Quantum Color
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 9 ก.ย. 2024
- The idea of electric charges and electricity in general is a familiar one to the science savvy viewer. However, electromagnetism is but one of the four fundamental forces and not the strongest one. The strongest of the fundamental forces is called the strong nuclear force and it has its own associated charge. Physicists call this charge “color” in analogy with the primary colors, although there is no real connection with actual color. In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln explains why it is that we live in a colorful world.
Thanks so much for the shout-out to Wally Greenberg!! I had him as a professor years ago and didn't realize his important role in the development of the strong force. I teach math and physics now, and have several memories of him. The most potent of those was when I asked him why the Lagrangian he showed associated with the Standard Model was the one we should 'go with'. Why isn't there another one? His reply was something along the lines of: 'What else do you have? It needs to be Lorentz invariant'. That fixed all of my confusion immediately. I should have a footnote here about supersymmetry and string theory, but that wasn't part of the class... his response was perfect for that situation.
My teacher and my class are like : WTF is he saying everytime i talk about science all because of you and michio Kaku. Thank You for making me smarter and pump out more of these videos!
Prima shit and I thought I was the only one
We need to start coming up with better names for phenomena we discover. That is, names that don't already have specific meanings in our language, so as not to cause the inevitable confusion that is certain to follow.
Actually, it makes perfect sense to name it color charge. Every physics student knows that you can't interpret these as "real" colors of the particles.
That is not the point. Color is visible. Period. Find another name for the charge. Same for information. Every science defines information as data plus human interpretation. Not physics. For physics it is just data. That is confusing.
@@ronaldderooij1774 So if it was called "Chin" "Chan" "Chun" you would be happy?
@@GP-qb9hi You've got the idea. Using the term "colour" does frustrate the process of intuitively grasping the concept for those not steeped in particle physics training.
It's like the Chinese keeping silk technology secret. This is just some inside joke particle physicist like to play so us dummies don't know what the hell they do all spending billions of dollars.
Whenever I start to think I'm the smartest person I know I watch some Fermilab videos to keep my ego in check.
❤Thank you very much Dr Lincoln.
Someone in a dream of mine was trying to tell me about "anti-colors" and I've been down a rabbit hole with this stuff now and quantum electrodynamics. Good videos, man
you know there actually are already anti colors used, they happen to be used for the anti quarks! they consist of anti red, anti blue and anti green, and together they equal 0 just like red, blue and green do in the proton/anti-proton for example !
Love your guys' content, this channel is so underrated :))
THANK YOU PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!!
Thank You! Your ability to communicate these concepts is truly wonderful
nice video, very well explained. I think that the approach from "how it was discovered", used in this and others of your videos, is surprisingly effective and entertaining. Other channels tend to visualize too much the concepts instead, sometimes misleading the audience . Keep up the good work!
Please keep making videos. I can't get enough!
Now please explain the Pauli Exclusion Principle. I get that no two quarks can exist in the same place with the same properties. But are these quarks in the same place? What does "place" mean in the context of the exclusion principle ? ANd does Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle affect the "same place" aspect?
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Great question! I would like to see an in-depth video that really explains why there actually is something like the Pauli principle.
In quantum mechanics every property is considered its own dimension in so called hilbert space. Time and 3 directions are just 4 of those dimentions, others being for example momentum-space, charge space etc. In context of Exclusion principle two fermions can't occupy the same position in the hilbert-space.
When elementary particles form compound particles, what actually happens is, that they form standing waves. Good example of this are atomic orbitals like in this picture: scienceconceptions.wikispaces.com/file/view/ElectronOrbitals.png/426204672/391x302/ElectronOrbitals.png
Each orbital is just an area where the vibrating electron field (because electrons are essentially a wave) has big amplitude, and you can see that different orbitals actually overlap a lot. Having the same position in this sense basically means being part of the same compound particle.
In this atom all the orbitals occupy the same position, but they differ in mode of their vibration (they have different momenta in different directions), thus they occupy different positions in hilbert space.
Pauli exclusion principle essentially says, that fermion-based waves of same frequency can't add in amplitude, unlike boson-based waves (sound and light being macrosscopic examples).
The rationale for the concept of color can be highlighted with the case of the omega-minus, a baryon composed of three strange quarks. Since quarks are fermions with spin 1/2, they must obey the Pauli exclusion principle and cannot exist in identical states. So with three strange quarks, the property which distinguishes them must be capable of at least three distinct values.
In quantum mechanics, all the measurable information associated with an object can be derived from it's quantum 'wavefunction', this includes things like position and momentum. Now consider the wavefunctions of two identical objects; if they are both bosons then when we swap the objects they concern, there is no change.
However, when we do the same for fermions we introduce a minus sign. This is called 'exchange symmetry/antisymmetry' and is the reason we end up with these two families of bosons and fermions.
We can add multiple bosons with the same wavefunction, however we find that the probability of finding two fermions with the same such wavefunctions is zero. This is the property that is forbidden by Pauli.
Same place means quantum number
So electromagnetism has two charge states (I.e., positive and negative) while the strong nuclear force has three charged states (I.e., red, blue and green). Pretty intuitive stuff! Thanks for the video!
Gravity has only one and I think Weak interaction has a lot more.
There's also anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue charge. So 6 charge states.
What function do (if any) doe the UUU,DDD,SSS, and other non Proton,neutron particles play in the universe ? Are they stable in any configuration?
So what you're saying with the colour analogy model is the instrument that detects colour sees no colour when all 3 colours are combined ? How did we detect colour in particles ?
@@das250250 No, they decay pretty guickly. By the way, they also have spin +3/2.
Keep up the great work!!! Love from Belgium!
Beautifully explained and clarified ..thanks a lot sir love from an IITian from India
Want to offer that "color charge" could possibly be understood as the "orientation" of regular EM charge.
According to Kaluza-Klein theories, as popularized by Professor Lisa Randall, what we perceive as "charge" is really motion in higher dimensions. "Charge" also comes in units of 1/3, such that an electron has a charge of magnitude 1/3+1/3+1/3, up quarks of 1/3+1/3, down quarks of 1/3, neutrinos of 0.
If every large macroscopic dimension "XYZ" had a corresponding small microscopic dimension "xyz", and if "charge" represented motion in some/all/none of those micro-dimensions "xyz", then an electron's 1/3+1/3+1/3 charge could be understood as motion (back-and-forth) through all three micro-dimensions. Similarly, an up quark's 1/3+1/3+0 charge vector could be understood as motion through only 2 of those dimensions. But, which 2 of the 3 could change, and the states:
1/3+1/3+0 = red
1/3+0+1/3 = green
0+1/3+1/3 = blue
are "isomorphic" to the "color" states recognized. Likewise for the (anti)down quark:
1/3+0+0 = blue
0+1/3+0 = green
0+0+1/3 = red
And the requirement for "color neutrality" could be understood as the requirement for all combined charges to total 1/3 (be spread out as evenly as possible) like an electron:
1/3 + 1/3 + 0 (up, red)
1/3 + 0 + 1/3 (up, green)
-1/3 + 0 + 0 (down, blue)
----------------------------------
1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 ("white")
According to this picture, the electron could possibly be viewed as "color neutral" ("white") not "color-less", in contrast to the genuinely "color-less" neutral non-charged neutrino. "Color" charge could be viewed as an "orientation" of regular EM charge in extra dimensions.
The "color charge" of gluons could be understood similarly, with the recognized family of gluons being "isomorphic" to the set of:
1/3 -1/3 0
1/3 0 -1/3
0 1/3 -1/3
...
etc.
by the emission of which quarks' orientations could change:
1/3 + 1/3 + 0 (up, red)
-1/3 0 1/3 (gluon, anti-red + blue)
----------------------------------
0 + 1/3 + 1/3 (up, blue)
An extra three "sub-space sub-dimensions" (associated with the three macro XYZ dimensions) could be (broadly) consistent with String Theory and the Warped Extra Dimensions models of Prof. Randall.
The production value of your videos are getting alot better. Great video as always.
Great video, thanks!
This was really enjoyable. Thank you!
Thank you, you're awesome!
Sr awesomely
Explained helped a lot thanks.
Here's a suggestion. If you reference if the speaker references other videos, put links to those videos in the description.
The Pauli exclusion principle is also the reason why neutron stars don't collapse into black holes.
Thanks a lot for this simple explenation
This is a really interesting topic.
Very felicitous shirt. And not for the first time -- Nice!
😢the video was too short I needed more ... Sirr thankyou
Gluons are the explicit force carrier you're talking about right? Color just denotes quark/gluon interactions in a less esoteric way, if I am inferring this correctly. With of course a special exclamation on the canceling out thus "White light" analogy.
I know QCD is a thing, and though I really don't understand much about it, I of course always knew what color in that capacity meant, but I always wondered why they called it color in the first place. They called it color in order make the analogy from primary colors to white light make sense? That's interesting, and it does totally make sense.
Thanks Don, and Fermilab for another great video. I hope to learn something from each and every one of them, and you never disappoint. DFTBA.
Color is reflection, and maybe the electron might not be ending up needed to the electron microscope for approaching things without the push threat on a smaller scale, the uncertainty principle precaution.
2:53 This is why fermions are called “matter particles” -- because matter is made up of them taking up space and not collapsing all together.
fermilab, please put your videos in playlists. or at least make a playlist for these short highly informative nutshell videos. trying to find and watch in a comprehensive manner is like playing Hucklebuckle Beanstalk.
More videos with Don boy please
Sir you are great
Great man
Very good
@Fermilab Am i wrong or there is no need for chromodynamics if we just say "any stable quark construction needs 3 axes of spin, whether charged or neutral" This also explains 3 flavors of neutrino, one for each axis.
Neutrino mass is its spin working in lambda, vacuum energy.
Actually there are six color charges the other three are opposite of the first they are cyan, yellow and magenta. And if we take divergence into picture the strong nuclear field has to respond in six different ways to every charge which spins my head
Thank you
An 'up' quark has a charge of +2/3 and a 'down' quark has a charge of -1/3
Please make video about spin.
the omega particle? Every Starfleet captain is briefed on Starfleet's Omega Directive.
What are the properties of the other Baryons beyond the protons and neutrons? Why don't they have as major of a role in nuclear physics as this two?
Dear Don, thank you for the videos about QED, QCD and quantum colors. Partical physics is not my field of research but is of great interest. Question, what is the theory called about the weak nuclear force?
great video! except one thing I've never really understood is what the number of spin actually means. Like what does it mean when something has a spin of a half. I kind of understand the general concept of what spin is but just don't understand this. any help?
To say a particle has spin, is to say that if you mark a point on its surface and rotate it, that point will face you every so often. Some particles will rotate only halfway before you see the mark you made on it, and some will rotate twice before you can see the mark again. That is what particle spin numbers refer to.
@@h7opolo : The spin has nothing to do with physical spin. It simply means a physical property which makes them behave like a magnetic dipole. A spin of 1 means, 1 times reduced planks constant. They call it spin of 1 for simplicity.
How did Gell -mann Come to propose three quarks , D,U,S ? I assume they saw particles in collider that portrayed different characteristics but what were the initial ones seen ?
So they dont really understand whats happening but use the "color" idea to describe?
What is it about these certain combinations of quarks that give rise to different nucleons or other weird particles?
I feel the color analogy is a bit weak because the different combinations of quarks end up with different overall properties, which isn't analogous to light combining to be 'no color.' Even if the 3 colors cancels, they make a proton- something that isn't neutral (it has an electric charge and a strong force) which is unlike something that should have no color.
does this mean that there are 3 distinct protons of each possible color combination? if so do they behave differently?
I love the show. The way it is presented is awesome. The intro graphics are cool. BUT the music in the beginning makes it sound like I am about to watch some sort of 1980's video about how to be a team player in a generic corporate office somewhere in middle America. It reminds me of the kind of music you would hear if you were just about to watch a short movie about sexual harassment in the work place. As I said, I think the show is great, but that music really should GO!
I apologize for my previous comment because I enjoy learning about these things so much, but I felt someone just had to tell you the truth.
I personally like their style of videos, never change Fermilab!
ayyy lmaoo i have a test about this tommorow ty
What is the most iconic color for quantum?
still too much noise and statics in background when he talks.I tried different browsers and different qualities but the problem still exists.Does anybody else have this problem or is it just me? by the way this is the only channel that i have this problem with.
How do you know what quarks are in a proton? I mean, they might have been different before you collided them...
Can the electromagnetism analogy be extended further? if so does "red" affect green and blue differently?
[05:48] How much 'passing' space is there between quarks...in the proton, or neutron, or...?
and how many quarks can one cram inside a baryon while still being stable?
How can you test the exclusion principle with color over spin?
does white light from a led made with blue and yellow phosphate split into all colours or just blue and yellow? 🤔
I don't understand how the exclusion principle still stands. Color is just an analogy being used here. Looks like quantam mechanics throws us for a loss again.
Why not magenta, yellow and cian so they make black?
will there be a video about strong charge for more detail about the topic seems very interesting
+ScienceNinjaDude yes but I want more :dd I have seen all of his videos
great video, BUT question.
I often hear that two identical particles cannot exist in the same place, and the reason is always because this guy Pauli said so. What is the actual physical reasoning behind Pauli's exclusion principle?
Also, all of your videos are amazing, I am watching all of them and I watched your whole great courses series.
I don't have the answer to your question, but as for the Pauli exclusion principle it doesn't limit itself in a "same place" specifically it states that no 2 fermions can have the same quantum state at the same time. You can see quantum states as different characteristics of fermions, like you can have electrons in the same energy level (n=1) but at least 1 of the quantum numbers have to be different.
In my experience, for electrons, this also means that they can't have the same energy. Something interesting happends when you have 2 atoms of the same element in a close space, take a ZnO crystal for example, where you have a repeated sequence of Zn and O in a 3d space. Normally the configuration for the Zn atoms would have to be the same, since it's the same nucleous and it has the same quantity of electrons. Since they're so close together the electrons "scooch" a little in their quantum states (and energy) so they can't be exactly the same. You can see similiar electrons as a group and this consideration gives birth to the electron band theory.
@@Drunkturtlesack wow thank you. electron band theory. i will read a little about that.
What does a gluon have as a color charge?
does quark spin affect eg the proton's spin?
Wait, is having no colour the same as having all three colours?
First scientific youtube video with no downvotes. Gotta be some kind of record!
Who down votes such videos?
Hey, don't insult the troglodytes!
"These aren't the droids you're looking for" - Oddly The Force quarks only seems to have two colors, Light and Dark. (Unless there's a third I'm missing, is anybody an expert in The Force's Quantum Chromodynamics?)
Aren't Quarks smaller than wave length of light. how can they have color?
The 'color' he's talking about has nothing to do with the colors you see
Thanks for replies. So, if color is place holder term for the strong force, why are there 3 of them. If they indicate the strength of the strong force they experience, which color is stronger than which one?
So, hi. I know, it is one year apart, but maybe someone's watching this video and can be answering the question.
So you and Lincoln said the "Colors" cancel each other out so they combine to 0. Everything clear to that point, but Spin has been mentioned and if there are just ...,-1/2, 0, +1/2,... (adding und substracting by 1/2). That means, maths wouldn't function and the colors wouldn't cancel out (≠ 0), if they're not in a special set. So there can't be +1/2 (red) -1/2 (green) -1/2 (blue) = 0, but +1/2 (r) +1/2 (g) -1 (B) = 0, right?
Just wondered about it, because I haven't found any Theory by a sienctist mentioning this. If there is any, could somebody send me a link or sum it up?
The spin of a proton is 1/2.
Also, quarks don't have integer spins.
up down strange charm top bottom, if you dont know what a quark is it dont matter you still got em'
It's COLOUR!
Professor, you make physics sound easy.
Oh! So if an UP particle has a spin of -1/2, which inturns makes it an DOWN particle, but since it has an (-) which in turn declares it an UP particle, but being contrary to the animation, everything is still UP. Okay I get it now!!
+ScienceNinjaDude well, I'm still going to leave the science to the smart people 🎓🎓🎓🎓 lol
so they was looking for some strange strange strange?
Thats all nice and all... but with the entire universe of particles, you cannot tell me there aren't duplicates. not with so few "properties" to it.
Same place is. What
I think about star wars when I first time hear force
Maxwell is a boss
Before colour was invented... Quantum physics was black and white
Epicycles within epicycles.
Ω- sounds realy strange to me
Dr. Don can I get your e-mail because I always have some ideas in my mind that I want to share with you.
I wanted to know what this feature is but i got tricked into watching a chemistry lesson. (Joke)
Colour*
:p
are you from Europe or something? that's how we spell it where i live
invention of color charge? discovery of color charge more like.
Dumbest question in the comment section: where do you get those shirts? Like "QGP is hot", I would buy one
you sound like the high priest explaining that god exists.
Your music is ABSOLUTELY AWFUL . Please stop it. It is annoying, distracting and very very very UNPROFESSIONAL
Annoying music slapped on by a total amateur