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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 14 ต.ค. 2024
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In Cretaceous times (around 100 million years ago), North Africa was home to a huge river system and a bizarre menagerie of giant prehistoric predators -- including the Spinosaurus, a dinosaur even more fearsome than the Tyrannosaurus rex. Nizar Ibrahim uses paleontological and geological data to reconstruct this “River of Giants” in surprising detail.
Lesson by Nizar Ibrahim, animation by Silvia Prietov.
The new discover about Spinosaurs makes this river even more wonderful.
Dino B. Agreed!
What is the new discovery?
QwertyBoiTZeen they found that the tail of Spinosaurus was shaped more like a crocodilian than a theropod. Not exactly the same, but similar (longer, flatter, more like a paddle). So the tail is more suited to life in the water than previously thought. It seems to imply that Spinosaurus was even more aquatic, spent more time in the water, than we previously thought, maybe even spent the majority of its time in the water.
@@randomname1251 They compared the tail to a newt instead of a crocodile, they even said that the quadrupedal Theory is unlikely now as when it did go on land which it lost likely had to eventually, to sleep, lay eggs, or what ever else, as it still had legs for walking, but the tail seems to be longer than other therapods, which it was also more muscular, so they were even saying it is bipedal now as well, the tail allowed it, it also stood a bit more upright than other therapods, meaning it could still stand up really well if it needed to defend its self, I would say Spinosaurus went on land with a fish, if we are assuming it's like a crocodile, it can't swallow things underwater due to the valve that stops water from flowing in, but there is still more to learn as it is, but I think it's unique, way more than other Dinosaurs.
If only it would just stop frickin changing(joke)
How I wish I could go back in time to see these creatures with my own eyes....
And get eaten by them as well
All of us do your not alone
If you had a camera, you could make millions off of the photographs.
And then get violently ripped to shreds
yeah, I went back to see My T-rex yesterday，it was ok.
ted ed please make more videos like this on dinosaurs n other extinct species
tyson thao yeah please we interested in this
Our kids are gonna watch plenty of videos about extinct species that died from us changing the Earth's climate
Yeah prehistoric animals have always been so intriguing to me.
tyson thao Extinct mammals PLEASE
citizengiants T
*EDITED COMMENT TO UPDATE INFORMATION*
Those "Multiple _T. rex_ -sized carnivores" they mentioned are :
1. _Sauroniops pachytholus_, a ~12 meter long carcharodontosaurid known from an isolated frontal (Cau et al, 2012). The frontal is the same size as that of the largest known _Acrocanthosaurus_ specimen (NCSM 14345) which has a total body length of 11.8 meters and a mass of 6-7 tons (Bates et al. 2009).
EDIT : Ibrahim et al. (2020) find _Sauroniops_ to be a nomen dubium. It's a large-ish theropod but supposedly it might be referable to _Carcharodontosaurus_
2. _Carcharodontosaurus saharicus_, another carcharodontosaurid known from several associated skulls (described by Stromer 1934; Sereno et al. 1996; and Sereno and Brusatte 2008). SGM-DIn1 is only a partial skull and it seems the animal is at least slightly larger than _Acrocanthosaurus_
3. _Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis_, about the same size as and _Carcharodontosaurus saharicus_ (Brusatte and Sereno 2008).
4. A large, indeterminate coelurosaur (possibly megaraptoran?) known from a large femur that's been referred to _Bahariasaurus_. It's a bit complicated, this one. It's definitely _T. rex_ -sized based on the size of the femur but no one knows with certainty whether it's a large megaraptoran or not. _Bahariasaurus_ itself is a nomen dubium as per Ibrahim et al. (2020) and the big femur has been referred to _Deltadromeus_ making _Deltadromeus_ one of the largest non-tetanurans now.
5. There is a potentially 9-meter abelisaurid described by Alessandro Chiarenza published in PeerJ. See : peerj.com/articles/1754/
I know 9 meters and 2 tons is far from _T. rex_ territory but it's still huge.
6. _Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis_, another spinosaurid from the same formation that's known from some cervical and dorsal vertebrae as well as some quadrate material from Morocco (Evers et al. 2015; Hendrickx et al. 2016). The vertebrae are comparable in size to those of _Suchomimus_ which happens to be over 11 meters long. peerj.com/articles/1323/
Ibrahim et al. (2020) find it a junior synonym of _Spinosaurus aegyptiacus_ though.
Luigi Gaskell it’s also worth mentioning the extremely large sauropods that also roamed this ecosystem such as the eagyptosaurus (even though the original skeleton was destroyed), and the extremely large paralatitan, a titanosaur that was so large it rivaled even its cousin argentinosaurus as the worlds largest land animal.
Luigi Gaskell yeah sigilmassasaurus was one of the Dino’s they mixed the spino bones with when they made their chimera spino
@@superiortroodon3112 Yes, but from both skeletal and trackway-based evidence, it appears that large theropods were by far the most abundant dinosaurs in the region and greatly outnumbered the sauropods, while ornithischians seem to have been almost absent (only evidence being a few ornithopod trackways).
@@Ozraptor4 and bahariasaurus
@@alexx.476 Bahariasaurus being one of the large theropods.
welcome to Cretaceous Park
Yeah, Cretaceous Park sounds more scary. I remember learning about the Spinosaurus when I was a kid, and it scared the crap out of me!
John G. Imagine spinosaurus in Jaws, way more horrifying
Indominus Or in Lake Placid.
Funny because most of the dinosaurs from Jurassic Park lived in the Cretaceous.
Rotodex The Paleontologist Instead of Brachiosaurus.
The Animation on this one was too good. Once a sub always a sub Ted-ED :)
I focused on the Spinosaurus for my final paleontology project last year and Ibrahim's papers were so interesting and helpful! Great video!
Ahhh I hope to be able to do that in the future! Spinosaurus has always been my favourite dinosaur
The music, the animation in this video are great, it really gets you hyped along the narration with the facts.
Finally, confirmation from a respected scientist of what I have suspected for many years, that dinosaurs and other contemporary species were cartoon-like in appearance.
This guy's voice is my favorite voice from TED-Ed
aside from his charismatic talking voice,he is quite cute too :)
i'm moroccan, lived and studied in morocco, and i never knew we had that diversity! thank you))
Satisfied this video is exactly 4:20
its 4:19 for me :3
lol you're both terrible
The Good Guardian How does telling the truth makes me terrible?
its 4:19
Natural Air with a whiff of anime,and it says 4:19 for me when I click 4:20 it brings me to the ads part of the video and on my screen it says 4:19
"What have I done" - Asteroid
You just created the most dangerous animals on earth
-someone who's talking to the asteroid
Damn, life was badass back in the days where my grandpa lived
hol up whats his name i might know him
3:00 Now that's a weird date
I had worst
EpileF Felipe oof
Mate of Spinosaurus : I'm in love with the shape of you . :D
shape of Yee
@@tvbnine793 LMAO
Dinosaurs are awesome, and I can't lie.
And we just got an updated understanding of Spinosaurus revealing that it was even more adapted to an aquatic environment that even the last interpretation.
Yeah dude trust me the spino neighbor is swimming all the damn time
@@badtriceratops1867 And your always eating my plants
@@speen9430 YOU NEED TO RESPECT THE PROPERTY LINE
@@badtriceratops1867 And you need to stop EATING THE GRASS THAT I HAVE PLANTED
THESE SEEDS DONT COME CHEAP
@@speen9430 your BUSH is OVER the PROPERTY LINE
DONT MAKE ME CALL THE HOA
Bassicly Australia??
Luka Topić nah this sounds too safe
This meme is old.
"Bassicly"
Luka Topić Without the venom and poison
Everything lived in relative harmony with everything it didn't eat, of course it's not australia.
That was a stunning animation. And the music too! Beautiful.
i want to ride these ferocious predatory dinosaurs of Cretaceous Sahara
Tell Me This play Ark survival evolve,you can tame your own spinosaur
when you get high enough level for the saddle that is and the darts to know them out, but some of hte mammals will still wreck your shit, like dire wolves and dire bears, which are like wolves and bears, but dire
if I told you that you will be dead befor you get on that's true from meat eaters
Tell Me This they will chomp your face off
choose an ornithomimid
Iamyouonlydifferent How exactly?
Ted-ed please make a video on the Carboniferous period, as more people need to know about the birth place of Reptiles, and the golden age of terrestrial arthropods/bugs.
The art on this is absolutely beautiful. The artist did an amazing job.
If I had this amazing animation and soothing talking voice when I had my history lessons at school I would of paid more attention w. Just love the whole channel makes learning and history fun. Could listen to you guys all day. I look forward to the next video 😀😃😄
Did you know I most Saharan languages Sahara means desert so that means the Sahara desert really means desert desert
This has been in my recommended for 2 years now, you win I’ll watch
Awesome Animation
Spinosaurus is AWSOME. Fave Dino since I was 4
When I was a fetus
My fave is the veloceraptor
Finally some prehistoric TEDed, nice video.
Also, why no mention of Sarchosuchus, the biggest crocodilian of this diverse prehistoric environment?
didnt live with eachother sarco was already dead
I love the animation! Looks like something out of "Samurai Jack".
2:51 If only they knew about that tail
The animation 's moving are awesome!!
It's so real🦖🐊
I love dinos! happy to have auch an intresting episode on dinasours
I really love the animation in your videos.
Might wanna update this video, spinosaurus has changed yet again.
I really love this animation. It's so fluid!
Fun fact: Scientists now think that Spinosaurus was aquatic.
Your actually the first non-dinosaur rlated channel that called creatures like the itchyosaur a marine reptile. It's beautiful to litsten to.:D
Not all Dinosaurs died out during the K2 mass extinction. Small avian dinosaurs survived and eventually evolved into birds.
I think everyone here all ready knew that.
@@hippieskye8794 and more to that, the video doesn't even say that all the dinosaurs died.
Teachers should show one ted-ed video every day
Love this channel
Toby Pitchers me too
3:25 It would be a miracle if a Spinosaurus Skeleton was ever found that was anywhere near that complete.
Honestly Spinosaurus is my most favorite dino of all time.
Overrated
@@randomgirl3396 that's ok! You might have a different opinion than me and that's fine! Not everyone agrees 😊
I just love that we finally got a full complete tail of spinosaurus
Yay you got the spinosaurus accurate!
TheNicFish 910 nobody knows what spino looked like the skelaton was no where near complete
Synchronizes up surprisingly well with Toto's "Africa"
You came here because of the video on Fresh Paleomemes, didn't you?
@@LuigiG145 Yep!
thumbnail spinosaurus
*gee i wonder what his favorite dinosaur is*
oh god, spino fans incoming..
Or maybe he was proud with the way the spinosaurus was designed in this video
Oh god are you a cringy trex fan?
This video was amazing thanks Ted-Ed!!!
I just came here for my favorite dinosaur Spinosaurus.
>:(
Loved the animation on this and the music was spot-on too.
ahh its nice to see my fav dinosaur in this vid the *spinosaurus!*
>:(
Ted :Spinosaur was a ferocious hunter
Meanwhile 2020 Spinosaur:
Just an sailed alligater
I want another Jurassic park movie now
Jurassic World 2: Fallen Kingdom
this animation is sooo satisfying
Tbh im more fond of the Spinosaurus rather than the Tyrannosaurus Rex
Yes trex is kinda boring while spino has unique features
@@ultradragon999 as if they existed for you... Like what does boring even mean? They were amazing predators both and existed in their settings and not for anything else
Hey guys what about dilophosaur the older theropod
@@iop3907 nice to hear that you still love the mighty dilophosaurus
>:(
Great animation! I think you should check the accuracy on some of the creatures though.
Welp the spinosaurus in this video is now inaccurate
My grandpa always tells me stories about Cretaceous period. He was fond of his pet suchosaurous Timmy
Not enough feathers on the theropods also spinosaurus was quadrapedal. Good job with everything else thought :).
First of all they did portray Spinosaurus as a quadruped in this video (even though a quadrupedal Spinosaurus is outdated) and the animations were fairly good. Also its "theropod"
Asadel H. well the quadruped spino isint outdated since that discovery was in 2014
Ilija Mitrevski they did show spino as a quadruped also spino was able to swim
Killerfang 1 I never said that he wasn't able to swim and he isn't quadrapedal here 3:22
Asadel H. he isn't quadrapedal here 3:22 and sorry for the misspelled word I'll correct it
Gorgeous animation
Spinos
>:(
@@badtriceratops1867 ( ͠° ͟ʖ ͡°)
OK but the beautiful animation of when the dinosaur falls out of the sky. the animators you have are top notch
Dinosaurs had feathers
Very few dinosaurs had feathers, none in this video would
Beep. Wrong, or maybe wrong we do not know. Acording to most research papers and so on, most dinos are thought to have had some kind of covering, maybe not always like the feathers that we know today but other types of coverings that were "earlier versions" what we know as feather today. Dino-fluff kinda.
None of the dinosaur species portrayed in this video have even a sliver of evidence for possessing feathers
lots of dinosaurs had feathers but none of the ones in the video had any. especially not Spinosaurus.
@@lotteri9768 Most ornithopods had no plumage. Anklyosauria had no feathers. No ceratopsids had feathers. No stegosaurids had feathers. No sauropods were feathered. Carnosauria members were not feathered. Carnotaurus is proven NOT feathered. No spinosaurids had feathers and neither did any carnosaurs.
Only some dinosaurs had feathers like dromaeosaurids, tyrannosaurOIDs (but not Tyrannosaurus as it's a tyrannosauRID).
You made the spinosaurus so damn memeworthy 🤣
That derpalicious look on its face is priceless
3:58 are these eye balls in the ground
I love the animations!
Quadruped Spinosaurus is not accurate
I love this comment
It is better as a quadruped
Aaron Campos no it’s not
riot it being bipedal would make it harder to hunt along the rivers
Aaron Campos I thought you meant description wise like how it looked. I didn’t know you meant how effective it was at hunting. It was probably biped when walking on land and quadruped when in the water. It definitely was slightly submerged when hunting fish the way you’re thinking of.
The animation of this video is really beautiful!
spinosaurus wasn't 15 meters long it was 18 meters long!
Latest findings shrunk its size a bit from what we know, or rather, knew about it. Relax at 15 meters its still the longest Carnivorous dino there is.
Brief edit; a new discovery could prove that it was 18 meters long, or at least maybe a hanful could get to 18 meters. Though a bit doubtful, its still possible.
I know this is old but spino is now 12m
Athina Mohammed no it’s not , only some specimens are around that size like FSACkk 11888 , the largest we possess is still 15 meters
Jason Voorhees I think they say that the specimen was actually siggilmas ,we won’t know until further investigation
18 meters is very outdated. 15 meters is max, not even the common length.
I love this animation and I love Dino's and the animation style plus I just love this so much I can't stop
2:51 Aaaaaand now this video is inaccurate
The art in this video is amazing!
All hail the real king!
Super Mario Logan Fan try to ignor anyone who says otherwise spinosaurus is a beautiful creature so is t rex.
I've alwaysed loved the animation style and the colors you use here are pretty.
rawr im a diwosawr
raaaaaafuckyouaaaaawr :3
Beep beep Im a sheep
Meow Meow I'm a cow
The Anima lol
Dinosaurs didn't roar
Animation was great. Really good job!
T. Rex not having feathers? :'(
actually i think it was carcharodontosaurus, T-rex lived in north america a few million years later
it's pretty easy to know.
T rex had closely related cousins who had feathers.so the chances of it having feathers is very high.
Step by step guide on:
"How to find out if T. rex had feathers or not"
1. Take a look at this chart agentlemanscientist.deviantart.com/art/Direct-Evidences-of-Integument-in-Tyrannosaurs-596729871
2. Understand what phylogenetics are.
3. Research T.rex's environment for about 10 minutes and then compare it to Y. Huali's environment
4. Understand how (proto)feathers work.
Now if you have followed the steps closely, you will have figured out that
T. rex, almost certainly had feathers.
Even if I have a job to keep and sparking a conflict is largely futile, I still feel strongly compelled to point out how incredibly stupid and condescending you sound.
'How to find out if T.rex had feathers or not'
1) TREY the explainer is a charlatan and a huckster who is about as credible as Jack Horner's Pure scavenger Rex theory. He only does one thing well and that is parroting whatever new speculation is pumped out by people obsessed with the idea of a NOVEL and NEW view on dinosaurs.
2) Phylogenetics is not your God, it is one tool among many in order to INFER what an extinct animal might look like. Using one tool of pure rhetoric against hard evidence is a fool's game.
3)Yutyrannus is a 1 ton animal incomparable to Tyrannosaurus. It's mass and volume (specifically it's surface area to volume ratio) is like comparing a greyhound to a kodiak bear. Rex reached 6,7,8,9 to 10 tons in weight and was absurdly thick-set with a chunky skull, barrel chest, thunder thighs and bulky tail. Having been endotherms with high metabolic rates, their internal temperatures would have scaled up like a mammal's. Besides being distantly related (possibly not being related at all), Huali lived in a cold forest with heavy cover while Rex was about as cosmopolitan as a cougar (who does not change pelts from a snow leopard like cover to a lion's near bareness, even while being a fraction of the size.)
4)Protofeathers were primitive structures resembling wire with little to no resemblance to their modern forms.
It's 5 different species showing the same integument type on their bodies (all with masses surpassing the opponent), the largest being 30 cm across vs. 1 one, small outlier that may not even be a tyrannosaur.
Now if you read the points and some possible supplementary readings, you will have figured out that T.rex, almost certainly wasn't a Deviantart furry OC resembling a shaved bear (looking at YOU, Saurian).
first trex was a mesotherm not a endotherm.
sceond even then the structures of feathers were quite complex so it's entirly possible for t rex to have feathers that colded it off if needed.
but even if t rex was a endotherm and had filament feathers the elephant agurment still doesn't hold water.cause mammoths had fur and were large animals and the only reason elephants don't have fur is cuase it is hot where they live.t rex didn't live in a aera where it is hot and would of been fine with fethers.
also t rex probably wasn't that chunky and would of been quite agile based on the fact it's bones are howl like mordern day birds,it had excellent eye sight and there's evidance of it hunting.
Always a pleasure to hear your voice.
i liked bipedal spinos
SeekerOfTruth it is bipedal the quadruple stance was debunked
The animation is too good
Watch out for all the Spino Fanboys.
Including me.
that avatar...
>:(
Ah..the good ol days...
Great video!
i love this and the animation, but its disappointing to see glaring inaccuracies like pronated hands in a video ABOUT EDUCATING people on dinosaurs.
y e s
Not very many things are much more fun that learning the science of dinosaurs
Hey! Isn't that Nizar *Ibrahim*? The guy who actually _ruined_ the predatory dinosaurs of the Cretaceous Sahara?
The animation is so epic
Us mammals, quite LITERALLY, lived under the shadows of dinosaurs? name one mammal who literally lived under the shadows? or am i missing something?
😒
Jay Kay stop making faces at me -_-
I think he meant the only existing mammals at that time were small.
jdy fjgj what was the point of you going to school if you wont answer my question but rather mock me for not going to school. At least i am asking a question here.
Daniel Mbaabu i know that. But "literally" isnt the right word for it
Spinosaur and BG music just love. It
I like how megalodon or shark ate the pliosaur
Shrek Megalodon didn't live with the dinosaurs.
Onion Juice I know I was talking about the video with the megalodon
I met this guy in person and got his autograph, really great guy.
If you say "first" then you're unoriginal.
last!
original enough for you bitch?
Infomaniac
Well everyone knows I'm original because I never say first. ......Crap!
Infomaniac
you might even say: you're a Dinosaur!
Infomaniac 12th
This video is so beautifully animated, and interesting
POKEMON ULTRA SUN AND ULTRA MOON!!!!
Wrong video.
Bukan Hamid
Already?
Wrong video x2
Wrong video x3
Wrong video x4 the wrongness intensifies
This is the best Ted Ed animation period
I kind of want to have lived back then, it must have been awesome to see all this going on. I can't even fathom how long ago that was. 100.000.000 is an insane number.
absolutely brilliant
I love the animation in this video.
Spinosaurus was a knuckle walker, it was to front heavy and it is also supported by the small back legs
what a beautifully animated video!