ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 2 มิ.ย. 2024
- 2013.psychedelicscience.org
www.maps.org
Brain Imaging Studies with Psilocybin and MDMA
Robin Carhart-Harris, PhD
Abstract: Highlighting the results of two fMRI studies and one MEG study with psilocybin and an fMRI study with MDMA, Carhart-Harris will report the effects of both drugs on regional brain activity and brain network organization. Additionally, he will report the effects of both drugs on brain and subjective responses to personal autobiographical memory cues. A general theory will be presented on how psychedelics alter brain activity to alter consciousness and the implications of these brain imaging results for therapeutic applications of psychedelics will be discussed.
A general theory will be presented on how psychedelics alter brain activity to alter consciousness and the implications of these brain imaging results for therapeutic applications of psychedelics will be discussed.
Robin Carhart-Harris completed his doctorate in psychopharmacology at the University of Bristol in 2009 after which he moved to Imperial College London to continue his fMRI research with the classic psychedelic drug psilocybin. In the last few years, Carhart-Harris & Professor David Nutt have built up a programme of research with psychedelics that includes fMRI and MEG imaging with psilocybin, fMRI with MDMA and soon an MRC-sponsored clinical trial to assess the efficacy of psilocybin as a treatment for major depression. Carhart-Harris has a review article published in Brain on the neurobiology of Freudian constructs and his work with psilocybin is now published in PNAS, the British Journal of Psychiatry, and Schizophrenia Bulletin. Carhart-Harris has been supported by the Beckley Foundation, the Neuropsychoanalysis Foundation, the Heffter Foundation, and MAPS.
More videos available at 2013.psychedelicscience.org
At Psychedelic Science 2013, over 100 of the world's leading researchers and more than 1,900 international attendees gathered to share recent findings on the benefits and risks of LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, ayahuasca, ibogaine, 2C-B, ketamine, DMT, marijuana, and more, over three days of conference presentations, and two days of pre- and post-conference workshops.
I find this guy very non-threatening and comforting. I want him to read me bed time stories.
haha
Shout out to bill bob who commented 9 years ago.
Robin Carhart-Harris's work will lead to legalization of psychedelic therapy. He needs to be booked on Joe Rogan to really get the ball rolling.
I agree slow pokwey
Awesome presentation! Still unfortunate that there hasn't been much time left to elaborate on MDMA. We surely need more scientific research in neuroscience on psychedelic drugs. I'm convinced that thus we will further our understanding of the brains function and consciousness itself.
Structure of psilocin (at 1:30) is wrong - the phenol should have its OH at position 4 instead of 6..... Awesome talk regardless!
I never noticed that until just now, GREAT eye! I never was the best at ChemStructure. I wonder what the chemical would be if it’s OH was as shown?
this should be top comment
I have just watched a couple videos before this about adhd/add and the brain, and this video helps me connect why a couple of sessions with psilocybin got rid of of my ADD completely for about 4 to 6 months following. It was especially interesting when he spoke about an overactive Default Mode Network causing someone to live in there head a lot and how it is responsible for thinking often of the past or future and less of the present moment. I think that is an aspect of ADD and I myself am always overthinking and analyzing myself and how I do things.
I'd love to get a brain scan of myself, have maybe 3 or 4 psylocybin sessions over 2 months time and then take another brain scan. Maybe even take scans between sessions and then scans twice a month after the last sessions just to see what happens.
FOR SCIENCE lol, but seriously. Science is the only way it could become any bit more legal.
I am fascinated by how it got rid of my ADD for an extended period of time, as well as how I had perfect photographic memory for a month after one particular session.
Richard Berends I have been experiencing a similar effect on my undiagnosed adhd
Same here. I work as a bartender and my ability to consolidate, memory recall, impeccable timing has dramatically improved 😃. I "had" an auditory delay but not anymore. My managers, coworkers, and guests are impressed. I'm 46 years young. I can't thank my magic 🍄 enough for the quality of my life that has improved.
Long covid had sent me in a downward spiral, I really thought I was getting dementia. Thanks to vitamins, sunlight, and magic 🍄 I'm healed.
It was when I added the magic 🍄 is when my life started to actually change 🙏
It’s thought that once psilocybin wears off and the DMN comes “back online” it often “reboots” in a way that’s more functionally flexible and effective. It’s able to do its job as a relay center better, which translates into improved attention and executive function…which is possibly part of why psilocybin seems to help with ADHD.
Balance between knowledge and feeling, logic and the emotion, the natural and the mystical come together. I think that the psychedelic experience and the science behind it beautifully reveals to us these seemingly rivaling things going hand-in-hand and coexisting without actual separateness. Soon, many hardcore spirit-heads and logic-tweeks will see that they need to accept and integrate a little of the other in themselves for the reality of things to dawn upon us all.
How have mushrooms helped you?
Wow. Beautifully said.
I had that epiphany this week whilst ‘microdosing ‘pretty much daily on mdma - avoiding the early hours of day whilst fasting . Spreading half a gram through 5-6 days and I’m 6.2” and 195lbs- male . But that’s exactly it - you explained it rightly. And it was a very reassuring realisation . Almost something I’ve been somehow avoiding all my life in the pursuit of something almost ‘unreal’ and illusional instead.
The interesting reality is that these experiences do not depend on microdosing mushrooms, but I'm sure results would happen much sooner. Self isolation leads to self observation where issues from childhood can be resolved. For me, now -
I've just inoculated my first 12 jars of spores!
I can't wait!
Well written. Taking psylocibin allows us to connect the conscious, subconscious, and unconscious to experience a coexistence of all these things.
Exactly. Carhart-Harris doesn't really know. He's just stating that he comes from the school of thought that believes consciousness to be a byproduct of brain even though there's no real evidence that it is. For all we know, brain could just be some kind of sophisticated transducer that allows consciousness to express itself in a physical, 3d, interactive, multimodal format. Still a lot more to uncover yet. I look forward to it.
Ego death can be very scary but once dropped you are able to surrender to what is and live in the presnet moment where there is incredible peace and love for all things. 🍄❤
I don't think "less activity" was necessarily the findings in the study, as the MRI shows quite apparently greater activity in the temporal lobes (these areas have also been dubbed infamously 'God spot'), and decreased activity in the portions of the brain where normal activity takes place, the portions in which the activity is attributed to what is called in psychology, 'the ego.'
Excellent presentation, very inspiring, loads of a'ha moments for me in this presentation and loads of tabs opened up for me to research, thank you for your time Robin, I highly apricate what you have done for the community, I hope to extend from your research. would like to note this is the first I have listened to you, going to look for more from you after I dissect this information, from my own moderate dose of psilocybin close to your experiments quoted, my experience has brooded my perspective more further, my experience made me think more out'trospectively to learn what I don't know. FWI I see numbers and syllables close to computer code than anything else in my "trips"
Thank you for your time again highly enjoyed listening and learning
What a fantastic talk. I can tell he's got an excellent understanding of brain function, and subjective experience. His delving into the binary nature of the two known networks and their associated mental states (thinking of the self vs. the outside world) really showed that he's doing novel work in the field. My salience network was very activated during the talk.
WOW! Very interesting and profound. Questions raise why these kind of discoveries in brain imaging studies are not widely spread, globally embraced as possible solutions for people with depressions (and other mental deviations)... !!!
Extremely valuable presentation. Thank you! How the virtualization of these neural activities manifests into reality still isn't really clear. Apparently we've seen the signatures of thoughts (stimulus) in the captured activity of neural webs, but it still doesn't answer where the information is stored and how it is recalled through volition.
So ego is just the illusion created from brain activity... mind blowing.
Just imagine being one of the volunteer test subjects and getting to have a shrooms trip for free, plus thereby also indirectly supporting scientific research, lmao
Its great to know what im taking and the science about it.
Medicine
Interesting about the loss of anti-correlation between the DMN and the IPS, and how its lost in schizophrenia and early psychosis. Perhaps this could explain why schizophrenics think that other people can read their minds, because they don't have that sense that their thoughts are just in their own heads
Is he essentially saying that consciousness arises as artifact of brain activity, particularly in the DMN? If so, why is his research not getting more attention?
Experimental research suggests that ALL regions of the brain are conscious, not only the DMN and the higher centers. It’s just that the “unconscious” areas normally can’t directly communicate with the “outside world”.
I would be really interested to see how this maps on to the literature looking at the effects of meditation of the brain - do they disrupt the default mode network too? And by practicing meditation are we learning to consciously control the brains functioning?
I'm glad this research is being done, and Dr. Carhart-Harris is clearly very knowledgeable. However, the chemical structure of psilocin shown at 1:23 into the video is not accurate. The hydroxy group is at the 4 position in psilocin, but it is shown here at the 6 position.
Well I was just making sure, because you used it wrongly. My point is that it's very important to keep psychedelics from pseudoscience be cause it gives psychedelics a bad connotation. Psychedelics isn't just "woowoo" you know. The drugwar and the hippy-movement however has made it look that way in the eyes of the public. Now that the public finally is opening their eyes to new science on psychedelics it's very important to keep it professional so we keep making progress in the right direction.
I thought this was amazing.
Sign me up! Ill volunteer but please NO placebo ill be able to tell, I don't care what the study is trying to prove but I'd love to explore the religious and spiritual aspects of them as well as the medical as I suffer from depression & anxiety and nothing I mean nothing cures these problems nearly as good as these 2 substances. They improved every aspect of life when used in moderation it's been very infrequent use low doses spread apart by years. I'd love to prove all the myths wrong I'd give 100% honest feedback I'm a perfect candidate I have undiagnosed PTSD from an abusive step father who was an ex marine who beat me up as a kid. I struggle with depression & anxiety as well as chronic pain from arthritis I'm a male in the 30's er 29 for a few more mos. but how do i volunteer to be a test subject in these MAPS studies? I've been interested extremely and followed the studies for over 5yrs now. I'd love to see these substances legalized and provide the data needed to prove they have significant medical value aren't addictive and shouldn't be scheduled 1 drugs in the least. When unadulterated they're nearly harmless more so than Tylonal. Please let me know how i can help in the study if even my case helps 1 other person then it would be worth it. Despite the anxiety depression I've gotten a pretty good handle on it and have control over it now as opposed to in my 20's & even worse as a teen now I know what a panic attack is i know the difference between chemical imbalance depression and circumstantial depression. But i still get times often weeks long of depression not severe or suicidal or even phycosis I've even been through that and know when I'm in one. I know I can be a great asset to the MAPS study, I've even been conducting my own studies but have reached a dead end over the past 2-3yrs due to adulterated substances and the law so my work has come to a hault sadly but I'd love to continue with the community
Yes, very similliar to James L. Kent's (PIT) reductionist view on consciousness and the psychedelic experience. Right now in psychedelic neuroscience you almost have to have that reductionist view to be able to progress because it's the most logical one (and to stay out of pseudoscience which is VERY important for psychedelic research). To people outside this view, this may seem like a booring and simplifying perspective, but the more you accept it the more fascinating and complex it gets.
I think that a lot of people that dabble in these things without a background in neurology or even psychology as a starting point sometimes completely forget just what an amazing tool the brain is. If they'd study it more they could see the beauty in it and how all the stories we tell ourselves are only a tiny fraction of what's going on, it's all allegory for the processes therein. Wild stuff. Literally, we're at the mercy of nature's programming whether we like it or not. yeehaw.
You missed the point. What theyre getting at is that the scientists predicted or expected that there should be a corresponding increase in brain activity in specific areas that would account for the descriptions tehy were getting from subjects. But the fact that the opposite is true would seem to indicate that there is something else going on that cannot be strictly accounted for by brain activity alone. Is consciousness able to perceive phenomenon without brain?.. Lets keep probing.
Woaa 🧚🏻♀️
The buddha apparently said "all that we are arises with our thoughts, with our thoughts we create the world". It seems to me that our perception is always the experience of the nervous system, the 'form' that it takes is always one possible interpretation of sensory signals. Our nervous system is as much the natural world as anything else, thus so is our mind, Harris alludes to that with entropy. If the continuity of 'dead' matter with consciousness isn't magical, I don't know what is.
Alot of the graphs really needed more points to even the line out more accurately.
I think science will get to the bottom of it, one way or another. In the case of consciousness, we've barely begun to explore the possibilities, since we've been far too caught up (and distracted) in the dogma that consciousness is being generated by the brain, even though there's nothing to show that's the case. That said, I think it will be proven by trying to find ways/or looking at (pre-existing) ways (i.e., eastern systems) of separating consciousness from the body and making observations.
Excellent presentation of findings with some truly exaggerated and biased inferencing. Part of the psychedelic experience is of increased harmony, both subjectively and in terms of decreased competition: it is therefore disingenuous to leap to equating the psychedelic experience with disorder and the set on of entropy, and it is clear that this is done only to favour certain desires of belief, i.e. evolutionary progress always to an "optimum" state ("the sweet spot" he references here), and science being able to account for absolutely everything under the sun.
A similar massive fault of inferencing comes from his own interpretation of "impetuous inferencing" under the influence of psychedelics. If anything, we know (from psycholinguistics and other areas) that the alert brain makes pre-reflexive inference leaps to prototype neural networks which often gloss over subtleties in the actual real experience, replacing parts of what is "actually happening" with pre-formed prototype concepts which are rapidly activated through action potential firing. The fact that the psychedelically influenced mind is capable of making inferences OTHER than these standard, pre-reflexive ones is more proof of it being more open to other possibilities than to it being "impetuous." The brain in its normal functioning state is the most impetuous structure imaginable! It has to be!
Injection of Psilocybin directly?? Did I miss something. Must be the psilocin form to be safe. Direct injection of Psilocybin is not the same a form which is convert when ingested to psilocin this info could be very dangerous to someone using psilocybin mushrooms by injection directly
Illl be a volunteer if you need anymore subjects :D
There was a mistake in the picture. It wasn't psilocin but 6-OH-DMT. :)
***** 6-OH-DMT is not bufotenin.
Thanks for the paper, but 6-OH-DMT is not mentioned there, it is also not a metabolite of psilocin (why would the body REDUCE the hydroxyl group? it can not do so to my knowledge)
Why is decrease in blood flow a surprise? Haven't they forgotten that psilocybin is a vasoconstrictor?! That doesn't seem surprising to me.
Yes, but any vasoconstrictive effects produced by psilocybin would likely affect bloodflow throughout the body overall, but would effect the brain bloodflow very little.
The body tends to very carefully control blood flow to the brain…it “knows” that maintaining cerebral bloodflow is more important than anything else.
That’s why we’re able to use very strong vasoconstricting IV medications in ICU patients (to try to save their life…to the point that bloodflow to the fingers and toes can be jeapordized and people can lose digits) without the drugs negatively impacting bloodflow to the brain (which we can actually measure in certain situations).
Besides, even if psilocybin did cause significant cerebral vasoconstriction, that would effect the brain globally not regionally.
What makes more sense is that the decreased regional bloodflow is due to the regional decreased cellular metabolic activity.
Throughout most of the body, bloodflow tends to be diverted towards tissues that are more metabolically active. If the DMN gets temporarily “shut down” by psilocybin then those brain cells would (overall) require less oxygen and nutrients. The tiny blood vessels in the brain would sense this (chemically) and would react by vasoconstricting…no sense in sending more blood (nutrients oxygen) to an area than it needs. I think that is what’s happening.
2mg is the same as .002grams right? Most recommend 3 grams
Yes, but that's 3 grams of dried mushrooms. That's about 20mg of psilocybin (depending on the mushroom strain).
He said the the 2mg intravenously equal 15mg orally, so it's a decent dose :)
Grab your TM balls and go heroic dose 5 grams, all in💪
Id like to transcribe
Didn't hear anything about mdma
Didn't listen until the end then.
ArticruciA Williams I know?
46:51
One day I'll try psilocybin iv 😂
My theory is that for a short time it passes the threshold of electricity in brain ( communication ) which leads to new neural connections and old ones that might be broken. If fortified once or twice can be permanent… The possibilities are endless, chronic pain, headaches, bad thought patterns , addiction, trauma , anything “neural” can be resetted with the correct formulation!!!
I’ve heard it described like this: our normal thinking is like walking back and forth over a field of snow. You tend to stay in the same tracks because it’s easier and takes less effort. But doing constrains you by making your thoughts and reactions less flexible.
Psilocybin wipes the snow clean so that (temporarily) there ARE no tracks and you can more easily choose to “move” in new directions.
Afterwards, with proper integration of the experience, there is a period in which your brain remains more flexible. You have the opportunity to change your habitual patterns of thinking.
Whether the changes “stick” longterm probably depends on the degree to which you actively take advantage of the period of increased neuroplasticity versus allowing yourself to fall back into your usual patterns.
It may be that, with repeated therapeutic psilocybin sessions, it becomes easier for the brain to resist the tendency to fall back into old the patterns.
Yeah.. In fact this guy has acknowledged (at #LondonReal ) that he never tried any entheogen himself.
So not just Freud was right, the Buddhists as well!
The default mode network is not default it's a stress function when instincts doesn't act correctly because "bad genetics"
So it's hyper activity stress causes depression as it ruminates to fix the problem.
Low seratonin (Self worth) rank causes it.
Shrooms puts you in the actual default network that all other life than lost humans are in...
Yeah he went insane in the second half freud type thinking.
It's not disorder it's the instincts view...
Only person to think disharmony of a system is a normal state...
Finally, mental health science as it should be. Medicine that doesn't require me to be a dart board. What is irritating is that I got here after making these same conclusions after being diagnosed ADHD 3 months ago. Why has it taken these guys 60 years? Oh wait. I know. Its because they don't have ADHD and because they never actually tried these things themselves. Remember all those war on drugs commercials, like the egg in a frying pan and the Dude saying " This is your brain on drugs". These are the drugs he was talking about, while I was on those drugs screaming back"No, you frapping fruitcake, thats my brain not on drugs.".
Now I want to scream "Nah nah nananah, I was right, you were wrong and you smell like Formaldehyde." but hey, thanks for the amphetimines, they don't help much but they can be a fun distraction. The rest ,of the drugs really suck though so first chance I get i'm going to make you take them. EVERY FREAKING DAY FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIFE! Then we'll see how many discoveries you make. It will be things like " my navel has hair" and "If i sit up straight, my drool is distributed evenly on my lab coat". Maybe not this particular breed, the one's who to the career risks. But definitely the ones who think the DSM5 is the distilled knowledge of Neuroscience and everything else is heresy. Those bastards kill people and never see the connection.
For the first 25% of my life, they wouldn't diagnose me, For the next 25% of my life I lived what they are discussing here and thrived. The solution is simple and clear now. I will go back to mushrooms once a month and the other 29 days or so I will stand on the corner ands sell my meds to buy more mushrooms. And a new car. Lolz
Geez dude !! I know very well the meaning of "pseudoscience"..
I don't want and don't have time to argue about this on youtube !!!
OMG !!!
Liviu F hope your feeling better now, you seemed upset by this
Your goofy model of pyramidal prediction error doesn't fit with the intracellular effects of 2a activation
Could you please elaborate?
Interesting talk...but I don't like the way he reacts to the mention of metaphysics lol. Sure, up until now science has shown us that consciousness is "mere brain activity" but the fact that science hasn't been able to conclusively explain phenomenological experiences in a way that is NOT connected to neurobiology shows me that he would rather equate this to a lack of possibility for such a finding, rather than an incapability of researchers at this time in history. He just sounds way too pessimistic in that regards…doesn’t seem open to the possibility. 28:00-28:50... 35:00-36:25... 52:00-52:18. Don't get me wrong...we know neurobiology plays a role in consciousness, but "brain activity" is not the end-all-be-all of the discussion.
He admits to never having a personal experience with these psychedelics. This is, in fact, what he needs to truly put this "puzzle" together.
What makes you believe counciousness is more than mere activity in the brain?
Good presentation. However this guy is focusing on Psilocybin and Seratonin while forgetting about DMT completely. Although he had a slide at the start having DMT structure he did no talk about it at all.
He mentioned these things arent really super natural and magical which is fair enough. But having our brain programmed by the DNA to produce DMT (the main stucture of Psilocybin and Seratonin) to have a profound experience at death destroying ego and experiencing no time and no location (consciousness in infinity) should be the main aim of the studies!
THE PURPOSE OF THE HUMAN ENGINEERING TO EXPERIENCE SUCH THING IS THE MAGIC....
I would like to hear more about that rather than explaining what happens in the blood flow!
DMT is not produced by an enzyme it self. Scientists are almost definitely sure that it's only an accidental byproduct of its closest molecular relatives. There has only been very small trace-amounts found in humans, supporting this hypothesis. Also it should be noted that DMT is unstable in the body and is seen by the body as foreign and dangerous; it is broken down by the body's own defense mechanisms very quickly,
DMT is what makes us dream when we sleep.
@@jnxmaster IF you take a thousand people make them run 100 meters Science will make the assumption that humans cannot run the 100 meters faster than 10sec, that's Science almost all of the time, it makes great assumptions without really proper testing when it comes to anything biological , E.G science can perfectly describe a rose, but you will never find the rose science describes ! it's all theory, It can be quite accurate with dead things obviously , So show me the people they tested for DMT release ? I'm sure they tested master meditators , people smoking dope dropping LSD to the Dead all their lives, lol
Is this guy presenting a reductionist view on consciousness and the psychedelic experience? It just seems like he's operating on the assumption that consciousness is an epiphenomenon of brain activity.
Reverse psychology Anti psychiatry
This reductionist view is about only 'believing' in what's statistically the most accurate explanation for said phenomena at the moment. If a new more statistically and mathematically accurate theory comes forth, you subscribe to that one instead. So it's like always subscribing to what's the most logical and to not mix in emotions in you belief. However you should never be ignorant to any alternative theories, but you only subscribe to them if they become more logical than the current. Logic?
I think he's just trippin. lol
Everything you can't comprehend it's called "pseudoscience".
I've send you a message on "hangout" / G+ ..
Take care.
Too boring....
This lecture seems very boring and clinical. If you want to explain something scientifically, make it more interesting.
🔝👆Look up that handle
They are my sure plug for all kinds of shrooms, Lsd, DMT, MDMA and other psychedelics. Ships to all locations discreetly