Hello, really like your videos. You manage to make your purely prosaic descriptions of these ancient geological events almost feel like poetry at times, which is really appreciated. I'll keep it short, but an interesting sidenote. Acc. to the report at the end of this comment, the Earth almost entered a snowball-state at the start of the Permian at 299 mya. The carbondioxide in the atmosphere had been drawn down due to the vegetation in the Carboniferous swamps, I think, and the global average temperature was at ca. 1.4 degrees C (the punctuation is not a mistake). The article: www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1712062114
IPCC Report = Matane under the is will lead to no longtime global warning, maybe 🤔 Read the real science? The ground under the is a +C storage ice the ground, more C is put in the ground then is emitted to the atmosphere.
G.K. Chesterton suggested that the cave paintings might have been decorations created to delight the children of the tribe who used the cave as a nursery for young children forced to stay indoors through the long, bitter winters. I like that about Chesterton. He had a gift for pointing out the possible similarities between ancient peoples and modern humanity, instead of highlighting their differences.
Explain why many cave paintings are WAY back in the cave...WAY back. There's no evidence of there being any fires to provide light. So...how...and why did they do it?
@@DarraghQuinn-d8o Firstly, we all know what he means by "indoors". Secondly, we didn't live much in caves. We lived mainly in other buildings but only the caves have survived.
@@usernamename2978This is, must!, be true - there were many, many more people than there are caves. Living in a cave probably was a huge status symbol in a cutthroat era.
You literally make nat geo quality videos. You do it with almost no budget no huge team and no army of editors. It’s astonishing. You’re sitting on a lot of money and happiness with those skills.
I can not recognise the narrators accent. He is the only person Ive ever known to say algy instead of aldžy. What I can say is a must is a human narrator who doesnt use retroflexes.
To clear up a common misconception about comets at 17:35, comets do not actually leave a "tail" behind them as they travel. In the vacuum of space there is no atmospheric drag. When astronauts conduct a space walk, their ship does not zoom ahead and leave them trailing behind. Solar radiation from a nearby star sublimates (defrosts) the comet's frozen surface, and those sublimating particles are pushed in the same direction as the solar radiation. So the direction of the tail is entirely independent of the comet's trajectory.
@@isellcrack3537 yes, the tail always points away from the star, so when the comet is travelling away from the star, the tail would be pointing in roughly the same direction, although since the orbits are elliptical, probably not exactly the same direction.
@@amrcombs Yes of course. My point was that comets do not normally leave a trail of matter behind them as depicted in the 17:35 mark. Without solar radiation from a nearby star, there is no tail.
Thanks! I feel this is a poignant telling of our planet's journey. You explained a lot of concepts that up until now have been in deep thaw. I really appreciate your dedication to both science and art in this piece.
Thanks! I adore you and appreciate SO MUCH, all of your content on all your channels. Wish I could give more, you beyond deserve it!! Thank you, thank you, thank you!!!
Just amazing! And ALL this knowledge with an incredible format, at any time, almost anywhere No Wonder why big media companies are so desperated for control and regulation
That's a strange way to look at the topic of History which is going to be there forever 🤷♂️ Haha quickly come learn about the 14th renaissance before your ability to do so expires
Minor correction at 17:55: it is probable that Saturn's rings had not yet formed 700 million years ago. They are thought to be only 100 million years old.
We actually have no idea how old they are yet. Estimates range from a billion years to 100 million years. to actually date the rings, we would need further missions to Saturn.
Rings are unstable , gravity driven , do you remember Skylab ? Fell into the Indian ocean over by the South Pacific , ..it's cost energy to stay in orbit...Saturns rings are fresh...the gaps are older , and the big or dense chunks are gone , flung out or captured by wayward gravity's...
I remember reading in the awesome kids' science magazine Muse about the Snowball Earth era when it was a relatively new theory. The notion of an earth frozen over from pole to pole has haunted my dreams ever since...
Such a vision is both awesome and frightening. A glistening, sparkling ball of white floating in the blackness of space. It is almost impossible for many human minds to contemplate such a world. Yet that world was reality--several times.
I love love love that people who are technical experts put their corrections in the comments so that I can look things up if I want and I get to learn. The fact that we can get 50 min vids with a handful of corrections is pretty impressive.
@@savage22bolt32 Everyone for himself. A correction in the comments section is primarily a hint there could be something factually wrong with the content of the video. If that occurs and I don't know anything about the subject I check Wikipedia at first and then the scientific sources they provide. After that I have a pretty good picture if it has any merits what the commentator was saying or if there's a conspiracy peddler spreading his BS.
@@7inrain my comment was a flippant joke, but I see you put some thought into yours. I have found Wikipedia to be a good place to look for answers. Today in the media, we have two extremes that are way too extreme. Back in the day, Walter Cronkite was pretty liberal, but he was good about giving us the news, not the talking points or his opinion. BTW: How fast do you have to drive in the rain, while driving a 7 with the top down, and not get wet? (Used to be about 35 MPH in my '68 Camaro convertible)
@@savage22bolt32 _"my comment was a flippant joke"_ Fair enough. My Seven doesn't have a windscreen, only a wind deflector so when it rains a bit more heavily I get wet anyway. I also don't have a top because in its former life it was a racecar and it still has the big rollcage and not the usual rollbar. With your Camaro - my neighbour had one too but it must have been from the 70s and not the 60s. American muscle cars were quite rare here in Europe at that time and mostly Corvettes. Nowadays they are a lot more common. The local dealer here must have sold a good bunch of Mustangs as I see them all the time.
The flaw in Budyko's model is that there is no hydrologic cycle. He can't be blamed for this. He had 1969 computer technology to work with, and he had to make many simplifications. What would really have happened with a 1.6% reduction of the solar constant is that some areas would remain ice-free because sublimation exceeded snowfall and deposition, so even with low temperatures, areas of the earth would have low albedo, and this would be the reversal mechanism once solar radiation increased again.
We have found microbes kilometers deep, living in solid rock - endoliths. If they were around back then too, even the thickest ice sheet on the entire earth would hardly have an effect on them. An existential threat to life at that stage and beyond, would have to basically melt earths entire crust. So yeah... nothing less cataclysmic than the moon falling onto earth poses a threat to life as a whole.... certainly not a mere surface nuisance like an ice age 😄
Ignorant people talking about terraforming Mars as a "place for us to evacuate to". Do people understand that trying to live outside of Earth would be incalculably more difficult than even the most extreme conditions that are possible on Earth. Fairytales
@@AZTLANSOLDIER13 The problem is that terraforming Mars would take centuries if not millennia, and we have, maybe, decades. Also that the resultant planet would require maintenance to stay habitable, and I don't think humanity is up to that.
@@AZTLANSOLDIER13 terraforming is possible...even with existing technology...the hard part is getting it there...that debate will only come after decades of scientific research to study Mars in its pristine state...
@@AZTLANSOLDIER13 RE: "place for us to evacuate to" No one seriously regards Mars as a world population evacuation destination. That would be 8 billion people! Transporting even 0.1% (8 million) would not be possible. What Mars colonization advocates are proposing is to get enough people to provide a viable gene pool (a few thousand at least) living on Mars so that humanity finally becomes an interplanetary species. Terraforming of Mars might be a long-term benefit, but is not absolutely necessary.
In france we pronounce "Lassko" when talking about this place (the Lascaux cave / les grottes de Lascaux) Not a critic .. just to add precision for those interested ! ❤ love the channel 2 episodes in a few days is a real treat! Thanks!
@@ToutCQJM i paused the video 1 minute in to comment on that error. had thought it was a new place i wasn't familiar with until the narration said in France.
Never mind about Earth sitting in the Goldilocks Zone in it's orbit around the Sun, it would seem to be more like a Goldilocks Knife Edge tipping between Snowball Earth and a runaway Greenhouse Earth. This would in turn promote the Rare Earth hypothesis and Enrico Fermi's paradox would be seen as being more profound.
Combine that with the length of time between Earth's formation and the dawn of human civilisation since the last glacial maximum and the odds of a species surviving and evolving to create nn advanced civilisation appearing anywhere become vanishingly small.
Brilliant. Up to date scientific information, outstanding editing, spectacular visuals and a voice that could melt a glacier. This series is the most complete compendium of the history of the Earth to date.
I thoroughly agree that up to date is nominally a good thing tho new data generated with the same old faulty (vastly oversimplified) mathematical models is not worth as much as we would be led to believe. Respectfully, A former research (PhD) engineer
@@michaelhanford8139 Part of being an enlightened individual is being able to accept new information. I only know what I can verify and your assertion is valid and, thank you for that.
@@jeffo4817 are you talking about the narrator of these videos? I highly doubt it. there are tons of videos out there with computer generated narration and they sound nothing like this. update: just checked - the narrator's name is David Kelly
YOU'RE BACK! I shouldn't comment until I've watched it through, but it's always such a special treat when another episode arrives. These are without a doubt my favorite thing on YT, so I have no doubt they take an awful lot of work to research, write, and produce. Now, time for a cup of tea and another chapter from my favorite story: you always manage to uncover great anecdotes and new discoveries about your chosen topic that i haven't run across before. Thank you.
A new episode is a bright spot in my day.I love the graphics and the measured narration. I have been fascinated in our planet for nearly 60 years and this is the best series I've come across.
I like to believe that they made these paintings not just for wonderous pass time and coping but to tell stories, educate and hope that future humans would take a look over this magnificence and ponder about its mysteries. I certainly believe they had tested if the colors would stay over generations. In some way, they had left a message beyond the simple "We were here"
There would have been murals outside.. And most would have been a status symbol, like a car, or like a decorated house in modern times. Religious use would have been apparent too, as it is now. Not everybody would have been able to paint; only a few. Any cave would be more homely with paintings of plenty of food on the walls. There would have been wooden settlements extending out from the cave mouth. Have we found a stone axe or large wedge? It would be flint and at least six inches of blade; heavy enough to swing and split a branch, just as today.
I’ve been slowly making my way through these videos while I work for the last 3ish weeks and I have to say, they are absolutely delightful. I have a bachelor’s degree in biology with a minor in geology (more specifically mineralogy and invert Paleontology) but am unfortunately working in a job that is unrelated to my education. Listening to these videos has been such a treat for me, they’re so interesting and so well done, just so excellent. I am very sad because I’ve just realized I only have 3 left, BUT 2 of them are my absolute favourite topics, ediacaran life and the Cambrian explosion, so I am stoked to get to them. Thank you so much for these amazing videos. I’m sure I will probably watch some of them Multiple times, and I have also subscribed to the History of the Universe channel and will start making my way through those videos once I’m finished this series ❤❤
Though would leave out from 30min mark onward. Those claims aren’t science based, nor match w/ real science. Heck, it doesn’t fit w/ the opening of this video. Glacial & interglacial periods have occurred 5-6 times. We are in an interglacial period, of which we haven’t remotely come close to the last several high temps for interglacial periods (which occur roughly every 100k yrs)
Here we go again. 1) The Neoproterozoic is an era not a period. 2) The Huronian is a Supergroup of rocks, not a geologic time. 3) It also was not glaciated for 300 million years! That's not even in debate. I know you all got that from a Wikipedia article, which was so wrong. I corrected it and your all still parroting it. Yes. The Huronian contains diamictite. Bit it's about 11% of the total rock. The vast majority is a normal passive margin sequence. Most formations like the Lorrain, Serpent, and Bar River Formations, indicate a warm environment. 4) The GOE didn't even happen until until more than 100 million years into the deposition of the Huronian. It's actually post glacial. Yes. I study these rocks. I am a geologist. I've even done videos on these rocks in Ontario.
@@Emdee5632 I give non professionals some leeway. I know ppl, like PBS eons, who know better, and they were pulling from that article. I did do a whole video on it. But even though I did that and I changed the Wikipedia article, ppl are still getting wrong. 😞
Another brilliant video, thank you. Something not mentioned in the video, but may have had an effect is that the moon would have been closer during snowball earth. That would have meant higher tides and more likelihood of the ice surface breaking up allowing the microbes to 'breathe'. This effect would have much more pronounced during the earlier snowball earths.
@@russellhaikney3809 Not at all. The land is also affected by the tides. Land rises and falls about 1cm, compared with the oceans up to 10 metres. If there was any water under the ice, and I'm sure there would have been, it would have warped the ice on the surface, causing cracks and movement.
@@davecook3138 do not believe that...the whole planet was under hundreds of meters of thick ice and snow....there would be no water movement at all of any effect .
@@russellhaikney3809Well, that is your choice. I can only tell you that tides affect the ground as well as the oceans. The tides were stronger in the past, getting stronger the further back you go. The oceans are thousands of metres deep, not hundreds. It's your choice to believe that there is a possibility, or not.
@@davecook3138 you really have a problem with perceiving what is stated Dave....I did not dispute the oceans depth I stated that the Ice on top was hundreds of meters deep making tidal events superfluous or irrelevant....ie....there cannot be tides in this case
Such a fascinating subject. The march of time, in all its immensity, is truly magnificent. It's fun to be sentient and able to conjecture the whatever of whatever.
It's pretty insensitive to call Professor Kirschvink "Iron Man", since he was turned to steel in the great magnetic field, when he travelled time for the future of mankind.
This is a strange thing to bring up, but you mentioned Douglas Mawson and our previous $100 note here in Australia used to have his image on it. It was my favourite because (yes, I didn't mind a $100 note) I loved the way his image was drawn with his woollen head covering, which had many intricate lines. Strange things you remember 🤷🏻♀️
I know the one! My dad has a small collection of old notes. He's got one of the Douglas Mawson 100's and some other old notes, and a bunch of $1 and $2 notes.
"The Earth is a complex system. It's not as simple as energy in verse energy out." It really is though. No matter how complex the system, it is always a simple matter of energy in verse energy out. What isn't as simple though is accurately accounting for all sources of energy.
My favourite channel on TH-cam. 'Life On Earth' seems like a short magazine piece compared to your in depth analysis of the history of the planet. Looking forward to the Cambrian explosion.
Thanks for this. As much I as enjoy the Universe stuff my favourite are these earth history videos. And as always thanks to everyone involved for all the hard work.
How did they light up those halls to see to paint and draw? I saw no torch exhaust contamination on the ceilings,walls,how did they do it. Unless I'm completely wrong on that,how did they see? So I'm completely taken on how they did it visually,as an artist. The work is not only informative but so very beautiful. What vibrant intelligent people they were to even survive. And then leave a treasure of expression older than modern civilizations.
HOTE produces outstanding documentaries. I learn a lot from each one. Btw I think Saturn got its rings during Earth's Mesozoic Era, when an icy moon got too close to the planet and broke apart.(At least that's the current understanding from the Cassini mission.) I like the section at the end about how microorganisms thrived during the icy/ slushy periods.
Many are talking about the changes coming again starting around 2036 onwards until the earth becomes iced once more for another reset… Thank you for video … ❤
Another great video! Just the content between 26:30 and 31:30 detracts from an otherwise great product of an intellect I admire. "Unprecedented" climate change is not a line I would have dreamt of hearing in a video about the episodes of Snowball Earth and thawing. What about the end of the last Ice age? Did we cause it with industry and fossil fuel usage? What about the Younger Dryas? What about the speed and extent of the climate change then? We now know that there's one constant thing about climate, and it is that it is always changing. Your whole video is about that, ultimately. You even laid the groundwork by saying that accumulation of CO2 by tectonic outgassing could have helped to end the events of Snowball earth, and about the Cambrian explosion of life, but didn't deliver the fact that CO2 was maybe 20 times more than it is now and it certainly didn't hurt the Explosion of life, but most probably enabled it? The connection was missing... And perspective about the speed and extent of previous episodes of great climate change, compared to now, for example, if the climate of nowadays is to be mentioned at all? I love your videos an I watch each one with great pleasure. Those were my criticisms of your script, but from the viewpoint of my age and experience I have become sounding harsher than I usually intend to, so please excuse the tone and mind the message. Thank You!
The reason human caused climate is unprecedented is not the amount of temperature change but the rate at which it is happening the melting of snowball took multiple millenia to occur which is normally geological timescales are measured human caused climate change only began this rapid change climate over the century or so with rate even speeding up some points
@@dylanbednarz4430 Tell that to the Younger Dryas, please. I get enough propaganda in the traditional media, I know the talking points by heart. If it's "unprecedented" how hot it is now how do you explain widespread vineyards in England in historical records, when there are none there now? Or, the Norse settlement of Greenland with tree roots grown through a body in a cemetery there, when Greenland is neither green, nor has it any trees to speak of now? And as for the rate of change, an Ice Age does not end slowly. Chech the Hollocene temperature optimum and the Younger Dryas for yourself. Sorry to inform you, but sea level rise of 100 meters in less than three thousand years We, humans are not capable of achieving, yet it happened prior our industry and SUVs. Invest the time and effort, it's going to be worth it. A Blue pill, Red pill moment of sorts. Mind you, I do not like poluting our environment. I do not like the millions of tons of detergents we wash in the rivers and seas that funny enough nobody is talking about. I do not like single use plastic products which are designed to be thrown away. However, we humans are but mites on an elephant, compared to the scale at which Nature operates. Allow youself to be amazed!
@@dylanbednarz4430 Precisely what climate change are you (and the presenter) talking about? There’s little reliable evidence of any recent warming (last 150 years) and there’s even less evidence that it’s been caused by the burning of so-called fossil fuels. This whole video was dedicated to the global warming propaganda, it’s a wolf in sheep’s clothing and a shame, otherwise it raised interesting scenarios. I wish folks would take the time to research and understand the effects of rising CO2 and methane proportions in our atmosphere, 85% of the greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor (clouds) so the minute amount of CO2 and even less methane, can be doubled time and time again without having any effect on the greenhouse effect of our atmosphere. The whole global warming idea is a political scam fraudulently supported by misleading models and fake temperature records.
One little error: the carbon does need to be circulated. The fossil fuels are just a very long-term storage for the carbon. Luckily this species of primates are able to put it back to circulation.
Why do alarmists want to scare the population into freezing again? “If humans only reduced their carbon footprint back to the Ice Age, we can all live in climate utopia.” 😂
I've been watching your content for about a decade now. Still providing some great content and still just as entertaining. Keep up the great work Diamond 💎 from the UK 🇬🇧
I don't know a great deal about this period of geologic history, but thank you for another fascinating video! I think the term Cryogean sounds cool too lol. Stay well out there everybody, and God bless you, friends. ✝️ :)
I am very interested in this, so could you answer some questions for me, this first question no one has answered. 1/ Can you produce empirical evidence for anthropogenic C02 causing damaging climate change? 2/ You mentioned in the sixties that the Scientists were getting it together with models, but what about the seventies when our Climate change guru Stephen Schnieder wrote a paper with another colleague, stating that man-made C02 was cooling the earth and could drive us into an Ice age? 3/ The Ice core records show the earth has been in a cooling trend for 8,000 years and the coldest would have been the Little ice age when the Glaciers grew to their maximum in over 12,500 years, so would it be natural that they a melting? 4/ The IPCC stated that C02 has been around 280 PPM for most of this time which does not take into account the Minoan, Roman, and Medieval warm periods with the cooling periods in between, so what made the temperature changes without C02 PPM rising and falling if C02 is a climate driver? 5/ If C02 has a feedback effect, why does the Earth cool after the peaks of the interglacials when C02 keeps rising for many years after?
These are questions that seem to be unanswerable by our experts, or perhaps a tad too prickly to entertain - much simpler to just dismiss them. I'm old enough to remember the dire predictions of the Club of Rome & the ice age scare of the '70s.
Your questions all have extensively researched answers. 1/ See “The CO2 problem in six easy steps (2022 Update)” at Real Climate. Lots of evidence is provided there. Too much to repeat here. 2/ Schneider didn’t say that. He wrote about aerosols cooling the planet in the shorter term if we continued burning dirty coal but wide adoption of coal plant pollution controls after 1960 (for smog reasons) and a general switch to oil, gas, etc. halted that shorter term effect. 3/ The Little Ice Age was a North Atlantic phenomenon that had almost no global effect and a relatively small but measurable effect in Europe. Its cause was a volcanic uptick (four major volcanoes erupting in 50 years between 1250 and 1300 followed by even more volcanoes between 1430 and 1455, while Tambora in 1815, and Krakatoa in 1883 dented the warming curve later on). A solar minimum (the Maunder) contributed in a minor way. 4/ Temperature changes occur without C02 PPM changes during upticks in volcanic activity (cooling times) or when this uptick activity stops (warming). CO2 isn’t the only climate driver over the medium term, just the main one. These are sometimes magnified by ~ 7-year ENSO cycles. 5/ Milankovitch cycles drive glacial cycles, very long term climate change. Orbital changes cool the oceans and with a lag CO2 levels eventually drop as the colder water absorbs some of the CO2 from the atmosphere (sequesters it in the deep seas). More snow cover reflects warming sunlight. This all happens in reverse to end glacial periods although warming is a faster process due to snow melt versus snow accumulation physics.
@@theCosmicQueen Also means more use of air conditioning fuels, which are more expensive fuels than merely burning something. And of course more hunger due to lowered agricultural yield and increasing desertification and heat waves in populated areas.
I/ The main question you have not reply too. I have repeated your problem in answer 5/ Please be the first person in the world to answer 2 I agree, but please re read the paper. 3/ Volcanoes have a huge effect on the climate but for a very short time. Can you name the volcano that Michael Mann missed on in his reconstruction of the climate, he miss the Indonesian eruption in 1275 that has ice core evidence that was found after Michael made his predications? 4/ I would love to see your real data for this statement. 5/ So you are saying that C02 is a product of temperature. Ahem! I have learnt that science somewhere?????? Please reply with the scientific empirical evidence that you have for empirical evidence for anthropogenically produced C02 causing an exaggeration to natural climate change
The current estimate for the age of Saturn's rings is exactly that, an estimate. It is not fact, it is not even theory, it is a hypothesis. We have no direct evidence for their age, only an estimate of mass and a model that predicts ring evolution. Since we don't even know how they formed, stating that they are X years old as if it were fact is scientifically irresponsible.
Thanks for making outstanding videos. Truly exceptional quality. Oh, and thanks to YT for the silly banner linking to the Wikipedia page on climate change, because we can't be trusted to think for ourselves.
@@bmolitor615it starts with a banner, then censorship, then mandates. Watch this video while you can, I suspect the banner is a warning that this will end up in the Memory Hole.
@@bmolitor615 well I hope I'm wrong but unfortunately I've been right since 2020.... actually, since 2008. I'm not a financial advisor and this is not financial advice, but you might want to get out of the stock market.
Being forced to eat your own dog to survive is probably one of the worst experiences a person can go through. Don't know about you, but knowing my confidence in the fact that I value the life of a dog more than most people - including myself - I'd probably just let the cold take me.
this channel is a professional effort by a team for the last ten years. It's no miracle that it has some quality and yet has taken much time to take off.
One thing that concerns me is that when the topic comes up everyone seems to gloss over that there is plant life in the permafrost. Plant life... and animal life. The smashed carcasses of mammoths to be exact. With the remnants of their last meals still in their stomachs.
Excellent video, thanks. I read the Jean Auel series, the first book was 'Clan of the Cavebear' and I think the last was 'Land of the Painted Caves'. Excellent series, getting better book by book.
Fantastic presentation; our planet never seems to stop in one place or another, ever-churning, agglutinating life, one way or another, being by itself, a conveyor, inducing growth and survival. Brilliantly it implies a certain "chaotic elegance" that in the end, propitiates observation of the clear and coherent system seemingly paradoxical to less discerning eyes.
I have heard that the antarctic is expanding faster than the arctic is melting, is this true ? If so would love to see a video on this topic, and thank you for this awesome video.
Antarctica is "expanding" because all of the ice sheet's meltwater lies on top of the heavier salt water and freezes. As a result, penguins have to waddle up to 50 miles further to the edge of the ice in search of food.
So most likely Life->The Great Oxygenation Event->Huronian Glaciation->Eukaryotes->Cryogenian Glaciation->Cambrian Explosion. The interplay between geological elements like plate tectonics/volcanoes and astronomical elements like water bringing meteorites and life is fascinating! It seems it gives weight to the Rare Earth hypothesis!
The Iceball Earths show life can live on iceball worlds. Like Europa or Enceladus. Maybe the shelter of the ice gave the early multicellular life the safety to experiment?
YES! New episode! This is perfect timing, too, since I just came back from the hospital and could use some cheering up. :) This is seriously my favourite documentary series. It's so good.
As always a very interesting video of the highest quality. Your videos are always a joy to watch. Splendid narration and great editing combined with beautiful graphics This channel and History of the universe rank among the best on YT. Thanks a lot for another great video.
I wholeheartedly agree with the "Better than NatGeo" sentiment. At no point did I feel info was being recycled to fill time. That is my greatest complaint for most nature docs I've watched. I've shared this with my friends that I know will appreciate the exceptional work you do.
One idea about our recent ice ages is that the rise of mountain chains like the Himalayas and Rockies helped lead to them. The rock strata in these mountains absorbed much of the CO2 in the air prior to 10 million years ago.
@@mohairsam9705 That's what I was saying. Those mountains began to rise at that time ime. By both changing the atmospheric air flow and removing CO2 from the air, they led to the Ice ages after about 2 million years ago.
CO2 is not the only factor involved in glaciations. The sun's activities and as regulated by our orbital path and tilt of the earth's axis (and wobble) are completely different factors, as is tectonics (plate interactions). The sedimentary rocks making up much of the higher Himalayas are of varied age (30+ million to Cambrian), and they formed in an ancient sea. The carbon sequestered by these rocks has nothing to do with recent carbon cycles. Continued igneous activity adds carbon to the crust and surface/atmosphere and sets up an intricate dance between oxygen and Co2, with plants needing one and non-plant life needing the other. The balance between the two changes slowly, even considering our impact. Initiation of Quaternary glaciation cannot be placed at the feet of tectonic-driven CO2 impoverishment because the mountains existed before and after the glacial events. Some scientists believe that ocean currents jiggered with minor continental shifts, (like closing of the Mediterranean and a continuous land bridge between the American continents) interacting with variations in solar inputs caused global marine water cooling and interruption of the heat exchange between tropics and higher latitudes. In other words, it WASN'T about CO2. That's why some scientists read more into what is happening to the gulf stream and AMOC. Climate is a function of action and reaction, and the number of variables include much more than man-initiated CO2. During the Cretaceous, the earth was much warmer than it is now and CO2 levels in the atmosphere may have been three or four times greater than our current "catastrophic" levels. The world didn't end.
Well, it forced primitive life to evolve and become really tough and adaptable. Nothing really thrived during the two main Snowball Earth events and during the short but brutal Gaskiers glaciation that followed, but we can see that the intense evolutionary pressure during glaciations led to rapid diversification of life forms immediately after they ended.
@@serijas737: Pokemon. LMAO! After 40 some years of college, psychology, chemistry, calculus, biology and mycology and much more, I am fairly certain, bringing up Pokemon games are ridiculous conjecture. I believe, you kind of look foolish right now 😆
Outstanding documentary! Well written and the information was given at reasonable pace. I learned a lot without having to suffer through any dullness where my attention might wander. As this isn't a favorite subject of mine the fact that it was so very enjoyable says a great deal. I've now seen enough pictures of snowy landscapes to serve me for a lifetime but I suppose that couldn't be helped. An ice cream cone or a yeti could have replaced a frozen mountain here or there perhaps? In any case I'd recommend this video to anyone wishing to learn more about the Earth's history.
Might mention Since its birth 4.5 billion years ago, the Sun's luminosity has very gently increased by about 30%. This is also causing warming without man.
If you had started this video showing the dinosaurs, when CO2 was 4 times higher than it is now, then show today's climate, you will see that we are still recovering from the last ice age.
No we are not. The current life together with us evolved in Quaternary period which is an Ice Age(ice present at the poles) and extends for the last 2.something millions years. And because the global temperature is on a temperate range, this period go in cycles because of the Earths orbit around the Sun. Maximum glacial and maximum interglacial(present time - the warming we are caused already). If we continue on the path of warming we will get the Earth out of the Quaternary ice-age towards an Hot-House(no ice at the poles). And this means most of the life on the planet will go extinct including us. Because we are adapted to a moderate Earth climate, not Snow Ball and not Hot-House.
I think that it is for more likely that the super continent at the time simply saw a more normal glaciation than a Snowball Earth. Since all of the ocean floor is long subducted, we are missing evidence from 70% of the globe, and have only spotty rock deposits on land from the time. Also paleontologists have found tropical algal mounds and other plants in the fossil record before, during , and after the event that are still extant today. While this hypothesis cannot be excluded, I think less drastic events are more likely.
I am rather partial to the Slushball Earth, with the glaciers reaching down to the tropics, but only seasonal ice and maybe slush around the equator. You have to realize that we aren't quite sure where the Continents were at the time, since it makes the assumption that the magnetic poles have always been where they are now. But with that assumption, that does place many landmasses at the Equator or tropics, meaning the ice sheet would have to reach down at least that far.
@@VelociraptorsOfSkyrim In referring to the magnetic poles, might this rule out the cycles of the sun shifting or switching the poles? Just curious, I watch the Suspicious Observer channel & the 12,000 year sun cycle is emphasized greatly. TY
...have to agree the snowball earth idea cannot be presented as fact because there's to many loose ends and accurate dating for such old materials are highly unreliable.
that's what I dislike about this channel and it's sister one about the universe. it just doesn't qualify whether something is a hypothesis or a working theory, but presents stuff as already settled.
44:46 "We are currently witnessing what happens to the Earth when there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere" - an excess compared to what? Because one compare it to various levels during Earth's history and come with different excesses - sometimes huge, or even with deficits.
@@allangibson8494 But these high levels aren't presented as a threat to human health, but as a threat to Earth's ecosystems, which may not survive the climate change and perish along with the humans. I think this is alarmism and is mostly politically motivated.
@ Earths ecosystems will survive. They have survived worse. Human civilisation is way more fragile. The mortality rates may even reach the 99% seen 930,000 years ago when just over 1,200 individuals humans survived globally.
Dear google. Please stop with the 'context' banner. It is not useful to viewers with discernment. We don't need your input thank you. We will form our own opinions based on reasoned analysis of the facts. )) I would like the presenter to also explain how several of the ice sheets mentioned are in fact expanding rather than contracting. Further, how is it the current temperature average is lower than the recent peak in the late 1990's. Further, I am curious how dramatically higher co2 levels millennia ago, occurred before human industrialization, particularly considering co2 only represents 0.04% of atmospheric gas chemistry. Further to this, how did the most recent glaciation period (peak about 30,000 years ago), recede in absence of any industrial human activity. Just interesting how narrative and words such as 'could', 'may', 'might', 'should', are used in the same sentence as data modeling projections paid for by the plutocracy. Such use of wording implies fact when it actually infuses opacity to any argument of logic. Not sorry to present some logic here, so no apologies needed.
After noticing that Basalt is being proposed as a reservoir for carbon dioxide storage and notice the correlation on Venus between vulcanism and CO2 and that presumably volcanism on Venus is mostly basalt shield like, I speculate that one of the reasons the Earth totally Froze up for so long is because there was a relative cessation in subduction and hot spot activity and contributions of CO2 from basalt/silicate sources dropped. The notion being that without the basaltic CO2 contributions, there was not enough CO2 for heat from the weaker juvenile sun to be captured and maintain surface temperatures above freezing. Think Permian extinction events when there are many reports of Siberian Traps and indeed Australian basalt contributions that have been recognized relatively recently. There are many reports of high atmospheric CO2 that accompanied the Permotriassic event. In a word...I say it's the Basalt! Blame it on the Basalt. Earth would have been essentially the opposite of Venus. There are interesting discussions regarding the contributions of radiogenic heat early on for intervals corresponding to several prominent unstable isotopic half lives. Then following a schedule of isotopic degeneration within the mantle/core, I suggest therw was something of a switchover to other processes. It is somewhat analogous to what happens during stellar evolution. First Hydrogen fusion...then Helium...then gravity factors into the proces...etc.. That being the case on Earth too......the contribution of heat we currently experience may well come from heat liberated during mineralogical transformations within one or more layers of the earth. We have essentially used up the radiogenic heat and now rely on heat of mineralizing reactions.
Radiogenic heating never stopped. It is still one of the strongest candidates for keeping the core and mantle warm. Even in early Earth I don't suppose it would be much stronger, at least not enough heat the surface.
REFERENCES:
news.mit.edu/2020/sunlight-triggered-snowball-earths-ice-ages-0729
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rsbm.1960.0011
www.snowballearth.org/capcarbs.html
pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/43/5/459/131888/A-Cryogenian-chronology-Two-long-lasting?redirectedFrom=fulltext
pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/44/11/955/195128/Dodging-snowballs-Geochronology-of-the-Gaskiers?redirectedFrom=fulltext
www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/how-feedback-loops-are-making-climate-crisis-worse
pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gssa/sajg/article-abstract/115/1/91/141382/NATURE-AND-EXTENT-OF-A-LATE-EDIACARAN-CA-547-MA?redirectedFrom=fulltext
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.735020/full
www2.palomar.edu/anthro/homo2/mod_homo_5.htm
www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lasc/hd_lasc.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20absence%20of%20natural,black%2C%20brown%2C%20and%20violet.
web.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/magnetofossil.html
maglab.caltech.edu/
web.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/Kirschvink_Iron_Man_Barinaga92.pdf
web.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/kirschvink.html
link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0024490209010064
gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FH004645%2F1
theconversation.com/how-many-ice-ages-has-the-earth-had-and-could-humans-live-through-one-179360
sruk.org.uk/the-dating-game-how-do-we-know-the-age-of-palaeolithic-cave-art/
www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/how-feedback-loops-are-making-climate-crisis-worse
50 points have been added to your social credit score
Hello, really like your videos. You manage to make your purely prosaic descriptions of these ancient geological events almost feel like poetry at times, which is really appreciated.
I'll keep it short, but an interesting sidenote. Acc. to the report at the end of this comment, the Earth almost entered a snowball-state at the start of the Permian at 299 mya. The carbondioxide in the atmosphere had been drawn down due to the vegetation in the Carboniferous swamps, I think, and the global average temperature was at ca. 1.4 degrees C (the punctuation is not a mistake).
The article: www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1712062114
thanks so much for the fantastic video. no exaggeration
IPCC Report = Matane under the is will lead to no longtime global warning, maybe 🤔 Read the real science? The ground under the is a +C storage ice the ground, more C is put in the ground then is emitted to the atmosphere.
@@TheThrivingTherapsid Interesting, thanks for the share.
G.K. Chesterton suggested that the cave paintings might have been decorations created to delight the children of the tribe who used the cave as a nursery for young children forced to stay indoors through the long, bitter winters. I like that about Chesterton. He had a gift for pointing out the possible similarities between ancient peoples and modern humanity, instead of highlighting their differences.
Explain why many cave paintings are WAY back in the cave...WAY back. There's no evidence of there being any fires to provide light. So...how...and why did they do it?
@@johnbaldwin2948torches! There’s evidence that many cave paintings were intended to be viewed by torch light specifically
??? Indoors? We lived in caves FFS!
@@DarraghQuinn-d8o Firstly, we all know what he means by "indoors". Secondly, we didn't live much in caves. We lived mainly in other buildings but only the caves have survived.
@@usernamename2978This is, must!, be true - there were many, many more people than there are caves. Living in a cave probably was a huge status symbol in a cutthroat era.
You literally make nat geo quality videos. You do it with almost no budget no huge team and no army of editors. It’s astonishing. You’re sitting on a lot of money and happiness with those skills.
He has a voice as smooth as butter on toast - that is all one needs to be a true documentarian
These are better than nat geo!!
No budget? He makes bank judging by the views his videos get
@@alextrebek6101 Socialblade estimates from $2600 to $42000 per YEAR based on views.
@@filonin2 so, anywhere from abysmal to not that much.
For these sorts of documentaries, "English accent is an absolute must".
well, Sir David Attenborough is a good precedent for these types of vids
I can not recognise the narrators accent. He is the only person Ive ever known to say algy instead of aldžy.
What I can say is a must is a human narrator who doesnt use retroflexes.
From Wales
James Earl Jones if not!
To clear up a common misconception about comets at 17:35, comets do not actually leave a "tail" behind them as they travel. In the vacuum of space there is no atmospheric drag. When astronauts conduct a space walk, their ship does not zoom ahead and leave them trailing behind. Solar radiation from a nearby star sublimates (defrosts) the comet's frozen surface, and those sublimating particles are pushed in the same direction as the solar radiation. So the direction of the tail is entirely independent of the comet's trajectory.
Yes, similar to how a solar sail works. It’s the radiation pressure that causes the movement relative to the original object.
does this mean that the "tail" can be in the same direction as the comet is moving?
@@isellcrack3537 yes, the tail always points away from the star, so when the comet is travelling away from the star, the tail would be pointing in roughly the same direction, although since the orbits are elliptical, probably not exactly the same direction.
We call that process that you explained in detail a "tail". So yes, they do have a tail and that is what we see from earth.
@@amrcombs Yes of course. My point was that comets do not normally leave a trail of matter behind them as depicted in the 17:35 mark. Without solar radiation from a nearby star, there is no tail.
Thanks! I feel this is a poignant telling of our planet's journey. You explained a lot of concepts that up until now have been in deep thaw. I really appreciate your dedication to both science and art in this piece.
Thanks!
I adore you and appreciate SO MUCH, all of your content on all your channels. Wish I could give more, you beyond deserve it!! Thank you, thank you, thank you!!!
You deserve to be pinned
I thought I was watching natgeo or something and didn't realize it was a tiny TH-cam channel that deserves FAR MORE subs than what they have!
History of the Earth videos are drop everything and watch asap.
Just amazing!
And ALL this knowledge with an incredible format, at any time, almost anywhere
No Wonder why big media companies are so desperated for control and regulation
Exactly I just stopped in mid of other vid and jumped right in. Amazing series
👍👍
History of the Universe as well!
That's a strange way to look at the topic of History which is going to be there forever 🤷♂️
Haha quickly come learn about the 14th renaissance before your ability to do so expires
Minor correction at 17:55: it is probable that Saturn's rings had not yet formed 700 million years ago. They are thought to be only 100 million years old.
We actually have no idea how old they are yet. Estimates range from a billion years to 100 million years. to actually date the rings, we would need further missions to Saturn.
@@depressed_plants1841 *probable
Rings are unstable , gravity driven , do you remember Skylab ? Fell into the Indian ocean over by the South Pacific , ..it's cost energy to stay in orbit...Saturns rings are fresh...the gaps are older , and the big or dense chunks are gone , flung out or captured by wayward gravity's...
These age guesses are the wildest thing of 'science'
I say they are 1.4 billion years old. Trust me, I’m a scientist.
I remember reading in the awesome kids' science magazine Muse about the Snowball Earth era when it was a relatively new theory. The notion of an earth frozen over from pole to pole has haunted my dreams ever since...
Such a vision is both awesome and frightening. A glistening, sparkling ball of white floating in the blackness of space. It is almost impossible for many human minds to contemplate such a world. Yet that world was reality--several times.
Many, many such worlds all throughout space right now. Soon imagination won't be necessary.
"Thunder always happens when it's raining..."
@@rockdesertsun8246 Players only love you when they're playing
@@harrietharlow9929 think Europa....
I love love love that people who are technical experts put their corrections in the comments so that I can look things up if I want and I get to learn. The fact that we can get 50 min vids with a handful of corrections is pretty impressive.
Who's fact checking those corrections?
I hope it ain't Dorsey & Zucker.
I hate hate hate that legitimate criticism are being shadow-banned.
@@savage22bolt32 Everyone for himself. A correction in the comments section is primarily a hint there could be something factually wrong with the content of the video. If that occurs and I don't know anything about the subject I check Wikipedia at first and then the scientific sources they provide. After that I have a pretty good picture if it has any merits what the commentator was saying or if there's a conspiracy peddler spreading his BS.
@@7inrain my comment was a flippant joke, but I see you put some thought into yours.
I have found Wikipedia to be a good place to look for answers. Today in the media, we have two extremes that are way too extreme. Back in the day, Walter Cronkite was pretty liberal, but he was good about giving us the news, not the talking points or his opinion.
BTW:
How fast do you have to drive in the rain, while driving a 7 with the top down, and not get wet?
(Used to be about 35 MPH in my '68 Camaro convertible)
@@savage22bolt32 _"my comment was a flippant joke"_
Fair enough.
My Seven doesn't have a windscreen, only a wind deflector so when it rains a bit more heavily I get wet anyway. I also don't have a top because in its former life it was a racecar and it still has the big rollcage and not the usual rollbar.
With your Camaro - my neighbour had one too but it must have been from the 70s and not the 60s. American muscle cars were quite rare here in Europe at that time and mostly Corvettes. Nowadays they are a lot more common. The local dealer here must have sold a good bunch of Mustangs as I see them all the time.
The flaw in Budyko's model is that there is no hydrologic cycle. He can't be blamed for this. He had 1969 computer technology to work with, and he had to make many simplifications. What would really have happened with a 1.6% reduction of the solar constant is that some areas would remain ice-free because sublimation exceeded snowfall and deposition, so even with low temperatures, areas of the earth would have low albedo, and this would be the reversal mechanism once solar radiation increased again.
We have found microbes kilometers deep, living in solid rock - endoliths. If they were around back then too, even the thickest ice sheet on the entire earth would hardly have an effect on them. An existential threat to life at that stage and beyond, would have to basically melt earths entire crust. So yeah... nothing less cataclysmic than the moon falling onto earth poses a threat to life as a whole.... certainly not a mere surface nuisance like an ice age 😄
Ignorant people talking about terraforming Mars as a "place for us to evacuate to". Do people understand that trying to live outside of Earth would be incalculably more difficult than even the most extreme conditions that are possible on Earth. Fairytales
Microbial life, anyway. That might even survive the boiling of the oceans, becoming aerial.
@@AZTLANSOLDIER13 The problem is that terraforming Mars would take centuries if not millennia, and we have, maybe, decades. Also that the resultant planet would require maintenance to stay habitable, and I don't think humanity is up to that.
@@AZTLANSOLDIER13 terraforming is possible...even with existing technology...the hard part is getting it there...that debate will only come after decades of scientific research to study Mars in its pristine state...
@@AZTLANSOLDIER13
RE: "place for us to evacuate to"
No one seriously regards Mars as a world population evacuation destination. That would be 8 billion people! Transporting even 0.1% (8 million) would not be possible. What Mars colonization advocates are proposing is to get enough people to provide a viable gene pool (a few thousand at least) living on Mars so that humanity finally becomes an interplanetary species. Terraforming of Mars might be a long-term benefit, but is not absolutely necessary.
In france we pronounce "Lassko" when talking about this place (the Lascaux cave / les grottes de Lascaux)
Not a critic .. just to add precision for those interested !
❤ love the channel
2 episodes in a few days is a real treat! Thanks!
The other video is in fact in the "history of the universe" sister channel.
Love both equally!
Thanks for improving our pronouncing of French words. It is appreciated!.
I noticed that immediately. Why does he say lassoh? How could you include the Lascaux cave without knowing how to pronounce it?
@@ToutCQJM i paused the video 1 minute in to comment on that error. had thought it was a new place i wasn't familiar with until the narration said in France.
You're on the internet, it's owned by America.
Never mind about Earth sitting in the Goldilocks Zone in it's orbit around the Sun, it would seem to be more like a Goldilocks Knife Edge tipping between Snowball Earth and a runaway Greenhouse Earth.
This would in turn promote the Rare Earth hypothesis and Enrico Fermi's paradox would be seen as being more profound.
Combine that with the length of time between Earth's formation and the dawn of human civilisation since the last glacial maximum and the odds of a species surviving and evolving to create nn advanced civilisation appearing anywhere become vanishingly small.
Beautifully photographed and meticulously edited and narrated ... a terrific presentation. Thank you.
Stock footage.
They always use only stock footage
Because someone left the fridge door open.
I thought it was because global warming had not been invented yet...
Scorcher 8?
Because someone didn’t listen t9 their dad when he told them to "shut the door, we're not trying to air condition the great outdoors"
It froze over for 100 million years because a father said that he liked his teenage daughter's favorite band.
Brilliant. Up to date scientific information, outstanding editing, spectacular visuals and a voice that could melt a glacier. This series is the most complete compendium of the history of the Earth to date.
I thoroughly agree that up to date is nominally a good thing tho new data generated with the same old faulty (vastly oversimplified) mathematical models is not worth as much as we would be led to believe.
Respectfully,
A former research (PhD) engineer
@@michaelhanford8139 Part of being an enlightened individual is being able to accept new information. I only know what I can verify and your assertion is valid and, thank you for that.
Agreed, except for the voice comment. It’s a computer voice.
@@jeffo4817 are you talking about the narrator of these videos? I highly doubt it. there are tons of videos out there with computer generated narration and they sound nothing like this.
update: just checked - the narrator's name is David Kelly
@@KippiExplainsStuff oh wow. He is a good man then.
YOU'RE BACK! I shouldn't comment until I've watched it through, but it's always such a special treat when another episode arrives. These are without a doubt my favorite thing on YT, so I have no doubt they take an awful lot of work to research, write, and produce.
Now, time for a cup of tea and another chapter from my favorite story: you always manage to uncover great anecdotes and new discoveries about your chosen topic that i haven't run across before. Thank you.
A new episode is a bright spot in my day.I love the graphics and the measured narration. I have been fascinated in our planet for nearly 60 years and this is the best series I've come across.
Me too because i like plants and life
Do you watch the other channels I love voices of the past
Is it possible that somehow a close flyby of a large object altered the spin or position of planet earth enabling the warming up of the planet ?
The writer for these is brilliant. Probably the best documentaries I've seen.
I like to believe that they made these paintings not just for wonderous pass time and coping but to tell stories, educate and hope that future humans would take a look over this magnificence and ponder about its mysteries. I certainly believe they had tested if the colors would stay over generations.
In some way, they had left a message beyond the simple "We were here"
Nah.
Nah.
There would have been murals outside.. And most would have been a status symbol, like a car, or like a decorated house in modern times. Religious use would have been apparent too, as it is now. Not everybody would have been able to paint; only a few. Any cave would be more homely with paintings of plenty of food on the walls. There would have been wooden settlements extending out from the cave mouth. Have we found a stone axe or large wedge? It would be flint and at least six inches of blade; heavy enough to swing and split a branch, just as today.
I’ve been slowly making my way through these videos while I work for the last 3ish weeks and I have to say, they are absolutely delightful. I have a bachelor’s degree in biology with a minor in geology (more specifically mineralogy and invert Paleontology) but am unfortunately working in a job that is unrelated to my education. Listening to these videos has been such a treat for me, they’re so interesting and so well done, just so excellent.
I am very sad because I’ve just realized I only have 3 left, BUT 2 of them are my absolute favourite topics, ediacaran life and the Cambrian explosion, so I am stoked to get to them.
Thank you so much for these amazing videos. I’m sure I will probably watch some of them
Multiple times, and I have also subscribed to the History of the Universe channel and will start making my way through those videos once I’m finished this series ❤❤
You are bringing geology textbooks to life. I would certainly recommend your videos to my future students.
Though would leave out from 30min mark onward. Those claims aren’t science based, nor match w/ real science. Heck, it doesn’t fit w/ the opening of this video.
Glacial & interglacial periods have occurred 5-6 times. We are in an interglacial period, of which we haven’t remotely come close to the last several high temps for interglacial periods (which occur roughly every 100k yrs)
I can't believe this channel doesn't have millions of subscribers: they do Nat Geo quality videos on a shoestring budget with limited staff.
Completely agree!!
I just subscribed, algorithms picked up I’d been searching certain histories I guess? Anyway it popped up on my home page so - hi
It's top notch quality : it's well documented, well written, well narrated, well illustrated.
Here we go again. 1) The Neoproterozoic is an era not a period. 2) The Huronian is a Supergroup of rocks, not a geologic time. 3) It also was not glaciated for 300 million years! That's not even in debate. I know you all got that from a Wikipedia article, which was so wrong. I corrected it and your all still parroting it. Yes. The Huronian contains diamictite. Bit it's about 11% of the total rock. The vast majority is a normal passive margin sequence. Most formations like the Lorrain, Serpent, and Bar River Formations, indicate a warm environment. 4) The GOE didn't even happen until until more than 100 million years into the deposition of the Huronian. It's actually post glacial.
Yes. I study these rocks. I am a geologist. I've even done videos on these rocks in Ontario.
Maybe you should present these types of videos. And YES i also read those Wiki pages..... 😒
@@Emdee5632 I give non professionals some leeway. I know ppl, like PBS eons, who know better, and they were pulling from that article. I did do a whole video on it. But even though I did that and I changed the Wikipedia article, ppl are still getting wrong. 😞
*you're
@@stevenbaumann8692 so are we doomed...or not?....
@@frankpienkosky5688 eventually we all are LOL
Another brilliant video, thank you. Something not mentioned in the video, but may have had an effect is that the moon would have been closer during snowball earth. That would have meant higher tides and more likelihood of the ice surface breaking up allowing the microbes to 'breathe'. This effect would have much more pronounced during the earlier snowball earths.
Surely the waters are all frozen and therefore no tides?
@@russellhaikney3809 Not at all. The land is also affected by the tides. Land rises and falls about 1cm, compared with the oceans up to 10 metres. If there was any water under the ice, and I'm sure there would have been, it would have warped the ice on the surface, causing cracks and movement.
@@davecook3138 do not believe that...the whole planet was under hundreds of meters of thick ice and snow....there would be no water movement at all of any effect .
@@russellhaikney3809Well, that is your choice. I can only tell you that tides affect the ground as well as the oceans. The tides were stronger in the past, getting stronger the further back you go. The oceans are thousands of metres deep, not hundreds. It's your choice to believe that there is a possibility, or not.
@@davecook3138 you really have a problem with perceiving what is stated Dave....I did not dispute the oceans depth I stated that the Ice on top was hundreds of meters deep
making tidal events superfluous or irrelevant....ie....there cannot be tides in this
case
27:54 - "The carbon doesn't belong in our atmosphere." Where do you think it came from then?
Well we got it from deep underground.
Excellent video! I have one small correction. A super volcano eruption would not produce a nuclear winter, a volcanic winter would be the result.
It would trigger all the nukes the Bond villain has hidden in his lair.
@@genegayda3042
Lol 😁👍
@@genegayda3042 I disagree. It would be Dr. Evil. And, if we pay him 100 billion dollars maybe he would move them off planet.
Volcanic winter tomato tomato still has very similar effects on the planet
@@Urmashouldvswallowed yeah penicillin, amoxicillin, tomato, tomahto…. They both kill bacteria…..
We don’t do this in the sciences for a reason…
Hard to fathom how a smallish TH-cam channel can produce videos with this quality so consistently!
340k subs is a good income and it is just stock video with a voice-over.
Thanks!
Such a fascinating subject. The march of time, in all its immensity, is truly magnificent. It's fun to be sentient and able to conjecture the whatever of whatever.
It's pretty insensitive to call Professor Kirschvink "Iron Man", since he was turned to steel in the great magnetic field, when he travelled time for the future of mankind.
This is a strange thing to bring up, but you mentioned Douglas Mawson and our previous $100 note here in Australia used to have his image on it. It was my favourite because (yes, I didn't mind a $100 note) I loved the way his image was drawn with his woollen head covering, which had many intricate lines. Strange things you remember 🤷🏻♀️
I know the one!
My dad has a small collection of old notes. He's got one of the Douglas Mawson 100's and some other old notes, and a bunch of $1 and $2 notes.
I always found the proterozoic ice ages fascinating and you did a stellar job in explaining them. Great job my dude.
It’s a woman who write these videos, the narrator is a man though.
@@aruvielevenstar3944 who cares
@@tysonwastaken the original commenter, you numbskull
"The Earth is a complex system. It's not as simple as energy in verse energy out."
It really is though. No matter how complex the system, it is always a simple matter of energy in verse energy out. What isn't as simple though is accurately accounting for all sources of energy.
Your videos are so compelling. Thank you for continuing to provide them.
I found your youtube channel, instead of your facebook or insta lol.
My favourite channel on TH-cam. 'Life On Earth' seems like a short magazine piece compared to your in depth analysis of the history of the planet. Looking forward to the Cambrian explosion.
Thanks for this. As much I as enjoy the Universe stuff my favourite are these earth history videos. And as always thanks to everyone involved for all the hard work.
How did they light up those halls to see to paint and draw?
I saw no torch exhaust contamination on the ceilings,walls,how did they do it.
Unless I'm completely wrong on that,how did they see?
So I'm completely taken on how they did it visually,as an artist.
The work is not only informative but so very beautiful.
What vibrant intelligent people they were to even survive.
And then leave a treasure of expression older than modern civilizations.
Are you trying to give them a nervous breakdown by asking the obvious? 🤣
Olive oil lamps make no smoke.
Phone light
You are joking, right? They had access to electricity.
I’m a Biden voter and have the answer. They used the flashlight(torch) on their smart phones.
HOTE produces outstanding documentaries. I learn a lot from each one. Btw I think Saturn got its rings during Earth's Mesozoic Era, when an icy moon got too close to the planet and broke apart.(At least that's the current understanding from the Cassini mission.) I like the section at the end about how microorganisms thrived during the icy/ slushy periods.
That snowball earth monologue was simultaneously beautiful and haunting. Excellent work!
These videos are both informative and well made, with out all of the annoying music and nauseating spinning so unnecessary in these videos. Thank you.
I've never seen pictures of cave paintings that are poorly done. Why were these people such amazing artists? Where did they practice?
papyrus and leather, maybe woolen fabric. All of it dust in the wind since aeons.
Makes Medieval art look like it was painted by 3 year olds.
Amazing. Love the long format!
Many are talking about the changes coming again starting around 2036 onwards until the earth becomes iced once more for another reset… Thank you for video … ❤
Another great video! Just the content between 26:30 and 31:30 detracts from an otherwise great product of an intellect I admire. "Unprecedented" climate change is not a line I would have dreamt of hearing in a video about the episodes of Snowball Earth and thawing. What about the end of the last Ice age? Did we cause it with industry and fossil fuel usage? What about the Younger Dryas? What about the speed and extent of the climate change then? We now know that there's one constant thing about climate, and it is that it is always changing. Your whole video is about that, ultimately. You even laid the groundwork by saying that accumulation of CO2 by tectonic outgassing could have helped to end the events of Snowball earth, and about the Cambrian explosion of life, but didn't deliver the fact that CO2 was maybe 20 times more than it is now and it certainly didn't hurt the Explosion of life, but most probably enabled it? The connection was missing... And perspective about the speed and extent of previous episodes of great climate change, compared to now, for example, if the climate of nowadays is to be mentioned at all? I love your videos an I watch each one with great pleasure. Those were my criticisms of your script, but from the viewpoint of my age and experience I have become sounding harsher than I usually intend to, so please excuse the tone and mind the message. Thank You!
🤡
The reason human caused climate is unprecedented is not the amount of temperature change but the rate at which it is happening the melting of snowball took multiple millenia to occur which is normally geological timescales are measured human caused climate change only began this rapid change climate over the century or so with rate even speeding up some points
@@dylanbednarz4430 Tell that to the Younger Dryas, please. I get enough propaganda in the traditional media, I know the talking points by heart. If it's "unprecedented" how hot it is now how do you explain widespread vineyards in England in historical records, when there are none there now? Or, the Norse settlement of Greenland with tree roots grown through a body in a cemetery there, when Greenland is neither green, nor has it any trees to speak of now? And as for the rate of change, an Ice Age does not end slowly. Chech the Hollocene temperature optimum and the Younger Dryas for yourself. Sorry to inform you, but sea level rise of 100 meters in less than three thousand years We, humans are not capable of achieving, yet it happened prior our industry and SUVs. Invest the time and effort, it's going to be worth it. A Blue pill, Red pill moment of sorts.
Mind you, I do not like poluting our environment. I do not like the millions of tons of detergents we wash in the rivers and seas that funny enough nobody is talking about. I do not like single use plastic products which are designed to be thrown away. However, we humans are but mites on an elephant, compared to the scale at which Nature operates. Allow youself to be amazed!
@@dylanbednarz4430 ahhh, yes, climate change. Aren't we all supposed to underwater now? No, that's right, the science changed
@@dylanbednarz4430
Precisely what climate change are you (and the presenter) talking about?
There’s little reliable evidence of any recent warming (last 150 years) and there’s even less evidence that it’s been caused by the burning of so-called fossil fuels.
This whole video was dedicated to the global warming propaganda, it’s a wolf in sheep’s clothing and a shame, otherwise it raised interesting scenarios.
I wish folks would take the time to research and understand the effects of rising CO2 and methane proportions in our atmosphere,
85% of the greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor (clouds) so the minute amount of CO2 and even less methane, can be doubled time and time again without having any effect on the greenhouse effect of our atmosphere. The whole global warming idea is a political scam fraudulently supported by misleading models and fake temperature records.
One little error: the carbon does need to be circulated. The fossil fuels are just a very long-term storage for the carbon. Luckily this species of primates are able to put it back to circulation.
agreed. thank god for smart primates and fire
The most succinct corollary on this.
Why do alarmists want to scare the population into freezing again? “If humans only reduced their carbon footprint back to the Ice Age, we can all live in climate utopia.” 😂
I've been watching your content for about a decade now. Still providing some great content and still just as entertaining. Keep up the great work Diamond 💎 from the UK 🇬🇧
I don't know a great deal about this period of geologic history, but thank you for another fascinating video! I think the term Cryogean sounds cool too lol.
Stay well out there everybody, and God bless you, friends. ✝️ :)
Your videos are at the TOP of the Channels for educational, history, science content and artistic presentations...fantastic job.
Absolutely outstanding documentary. Visually beautiful, and intriguing throughout. Thank you do much!
I am very interested in this, so could you answer some questions for me, this first question no one has answered.
1/ Can you produce empirical evidence for anthropogenic C02 causing damaging climate change?
2/ You mentioned in the sixties that the Scientists were getting it together with models, but what about the seventies when our Climate change guru Stephen Schnieder wrote a paper with another colleague, stating that man-made C02 was cooling the earth and could drive us into an Ice age?
3/ The Ice core records show the earth has been in a cooling trend for 8,000 years and the coldest would have been the Little ice age when the Glaciers grew to their maximum in over 12,500 years, so would it be natural that they a melting?
4/ The IPCC stated that C02 has been around 280 PPM for most of this time which does not take into account the Minoan, Roman, and Medieval warm periods with the cooling periods in between, so what made the temperature changes without C02 PPM rising and falling if C02 is a climate driver?
5/ If C02 has a feedback effect, why does the Earth cool after the peaks of the interglacials when C02 keeps rising for many years after?
These are questions that seem to be unanswerable by our experts, or perhaps a tad too prickly to entertain - much simpler to just dismiss them. I'm old enough to remember the dire predictions of the Club of Rome & the ice age scare of the '70s.
Your questions all have extensively researched answers.
1/ See “The CO2 problem in six easy steps (2022 Update)” at Real Climate. Lots of evidence is provided there. Too much to repeat here.
2/ Schneider didn’t say that. He wrote about aerosols cooling the planet in the shorter term if we continued burning dirty coal but wide adoption of coal plant pollution controls after 1960 (for smog reasons) and a general switch to oil, gas, etc. halted that shorter term effect.
3/ The Little Ice Age was a North Atlantic phenomenon that had almost no global effect and a relatively small but measurable effect in Europe. Its cause was a volcanic uptick (four major volcanoes erupting in 50 years between 1250 and 1300 followed by even more volcanoes between 1430 and 1455, while Tambora in 1815, and Krakatoa in 1883 dented the warming curve later on). A solar minimum (the Maunder) contributed in a minor way.
4/ Temperature changes occur without C02 PPM changes during upticks in volcanic activity (cooling times) or when this uptick activity stops (warming). CO2 isn’t the only climate driver over the medium term, just the main one. These are sometimes magnified by ~ 7-year ENSO cycles.
5/ Milankovitch cycles drive glacial cycles, very long term climate change. Orbital changes cool the oceans and with a lag CO2 levels eventually drop as the colder water absorbs some of the CO2 from the atmosphere (sequesters it in the deep seas). More snow cover reflects warming sunlight. This all happens in reverse to end glacial periods although warming is a faster process due to snow melt versus snow accumulation physics.
@@cloudpoint0 HOPEFULLY IT WILL WARM A FEW DEGREES, THE NORTH IS JUST TOO COLD. warm climate means less use of heating fuels too.
@@theCosmicQueen
Also means more use of air conditioning fuels, which are more expensive fuels than merely burning something. And of course more hunger due to lowered agricultural yield and increasing desertification and heat waves in populated areas.
I/ The main question you have not reply too. I have repeated your problem in answer 5/ Please be the first person in the world to answer
2 I agree, but please re read the paper.
3/ Volcanoes have a huge effect on the climate but for a very short time. Can you name the volcano that Michael Mann missed on in his reconstruction of the climate, he miss the Indonesian eruption in 1275 that has ice core evidence that was found after Michael made his predications?
4/ I would love to see your real data for this statement.
5/ So you are saying that C02 is a product of temperature. Ahem! I have learnt that science somewhere??????
Please reply with the scientific empirical evidence that you have for empirical evidence for anthropogenically produced C02 causing an exaggeration to natural climate change
I must have watched each video on this channel at least 5 times. Thank you for this amazing content!
Me too😅
Because it saw Barbara Streisand's shadow?
Daaaayum!
Damn bro, that was savage af, what'd Bab's do to you? 😅
this, as usual, is some of the best content on the web. kudos.
one tiny nitpick - Saturn only aquired its rings in the last 100 million years
Yeah I picked up on that one as well. Saturn didn't have rings 700 million years ago. Glad I wasn't the only one
The current estimate for the age of Saturn's rings is exactly that, an estimate. It is not fact, it is not even theory, it is a hypothesis. We have no direct evidence for their age, only an estimate of mass and a model that predicts ring evolution. Since we don't even know how they formed, stating that they are X years old as if it were fact is scientifically irresponsible.
Thanks for making outstanding videos. Truly exceptional quality.
Oh, and thanks to YT for the silly banner linking to the Wikipedia page on climate change, because we can't be trusted to think for ourselves.
Calm down, the solution is... don't click. Exercise yer choices - like an actual adult.
@@bmolitor615it starts with a banner, then censorship, then mandates. Watch this video while you can, I suspect the banner is a warning that this will end up in the Memory Hole.
@@jadedixon3641 in yer excited fever-dreams of freedom warriordom, maybe...
@@bmolitor615 well I hope I'm wrong but unfortunately I've been right since 2020.... actually, since 2008. I'm not a financial advisor and this is not financial advice, but you might want to get out of the stock market.
In your world, being given extra information is analogous to having information withheld? Do you also throw a fit when people cite their sources?
Being forced to eat your own dog to survive is probably one of the worst experiences a person can go through. Don't know about you, but knowing my confidence in the fact that I value the life of a dog more than most people - including myself - I'd probably just let the cold take me.
Not a problem if you are a cat person, obviously.
I just came across this channel and I can’t tell you how PSYCHED I am at this content!! It’s perfect, absolutely amazing content!
woop woop
Wonderful series. Beautifully illustrated. Scientifically rigorous. Always fascinating,
this channel is a professional effort by a team for the last ten years. It's no miracle that it has some quality and yet has taken much time to take off.
A super high quality documentary explanation of how the Snowball Earth could have happened, and how maybe it kick-started the Cambrian explosion.
How is it that when the earth experienced ice ages, CO2 in the atmosphere was some 1200 and more ppm?
The forests and bacteria that used co2 to respirate weren't able to do so because the land was covered in ice.
Who told you that? Co2 never went over 300ppm during the ice ages
One thing that concerns me is that when the topic comes up everyone seems to gloss over that there is plant life in the permafrost.
Plant life... and animal life. The smashed carcasses of mammoths to be exact. With the remnants of their last meals still in their stomachs.
Excellent video, thanks. I read the Jean Auel series, the first book was 'Clan of the Cavebear' and I think the last was 'Land of the Painted Caves'. Excellent series, getting better book by book.
I wish there were new videos/episodes every day. No doubt I'd watch them all, and probably more than once 🤓
Fantastic presentation; our planet never seems to stop in one place or another, ever-churning, agglutinating life, one way or another, being by itself, a conveyor, inducing growth and survival. Brilliantly it implies a certain "chaotic elegance" that in the end, propitiates observation of the clear and coherent system seemingly paradoxical to less discerning eyes.
I have heard that the antarctic is expanding faster than the arctic is melting, is this true ? If so would love to see a video on this topic, and thank you for this awesome video.
Antarctica is "expanding" because all of the ice sheet's meltwater lies on top of the heavier salt water and freezes. As a result, penguins have to waddle up to 50 miles further to the edge of the ice in search of food.
Have read that too. In 2014, the Antarctic grew 6 miles radius. A research ship went there to measure the ice and got stuck in the ice for a month.
In area, perhaps, while volume and mass decrease.
@@annoyed707can't decrease fast enough
Dangerous to have any ice on earth. Can't get to Snowball if don't tolerate any ice in the first place.
Great video ! Although I'd like to point out that Lascaux is pronounced "la-SKOH", not "la-So", it's a "hard c"... Cheers!
There could be small pockets of lakes under ice pressure. Small streams under glaciers.
This documentary is absolutely awesome!! I love it!!
amazing! better than a BBC documentary:)
i read a story where in the far future the planet hoth was actually another snowball earth, i love that this supports that idea
Amazing video once again. You bring such detail and a telling of the events which makes it interesting and understandable.
So most likely Life->The Great Oxygenation Event->Huronian Glaciation->Eukaryotes->Cryogenian Glaciation->Cambrian Explosion. The interplay between geological elements like plate tectonics/volcanoes and astronomical elements like water bringing meteorites and life is fascinating! It seems it gives weight to the Rare Earth hypothesis!
The Iceball Earths show life can live on iceball worlds. Like Europa or Enceladus. Maybe the shelter of the ice gave the early multicellular life the safety to experiment?
YES! New episode! This is perfect timing, too, since I just came back from the hospital and could use some cheering up. :) This is seriously my favourite documentary series. It's so good.
That was absolutely fascinating, and so well narrated. I’m looking forward to watching more .
Using poetry to explain history sends shivers along the spine.
Poor Australian bro was like "fuck this shit, hot weather for life"
As always a very interesting video of the highest quality. Your videos are always a joy to watch. Splendid narration and great editing combined with beautiful graphics This channel and History of the universe rank among the best on YT. Thanks a lot for another great video.
The images of the cave drawings are stunning! It is a dream of mine to travel back and to meet these people.
I wholeheartedly agree with the "Better than NatGeo" sentiment. At no point did I feel info was being recycled to fill time. That is my greatest complaint for most nature docs I've watched. I've shared this with my friends that I know will appreciate the exceptional work you do.
One idea about our recent ice ages is that the rise of mountain chains like the Himalayas and Rockies helped lead to them. The rock strata in these mountains absorbed much of the CO2 in the air prior to 10 million years ago.
There was no Himalayas or Andes 10million yrs ago ..
@@mohairsam9705 That's what I was saying. Those mountains began to rise at that time ime. By both changing the atmospheric air flow and removing CO2 from the air, they led to the Ice ages after about 2 million years ago.
CO2 is not the only factor involved in glaciations. The sun's activities and as regulated by our orbital path and tilt of the earth's axis (and wobble) are completely different factors, as is tectonics (plate interactions). The sedimentary rocks making up much of the higher Himalayas are of varied age (30+ million to Cambrian), and they formed in an ancient sea. The carbon sequestered by these rocks has nothing to do with recent carbon cycles. Continued igneous activity adds carbon to the crust and surface/atmosphere and sets up an intricate dance between oxygen and Co2, with plants needing one and non-plant life needing the other. The balance between the two changes slowly, even considering our impact.
Initiation of Quaternary glaciation cannot be placed at the feet of tectonic-driven CO2 impoverishment because the mountains existed before and after the glacial events. Some scientists believe that ocean currents jiggered with minor continental shifts, (like closing of the Mediterranean and a continuous land bridge between the American continents) interacting with variations in solar inputs caused global marine water cooling and interruption of the heat exchange between tropics and higher latitudes. In other words, it WASN'T about CO2. That's why some scientists read more into what is happening to the gulf stream and AMOC. Climate is a function of action and reaction, and the number of variables include much more than man-initiated CO2. During the Cretaceous, the earth was much warmer than it is now and CO2 levels in the atmosphere may have been three or four times greater than our current "catastrophic" levels. The world didn't end.
Tillates and Varves are two great earth science words I learned watching this.
Yesss a new video!!!
Well, it forced primitive life to evolve and become really tough and adaptable. Nothing really thrived during the two main Snowball Earth events and during the short but brutal Gaskiers glaciation that followed, but we can see that the intense evolutionary pressure during glaciations led to rapid diversification of life forms immediately after they ended.
Its almost as everything happened just to spawn us, haha.
That's a load bull ****! Evolution is yet to be proven.
@@CrybKeeper Watch some Pokemon
@@serijas737: Pokemon. LMAO! After 40 some years of college, psychology, chemistry, calculus, biology and mycology and much more, I am fairly certain, bringing up Pokemon games are ridiculous conjecture. I believe, you kind of look foolish right now 😆
@@serijas737: But hey, keep it up - We can go back and forth for years!
23:20 Klingon, I love it.
Outstanding documentary! Well written and the information was given at reasonable pace. I learned a lot without having to suffer through any dullness where my attention might wander. As this isn't a favorite subject of mine the fact that it was so very enjoyable says a great deal. I've now seen enough pictures of snowy landscapes to serve me for a lifetime but I suppose that couldn't be helped. An ice cream cone or a yeti could have replaced a frozen mountain here or there perhaps? In any case I'd recommend this video to anyone wishing to learn more about the Earth's history.
Might mention Since its birth 4.5 billion years ago, the Sun's luminosity has very gently increased by about 30%. This is also causing warming without man.
the scientists know more than u and Qanon, trumpie.
If you had started this video showing the dinosaurs, when CO2 was 4 times higher than it is now, then show today's climate, you will see that we are still recovering from the last ice age.
No we are not. The current life together with us evolved in Quaternary period which is an Ice Age(ice present at the poles) and extends for the last 2.something millions years. And because the global temperature is on a temperate range, this period go in cycles because of the Earths orbit around the Sun. Maximum glacial and maximum interglacial(present time - the warming we are caused already).
If we continue on the path of warming we will get the Earth out of the Quaternary ice-age towards an Hot-House(no ice at the poles). And this means most of the life on the planet will go extinct including us. Because we are adapted to a moderate Earth climate, not Snow Ball and not Hot-House.
i forgot: this must the first poetic approach to science to break the ice...good job!
I think that it is for more likely that the super continent at the time simply saw a more normal glaciation than a Snowball Earth. Since all of the ocean floor is long subducted, we are missing evidence from 70% of the globe, and have only spotty rock deposits on land from the time. Also paleontologists have found tropical algal mounds and other plants in the fossil record before, during , and after the event that are still extant today. While this hypothesis cannot be excluded, I think less drastic events are more likely.
I am rather partial to the Slushball Earth, with the glaciers reaching down to the tropics, but only seasonal ice and maybe slush around the equator.
You have to realize that we aren't quite sure where the Continents were at the time, since it makes the assumption that the magnetic poles have always been where they are now.
But with that assumption, that does place many landmasses at the Equator or tropics, meaning the ice sheet would have to reach down at least that far.
@@VelociraptorsOfSkyrim In referring to the magnetic poles, might this rule out the cycles of the sun shifting or switching the poles?
Just curious, I watch the Suspicious Observer channel & the 12,000 year sun cycle is emphasized greatly. TY
...have to agree the snowball earth idea cannot be presented as fact because there's to many loose ends and accurate dating for such old materials are highly unreliable.
....but extremes and wild speculation are more entertaining....
that's what I dislike about this channel and it's sister one about the universe. it just doesn't qualify whether something is a hypothesis or a working theory, but presents stuff as already settled.
44:46 "We are currently witnessing what happens to the Earth when there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere" - an excess compared to what? Because one compare it to various levels during Earth's history and come with different excesses - sometimes huge, or even with deficits.
Human civilisation hasn’t existed with CO2 levels this high…
@@allangibson8494 But these high levels aren't presented as a threat to human health, but as a threat to Earth's ecosystems, which may not survive the climate change and perish along with the humans. I think this is alarmism and is mostly politically motivated.
@ Earths ecosystems will survive. They have survived worse.
Human civilisation is way more fragile.
The mortality rates may even reach the 99% seen 930,000 years ago when just over 1,200 individuals humans survived globally.
Excellent video. Your scripts are great, and your narration style is wonderful, with an almost poetic quality.
He means with an almost moronically poetic "quality".
Dear google.
Please stop with the 'context' banner. It is not useful to viewers with discernment. We don't need your input thank you. We will form our own opinions based on reasoned analysis of the facts. ))
I would like the presenter to also explain how several of the ice sheets mentioned are in fact expanding rather than contracting. Further, how is it the current temperature average is lower than the recent peak in the late 1990's. Further, I am curious how dramatically higher co2 levels millennia ago, occurred before human industrialization, particularly considering co2 only represents 0.04% of atmospheric gas chemistry. Further to this, how did the most recent glaciation period (peak about 30,000 years ago), recede in absence of any industrial human activity. Just interesting how narrative and words such as 'could', 'may', 'might', 'should', are used in the same sentence as data modeling projections paid for by the plutocracy. Such use of wording implies fact when it actually infuses opacity to any argument of logic. Not sorry to present some logic here, so no apologies needed.
Amazing series.Can't get enough of it!
After noticing that Basalt is being proposed as a reservoir for carbon dioxide storage and notice the correlation on Venus between vulcanism and CO2 and that presumably volcanism on Venus is mostly basalt shield like, I speculate that one of the reasons the Earth totally Froze up for so long is because there was a relative cessation in subduction and hot spot activity and contributions of CO2 from basalt/silicate sources dropped. The notion being that without the basaltic CO2 contributions, there was not enough CO2 for heat from the weaker juvenile sun to be captured and maintain surface temperatures above freezing.
Think Permian extinction events when there are many reports of Siberian Traps and indeed Australian basalt contributions that have been recognized relatively recently. There are many reports of high atmospheric CO2 that accompanied the Permotriassic event.
In a word...I say it's the Basalt! Blame it on the Basalt.
Earth would have been essentially the opposite of Venus. There are interesting discussions regarding the contributions of radiogenic heat early on for intervals corresponding to several prominent unstable isotopic half lives. Then following a schedule of isotopic degeneration within the mantle/core, I suggest therw was something of a switchover to other processes. It is somewhat analogous to what happens during stellar evolution. First Hydrogen fusion...then Helium...then gravity factors into the proces...etc.. That being the case on Earth too......the contribution of heat we currently experience may well come from heat liberated during mineralogical transformations within one or more layers of the earth. We have essentially used up the radiogenic heat and now rely on heat of mineralizing reactions.
I see what you mean. I’m trying to increase my dietary basalt, along with magnesium and coQ10.
I see what you mean. I’m trying to increase my dietary basalt, along with magnesium and coQ10.
I see what you mean. I’m trying to increase my dietary basalt, along with magnesium and coQ10.
I see what you mean. I’m trying to increase my dietary basalt, along with magnesium and vitameen A.
Radiogenic heating never stopped. It is still one of the strongest candidates for keeping the core and mantle warm. Even in early Earth I don't suppose it would be much stronger, at least not enough heat the surface.