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just to remind you the ussr was not neutral they attacked and invaded finland and in september 39 invaded half of poland in a deal they had with nazi germany , they only came on the allied side after germany invaded them in 1941
@@ChaplainBobWalkerBTh Why single those two out? AFAIK no one formally declared war on the USSR for that invasion. Not even Poland - their government was in tatters and fighting for its life against the Germans by the time the Soviets backstabbed them as part of their arrangement with Hitler.
@@ChaplainBobWalkerBTh If France and England declared war on both super powers of Europe at that time, there would be no Allie’s or Western Europe by 1941.
@@mikesmnell414 the true thing is france, UK and USA helped finance communism and wanted to destroy Germany. we had never won a war against communists.
You should also check out the Portsmouth Follies. A group of forts known as the Palmerston Forts (after Lord Palmerston) that started construction in 1860. Two have been converted over the years, with one now being a restaurant & hotel, and another a now abandoned Spa. Cool places to check out
I grew up on the Isle of Sheppey, and Red Sands is just off the coast. Used to be able to get a good look from the old Olau Line ferries that ran to Vlissingen in Holland.
My (Navy) daughter took me out to see these for my birthday a few years back. I still have a barnacle harvested from one of the legs! Amazing concept, history, engineering.
Great video! I'd heard of the sea-forts but this video certainly got into more detail. As for ideas about urban decay, there are tons of small towns throughout Canada and the US that have been abandoned. And large portions of Chicaco and Detroit as well. Always an interesting, if not sad story when you look into boom towns that were assumed the pinnacle of civilization that end up being abandoned dumps.
I can tell you they look really freaky up close I’ve been out to them a few times over the years I’m taking a group out to them on my boat this weekend as it goes! I’ll be showing everyone this video..
Ok, I have one for you that may be of interest. Pre Superstorm Sandy, I lived in the Mystic Islands section of Little Egg Harbor township in NJ. There once was a huge radio tower, I believe 900 plus feet utilized during WW1. The main drag through town is called Radio Rd. The tower was dismantled in the 50s but the huge, concrete anchors remain. One is actually in the middle of a side street. I don't remember the name of the street but it's a left off Radio Rd heading south towards Osbourne Island. This is all in Mystic and in the very southern tip of Ocean County. I can also think of a fort type thing in the ocean, just off of Cape May. It's concrete, but I honestly can't tell you any more than that. Maybe a WW11 remnant?
That was nothing special, it’s called the Tuckerton wireless station which was built by the germans for communication and seized during the war for War time use. Afterwards ir was just a radio tower and later taken down. The 3 anchors still remain one in someone’s backyard but thats it.
Did I understood that right, that they really used explosives to destroy a structure that is likely to be outside of their jurisdiction to avoid radio stations from there to play rock music?
Haile Sand Fort and Bull Sand Fort, built during the first world war but never finished in time would later protect the Humber estuary during the second world war. Once decommissioned, they felt into disrepair. They've both been sold for £490,000 and £117,000, respectively.
I'm a huge fan of this channel and the content that you create. You have a great way of making history interesting and even fascinating. That said, I really don't care for the embedded advertisements. I mean, I pay a monthly subscription fee, specifically to avoid having to watch advertisements.
@3:10 500 years from now, these forts will be featured in a documentary about how they were defensive castles built to withstand invading armies from mainland Europe.
I know it's a joke but with how many books have been made on WW2, a significant number not surviving(particularly with reprinting) 500 years seems very unlikely. And of course there's videos etc, which wouldn't last on most if not all current media and web hosting, but would themselves be reproduced on new media/hosts.
I can not believe what I,m hearing, an American telling the truth about the war, as in it was only the British who stood up to the germans, they weren't prepared for a full on war, but never the less they wouldn't surrender to evil, no matter the cost and it cost them more than anyone will ever understand, they didn't finish paying back loans for the war till 2012 or around that time, thank you for saying it as it was, You got my support, it's hard to find any real content that isn't bias, because of some stupid reason like jealousy, or something like that,
@@kevinbyrne4538 I know the Americans think we're stupid, come on we just let think that, cos we all know what a stupid thing to say, it's impossible for just one man to win the war, he can't shoot and drive at the same time,
While technically possible, it was not practical. These stations were nowhere near mainland Europe, so food and supplies, meaning they'd have to be supplied from England. The Marine Broadcasting Act provided harsh penalties for any UK citizen or company aiding the pirate stations, and non-UK citizens attempting to access docks and ports on mainland England would have been arrested for engaging in piracy once inside UK jurisdiction. Radio Caroline was the only pirate station that survived into the late 80s, relying largely on Dutch ships for fuel and supplies. UK and Dutch law eventually worked together to make Radio Caroline unprofitable, and the Royal Marines even raided the ship it used once to destroy equipment. In 1990 both countries amended their anti-piracy laws which extended the reach of the law to 200 miles offshore, effectively making it impossible for Radio Caroline to lawfully operate anywhere in the North Sea.
I would love for you to do a video of castle wood canyon dam in Douglas county CO. Its fascinating. I have lived in Douglas county my whole life (it's sad the amount of people moving here destroying this place). The history is rich here.
9:20 "The Maunsell Forts sea forts were no longer needed by the military. As a result, they fell into despair." Unless the sea forts started drinking & gave up on life, then they fell into *disrepair* lol.
There's something delightful about structures as establishment and government as military bases, later becoming, however briefly, important players in the pop cultural wars of the swinging 60s
Man's engineering prowess never ceases to amaze me.I could watch documentaries about the grear dams of the US and China and Izimbard Kingdom Brunells(best name of all time surely)exploits all day long,phenomenal,truly.
Just as a note, there's a few grammatical errors in the video. 'wrecking havoc' should be 'wreaking havoc'(this is a common mistake), and the forts 'fell into despair'(despair means loss of hope) should be 'fell into disrepair'.
Wait a minute... Wasnt the UDSSR the state, who joined germany invading poland? Werent the russians enemies from the british point of view in the early days of the war?
The British knew that the CCCP agreed to the Molititov Ribbentrov Pact to delay the war with Nazi Germany. They also knew they would be at war with Hitler soon. And it was the CCCP that defeated the Nazis in a very long and bloody campaign. Of course, it was the US & other allied Nations that provided the arms, ammo, fuel, and food to support the war against the Fascists. Otherwise the British would have been forced to surrender and the CCCP would have lost half its territory for good...
Not far from the Red Sands sea forts in the Thames Estuary is the "Grain Tower Battery" I don't know much about it, other than it dates back to the 1850's and saw action during WWI and WWII
It's for sale and has been for quite a while. It's only accessable at low tide from the Isle of Grain. I see it literally every day. I work at Sheerness docks which is opposite the fort. I also sail past it whenever I sail out of Queenborough on my boat.
@@eddiejohnson5183 I would love to own something like that. The undertaking to fix it up though 😕 I think that's what keeps a lot of people away from it.
It's a shame they weren't maintained properly, and turned into something like a hotel and one into a restaurant. They would be an interesting place to stay.
Here’s an idea- make your captions easier to read. They are tiny, they zoom by, and they are often blocked by your logo in the lower right hand corner.
Great video! However, you made a mistake at the beginning of the video. The ussr was not a "neutral power". Together with the nazis they divided Poland and the Baltic states according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pakt.
In Israel we have a self declared state like Sealand called Akhzivland on an island off the coast near the Lebanese border with a similar story... in 1971 six brave Palestinian "freedom fighters" snuck over the border and attacked the family, but they were repelled by the wife with a rifle and subsequently rounded up by the IDF (as a favor from an allied nation I guess- the husband was out of town). Pretty risky business starting your own country.
@13:08 Really!? Pirate radio was that much of a threat that the government had to sanction a military response to blow up a potential threat to national security?? Now all that is left is a legacy of governmental inefficiently as all that's left standing is a navigation hazard!😂
Ah, thanks for the reminder. I knew I'd seen something real that Games Workshop stole their recent "Ash Waste Hab" designs from for their Necromunda terrain, and here they are. Not an original brain cell in their collective heads, that company.
Isn’t it INTERNATIONAL LAW that nations can’t claim artificial islands and thus extend their territorial waters (think artificial islands built recently buy China)? If so how could Sealand be a nation anyway!
iirc that was only prevent the enlargement of territorial waters but they are still able to qualify as sovereign land/property much like a lighthouse or oil platform does It seems like every documentary I've ever watched on aircraft carriers has an officer who's duty-bound to tell the interviewer that they are however many feet or something-teen thousand tons of sovereign U.S. territory ;-)
The forts are not considered islands, but structures in the water. The structures are not tied or built upon any existing natural island, or outcropping like the Chinese islands are, they're basically large ships turned sideways and the bottom in the water filled with concrete, standing on the channel bedrock.
@@KevinFields777 yea but why does that matter? Most legal experts point to SPECIFIC passages in Internal Law to say that what China is doing is ILLEGAL but China is getting away with it anyway.
Play Enlisted for FREE on PC, Xbox Series X|S and PS5: enlisted.link/itshistoryenlisted Follow the link to download the game and get your exclusive bonus now. See you in battle!
No
@@angusrumplemeyer1791 youre so cool... 🙄
@@Fresh_Biscuits but not as cool as It's History that likes there own post. 😉
@@angusrumplemeyer1791 I liked it before commenting. I also like my own comments, of course I agree with myself... I'm fucking awesome. 😊
Really fun game, Can recommend. The squad (AI) gameplay is what makes the game feel different from other shooters.
It's interesting how the Navy forts look like flight decks on aircraft carriers, and the Army forts look like turrets on tanks.
Really?! I had no idea!
Your a special one
@@jonathonpellegrini5725 "your," too.
no there not
No thier not, your miztaken, I two thot this at wun thyme ( no peeriod needed)
Long live Sealand!
9:26-People fall into dispair. Structures like the Maunsell towers fall into disrepair.
I was looking for this comment
despair*
It warranted this comment. It was worth it.
This isn't the first time I've seen Ryan use this turn of phrase. We all have our quirks, this is one of his :)
@@slikh It's not really a quirk, it's just a mistake. It's also easily fixed, likewise 'wrecked havoc'
I am amazed. After their destruction, Sunk Head and Tongue sands looked EXACTLY the same! What a remarkable coincidence.
I saw it too 😄
Also the before pictures looks as the same
just to remind you the ussr was not neutral they attacked and invaded finland and in september 39 invaded half of poland in a deal they had with nazi germany , they only came on the allied side after germany invaded them in 1941
France and the UK never declared war on Stalin for invading Poland.
@@ChaplainBobWalkerBTh Why single those two out? AFAIK no one formally declared war on the USSR for that invasion. Not even Poland - their government was in tatters and fighting for its life against the Germans by the time the Soviets backstabbed them as part of their arrangement with Hitler.
@@richmcgee434 tell us about who financed communism and we shall know why the UK and France left the USSR lone. Hint: Bankers
@@ChaplainBobWalkerBTh If France and England declared war on both super powers of Europe at that time, there would be no Allie’s or Western Europe by 1941.
@@mikesmnell414 the true thing is france, UK and USA helped finance communism and wanted to destroy Germany. we had never won a war against communists.
Long live the nation of Sealand 🤟
You should also check out the Portsmouth Follies. A group of forts known as the Palmerston Forts (after Lord Palmerston) that started construction in 1860. Two have been converted over the years, with one now being a restaurant & hotel, and another a now abandoned Spa. Cool places to check out
I grew up on the Isle of Sheppey, and Red Sands is just off the coast. Used to be able to get a good look from the old Olau Line ferries that ran to Vlissingen in Holland.
My (Navy) daughter took me out to see these for my birthday a few years back. I still have a barnacle harvested from one of the legs! Amazing concept, history, engineering.
9:27 -- not "despair" (hopelessness) but "disrepair" (a neglected condition)
These sea forts still exist and are still visible from the beaches of Whitstable in Kent today
Great video! I'd heard of the sea-forts but this video certainly got into more detail. As for ideas about urban decay, there are tons of small towns throughout Canada and the US that have been abandoned. And large portions of Chicaco and Detroit as well. Always an interesting, if not sad story when you look into boom towns that were assumed the pinnacle of civilization that end up being abandoned dumps.
Crazy how much effort they put in to prevent people listening to Rock music
I can tell you they look really freaky up close I’ve been out to them a few times over the years I’m taking a group out to them on my boat this weekend as it goes!
I’ll be showing everyone this video..
Ever do the Texas Towers?
Texas Towers?
Awesome. I have watched so many documentaries about WW2, never ever even once they mentioned those fortresses in the sea
Ok, I have one for you that may be of interest. Pre Superstorm Sandy, I lived in the Mystic Islands section of Little Egg Harbor township in NJ. There once was a huge radio tower, I believe 900 plus feet utilized during WW1. The main drag through town is called Radio Rd. The tower was dismantled in the 50s but the huge, concrete anchors remain. One is actually in the middle of a side street. I don't remember the name of the street but it's a left off Radio Rd heading south towards Osbourne Island. This is all in Mystic and in the very southern tip of Ocean County. I can also think of a fort type thing in the ocean, just off of Cape May. It's concrete, but I honestly can't tell you any more than that. Maybe a WW11 remnant?
That was nothing special, it’s called the Tuckerton wireless station which was built by the germans for communication and seized during the war for War time use. Afterwards ir was just a radio tower and later taken down. The 3 anchors still remain one in someone’s backyard but thats it.
@@CitrusandWinston sounds like something special to me. It's pretty interesting info.
@@Fresh_Biscuits wyd with that info
World War 11 hasn't come yet
@@Kevin-bl6lg WWII. Happy, mr perfect?
Wreak vs wreck. Disrepair vs despair. Hmmm
It is amazing how many still stand and how fast they were built. Today the war would be over before the tree huggers lawsuits would be solved.
awfully presumptuous of you
@@spencerbox6705 I bet you had to use the book with all the big words in it to come up with that one
@@donise8406 God forbid someone uses the most appropriate term, which is in common usage.
@@donise8406
One of the big words in that book is Dictionary.
Did I understood that right, that they really used explosives to destroy a structure that is likely to be outside of their jurisdiction to avoid radio stations from there to play rock music?
a fort near hull was recently sold at auction, must be a colossal task to renovate it into something
Haile Sand Fort and Bull Sand Fort, built during the first world war but never finished in time would later protect the Humber estuary during the second world war. Once decommissioned, they felt into disrepair. They've both been sold for £490,000 and £117,000, respectively.
I'm a huge fan of this channel and the content that you create. You have a great way of making history interesting and even fascinating. That said, I really don't care for the embedded advertisements. I mean, I pay a monthly subscription fee, specifically to avoid having to watch advertisements.
@3:10 500 years from now, these forts will be featured in a documentary about how they were defensive castles built to withstand invading armies from mainland Europe.
So brexit will be like magnacarta is to us?
I know it's a joke but with how many books have been made on WW2, a significant number not surviving(particularly with reprinting) 500 years seems very unlikely. And of course there's videos etc, which wouldn't last on most if not all current media and web hosting, but would themselves be reproduced on new media/hosts.
I can not believe what I,m hearing, an American telling the truth about the war, as in it was only the British who stood up to the germans, they weren't prepared for a full on war, but never the less they wouldn't surrender to evil, no matter the cost and it cost them more than anyone will ever understand, they didn't finish paying back loans for the war till 2012 or around that time, thank you for saying it as it was,
You got my support, it's hard to find any real content that isn't bias, because of some stupid reason like jealousy, or something like that,
Everyone knows that John Wayne singlehandedly won the Second World War.
@@kevinbyrne4538 I know the Americans think we're stupid, come on we just let think that, cos we all know what a stupid thing to say, it's impossible for just one man to win the war, he can't shoot and drive at the same time,
Interesting video
'Not So Jolly Roger,' Secret Danger Man episode featured one.
Hey Now! Great video 👍🏼
Wait, I think there's another loop hole! What if you aren't British and broadcast into the UK from these forts? What if they were French?
While technically possible, it was not practical. These stations were nowhere near mainland Europe, so food and supplies, meaning they'd have to be supplied from England. The Marine Broadcasting Act provided harsh penalties for any UK citizen or company aiding the pirate stations, and non-UK citizens attempting to access docks and ports on mainland England would have been arrested for engaging in piracy once inside UK jurisdiction. Radio Caroline was the only pirate station that survived into the late 80s, relying largely on Dutch ships for fuel and supplies. UK and Dutch law eventually worked together to make Radio Caroline unprofitable, and the Royal Marines even raided the ship it used once to destroy equipment. In 1990 both countries amended their anti-piracy laws which extended the reach of the law to 200 miles offshore, effectively making it impossible for Radio Caroline to lawfully operate anywhere in the North Sea.
An American already did that on a ship.
I would love for you to do a video of castle wood canyon dam in Douglas county CO. Its fascinating. I have lived in Douglas county my whole life (it's sad the amount of people moving here destroying this place). The history is rich here.
Second this
I haven't even started the video yet and I'm already waiting for Sealand to be explained.
9:20
"The Maunsell Forts sea forts were no longer needed by the military. As a result, they fell into despair."
Unless the sea forts started drinking & gave up on life, then they fell into *disrepair* lol.
Fascinating. Thank you.
Very interesting! Had never seen these before.
There's something delightful about structures as establishment and government as military bases, later becoming, however briefly, important players in the pop cultural wars of the swinging 60s
Man's engineering prowess never ceases to amaze me.I could watch documentaries about the grear dams of the US and China and Izimbard Kingdom Brunells(best name of all time surely)exploits all day long,phenomenal,truly.
It was NOT one nation, it was the Commonwealth including India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada etc !!!!
Ireland Scotland wales ...
Al hail the independent state or sealand
If I'm not misstaken, the Army forts have been the model for some armorment in the Starwars films
What's the significance of the picture at 0:26 ????
Very good fillum. Thank you 🙂
I like the look of the Navy forts.
Fascinating! I always wondered about these old structures 😊👍👍
Awesome video as usual!
Aren't those skinny support pillars an ideal target? I would have anticipated that a single strike on one pillar takes out the whole platform...
They weren't that accurate back then, an with an array of fire from the guns they wouldn't come close enough
Just as a note, there's a few grammatical errors in the video. 'wrecking havoc' should be 'wreaking havoc'(this is a common mistake), and the forts 'fell into despair'(despair means loss of hope) should be 'fell into disrepair'.
An editor or proof reader should be able to fix these tendancies pretty quick. :)
Gotta love the story of sealand
Wait a minute... Wasnt the UDSSR the state, who joined germany invading poland? Werent the russians enemies from the british point of view in the early days of the war?
The British knew that the CCCP agreed to the Molititov Ribbentrov Pact to delay the war with Nazi Germany. They also knew they would be at war with Hitler soon. And it was the CCCP that defeated the Nazis in a very long and bloody campaign.
Of course, it was the US & other allied Nations that provided the arms, ammo, fuel, and food to support the war against the Fascists. Otherwise the British would have been forced to surrender and the CCCP would have lost half its territory for good...
An entertaining video, only marred by lack of research as to the name of the subject. Maunsell, not the varieties you have.
I spent many a childhood day at Herne Bay staring through binoculars wondering what they were.
Same from Sheppey!
I recently went to Albania on holiday and I know it will be good subject material for the channel
Not far from the Red Sands sea forts in the Thames Estuary is the "Grain Tower Battery"
I don't know much about it, other than it dates back to the 1850's and saw action during WWI and WWII
It's for sale and has been for quite a while. It's only accessable at low tide from the Isle of Grain. I see it literally every day. I work at Sheerness docks which is opposite the fort. I also sail past it whenever I sail out of Queenborough on my boat.
@@eddiejohnson5183 I would love to own something like that. The undertaking to fix it up though 😕
I think that's what keeps a lot of people away from it.
seafort is your metal gear solid 2 plant mission fanfiction came true.
Bit puzzled by the use of pictures of Dalkey island… and no reference to their actual orogional use….
@3:53 I still find it interesting that Hitler was not the center of attention in this photograph.
Hermann Göring, the vice chancellor was.
It's a shame they weren't maintained properly, and turned into something like a hotel and one into a restaurant. They would be an interesting place to stay.
That would have been awesome
Yeah in November@@bambinaforever1402
Here’s an idea- make your captions easier to read. They are tiny, they zoom by, and they are often blocked by your logo in the lower right hand corner.
I heard about these in an old “top abandoned buildings” video from.. 10 or so years ago? Interesting to hear more about them.
Wasnt one used as thepiratebay?
@0:33 Is it me or do these structures exude a 'Star Wars' vibe to them?
Not a coincidence
The Red Sands Sea Fort was a backdrop in the Doctor Who serial Fury From The Deep.
10:41 How did they protect ships from land mines?
Sea mines are dropped by minelayers ships or aircraft.
They just repelled the minelayers .
No minelayers no sea mines.
I think that Simon Whistler did a show on that nut that declared himself to be an independent nation.
Can we get one on the sea forts in hull
I will continue asking for my request until you do it. Thank you and love your videos
If kept up, they would have been great Vacation Spots for Families!
You can schedule a vacation on Sealand, just fill out a request through their official website and apply for either citizenship or a travel visa.
They are actually trying to restore some of them, as far as I know.
Remember mother base from MGS5?
It also reminded me of MGS2.
Them fort's would of made cool hotels
I'd love to live on one of those away from people but I don't know about getting my pizza delivered, maybe Amazon drone delivery would be useful?
Is it really that important to stop pirate radio that you have to blow the fort up?
There's other forts off Portsmouth. Would make a good video
They blew up a naval fort to stop hippies from playing rock and roll
Great video! However, you made a mistake at the beginning of the video. The ussr was not a "neutral power". Together with the nazis they divided Poland and the Baltic states according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pakt.
The blitz is a combination of land and air assaults and is believed to be the start of modern close air support.
I've got a big bucket list of abandoned places I want to see, this place is very high on the list.
My parents live near it and Ive been wanting to go fishing there for years
Wow. I had no idea that we had these.
In Israel we have a self declared state like Sealand called Akhzivland on an island off the coast near the Lebanese border with a similar story... in 1971 six brave Palestinian "freedom fighters" snuck over the border and attacked the family, but they were repelled by the wife with a rifle and subsequently rounded up by the IDF (as a favor from an allied nation I guess- the husband was out of town). Pretty risky business starting your own country.
i would like to stay at Shivering Sands for a month as isolation experiment. laptop, solar panel, fishing pole and basic supplies and see how i last.
wood does a last very long after constantly exposed to water at the base Steel even has a shorter life span in water.
Texas Towers please
I thought the sea forts became holders of the dark web,or was the dark web remove from them?
Yes, I think for a while at least, Sealand was home to some computer servers that stored various nefarious types of data.
I recognize sea land as a country and they should get exclusive right to their water or something like that.
Forts have been on the water for thousands of years ,thousands,Romans Carthaginians even farther back than that of all head forts on the water
Please more British stuff
NGL I thought your thumbnail was a bunch of AT-ATs attacking Hoth at first.
H G Wells. " Heh heh, that's nothing, mine could walk ".
Wow, you could probably film a sequel to the Wicker man here.
@13:08 Really!? Pirate radio was that much of a threat that the government had to sanction a military response to blow up a potential threat to national security??
Now all that is left is a legacy of governmental inefficiently as all that's left standing is a navigation hazard!😂
Shows how much power the bbc had over the government.
I don't know how a building can dispair
We Americans would have restored and made theme parks out of some and a National Monument out of 1 navy and 1 army.
Ah, thanks for the reminder. I knew I'd seen something real that Games Workshop stole their recent "Ash Waste Hab" designs from for their Necromunda terrain, and here they are. Not an original brain cell in their collective heads, that company.
CoD: WaW fans, iykyk 😎
I like your video but rather than a rehashing the content in your wrap up, a profound takeaway might be a better ending
I was here for Sealand
Isn’t it INTERNATIONAL LAW that nations can’t claim artificial islands and thus extend their territorial waters (think artificial islands built recently buy China)? If so how could Sealand be a nation anyway!
iirc that was only prevent the enlargement of territorial waters but they are still able to qualify as sovereign land/property much like a lighthouse or oil platform does
It seems like every documentary I've ever watched on aircraft carriers has an officer who's duty-bound to tell the interviewer that they are however many feet or something-teen thousand tons of sovereign U.S. territory ;-)
The forts are not considered islands, but structures in the water. The structures are not tied or built upon any existing natural island, or outcropping like the Chinese islands are, they're basically large ships turned sideways and the bottom in the water filled with concrete, standing on the channel bedrock.
@@KevinFields777 yea but why does that matter? Most legal experts point to SPECIFIC passages in Internal Law to say that what China is doing is ILLEGAL but China is getting away with it anyway.
In a strange way does this remind us of what China is doing with the creation of man-made islands in the South China sea?
Hi I am the master of Sealand.
They call me Master Bate.
Remember this map from world at war
And in 80 odd years there will be programs about windmills in the ocean
when ZSSR was neutral during wwII?