Electron Transport Chain ETC Part 2
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 2 ต.ค. 2024
- Electron Transport Chain ETC Made Easy part 2
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An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds. The molecules of the chain include peptides, enzymes (which are proteins or protein complexes), and others. The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration.
In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient.
Complex I
In Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; EC 1.6.5.3), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (Q). The reduced product, ubiquinol (QH2), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H+) across the membrane, thus producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide.
The pathway of electrons is as follows:
NADH is oxidized to NAD+, by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. FMNH2 is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH2 to an Fe-S cluster, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q). Transfer of the first electron results in the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q, and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. [4] As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane. This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH.
Complex II
In Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-CoQ reductase; EC 1.3.5.1) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool (Q) originating from succinate and transferred (via flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: succinate dehydrogenase, (SDHA); succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial, (SDHB); succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, (SDHC) and succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit D, (SDHD). Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1, but unlike complex 1, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway. Therefore, the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process.
Complex III
In Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase; EC 1.10.2.2), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Qi site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (2H+2e-) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinone (2H+2e-) at the Qi site. (in total four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules).
QH2 + 2 cytochrome c (FeIII) + 2 H+in → Q + 2 cytochrome c (FeII) + 4 H+out
When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen, resulting in superoxide formation.
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calculation part beautifully explained, don't need to browse through several books now. thanks a lot for saving a whole lot of ATP :)
😅
🙃
ATP...😀
😀😀
Wow what the way use of ATP 🤣😂
I had been struggling to understand this for two years straight and now i have finally understood this well.
The explanation was very well.
Thank you indeed and hope you enlighten us more with such wonderful videos.
Bro there is a slight correction in complex 3 you told us that the electrons would first go to cyt C1 to FeS to cyt B which is incorrect. The correct thing is from cyt B to FeS to cyt C1 and then further to cyt C. Your videos are awesome but this was a thing which was incorrect.
The content is really impressive. Someone who can explain one of the most difficult concepts of Biochemistry truly should be admired. You deserve subscribers in millions.
My teacher said ETS is too complex to understand. So he just skipped this part.
Bruh😂
😂
As per my knowledge, 1 NADH = 3 ATP and 1 FADH = 2 ATP and there’s a total of 36-38 ATP produced depending on shuttle
Sky
2.5 ATP derived from 1 NADH is converted to 3 in the textbooks. Same is for the FADH2. That is why those values.
@@shreyadhaimade3455 tq for the explanation.. was confused a bit
This is by far the best ETS explanation I've seen on TH-cam. Words can't describe how much you helped me as well as other students in understanding this complex cycle. Thanks a lot man!!!
WOW! Thanks for your simplified video of the ETC...Just WOW. I appreciate your work.
1 mistake sir, cyt C1 not accept the electron 1st ,the cyt b recives electron from coQ in the starting of complex 3
You speak so well.
You explain so well.
Great job!
Thankyou very much.
+Aq Sm very welcome. 😄😄😊
Thanks a lot sir for this amazing video. Will finally Pass my Biochem test!
Subscribed and notifications on! Keep making these amazing videos
Thank you so much for the appreciation. Glad to hear you liked the video
I have tried so much videos, but you have illustrate very calmly...
It really very easy to understand.
Thank you🪄
Happy to hear that! Thank for appreciating
Why am I paying £9K a year when the same level of detail is on youtube😭😭 Never the less, thanks for the help
Biochem prof didn't explain this nearly as well as you. Final in 2 days. You completely saved my ass with this explanation. You made confusion reactions very clear, thank you!
The level of detail you describe the rxns in (with the prosthetic groups and all) is the only one I've found that truly serves the needs of a UCLA level course.
You're amazing for this, thank you
+Ariel Droger omg! Thanks so much Ariel. Your appreciation really means a lottt to me!
same with me
@@MEDSimplified yesss you do deserve the credit.....we can just clear our long pending doubts in mins. Explanation are soo good
@@MEDSimplified hey awesome work.. Thanks for such a simplified expl2.. But pls pls let me know whether such a deep info is needed for neet prep coz ncert n textbook doesn't have many of points from it
Hi I don’t know if you are going to respond but please make more videos on the physiology of plants. I never understood botany so well!!
Your presentation of this material is so easy to follow and understand. Medical school was tough, but you helped me through it with your videos, thank you so much!
this is really helpful my uni exams are within a month thnku so much 🥰
Thank you so so so much. First internals for MBBS course are in 6 days, and this SAVED my ass. Cannot thank you enough. You're an amazing teacher, and your videos are life saving. Again, thank you
Thank you so much. Such a way of explaining really saved time and brainpower to understand ETC from the NCERT book
You are mosttt welcome
You are mosttt welcome
yOur explanation is simply amazing
Thanks for the explanation in an easiest way
Hi🌸,the explanation is excellent,but the electron goes from cytochrome B to Fe-s then from Fe-s to cytochrome C1 .Thank you for your creative videos🥰 .
This video is v. Help ful to me thanks alot
I have an exam in 6 hours. You have helped me. Recommending people to please watch his krebs cycle video. Can I keep selling substances for money officer? .. I can't thank you enough
Well, keep selling substances then
Electron Transport Chain (Complete): th-cam.com/video/A-Q6KtIxtrI/w-d-xo.html
thank you so much man you made my day by finally making me understand the concept CHEERS from the Philippines
Thanks a lot for the balance sheet finally found it.....😁
Thanks so much for this amazing video it totally helped me in my study ♥️
Amazing explanation ❤❤👏👏
3:40
I think there is a mistake
The correct form one is :
Cyt b >> FeS >> Cyt c1
Yes, this is what campdell book said
What man
Correct bro...👍
There is also mistake in the position of complexs..👍
@@prakashpatel1573 how !
Thanks for the video, it's really helpful. I just so confused that some literature says that this only happens to prokaryotic, which all aerobic respiration (glycol-ETC) process are located in cytosol. But when we're talking about eukaryotic, glycolysis and the other steps occurs in different place (glycolysis in cytosol, the other in mitochondrial). So when NADH from glycolysis wants to get inside the mitochondrial, it needs 2 ATP (because there are 2 NADH). In other words, for eukaryotic this process will generate only 30 ATP (32 - 2 = 30). Please somebody notice me here, it means a lot.Thanks!
very very helpful sir
Thank u for such a beautiful lecture
That's a beautiful explanation. I have a doubt NCERT book says 38 molecules of ATP produced from 1 glucose molecule. Sir could you please clarify that
1NADH gives 3ATP not 2.5 ATP
1FADH2 gives 2ATP not 1.5 ATP
according to NCERT with these values we get 38 ATP
@@srilekhaappikatla4607 true bro 👍
Thanks but i am sis not bro
@@srilekhaappikatla4607 oh ok sis 🙂
Ok ok chill
Bro your ATP calculation didn't match to what's given in NCERT. There's total 38 ATPs are produced for each 1 glucose.
they must have taken 1 nadh= 3atp and 1 fadh2=2atp. .... total 38 atp
@@urfijahan1379 yes exactly... But its also given in NCERT that 36 ATPs are produced in actual scenario
@@urfijahan1379 the ATPs are always withdrawn from the system before whole cycle completes.
Now am confused what to write if they ask the answer 🤔 36-38? What yu think urfi?
sahilrana devil 38 ATP is produced when malate aspartate shuttle works whereas for 36 ATP glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle. Both the shuttle have a role to pass the electron from NADH which is synthesised during glycolysis in cytoplasm to the mitochondria.
3:34 cytochrome b transfers e- to Fe-S proteins and then to CytochromeC1
I think you’re correct- that’s what Harper’s 31st ed Biochem textbook shows as well... then the CytC1 transfers the e- to CytC for transport
Yeah it’s wht our Indian 11th Grade textbook says
you are real Hero for Me . U helped me a lot For my exam Thanku thanku So much.... I am ur biggest fan..... 😃😃 I Hope U'll Achieve Your Goal.....
Where the hell were you when I was in Med School ?? I would've aced biochem...
You are bloody brilliant ! Thanks !
In NCERT there is a line for each ATP production 2H ion passes through F°
Glycolysis 8 ATP
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 6 ATP
TCA Cycle 24 ATP
TOTAL 38 ATP
That's the ideal scenario but it doesn't go like that in real. Amidst all the hustle and bustle of electron transport through different set of enzymes and complexes a little amount of energy is utilized that actually brings the amount of ATP, NADPH and FADH2 can produce to 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. This way it totals to 32
@@NaushadKhan-ix2ue you're right
NADH produces 3ATP and FADH2 produces 2 ATPs
@@syonaagnihotri901 recent measurements have shown the no of ATP molecules generated may be 2.5 &1.5
God bless you, Sir. The way you simply and just perfectly explain all things about cellular respiration literally saved my sanity and my grades. My university's entire biochemistry department failed for months to do what you dexterously and generously did in a few minutes. Thank you a million times.
Your voice is soooo good.
3:43 electrons are transferred from cytb to fe-s to cytc1 to cytc IN COMPLEX 3...
Really made simpliflied
Thank you so much for making it so easy and simple 🙏🏼👍🏼👍🏼
6:01 so nice explanation thank you 😇😇😇😇😇
sir, as per NCERT in complex III , order of electron reception is cytochrome b ---->Fe-S--->cytochrome C1--->cytochrome C..... which one is right???? :(
and also they have taken the values into approximation like 2.5 to 3 and 1.5 to 2 by doing this 38 ATP's are synthesised(mentioned in ncert page 234-class 11)
Bhai ncert hi Kar mai bhi vahi kar raha
Awesome I enjoyed learning ETC through your video.
I am very glad to hear that you liked it.
Thanks a lot! This gonna help me with my POST MBBS NEET PG xam😀😀😀😀
Bro 1 nadph 3 atps kada echedi akkada 2 annaru
Wow! very simple, very neat, very nice
Very help full.. 👍
It really helped me alot thanks.😇
Great video, you really made a complex topic sound very easy.
In Google it says that, only Complex 2 doesn't touches the bilayer of IMM. But in the diagram you drew, complex 3 also doesn't touches both the membrane. Which one is correct?
perfect and thank you sooo much....Thats too great I dont know how to express my gratitude....keep it up.....
2:33 is the reduced for of Co enzyme Q ubiquinone? I thought it that ubiquinol is the reduced for and ubiquinone is oxidized form?
Co Enzyme Q _is_ Ubiquinone.
Reduced form of Coenzyme Q _is_ Ubiquinol.
For reference: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10 (first line says, "Coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, is a...")
The video is really superb....! Beautiful explanation and wonderful speaking.... But a doubt.... Isn't 38 molecules of ATP produced during aerobic respiration....?
Same doubt... It's actually like... 1 mol of NADH produces 3 ATP and 1 mol of FADH 3 ATP... That's how the net gain of ATP is 38
but the literature says 3 ATP from 1 NADH and 2 ATPS from 1FADH2
Thanks for pointing that out! It was a mistake on my end. unfortunately i have no way of correcting it now. However i am adding your comment in the pin comments section so it appers on the top of the list.It's great to have viewers who are so engaged in the content.
watched this series 1 hour before my biochem exam... i just couldn't thank you enough. Great video!
Thank you 🥰
In ncert it is given that total gain of atp is 38,for that reason our sir told us to assume value 1 nadh equal to 3 atp and 1 fadh equals 2 atp
me too so i dont know what information is true anymore. Is it 32 or 38 ATP????
can anyone please check whether the electron from complex 1 and 3 first encounters cyt b then FeS then Cyt C1??.......though it is a great video.....just making sure because in my book the sequence is not the same as shown in the video in the place of complex 1 and 3. Please anyone confirm!!
Thank u so much, but last point is rong according to neet syllbus ,it's 38 ATP molecules per glucose .again thank u for clearing mi confusion in the whole process
THE REASON I HAVE ACTUALLY STARTED LIKING THIS CHAPTER IS YOU. thanks a lot .
but ncert says that 36 or 38 ATP is utilized here we learned 32??
it should be 1NADH=3ATP??
Thats what I've learned in class 1 NADH= 3 ATP AND 1 FADH= 2 ATP
That was earlier now it is proved that 1NADH =2.5 ATP AND 1FADH=1.5 ATP
That's the ideal scenario but in real during all those long transport of electrons through different complexes a little energy is lost that actually left NADH and FADH2 with 2.5 and 1.5 ATPs respectively. This way it reduces to 32. NCERT doesn't mention it
U are talking about glycolysis
Naushad Khan r
❤️You're an angel
Aerobic Respiration produces 38ATP... HOW are you showing it to be 32??
JazakALLAH
Complex III : from CYT b to Fe～S and then C1 , right?
Well explained👌👌
Bro is it 2H+ions or 4H+ions passes through the ATP synthase to produce 1ATP. Because in NCERT they have mentioned it as 2H+ ions in text as well as in diagram. And in addition to these all our faculty sir told to us its 3 H+ ions passes through the ATP synthase to produce 1 ATP. please do explain the number of H+ions passes through the ATP synthase and also the number of ATP produced per one molecule of glucose is 38 as per NCERT and also according to MTG NCERT fingertips. Please do explain the doubt.🙏
Sir, during FADH2 oxidation through ETC why does only complex 2 is not able to pump protons into intermembranal space or synthesis of ATP despite it's location at higher energy level as compared to complexes 3 and 4????? KINDLY ANSWER MY Question
For 3 year I'm following this. Channel to study with mind-blowing reaching method literally ❤
Thanks a lot MEDsimplified
As the name as it is working 🙏😊 thanks a lot
Really good video, just maybe be careful when you write chemical signs for elements to use proper upper case and lower case letters. For example writing CU instead of Cu in biochemistry where there are many shortcut words might be misleading. Anyway I like your videos, they are really helpful.
From ubiquinone electrons are received by Cyt-b than transfer to Fe-S and finally to Cyt-1..
Vry helpfull..thnku so much 😊
*Watch the video*..... Punched the subscribe button.... N waits for yet another video
Thank you so much sir.
Your teaching is well experience and amazing 👍👍👍. Nice job. It's will helpful for all students sir.again thank you great man😇😇😇😇✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌
Amazing 😍
I can't understand 1 thing , from where the h+ in matrix comes ?
You have already calculated the nadh molecule formed during pyruvate and acetyl coA formation. Then why did you do that again?
best wishes to you Sir... thnq so much for making dis vedio.... evrythng has been explained in simply superb way!!!!! concepts became clear :-)
+Sahana K You are most welcome dear.
+Sahana K thank you for your appreciation
Life saver😁
Ty so much
please note that, Cyt a3, where oxygen molecule is bound, in that equation, O2+2H+ +2e, giving a molecule of water, the 2 electrons are not shown.
My teacher and ncert book say there is 38 atp products in to breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose it is right or wrong say me please I you all are agree say me about this one
same for me. Instead of 2,5 ATP from 1NAD+ our teacher said it was 3ATP. And same thing for FAD, our teacher said it was 2 instead of 1,5ATP. So in total, 38ATP are formed through cellular respiration
Final no. Of atp is not correct ..but the explaination was too good
The best thank you🙏💕
Sir pls explain photosynthesis.in this week... please....🙏🙏
Love you 👍
i hate this chapter but thankyou for your help.
Will u plz help me out in knowing that how 4H+ are pumped in intermembranous space in complex I. Bcs I m confused here.
Sir i watched your video on Krebs cycle in that video you mentioned that when succinate is converted into fumarate we get one molecule of FADH and that in one cycle we get 3 molecules of NADH one molecule of FADH one molecule of GTP but here in this video you mentioned that when succinate is converted into fumarate we get one molecule of FADH2 and in one Krebs cycle we get 6 molecules of NADH molecules of FADH2 and 2 molecules of GTP. Can you please explain this point i am not so clear about it.
2 krebs cycle for 1 glucose molecule as glucose splits into 2 pyruvate molecules... So double the number
Even the professors or *EXPERIENCED* teachers don't explain this way. This channel is on its way to reach a million. I'll for sure recommend all my classmates this channel. *SIMPLY AMAZED ME*
Edit: If I get a 7 billion of likes, I would give all of them to this video.
*#LeftMeSpeechless*
complex 3: the electrons are first received by cyt B followed by Fe-S, cyt C1 and finally cyt C
The e is accept by cyt b than Fe-S than cyt c1 to cyt c
I would attend class everyday if you are my professor! This vdo is extremely helpful. Thank you so much
You are very welcome. Thank you for the appreciation 🙂
Thank you soo much for this video, sir.... Seriously made ETS simple!!
Thank you so much 💕so so helpful.. Keep making such videos.. It saves life 😍
the explanation of ATP calculation sent chills down my spine. you are a beast. well done, very well done
so well explained n simplified version of ETS ever !! thnku so much ! 💜