I wish you had mentioned US Naval Captain Harry Hess, a geologist in civilian life, who sailed many missions back and forth across the Atlantic during WWII. He had the brilliant idea of towing a magnetometer behind his ship and recording the data. This was the discovery of the strips of basalt with alternating magnetivity along the mid-Atlantic Ridge. This discovery, along with other significant ones, led to the formulation of plate tectonic theory at the famous Asilomar conference in 1970. There has been an accumulation of evidence to support this theory, one of the most important of all science, in the 50+ years since.
@PW: I agree, although part of me wishes the level of academic rigor was even a bit higher - I keep seeing certain topics, events, and theories that get over simplified or glossed over, perhaps out of concern for overtaxng the limited attention span and intelligence of the snowflakes among us. Personally, I'd rather focus on those who are able to sustain intelligent and informed conversation regarding the material at hand ... but that's just me.
These videos are aesthetically pleasing in every way - the information is perfectly arranged by explaining the question so that you understand what's being asked, the answers contain easily comprehensible science, the narration is expressively soothing to hold your attention, the video and graphics are beautiful and explanatory, and the editing is seamless. Wow! This was a delight, and as close to perfect as you can get.
@LTrain 45 🤔 Artistic and aesthetic are not the same thing. I don't think they were trying to be artistic, but having a sense of aesthetics is necessary in any creative endeavor, especially in teaching where logical presentation has it's own intellectual aesthetic beauty. Plus, research proves that we learn better when our emotions are involved, so a straightforward, dry, unstimulating presentation would not be as effective. It also seems you are a rare exception considering the profusion of compliments the video has received, but you're in good company. Many geniuses deplored idle entertainment and lacked any appreciation for artistic pursuits.
I agree. There is really nothing they can do to make the video better. No bloated budgets or big name producers could make this of any higher quality. This is the first of this series that I've seen but you can bet that I'll be watching more episodes.
Such a humbling experience, being reminded of how fragile our existence and way of life are. Thank you for your fabulous work. In all your channels. You put most "professionally produced" documentaries to shame.
Thus far my favourite episode. When I was into amateur radio back in "boom days" of sky wave we'd speak of these phenomena for hours. But , then came the flares! COMPLETELY shutting down the radio spectrum from 0 to 30,000 khz. And beyond, sometimes for days. STILL fascinates me. Great video 👌
I wasn't a ham but I was very, very into CB from the late 80s to the mid 90s and learned all I could about radio waves, the ionosphere and sky waves. Always found it absolutely fascinating how skip would be hitting so hard that local traffic was nigh impossible, and then boom all of a sudden dead quiet and no skip at all for quite some time and local traffic was eerily easy. Me and my best CB friend also got to work "short skip" from Michigan to Quebec during the big geomagnetic storm of 1989, which was a sight I will never forget. The sky looked 100% like the end of the world had come, with red and green aurora filling the entire sky in a rippling starburst shape and bright enough to read by clear till about 4AM. Good times, I miss all that.
Scientists who want to study the Earth's core, are working on complicated and difficult experiments to find out, about how planetary cores work. It's a very specialist area, requiring equipment, that has only recently been developed, hence the amount we still don't know.🌐
It happened again this year, 2023, but most fortunately it shot out from the sun in a direction that didn't intercept Earth in its orbit. Whew! I'd been thinking of taking some precautions ... but hadn't gotten around to it.
Apparently the Earth has been though thousands of these "wandering reversals" over billions of years and while they could have damaged the DNA of some plants and animals it certainly hasn't resulted in any extinction-type of events. Now, however, while animals that use magnetic fields for navigation would be severely affected the main danger is for humans. If the electrical grid should be destroyed, which it almost certainly would be, mass starvation would occur. Estimates are that it would take two decades to rebuild it due to the fact that all the components, (making steel, wires, rubber or plastic components, circuit boards, dynamos, etc.), require electricity to make. Trucks can't run without gasoline and that requires electricity to make. Only a tiny percentage of people live within walking distance of a food source such as a farm and those places would be overrun or brutally defended. All that said, I don't see that getting excited and worried over the possibility of a catastrophic flare is realistic or productive. The current warming of the planet is potentially far more destructive and is very real; we should concentrate on that and simply try to prepare for a flare without getting too worried about it.
The fact you seriously believe warming of the planet is more dangerous than a Carrington type event scares me more than anything. There is zero chance of that being the case. This is far FAR more dangerous.
@@BeckBeckGo Mass extinctions tend to be many millions of years apart so it seems unlikely any correlation could be made as it would need to be an extremely unusual super flare happening once in tens to hundreds of millions of years.
What about the “Adam and Eve story”? In the book it is theorized that the earth will stop for a brief moment when the reversal happens , although wind and water won’t stop. 1000mph winds and miles high tsunamis, which sounds cataclysmic. I’d like to see a earth model created to see if this situation is possible.
Finally, a presentation on this subject from people that know what the heck they are talking about and know enough to explain it while presenting ways for us to understand as we watch it!! THANK U SO MUCH!!
Let me tell you something, generally these types of videos aren't my cup of tea. This however is so different, not monotone, beautiful transitions, calming music, clear concise narration. 10/10!
You have a real talent for turning dull science and history into pure poetry. I follow all of your channels and share them too. I just wanted to say Bravo! I look forward to the next one!
@@shwetaranadive6469 I guess that might be a matter of opinion. I love to see the stiff and dusty made beautiful by art. That is my nature and you certainly don't have to agree with me! In fact I'm grateful to talk to anyone who's opinion differs from my own. Makes life much more interesting. One little side note, I think geology is utterly fascinating on it's own! So my joy is doubled when I see it's stories turned into art.
I find these videos utterly engrossing, they are at the same time fascinating in their content as well as captivating in terms of one's imagination. I cannot recommend this series highly enough...
The scripts and narration in this series are absolutely first rate. Among the best of any documentaries I've seen, and I've seen plenty. Looking forward to more!
Interesting. This might be a solution as well to the Fermi Paradox, in which most stars (possibly including our own) will become too violent for a civilization to be able to become advanced enough to leave its star/send radio waves out for any appreciable length of time.
Its jus a Paradox..a Paradox of Stupidities...It is written; The Elements will melt with Fervent Heat...including Titanuim alloys....Our Sun has been there moving on its merry way, did not burn us..Are you not even Afraid of the Moon getting Nearer and will collide with earth, and not some pea size asteroids or any rhoids?..The Fire (4th State of Matter) and the Lightning that will burn earth is not from the Sun but from The Throne of Our Creator!..Good luck..watch out for year 2022!.
@@kevinperez6966 , Newton discovered gravity when the apple fall freely collided on his head. Interestingly as far into the skies we discovered the moons, planets and stars falling freely without colliding and into orbits, fine tune fit and precision for our observations and wonders. What's the status of our dynamo as the Earth Magnetic Field is not holding enough gravity?
Worrying for electronics but not for the life on Earth in general, mag field has always changed but should we with us for billions more yr.s or until becoming one with the sun.
@@mikenewtonninja9379 It's a real guy named David Kelly, he and his brother Pete have a bunch of cool channels: History Time, Voices of the Past, one named simply Pete Kelly (it's mostly about archaeology) and more. Edit: Oops, I initially got the Kelly brothers backwards, it's fixed.
@@Artur_M. ok fair shout - he just sounds exactly like the narrator on another channel! also, all words are perfectly elocuted, no regional dialect etc etc, just quite odd these days! 👍
I really like your ability to tell history in an interesting way. I also like that you tell the history of the scientists or other people who were involved in the discovery.
I really enjoy your channel, thanks. During my education as a geologist in the early 80’s, the hypothesis for the generation of heat in the inner core was the entrainment of heavy, radionuclides in the core. During the early formation of the earth, the heavier elements were mostly concentrated by gravitational differentiation into the inner layers of the planet. As these radionuclides decay, they produce heat energy, thus powering the convection of heat in the liquid outer core.
Check out Suspicious Observers 23 vid catastrophe series for a broader view of the magnetic field & solar flares. Most of the vids are short but info packed.
Another top notch video. The narrator is a natural, with a voice made for narration, and the researcher really knows her stuff and has a way of presenting them to people with no scientific background in a way that is accessible. Kudos to both! The one small "thing" (not exactly a "beef", more of a "pet peeve") I can object to, but this is not your "fault" alone, everyone somehow does this (maybe it is the "legacy" of the American TV of the last 50 years?); speaking about how the next "super flare" COULD wipe out our electronic infrastructure - and it COULD! - but making it sound like it WILL, 100%. Since it happened once it will happen again BUT many things have to "align" perfectly for a repeat performance (the intensity and duration of the flare, the alignment of the Earth relative to the Sun at a specific point in time, the speed of the ejecta, the list is quite long). I guess in, say, one thousand years it will happen again but can we say for sure that the NEXT one is going to "kill" our civilization? I guess not. Still, this minor "thing" of mine aside, a great video once again!!
The thing is, we may never even understand these complex mechanisms underlying the nature of our own planet, and any other planet for that matter, if we don't get to Mars within the near future
If anyone is curious, we went through a Carrington event last month but got lucky in the fact that the sun launched it the opposite direction of Earth. Still had some interesting effects though
Much better than the American documentaries who keep repeating the same thing over and over again throughout the documentary and waste so much of your time. They only have about 15 minutes from every hour with useful content (especially the Discovery channel) lol.
thats cos in Murica, they're a bit backwards, specially in them remote villages and stuff. they need it telling to them again and again, enough times for them to start chanting it over and over, whipping themselves into a frenzy, culminating in a pitchfork and flaming torches mob lynching an outsider. and then shooting the sky and swooping wildly.
@@mikenewtonninja9379 American education sucks because the people in charge of it don’t actually care about actual understanding and instead are set on filling our heads full of propaganda and making the grade line go up. While there’s jackasses in rural areas, a lot of the fucked up stuff that happens in America is largely at the hands of the rich and powerful
Love this series. Future topics I'd really like to see: What Earth was LIKE at points very far in the past. You did a great job of this in the Hadean video. Some things get too much attention, like the age of dinosaurs, but I want to see a more full picture of what Earth was like when nearly all life was still in the ocean, and outside of the ocean was nothing but moss. I think it was moss or something like that, you have a great researcher will can turn my spotty memories into facts for a video. What about plant life before trees and flowers? Forests today are mostly trees and flowers, but those are relatively recent aren't they? Hundreds of Millions ago it was giant ferns and stuff, right? Also, wasn't there a time before land vertebrates where life on land was all insects? These are the sorts of periods of Earth's past that don't get enough attention. It's almost like an alien planet to us today, but yet with certain familiar things, because it's our own past.
True. Can you imagine your current home location a million years ago. I think it would be shear terror if we had to spend 24 -hours on prehistoric earth.
@@HistoryoftheEarth This is exactly what I hope you do. A tour of the earth every half a billion years or so. What the earth is doing, what life is doing on earth. What things look like. Where life’s evolution is in its process.
I believe that since these reversals have happened in the geological past and life survived it, it is reasonable to assume it would survive the next one. But, the comforts we enjoy now would be gone for quite a while. I work for an electric company and the massive transformers in the nations substations would be fried and there are simply not enough of them to replace quickly. We are going to need to accept that it’s very likely that all our power and internet will be off for at least a year. We will have to learn to live without it. It would probably be a very good thing for us to experience, even though it will suck. It will teach us not to be as petty as we have been and we will need to come together as brothers to try and comfort our elderly and children. To stop bickering over politics and race and all the other bullshit.
Well done. Thanks for helping wake everyone to this. My only criticism is that there are large columns of solid material extending into the mantle. It isn't perfectly concentric rings like a tree
They have indeed done exactly that, but they aren't the main cause of the heat. Just to be clear, though - they aren't in the core, they're in the upper mantle and crust. The heavy elements don't bond well with iron, so they don't sink as deep just due to the molecules they form being lighter than the molecules iron forms.
It's estimated that 50% of Earth's internal heat is from radioactive decay and 50% is just heat left over from the collision of the two rocks ~4,640,000,000 years ago that coalesced & formed Earth from the resulting 100,000,000 degree hot ball of gas. Since it's 50%/50% it's pretty obvious that they're not really very certain of the proportions.
As for the concentric spheres of earth's interior, I am reminded of Don Scott's model of a Birkeland Current as counter-rotating concentric rings(magnetic flux tubes). These structures are a type of double-layer seen in a plasma where charge separates(Alfvenn). Two currents can produce a pinch effect, Faraday observed this in physical wires and has been replicated in plasma labs and produce a plasmoid, a tiny but highly charged ball of energy which draws heavy elements to its core with lighter elements on the surface. This self-organizing ability of a plasma is integral to the development of life, in my opinion. I posit that it is a plasmoid in earth's core fed via the incoming electrons at the poles that produces the 6000* temperatures. And the concentric spheres are a product of double layering seen also in the chemistry of earth's atmosphere. Speaking of Birkeland, it was he who took those Terrallas, the magnetized ball and put it in a vacuum chamber, via the experiments he produced the rings of saturn, the auroras and posited electric corpuscles in space(solar wind). Taking this a step further, the Safire project has by manipulating these double layers produced 14 times thermal over-unity. We live in interesting times.
So far I believe the only reason for the category of a 'solid' core is because of earthquake wave readings that bounce off that layer. There must be questions? This video is saying 'layers' and expert people in comments are saying the layers are driven in different directions. What if a wave simply bounced off a layer going a different direction from the Crust, or actual rotation of Earth?? Or maybe the core has an extra strong and very low pulse, would that interfere with an Earthquake wave?
This is probably what I worry about most, as far as impactful events. If you sit and imagine what would happen if all the lights go out, and all electronics were to get fried.. we'd have to rebuild everything, from refrigerators to phones, to the equipment and machines that make them. Everything we know requires electricity. We treat it like an eternal life force that will always provide, but in actuality it's far from guaranteed and highly susceptible to nature. For most people its sudden loss would be the equivalent of taking a newborn baby away from its mother and telling it it has to survive on its own. This is how dependant we are on electronics. Everything. Everyone in the world without electricity for a long time, the dire consequences and real possibility of this should make the world concerned with having a safety net, but no one sees past their own little bubble.
Great series so far, my only comment on this is that modern satellites have very little to do with global communication. M hop satellite communication can add one to three seconds latency, which on a bidirectional communication is extremely noticeable. Satellites also have extremely limited bandwidth so nothing like our modern internet would be possible over that. Most global communication is handled via extremely long underwater intercontinental cables. Those cables are shielded quite nicely by the ridiculous volume of water that we call Oceans. Knocking out all the satellites would disrupt weather measurements, legacy broadcast channels and any remote homes internet.
I remember reading something about magnetic anomalies at sea long ago.. that the field strenght is weakened, and also reversed in polarity some plases, the moest famous and studied of these was somewhere soutwest of South-Africa i think,, and there was a theory that this possebly could be an indicator of exatly what you describe in the later part of this video... (total polarity reversal). I have a hard time seeing myself live long enough for this to be a serious problem within my liftime tho... But a direct hit from a superflare, protuberanses and a corona mass ejection is ofc an other matter. It would realy hurt humanity today! We, as a sosiety, are much less resilient to technology-faliures today, then we were in 1859. Love your videos 👍
Remember that the Earth was spinning much faster before, and the moon was much closer. So clearly, the lunar gravity had a much greater impact on the Earth's liquid iron core, to generate a much more intense rotation than we see today; and this would have swirled the liquid iron core to generate an intense magnetic field; and this would also have generated heat from friction as well. Then by the time that the moon got further away due to Tidal Friction, and the Earth's rotation slowed as a result, then more and more of the Earth's inner core also solidified from cooling. Scientists still believe that the moon has a part in creating the magnetosophere even today; but billions of years ago it was obviously much greater.
Why is this information not more mainstream. This is possibly related to what Tesla spent his time researching. Reminds me of the "Oklo reactor" in Africa. It was a naturally occurring system that functioned as a nuclear reactor that we only discovered because of "missing uranium". The uranium was missing because it had been used up.
Actually the magnetic needle points between two magnetic north poles, one over Canada one over Siberia. A secret hidden in plain sight. So the magnetic chaos with poles all over Earth is probably very close.
Eureka! This just gave me an idea. Maybe the key to interstellar space travel is in the "stella's" themselves. If you can build a massive cannon in space that can harness the energy caused by coronal mass ejections, you can perhaps create a beam of energy which could push a small craft to relativistic speeds. Possible?
The Magnetic field is generated as a result of the Birkland Current that directly attaches us to the sun. This in turn passes through the earths core witch is spinning and creates the magnetic field.
Yes, if the magnetic poles reach a point during the reversal flip, the weaker magnetic fields could be a disaster for us. Also how long we would be in a weaker magnetic protection while the pole flip is going on. Hope I am not around if this should happen.
There was a study on whether humans can detect the earth's magnetic field. Surprisingly, yes. Strong changes in magnetism in a room caused differing levels of changes in brain activity for different people. Veritasium did a video on it.
You might find it interesting to know that the magnetic south pole is actually currently at the geographic north pole, and vice versa. When the poles finally flip again, they will become consistent.
I have a question. Given that a piece of steel will lose magnetic effects when heated to 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, how does iron in the dynamo produce magnetism when it is well over that temperature? Does it have something to do with the inner earth pressures? Love the channel by the way!
Iron uses its _ferro_magnetic properties when it is heated. The dynamo effect has nothing to do with _ferro_magnetism, but is caused by electric currents.
When discussing the core of the Earth, you have to mention the collision that occurred with the Proto Planet Theia. Not only did the collision give us our orbit-stabilizing Moon, and the tides that possibly gave rise to life, but it increased the size of our original core. Mars wasn't so lucky and its core cooled quickly due to the smaller size of the body.
Great series so far. I especially enjoy your history lessons as a build-up to our standing knowledge today. Where do you get your video clips from? Had to pause it at 17:39 due to the mirror imaging of the ground topography lol.
You need to make more videos asap. I listen to these every night because the calming voice and interesting subjects help me sleep. But now I ran out of videos 😂
Try audiobooks. There are thousands of great audiobooks right here on youtube. I listen to scifi all night, every night.... sometimes having extremely interesting influence on my dreams!
No fair, you can't just spoil the end of your series on episode 11! (Hard to believe it's only been 11 episodes too. I feel like I've learned way more than that) Seriously though, as worrying as the ending might be (hurray for 2020, the year that keeps on giving), I'm curious about if this magnetic field and how it works might be the key for safe space travel in the future. Space radiation is no doubt going to be one of the biggest threats to spaceship travel (since there is no protection for the people inside), so magnetic shields for spaceships might be the way to handle that problem. If we find the answer to this mystery, it could aid our future greatly.
In other words, if you wake up one morning and your phone/coffee machine isn't working, but you can see auroras in the sky... prepare to eat your neighbors. ;-)
@@baneofbanes Well, as your neighbors will quickly come to the same conclusion, this probably isn't the time for "slow cooking". Plus saving your oil and spices is probably a good idea because if you survive the initial slaughter, they'll be good for bartering. On the other hand, why not end things with a BBQ? ;-)
What a time to be alive. I'm so happy that I was born in this era of understanding and science. My life is extended by modern medicine and knowledge is available literally everywhere. Your channel is the first I've ever recommended to friends, and I've been on this platform since 2007.
This is so ducking engaging. A lot of people throw that term around and give credit to lesser productions made by albeit equally talented creators. But no I feel completely engrossed by this production. Well done!!
The magnetic reversals were first observed in 1967 off the west coast of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia on what became known as Juan de Fuca Ridge and interpreted by British scientist Frederick Vine and Canadian scientist J Tuzo Wilson, not the North Atlantic Ridge.
"We don't know how the heat in the core is generated to drive the convective currents..." Didn't Faraday himself posit the very theory which describes this phenomenon? Well, if a conductor is passed through a magnetic field it generates a current, and as that current passes through the conductor does it not itself create it's own flux lines? So if we have the Earth, which even this video points out is a giant iron ball with some dirt on top of it, falling quite rapidly around the sun, the biggest "magnet" we have around us, wouldn't that mean this iron conductor is passing through the sun's flux lines just as Faraday described? With that sort of thinking, why is the core molten? Same question goes for why we can't run infinite amounts of current through a copper wire; it melts. This doesn't mean it stops being a conductor just because it is now molten, merely a differing arrangement of atoms. If the Earth is gathering its energy inductively, wouldn't this be much like the secondary coil of a transformer gathering the energy from the primary coil? The Earth may be generating its own magnetic field through the movements of fluid iron, but if you remove the sun's magnetic influence, just how long do you expect that molten core to remain liquid and self-generating?
I think a big issue from the Carrington event would be the impact of a similar event on solar PV panels that increasingly supply the globes electrical energy.
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I wish you had mentioned US Naval Captain Harry Hess, a geologist in civilian life, who sailed many missions back and forth across the Atlantic during WWII. He had the brilliant idea of towing a magnetometer behind his ship and recording the data. This was the discovery of the strips of basalt with alternating magnetivity along the mid-Atlantic Ridge. This discovery, along with other significant ones, led to the formulation of plate tectonic theory at the famous Asilomar conference in 1970. There has been an accumulation of evidence to support this theory, one of the most important of all science, in the 50+ years since.
Its mind blowing how young plate tectonic theory is.
@@joejoejoejoejoejoe4391the scientific transition from continental drift to plate tectonics.
Absolutely awesome series that unlike higher budget mainstream productions respects the intelligence of its audience.
Yeah other sources want us to stay in the dark and die of cancer haha
It reminds me of the mainstream documentaries of the 90s and early 2000s. Content was of much higher quality those days.
Agree 100%!
It was ALIENS!!!
@PW: I agree, although part of me wishes the level of academic rigor was even a bit higher - I keep seeing certain topics, events, and theories that get over simplified or glossed over, perhaps out of concern for overtaxng the limited attention span and intelligence of the snowflakes among us. Personally, I'd rather focus on those who are able to sustain intelligent and informed conversation regarding the material at hand ... but that's just me.
These videos are aesthetically pleasing in every way - the information is perfectly arranged by explaining the question so that you understand what's being asked, the answers contain easily comprehensible science, the narration is expressively soothing to hold your attention, the video and graphics are beautiful and explanatory, and the editing is seamless. Wow! This was a delight, and as close to perfect as you can get.
@LTrain 45 🤔
Artistic and aesthetic are not the same thing. I don't think they were trying to be artistic, but having a sense of aesthetics is necessary in any creative endeavor, especially in teaching where logical presentation has it's own intellectual aesthetic beauty.
Plus, research proves that we learn better when our emotions are involved, so a straightforward, dry, unstimulating presentation would not be as effective.
It also seems you are a rare exception considering the profusion of compliments the video has received, but you're in good company. Many geniuses deplored idle entertainment and lacked any appreciation for artistic pursuits.
Not fair! I wanted to say that. But again, you said it better.
I agree. There is really nothing they can do to make the video better. No bloated budgets or big name producers could make this of any higher quality.
This is the first of this series that I've seen but you can bet that I'll be watching more episodes.
Must have cost a fortune lol
I agree, however none of us need music to watch a beautiful video. Lower the volume or lose it completely and all can enjoy.
Such a humbling experience, being reminded of how fragile our existence and way of life are. Thank you for your fabulous work. In all your channels. You put most "professionally produced" documentaries to shame.
You said it precisely! As I was watching it I thought, "I wish TV documentaries were this riveting".
documentaries produced for TV are dumbed down for 'wide audiences'
You have not yet been humbled.
@HCqvintus this was produced for TV?
Thus far my favourite episode.
When I was into amateur radio back in "boom days" of sky wave we'd speak of these phenomena for hours. But , then came the flares! COMPLETELY shutting down the radio spectrum from 0 to 30,000 khz. And beyond, sometimes for days.
STILL fascinates me.
Great video 👌
B.s
I wasn't a ham but I was very, very into CB from the late 80s to the mid 90s and learned all I could about radio waves, the ionosphere and sky waves. Always found it absolutely fascinating how skip would be hitting so hard that local traffic was nigh impossible, and then boom all of a sudden dead quiet and no skip at all for quite some time and local traffic was eerily easy. Me and my best CB friend also got to work "short skip" from Michigan to Quebec during the big geomagnetic storm of 1989, which was a sight I will never forget. The sky looked 100% like the end of the world had come, with red and green aurora filling the entire sky in a rippling starburst shape and bright enough to read by clear till about 4AM. Good times, I miss all that.
Boom, boom, out go the lights... What ya think today, exactly?
@@NightRunner417 march 1989 that aurora appeared as a red glow in the north from NE Texas.
@Cheerful Blonde Take your medication!
I love how hauntingly beautiful the intro music is for this series.
Scientists who want to study the Earth's core, are working on complicated and difficult experiments to find out, about how planetary cores work. It's a very specialist area, requiring equipment, that has only recently been developed, hence the amount we still don't know.🌐
Huge respect to the cameraman that went back in time to capture the footage for the prologue.
Major huge respect
They keep the time travel technology a closely guarded secret ;-)
Wow, that's amazing... I thought they had simply uncovered ancient footage somewhere.
😂
Y’all are crazy, that footage was provided by the Pleiadians!
I love the subtlety of this statement: "Our continued existence on this planet suggests that it wasn't in fact the end of days"
Im just saying Carrington was a true scientist. He recorded the sun's spots everyday and took notice of something that literally none else saw
Most people today overuse the word "literally".
It happened again this year, 2023, but most fortunately it shot out from the sun in a direction that didn't intercept Earth in its orbit. Whew!
I'd been thinking of taking some precautions ... but hadn't gotten around to it.
@@BalboaBagginsand many of those people confuse it with figuratively
Apparently the Earth has been though thousands of these "wandering reversals" over billions of years and while they could have damaged the DNA of some plants and animals it certainly hasn't resulted in any extinction-type of events. Now, however, while animals that use magnetic fields for navigation would be severely affected the main danger is for humans. If the electrical grid should be destroyed, which it almost certainly would be, mass starvation would occur. Estimates are that it would take two decades to rebuild it due to the fact that all the components, (making steel, wires, rubber or plastic components, circuit boards, dynamos, etc.), require electricity to make. Trucks can't run without gasoline and that requires electricity to make. Only a tiny percentage of people live within walking distance of a food source such as a farm and those places would be overrun or brutally defended. All that said, I don't see that getting excited and worried over the possibility of a catastrophic flare is realistic or productive. The current warming of the planet is potentially far more destructive and is very real; we should concentrate on that and simply try to prepare for a flare without getting too worried about it.
The fact you seriously believe warming of the planet is more dangerous than a Carrington type event scares me more than anything. There is zero chance of that being the case. This is far FAR more dangerous.
Do we know for certain that it hasn’t contributed to any mass extinction?
@@BeckBeckGo Mass extinctions tend to be many millions of years apart so it seems unlikely any correlation could be made as it would need to be an extremely unusual super flare happening once in tens to hundreds of millions of years.
What about the “Adam and Eve story”? In the book it is theorized that the earth will stop for a brief moment when the reversal happens , although wind and water won’t stop. 1000mph winds and miles high tsunamis, which sounds cataclysmic. I’d like to see a earth model created to see if this situation is possible.
@@pawdre5151 What book?
Finally, a presentation on this subject from people that know what the heck they are talking about and know enough to explain it while presenting ways for us to understand as we watch it!! THANK U SO MUCH!!
Let me tell you something, generally these types of videos aren't my cup of tea. This however is so different, not monotone, beautiful transitions, calming music, clear concise narration. 10/10!
Love the long format. I kept thinking it was over and it wasn't. I'm very familiar with the subject but I learned quite a bit from this. Nice job!
You have a real talent for turning dull science and history into pure poetry. I follow all of your channels and share them too. I just wanted to say Bravo! I look forward to the next one!
@Edwin Horan Yes science is not dull. Teachers, however, can be VERY dull.
Poetry is alright but but sometime it is rattling depending upon the subject like this .
@@shwetaranadive6469 I guess that might be a matter of opinion. I love to see the stiff and dusty made beautiful by art. That is my nature and you certainly don't have to agree with me! In fact I'm grateful to talk to anyone who's opinion differs from my own. Makes life much more interesting.
One little side note, I think geology is utterly fascinating on it's own! So my joy is doubled when I see it's stories turned into art.
I find these videos utterly engrossing, they are at the same time fascinating in their content as well as captivating in terms of one's imagination. I cannot recommend this series highly enough...
The scripts and narration in this series are absolutely first rate. Among the best of any documentaries I've seen, and I've seen plenty. Looking forward to more!
"A flame of fire"
Must say you have an excellent voice for this type of video, it's calm and not all over the place with volume and such.
I don’t know how I found this channel but I’m sooooo glad I did! Truly amazing!
Another great recap of an important scientific phenomenon. You guys are keeping the tradition of great science documentaries alive!
Interesting. This might be a solution as well to the Fermi Paradox, in which most stars (possibly including our own) will become too violent for a civilization to be able to become advanced enough to leave its star/send radio waves out for any appreciable length of time.
Its jus a Paradox..a Paradox of Stupidities...It is written; The Elements will melt with Fervent Heat...including Titanuim alloys....Our Sun has been there moving on its merry way, did not burn us..Are you not even Afraid of the Moon getting Nearer and will collide with earth, and not some pea size asteroids or any rhoids?..The Fire (4th State of Matter) and the Lightning that will burn earth is not from the Sun but from The Throne of Our Creator!..Good luck..watch out for year 2022!.
@@yolandosoquite3507 it has been proven that the moon is actually leaving us. What did Earth do to the moon?
@@Dragrath1 did you really have to write an entire essay for this? I was looking for a joke answer
@@Dragrath1 well i actually learned something and it was bery interesting to read your comment
@@kevinperez6966 , Newton discovered gravity when the apple fall freely collided on his head. Interestingly as far into the skies we discovered the moons, planets and stars falling freely without colliding and into orbits, fine tune fit and precision for our observations and wonders. What's the status of our dynamo as the Earth Magnetic Field is not holding enough gravity?
For me, personally, you're a better narator than David Attenborough. Keep up the great work!
Nah. You can't improve upon perfection.
Fascinating topic presented by a captivating and immersive narration.
Edit: and yes, the ending is a bit worrying.
Totally agree, easily understood by the most 'lay' of laymen.
Worrying for electronics but not for the life on Earth in general, mag field has always changed but should we with us for billions more yr.s or until becoming one with the sun.
I think the narrator is computer voice, like off of those Alexa things
@@mikenewtonninja9379 It's a real guy named David Kelly, he and his brother Pete have a bunch of cool channels: History Time, Voices of the Past, one named simply Pete Kelly (it's mostly about archaeology) and more.
Edit: Oops, I initially got the Kelly brothers backwards, it's fixed.
@@Artur_M. ok fair shout - he just sounds exactly like the narrator on another channel! also, all words are perfectly elocuted, no regional dialect etc etc, just quite odd these days! 👍
I really like your ability to tell history in an interesting way. I also like that you tell the history of the scientists or other people who were involved in the discovery.
I really enjoy your channel, thanks. During my education as a geologist in the early 80’s, the hypothesis for the generation of heat in the inner core was the entrainment of heavy, radionuclides in the core. During the early formation of the earth, the heavier elements were mostly concentrated by gravitational differentiation into the inner layers of the planet. As these radionuclides decay, they produce heat energy, thus powering the convection of heat in the liquid outer core.
Absolutely love this series! Thanks for making it
And now for another reason of "why I cant just go sleep peacefully?"
Dude this series is so underrated, your doing an amazing job and please keep up with the amazing videos! :)
Great series! Deserves a lot more viewers!
One of the most detailed explanations of the Carrington event i have seen, 10/10
Check out Suspicious Observers 23 vid catastrophe series for a broader view of the magnetic field & solar flares. Most of the vids are short but info packed.
Another top notch video. The narrator is a natural, with a voice made for narration, and the researcher really knows her stuff and has a way of presenting them to people with no scientific background in a way that is accessible. Kudos to both!
The one small "thing" (not exactly a "beef", more of a "pet peeve") I can object to, but this is not your "fault" alone, everyone somehow does this (maybe it is the "legacy" of the American TV of the last 50 years?); speaking about how the next "super flare" COULD wipe out our electronic infrastructure - and it COULD! - but making it sound like it WILL, 100%. Since it happened once it will happen again BUT many things have to "align" perfectly for a repeat performance (the intensity and duration of the flare, the alignment of the Earth relative to the Sun at a specific point in time, the speed of the ejecta, the list is quite long). I guess in, say, one thousand years it will happen again but can we say for sure that the NEXT one is going to "kill" our civilization? I guess not.
Still, this minor "thing" of mine aside, a great video once again!!
Great video Kelly brothers! You guys are good at youtube and you make good content. Keep up the great work, I appreciate your uploads
Really enjoying the series. Production and information quality are tops.
It blows my mind that we're considering colonizing Mars but we don't even understand the basic working mechanics of our own planet.
The thing is, we may never even understand these complex mechanisms underlying the nature of our own planet, and any other planet for that matter, if we don't get to Mars within the near future
Although I understand where you're coming from
@@9WEAVER9 As we can’t even get out of low earth orbit, that may a ways off. CGI aside I mean
@Jess Rouse they see us as birds?
We're not colonizing Mars. If you believe that then you also believe that The Universe is just some random thing that happened one fine day
If anyone is curious, we went through a Carrington event last month but got lucky in the fact that the sun launched it the opposite direction of Earth. Still had some interesting effects though
I love this series, great graphics and explanations. I hope you make many more. Fascinating!
Much better than the American documentaries who keep repeating the same thing over and over again throughout the documentary and waste so much of your time. They only have about 15 minutes from every hour with useful content (especially the Discovery channel) lol.
thats cos in Murica, they're a bit backwards, specially in them remote villages and stuff. they need it telling to them again and again, enough times for them to start chanting it over and over, whipping themselves into a frenzy, culminating in a pitchfork and flaming torches mob lynching an outsider. and then shooting the sky and swooping wildly.
@@mikenewtonninja9379 I do believe there`s a bit of truth there lol
@@mikenewtonninja9379 American education sucks because the people in charge of it don’t actually care about actual understanding and instead are set on filling our heads full of propaganda and making the grade line go up. While there’s jackasses in rural areas, a lot of the fucked up stuff that happens in America is largely at the hands of the rich and powerful
Love this series. Future topics I'd really like to see: What Earth was LIKE at points very far in the past. You did a great job of this in the Hadean video. Some things get too much attention, like the age of dinosaurs, but I want to see a more full picture of what Earth was like when nearly all life was still in the ocean, and outside of the ocean was nothing but moss. I think it was moss or something like that, you have a great researcher will can turn my spotty memories into facts for a video. What about plant life before trees and flowers? Forests today are mostly trees and flowers, but those are relatively recent aren't they? Hundreds of Millions ago it was giant ferns and stuff, right? Also, wasn't there a time before land vertebrates where life on land was all insects? These are the sorts of periods of Earth's past that don't get enough attention. It's almost like an alien planet to us today, but yet with certain familiar things, because it's our own past.
Also the two Snowball Earth episodes could prove interesting.
True. Can you imagine your current home location a million years ago. I think it would be shear terror if we had to spend 24 -hours on prehistoric earth.
Yes to all of these suggestions!
@@fgstech4857 Not a good place to be from various specials I've watched.
@@HistoryoftheEarth This is exactly what I hope you do. A tour of the earth every half a billion years or so. What the earth is doing, what life is doing on earth. What things look like. Where life’s evolution is in its process.
Tremendous series, well presented, easy to understand and great visuals. These would be great teaching aids at schools in science.
I am taking a geology course right now and it’s so amazing to see what I’ve learned and what I’m going to learn! I love it!
I am so pleased to have found this channel. Immensely informative and educational. Brilliant,
Ok, you broke my mind, last thing I need to think about is a history destroying solar flair. Great video
I believe that since these reversals have happened in the geological past and life survived it, it is reasonable to assume it would survive the next one. But, the comforts we enjoy now would be gone for quite a while. I work for an electric company and the massive transformers in the nations substations would be fried and there are simply not enough of them to replace quickly. We are going to need to accept that it’s very likely that all our power and internet will be off for at least a year. We will have to learn to live without it. It would probably be a very good thing for us to experience, even though it will suck. It will teach us not to be as petty as we have been and we will need to come together as brothers to try and comfort our elderly and children. To stop bickering over politics and race and all the other bullshit.
Check out Suspicious Observers channel for the whole story...all science no BS
Interesting, I think of the sane scenario.
More likely crime will skyrocket and a lot of evil people will take advantage of the situation
If energy ever goes out at least 3 billion people will die
Well done. Thanks for helping wake everyone to this. My only criticism is that there are large columns of solid material extending into the mantle. It isn't perfectly concentric rings like a tree
A fantastic series.
Radioactive materials like uranium and thorium tend to be heavy. Could they have settled into the core and now heat it by radioactive decay?
They have indeed done exactly that, but they aren't the main cause of the heat.
Just to be clear, though - they aren't in the core, they're in the upper mantle and crust. The heavy elements don't bond well with iron, so they don't sink as deep just due to the molecules they form being lighter than the molecules iron forms.
It's estimated that 50% of Earth's internal heat is from radioactive decay and 50% is just heat left over from the collision of the two rocks ~4,640,000,000 years ago that coalesced & formed Earth from the resulting 100,000,000 degree hot ball of gas. Since it's 50%/50% it's pretty obvious that they're not really very certain of the proportions.
As for the concentric spheres of earth's interior, I am reminded of Don Scott's model of a Birkeland Current as counter-rotating concentric rings(magnetic flux tubes). These structures are a type of double-layer seen in a plasma where charge separates(Alfvenn). Two currents can produce a pinch effect, Faraday observed this in physical wires and has been replicated in plasma labs and produce a plasmoid, a tiny but highly charged ball of energy which draws heavy elements to its core with lighter elements on the surface. This self-organizing ability of a plasma is integral to the development of life, in my opinion. I posit that it is a plasmoid in earth's core fed via the incoming electrons at the poles that produces the 6000* temperatures. And the concentric spheres are a product of double layering seen also in the chemistry of earth's atmosphere. Speaking of Birkeland, it was he who took those Terrallas, the magnetized ball and put it in a vacuum chamber, via the experiments he produced the rings of saturn, the auroras and posited electric corpuscles in space(solar wind). Taking this a step further, the Safire project has by manipulating these double layers produced 14 times thermal over-unity. We live in interesting times.
Suspicious 0bserver??!
Seems like you have quite a grasp of the mechanisms at work here.
🌞🌎💚😎🖖
So far I believe the only reason for the category of a 'solid' core is because of earthquake wave readings that bounce off that layer. There must be questions? This video is saying 'layers' and expert people in comments are saying the layers are driven in different directions. What if a wave simply bounced off a layer going a different direction from the Crust, or actual rotation of Earth?? Or maybe the core has an extra strong and very low pulse, would that interfere with an Earthquake wave?
This is one of the best channels on all of TH-cam.
This is probably what I worry about most, as far as impactful events. If you sit and imagine what would happen if all the lights go out, and all electronics were to get fried.. we'd have to rebuild everything, from refrigerators to phones, to the equipment and machines that make them. Everything we know requires electricity. We treat it like an eternal life force that will always provide, but in actuality it's far from guaranteed and highly susceptible to nature. For most people its sudden loss would be the equivalent of taking a newborn baby away from its mother and telling it it has to survive on its own. This is how dependant we are on electronics. Everything. Everyone in the world without electricity for a long time, the dire consequences and real possibility of this should make the world concerned with having a safety net, but no one sees past their own little bubble.
How its possible that this channel has so few subscribers???? Its an absolute gem!
Great series so far, my only comment on this is that modern satellites have very little to do with global communication. M hop satellite communication can add one to three seconds latency, which on a bidirectional communication is extremely noticeable. Satellites also have extremely limited bandwidth so nothing like our modern internet would be possible over that. Most global communication is handled via extremely long underwater intercontinental cables. Those cables are shielded quite nicely by the ridiculous volume of water that we call Oceans. Knocking out all the satellites would disrupt weather measurements, legacy broadcast channels and any remote homes internet.
& GPS
Your videos are leaps and bounds better than most others. Great work. These videos will bring in millions of views... eventually.
I remember reading something about magnetic anomalies at sea long ago.. that the field strenght is weakened, and also reversed in polarity some plases, the moest famous and studied of these was somewhere soutwest of South-Africa i think,, and there was a theory that this possebly could be an indicator of exatly what you describe in the later part of this video... (total polarity reversal).
I have a hard time seeing myself live long enough for this to be a serious problem within my liftime tho... But a direct hit from a superflare, protuberanses and a corona mass ejection is ofc an other matter. It would realy hurt humanity today! We, as a sosiety, are much less resilient to technology-faliures today, then we were in 1859. Love your videos 👍
I recognize the music at Part 4: Rachmaninov’s Prelude in c♯ minor. One of my favorite pieces to play, the last page or two is quite a doozy.
You deserve 10 times more subs
Thanks for such outstanding documentaries. The quality is first rate.
PBS, hire this man.
"written and researched by Leila Battison". So yes, this woman.
Why this guy is a million times better than pbs
This is one of the best space documentary creators at least in my opinion
When I get worried about things that can kill me, I take comfort in the thought that only one thing can do it.
Remember that the Earth was spinning much faster before, and the moon was much closer. So clearly, the lunar gravity had a much greater impact on the Earth's liquid iron core, to generate a much more intense rotation than we see today; and this would have swirled the liquid iron core to generate an intense magnetic field; and this would also have generated heat from friction as well.
Then by the time that the moon got further away due to Tidal Friction, and the Earth's rotation slowed as a result, then more and more of the Earth's inner core also solidified from cooling.
Scientists still believe that the moon has a part in creating the magnetosophere even today; but billions of years ago it was obviously much greater.
The way this year has gone, I would be surprised if our magnetic shield disappeared tomorrow!
Right. I'm just hearing this now. Wish I had more time to prepare
@@carrienicolerobinson5060 We gotta build our houses underground now...
Thanks for letting the pitchfork club know who to blame. He went thatta way.
Well, they say it's about to flip
@@SassyyjuicyMaria The magnetic poles are always flipping and moving about lol
Never subbed faster!
Keep this awesome work up, this channel is about to blow up😄
Why is this information not more mainstream. This is possibly related to what Tesla spent his time researching.
Reminds me of the "Oklo reactor" in Africa. It was a naturally occurring system that functioned as a nuclear reactor that we only discovered because of "missing uranium". The uranium was missing because it had been used up.
I guess it depends on what stream you swim in. This topic is as mainstream as salt in the kitchen.
Thanks for bring all these ideas together.
Actually the magnetic needle points between two magnetic north poles, one over Canada one over Siberia. A secret hidden in plain sight. So the magnetic chaos with poles all over Earth is probably very close.
Eureka!
This just gave me an idea. Maybe the key to interstellar space travel is in the "stella's" themselves. If you can build a massive cannon in space that can harness the energy caused by coronal mass ejections, you can perhaps create a beam of energy which could push a small craft to relativistic speeds. Possible?
The Magnetic field is generated as a result of the Birkland Current that directly attaches us to the sun. This in turn passes through the earths core witch is spinning and creates the magnetic field.
definitely a Cosmic stream of Neutrinos from the Sun, which Earth PASSES through but isn't attached to. (per; Joe Parrs measurement readings)
what a wonderful channel, I hope they make videos forever
It's an electromagnet. The current is equatorial so the magnetic appears vertically, south to north, usually.
The current is external to the Earth coming from the Sun, in turn from the galaxy.
They are called Birkland Currents.
Excellent educational series. Very glad I found you, will definitely promote.
Yes, if the magnetic poles reach a point during the reversal flip, the weaker magnetic fields could be a disaster for us. Also how long we would be in a weaker magnetic protection while the pole flip is going on. Hope I am not around if this should happen.
The sky has been falling ever since humans found out they could scare each other with BS.
Very good explanation of Earth magnetic field great
I really love this channel. The content is presented so well.
I really love you're comment. It was presented so well.
There was a study on whether humans can detect the earth's magnetic field. Surprisingly, yes. Strong changes in magnetism in a room caused differing levels of changes in brain activity for different people. Veritasium did a video on it.
You might find it interesting to know that the magnetic south pole is actually currently at the geographic north pole, and vice versa. When the poles finally flip again, they will become consistent.
I have a question. Given that a piece of steel will lose magnetic effects when heated to 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, how does iron in the dynamo produce magnetism when it is well over that temperature? Does it have something to do with the inner earth pressures? Love the channel by the way!
Iron uses its _ferro_magnetic properties when it is heated. The dynamo effect has nothing to do with _ferro_magnetism, but is caused by electric currents.
When discussing the core of the Earth, you have to mention the collision that occurred with the Proto Planet Theia.
Not only did the collision give us our orbit-stabilizing Moon, and the tides that possibly gave rise to life, but it increased the size of our original core.
Mars wasn't so lucky and its core cooled quickly due to the smaller size of the body.
Great series so far. I especially enjoy your history lessons as a build-up to our standing knowledge today. Where do you get your video clips from? Had to pause it at 17:39 due to the mirror imaging of the ground topography lol.
You need to make more videos asap. I listen to these every night because the calming voice and interesting subjects help me sleep. But now I ran out of videos 😂
Try audiobooks. There are thousands of great audiobooks right here on youtube. I listen to scifi all night, every night.... sometimes having extremely interesting influence on my dreams!
No fair, you can't just spoil the end of your series on episode 11! (Hard to believe it's only been 11 episodes too. I feel like I've learned way more than that)
Seriously though, as worrying as the ending might be (hurray for 2020, the year that keeps on giving), I'm curious about if this magnetic field and how it works might be the key for safe space travel in the future. Space radiation is no doubt going to be one of the biggest threats to spaceship travel (since there is no protection for the people inside), so magnetic shields for spaceships might be the way to handle that problem. If we find the answer to this mystery, it could aid our future greatly.
Very well done! 🤙🏻
Definatly worth sharing!
Wonderful!
In other words, if you wake up one morning and your phone/coffee machine isn't working, but you can see auroras in the sky... prepare to eat your neighbors. ;-)
Edwin Horan I prefer to marinate my meat before cooking.
@@baneofbanes Well, as your neighbors will quickly come to the same conclusion, this probably isn't the time for "slow cooking". Plus saving your oil and spices is probably a good idea because if you survive the initial slaughter, they'll be good for bartering. On the other hand, why not end things with a BBQ? ;-)
@@lynnkopplin5715 We’ll make sure to slow roast you.
What a time to be alive. I'm so happy that I was born in this era of understanding and science. My life is extended by modern medicine and knowledge is available literally everywhere. Your channel is the first I've ever recommended to friends, and I've been on this platform since 2007.
This is so ducking engaging. A lot of people throw that term around and give credit to lesser productions made by albeit equally talented creators. But no I feel completely engrossed by this production. Well done!!
This is so good. It’s terrifying too.
Dispite it's faults, the TH-cam algorithm sometimes recommend gem of a channel.
@@NilsExp thanks :D
Who is the artist that does the thumbnails for your videos? Love your work!!
Ettore Mazza, he is amazing
@@HistoryoftheEarth is there a place he has the work he's done for you compiled? His intsa is mostly his paleo art.
We have an Instagram for this channel where we are gradually unveiling all of the artwork made for the channel historyoftheearth_ig
this is amazing. the dramas flow so smoothly. im considering making popcorn.
Guys the magnetic field just need someone to cheer him on, cmon join. MAGNETIC FIELD WOOOOOO ! Can I get your autograph!!!?
GMF, GMF, you can do it, GMF!!!
Well done. Intelligibel and interesting presentation of the topic! Fairly comprehensive and informative!
The magnetosphere predates stromatylits, with water in between. Do I see sequence of necessity here?
The magnetic reversals were first observed in 1967 off the west coast of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia on what became known as Juan de Fuca Ridge and interpreted by British scientist Frederick Vine and Canadian scientist J Tuzo Wilson, not the North Atlantic Ridge.
Halfway through watching this video, and we're less than 5 minutes from a full solar eclipse. Timing!
"We don't know how the heat in the core is generated to drive the convective currents..." Didn't Faraday himself posit the very theory which describes this phenomenon? Well, if a conductor is passed through a magnetic field it generates a current, and as that current passes through the conductor does it not itself create it's own flux lines? So if we have the Earth, which even this video points out is a giant iron ball with some dirt on top of it, falling quite rapidly around the sun, the biggest "magnet" we have around us, wouldn't that mean this iron conductor is passing through the sun's flux lines just as Faraday described?
With that sort of thinking, why is the core molten? Same question goes for why we can't run infinite amounts of current through a copper wire; it melts. This doesn't mean it stops being a conductor just because it is now molten, merely a differing arrangement of atoms. If the Earth is gathering its energy inductively, wouldn't this be much like the secondary coil of a transformer gathering the energy from the primary coil?
The Earth may be generating its own magnetic field through the movements of fluid iron, but if you remove the sun's magnetic influence, just how long do you expect that molten core to remain liquid and self-generating?
Interested ? Have a look at the electric universe theory 😉
This was my fav episode, so well written
💜NO FEAR!:-)💜💜💜💜
I think a big issue from the Carrington event would be the impact of a similar event on solar PV panels that increasingly supply the globes electrical energy.