can type up a script that does all you need manually. Lots of options and none particularly difficult. I thought kenny's razor edit thing got made into the new main toolbar button but I'd have to reference his video to be sure.
different keyboard hotkey sets are useful, even for basic thing like having different language keyboard where many Reaper's default hotkeys cannot be used at all
Any chance you're gonna do another "Set up Reaper from scratch" video now that v7 is out, or is the old video stop relevant enough to not warrant a new one?
Excellent informative video, but I cannot help thinking that the 'big update' is mostly around the visual interface (which I always found to be fine anyway) and in lanes/comping which (a) I doubt I would use and (b) you could already do in Reaper 6.x with a bit of imagination. Are we coming to the end of the possible features to cram into Reaper, or is it going down the path of Excel et al where you have a ton of features in it, none of which will be used by anyone?
As always man i love the work u put in just wanna add tho The spacers can be made bigger and smaller. Inside preferences > appearance. Visual track spacer size.
I updated to Reaper 7 but my lay out is still old version....I dont have similar knobs to updated version /It looks nothing like yours above...Any advice?
Anything to improve the take system! Yet to install, but I hope they've improved the render options for video - only having to render the video, even when you just have 1 track is a pain to my workflow, I always have to take an audio out and merge it with the video afterwards. I can't think there's many people using Reaper for video editing - I'm sure most people are just composing on top of a pre-edited video.
@@TheREAPERBlog hey the only info I found about this is filter "(record armed)" tried adding it behind track name and filter but nothing happens.... how am I supposed to make record armed track change colour?
@@TheREAPERBlog ah found out, just do (record armed) in the filter tab, but a color has to be set to the name of the original track name otherwise it just goes grey. wish it had another filter for record monitor in only color filter
Any of the full DAWs are capable of creating a professional sounding track or album in the right hands. Unless you need all of the instruments stock with the DAW, in that case don't choose Reaper.
I don't get Visual Spacer option by right-clicking on a track - I have to go to another "Default Menu" at the bottom of the right-click dialog and choose it from there. Not sure why this is, but I'm using a legacy theme (5.0).
I really love Reaper for many things, BUT! How about normal working and logic UI? The broken interface, theme adjuster on release date. hidden new feature (you can’t see it, if you have some custom…It’s. Serious problem for growing up, in my opinion.
Track envelope/Automation mode button is hidden from TCP when the mixer is open in Layout A. Your options are: A - Use the button in the mixer view for that track B - Close the mixer C - Change the track layout to B
HELP ! i want to get rid of this new sidechain behavior when it creates new auxiliary input each time. just want to go back to initial behavior when it sends it in 3/4 by default.
I changed my reaper to spanish long time ago and now i want to change it back to english, I put the default english lenguage pack but almost all the menus are in spanish still mostly the menus for tracks. any idea in how to solve this ?
Thanks man. I bought it yesterday ;)...After all these years, the interface should have more finesse, better design. Looks like a thing for MS-DOS after all these years, lol
I tried Reaper for a couple months. It’s a good starter for non- professionals. Still doesn’t have basic audio editing down yet. For the money go with something like Cubase. It’s only 40 dollars more and has editing features that are closer to the best industry standard software
Cubase has very robust midi implementation but I found it to be a bit bloated in terms of advertising new features to the user. Stability and cpu consumption were its biggest pitfalls for me. Most of the audio editing I found to be very intuitive w/ cubase, along with their midi editing, I was able to duplicate in Reaper. Which is why I switched a few years ago. Also the full version of Cubase is about $650 so I'm not sure where the $40 number is coming from. I'm also not sure which audio features you're missing, but it sounds like you've got a work flow figured out.
In Canada reaper costs 100 dollars . Cubase e is 129 dollars. So I’m sorry it’s only 29 dollars more . As far as lack of editing? Wow you don’t do this for a living do you?
Why aren't they fixed that mixer option "Show multiple rows of tracks" yet? It won't save its state at all. Whenever I started a project the mixer window shows that multiple rows despite I always uncheck it. I even wrote a message a few years ago on that forum where all issues described. Noone cares.
its a per-project setting. If you set to off, then open project settings and press "save as default", it will be used for your future empty projects. It can also be saved into your default template.
actually I'm glad somebody noticed that. there is a setting on the Track Meters preferences page to scale the meter and I had it at 2x so it's more visible.
For some reason in Reaper 7.01 in collapsed folder my media items becomes invisible, similar if the folder was hidden. Is there a way to make it visible, like it was in Reaper 6.xx ?
@@hookahdad Thank you for reply. but it's not that. Mine is still set to collapsed. Tracks are collapsed as they used to, but items are no longer visible. That's the issue(
This sounds very impressive but for me, who just records my self-penned songs with vocal, guitar, drum, midi and bass triple tracks at home, most of the terms like 'comping', razer cuts', etc., just went over my head so stopped watching half-way thru. Normally when I want to do something new I just research that particular methodology. I'd find a version of this video, with simplified terms and explanations, more useful.
I hate to be a downer but the second i downloaded this new version, my playback stopped.. I reloaded my drivers to my interface thinking it was that. It wasnt i did everything i could think of.. So i went back to my prior version .. Guesss what ? No more problem everything works again.. I think theres a big issue cause this should not happen .Period. Since i know everyone will ask or blame myy interfsce..My interface is a docusrite 212 3rd gen.
As a followup of the glorious Sexan script (Paranormal FX Router) there's a discussion about hostility towards usability. And omg, the implementation of parallel fx/containers is incredibly bad ui-wise.
Sorry, I'm just a guy who uses REAPER for fun, playing around with arrangements as a hobby. I originally entered REAPER on version 5, so now I'm expected to pay another $60 for features which are indiscernible from any features in 5 or 6. In fact the changes in 7 and on add nothing to my ease of use. The learning curve is steep enough. Not worth it. I'm staying at version 6.
I've been using Reaper for about fifteen years (!) and this is the first time I've ever needed to watch a tutorial video about new features. Thanks for taking the time to do it.
I’m just imagining all the things you don’t know about
@@TheREAPERBlog 😄
Thanks for this Jon! Always appreciate your insight and teaching style, really helpful to stay up to speed
Thanks!
That comping system is so good. Such a thorough video. Thanks a lot!
It's so improving the workflow. I have now to memorize and to experiment. The toolbars are too small now ... I need toolbar monitor :-D (I will do it by using a small monitor and put it as 4th via HDMI :-D ) The actions to apply the first take or items FX are also great tools. Fixed lanes was the first thing first i start using, but your video and te ones by Kenny are completing the knowledge of this. I can say: WOW. Thanks for the engagement, Jon.
JUST TOOK AN AUDIO SCREENSHOT! Very amazing. Just upgraded to reaper 7 today and I have to say I'm very pleased. Thank you Jon
Jon spacer sizes can be changed in: Preferences/Appearance/Visual Track Spacer Size
just found out
Great overview - thank you Jon! The comping looks amazing. And as usual when you explain new features, I learn more about features in older versions i wasn't aware of :)
Awesome, thanks for your dedication
nice i was really waiting for you to release that !
Thank You very much, outstanding as usual.
This an invaluable ressource! Thank you!
I started to learn to record a little over a year ago and started with cakewalk. About 8 months ago my nephew laughed at me and said i should switch to Reaper...went back to cakewalk,it's so much easier and makes much more sense to me.
Reaper does have a pretty steep learning curve. It's great once you get used to it, but there's no point in picking it up if you just want to get right to the point and don't want to have to spend time learning the tool. Stick to cakewalk until you feel limited by it, and maybe then take another look at Reaper.
Thanks Jon. Great work!
Wow, the "apply first track FX" is just what I needed.... usually, first FX is my VSTi, while others are my "real" fx.
And on a very regular basis, what I do is uncheck all the fx but the Vsti, apply track fx, and then put the vsti offline, and recheck all the fx. This option will be such a nice time saver !
Great work, Jon.
Jon, love what you do. Thanks for the video. But just to clarify, the size of the track spacer can made as small, or big as you like. Preferences - Appearance - Virtual Track Spacer Size
Good tip!
4:10 uh, why would anyone do that if they can color code the tracks? What part of Canada are you from? Toronto?
25:28 "Pain Notes" is mood.
Did they add functionality to DELETE FX chains from the FX chain window or do you still have to navigate to the FX chain FOLDER on your PC to delete one?
Thanks for the video, I'm so thrilled by the new features... comp especially, the hidding of the collapsed tracks and spacers are very nice too. But what's nicer, I thought I only had a licence till 6.99 from the last version I bought almost 4 years ago, but nope, it is still valid for the 7th ! Plus I checked, they haven't increased their price. Amazing people.
My license is valid until 6.99. I've tried 7.02: it returns to OLD LICENSE (EVALUATION LICENSE) ==> revert to 6.83.
Hi! Thank you for your valuable work! Will be a possibility to minimize tracks to the maximum implemented in future? Like in Logic or Samplitude.
Great - thanks for creating this.
Are there any advances to make Reaper a better live looper application?
Jon, you are the best!! Thank you for your dedication to Reaper community!
(0:42:59 - FX Sidechaing changes) Before you couldnt shift click and route more than one track at a time, that is nice
GREAT video Jon. Been following v7 dev closely but you still had numerous new tidbits for me to absorb here
Biblical info!! Thanks
container parameter automation is actually fairly simple, as you can just set project/track automation to touch/latch/write and the envelope lane will be created directly on the fly ;)
Thank you so much!
That is insane. I love it. Pretty much all of it. Thank you very much for the info
Thanks! for a moment i was worried you weren't going to cover version 7, i understand the wait now from the video length
In addition to it being a lot of things to learn, it dropped at a bad time for me. soon everyone will forget it took me a week to release.. time for the next update video already
Appreciate you, brother 🫡🔥💯🙏🏽
proud to be a reaper guy! Thanks a lot!
I hope I’m making the right choice by updating. I just paid to continue on from 6.9 and haven’t used it much in a few years since last project I was working on. I’m going to have to relearn some things here!
Very useful video! Thanks!
Thank you very much for your work!
Good work! Track spacer sizes can be changed in the prefs actually if one wants that.
Great! About time to start using takes feature instead of just using multiple tracks for that purpose lol
I would like to use Yamaha 02R96 as a control surface in Reaper but when I try to set Yamaha MIDI via USB when I raise a fader of the first channel the one of channel 9 also goes up and so on if I raise channel 9 the 16 also goes up! With Cubase it works perfectly
I love your splash screen! When did you configure that?
Had it for about a month. Someone was sharing AI made splash screens on the forum and some one complained about it so then they shared a human made artwork, and it was my favourite.
Newcomer to the reaper gang. Probably won’t even try the demo, I already know I love it. Seems it does everything other daws do and some things they can’t. I’ve never seen anything so customizable. I was just about to dive heavily into cubase 13 pro…never mind. I always felt the best daw is the one you know best, so I probably won’t spend too much time on cubase so I can really focus on reaper. 🎹♥️
Thank you for this complete video. Where is now the projects manager? I cant find it in the view menu.
Excellent work. Couple comments:
Under "built-in way to make scripts for changing mouse modifiers": Exporting the mouse settings only exports that particular setting for that particular mouse action. For example, to recreate Kenny's Razor Fast Mode edit, you need to create 6 different mouse backups, one for each modified action. I had hoped it would be two actions: one for default, one for Razor Edits. So it goes....
Also Backup paths can be relative, for example: "media/Backups", but Realpeak backup paths cannot be relative. Bummer.
yeah the built in script maker just does the current page, I showed a script here a few weeks ago for doing all mouse mods at once, or you can type up a script that does all you need manually. Lots of options and none particularly difficult.
I thought kenny's razor edit thing got made into the new main toolbar button but I'd have to reference his video to be sure.
different keyboard hotkey sets are useful, even for basic thing like having different language keyboard where many Reaper's default hotkeys cannot be used at all
Thank you so much!! Brilliant!!
Any chance you're gonna do another "Set up Reaper from scratch" video now that v7 is out, or is the old video stop relevant enough to not warrant a new one?
your reaper plug ins look much better than they do as stock.can i ask how you got them like that?
I’m into that bass tone though.
What theme are you using, I like the the FX BG is dark.
that's just mac dark mode
It does not work on my Mac and its in Dark Mode. @@TheREAPERBlog
@@LearnReason th-cam.com/users/shortsLiD9X10Fy1Q
@@TheREAPERBlog Thank you so much, that was it!
I did not get the default 7 theme inside default 6 exactly the same as before
me too
I don't know what happened but now I don't have the track manager. T change the looks of my tracks. on my Mac minOS@@aletrejos
Excellent informative video, but I cannot help thinking that the 'big update' is mostly around the visual interface (which I always found to be fine anyway) and in lanes/comping which (a) I doubt I would use and (b) you could already do in Reaper 6.x with a bit of imagination. Are we coming to the end of the possible features to cram into Reaper, or is it going down the path of Excel et al where you have a ton of features in it, none of which will be used by anyone?
There's still no native track inspector in Reaper. And that's a big one for me
I still need restrospetive recrding foe audio like in Pro Tools, literallly the only thing I miss
@@edunogues23 There is a way to do it. th-cam.com/video/haAd1jIbOdg/w-d-xo.htmlsi=ySRVhv1n_vi0hu4y
@0:38:21 --- Holy, MAry.. BOOOOOM
As always man i love the work u put in just wanna add tho The spacers can be made bigger and smaller. Inside preferences > appearance. Visual track spacer size.
THANKS! I found a few jewels I used! TNX!!!
Track spacers are awesome
Thnx Jon!!!!!
Good job!
I updated to Reaper 7 but my lay out is still old version....I dont have similar knobs to updated version /It looks nothing like yours above...Any advice?
Anything to improve the take system! Yet to install, but I hope they've improved the render options for video - only having to render the video, even when you just have 1 track is a pain to my workflow, I always have to take an audio out and merge it with the video afterwards. I can't think there's many people using Reaper for video editing - I'm sure most people are just composing on top of a pre-edited video.
You adjust the default size of the track spacer in settings.
Omg containers ftw!!!!
Hey guys, could anyone point me to a preference to have 'lines' instead of 'stairs' for pitch envelopes like here 58:47?
Sounds like envelope point shape is on square not linear
@@TheREAPERBlog Yep, exactly that! Preferences>Editing behaviour>MIDI Editor>'Default shape for CC segments' is the setting.
Thanks man!
What theme are you using in this video please ?
Anything on midi editor changes??
Thanks! Best!
Jon...smart. Now me smart too.
Hey how did you turn track to RED when track is ARMed to Record
that's SWS extension AutoColor doing that.
@@TheREAPERBlog hey the only info I found about this is filter "(record armed)" tried adding it behind track name and filter but nothing happens.... how am I supposed to make record armed track change colour?
@@TheREAPERBlog ah found out, just do (record armed) in the filter tab, but a color has to be set to the name of the original track name otherwise it just goes grey. wish it had another filter for record monitor in only color filter
how to stop item splitting on incomplete takes?
With reaper you can create good music? And what genres you can make it
Any of the full DAWs are capable of creating a professional sounding track or album in the right hands.
Unless you need all of the instruments stock with the DAW, in that case don't choose Reaper.
Can you render a track onto a new comping lane instead of creating a whole duplicate track?
I don't get Visual Spacer option by right-clicking on a track - I have to go to another "Default Menu" at the bottom of the right-click dialog and choose it from there. Not sure why this is, but I'm using a legacy theme (5.0).
your menu is customized
Gotcha, thanks!
Bummed I missed this..just got the email reminder lol
Am I the only one who's mad because there's still no proper dark mode for Windows? What a missed opportunity for Cockos.
I really love Reaper for many things, BUT! How about normal working and logic UI? The broken interface, theme adjuster on release date. hidden new feature (you can’t see it, if you have some custom…It’s. Serious problem for growing up, in my opinion.
My computer won’t alow me to download reaper 😢
LETS GO JON YOU MF LEGEND!!
Multiband container would be nice
So the “trim button” is gone for me, how can I please make it visible again?
Track envelope/Automation mode button is hidden from TCP when the mixer is open in Layout A. Your options are:
A - Use the button in the mixer view for that track
B - Close the mixer
C - Change the track layout to B
@@TheREAPERBlog thx :)
HELP ! i want to get rid of this new sidechain behavior when it creates new auxiliary input each time. just want to go back to initial behavior when it sends it in 3/4 by default.
it depends on how/where you create the send th-cam.com/video/xmuwz6JsvIU/w-d-xo.html
I changed my reaper to spanish long time ago and now i want to change it back to english, I put the default english lenguage pack but almost all the menus are in spanish still mostly the menus for tracks. any idea in how to solve this ?
nevermind I solved it 😅
Thanks man. I bought it yesterday ;)...After all these years, the interface should have more finesse, better design. Looks like a thing for MS-DOS after all these years, lol
That's part of what keeps it so slim
I tried Reaper for a couple months. It’s a good starter for non- professionals. Still doesn’t have basic audio editing down yet. For the money go with something like Cubase. It’s only 40 dollars more and has editing features that are closer to the best industry standard software
Whatever works for you. Its great we have options so we can find the thing that works for our brain best.
what type of editing reaper is laking of?
What editing feature does cubase have that is better?
Cubase has very robust midi implementation but I found it to be a bit bloated in terms of advertising new features to the user. Stability and cpu consumption were its biggest pitfalls for me. Most of the audio editing I found to be very intuitive w/ cubase, along with their midi editing, I was able to duplicate in Reaper. Which is why I switched a few years ago. Also the full version of Cubase is about $650 so I'm not sure where the $40 number is coming from.
I'm also not sure which audio features you're missing, but it sounds like you've got a work flow figured out.
In Canada reaper costs 100 dollars . Cubase e is 129 dollars. So I’m sorry it’s only 29 dollars more . As far as lack of editing? Wow you don’t do this for a living do you?
Is it possible to have RMS and peak metering on the same meter on the mixer?
only on master track
hi guys, im getting this message in 7.08. help please“REAPER” can’t be opened because Apple cannot check it for malicious software.
right-click, open
Thank you
Why aren't they fixed that mixer option "Show multiple rows of tracks" yet? It won't save its state at all. Whenever I started a project the mixer window shows that multiple rows despite I always uncheck it.
I even wrote a message a few years ago on that forum where all issues described. Noone cares.
its a per-project setting. If you set to off, then open project settings and press "save as default", it will be used for your future empty projects.
It can also be saved into your default template.
@@TheREAPERBlog Oh, thanks. I actually was shure that I checked if it's true. Obviously I'm not.
13:45 straight outta compmode
51:30 - Ok, but the values do not match (?).
actually I'm glad somebody noticed that. there is a setting on the Track Meters preferences page to scale the meter and I had it at 2x so it's more visible.
Normal, small option would be nice
It seems as though MP4's are taking much longer to import in 7...why?
Do they still playback at +4ish dBFS?
geeza!!
For some reason in Reaper 7.01 in collapsed folder my media items becomes invisible, similar if the folder was hidden. Is there a way to make it visible, like it was in Reaper 6.xx ?
Preferences, Track Control Panels, change folder collapse button cycles.
@@hookahdad Thank you for reply. but it's not that. Mine is still set to collapsed. Tracks are collapsed as they used to, but items are no longer visible. That's the issue(
@@cycleproduction3527 My bad! I read that comment wrong. I am not sure about that.
was it fixed in 7.02?
@@TheREAPERBlog Yes, it was)
where's the audio quantize? Its a basic necessary feature every DAW should have.
Item menu, item processing, Quantize item positions to grid...
or from action list "Item: Quantize item positions to grid..."
seems like there are no track spacers in Windows version of Reaper
if not seeing it in your menu, you may have customized it. Check the menu editor
This sounds very impressive but for me, who just records my self-penned songs with vocal, guitar, drum, midi and bass triple tracks at home, most of the terms like 'comping', razer cuts', etc., just went over my head so stopped watching half-way thru. Normally when I want to do something new I just research that particular methodology. I'd find a version of this video, with simplified terms and explanations, more useful.
I hate to be a downer but the second i downloaded this new version, my playback stopped.. I reloaded my drivers to my interface thinking it was that. It wasnt i did everything i could think of.. So i went back to my prior version .. Guesss what ? No more problem everything works again.. I think theres a big issue cause this should not happen .Period. Since i know everyone will ask or blame myy interfsce..My interface is a docusrite 212 3rd gen.
if you're willing to troubleshoot it, try the portable install option to isolate it from your configuration files. You're on Windows, right?
yes i am.. Windows 10 .
@@TheREAPERBlog
I don not like the new sidechaining way :/
Biggest miss that everyone still wants is clip launcher and possibly some type of max/grid mode. Hope the guys are working on these for 8/9 🙏
As a followup of the glorious Sexan script (Paranormal FX Router) there's a discussion about hostility towards usability. And omg, the implementation of parallel fx/containers is incredibly bad ui-wise.
Im overloaded
Sorry, I'm just a guy who uses REAPER for fun, playing around with arrangements as a hobby. I originally entered REAPER on version 5, so now I'm expected to pay another $60 for features which are indiscernible from any features in 5 or 6. In fact the changes in 7 and on add nothing to my ease of use. The learning curve is steep enough.
Not worth it. I'm staying at version 6.
no worries. you can keep using last update of 6 or any earlier version.
Still like and will keep following your posts. Thanks@@TheREAPERBlog
Complaining about paying $60 every 4 years?
@@chaddonal4331
The money is not the issue.
Just isnt necessary.