Superalloy - A Material That SHOULDN'T HAVE BEEN CREATED!
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 30 ก.ย. 2022
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Now I am going to tell you more how about such a unusual material as superalloy. - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
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I did a guided tour at a german turbine manufacturer and they told me the turbine blades are made out of monocrystalline material and they use a casting technique with a crystal starter to get a single crystal. Machining is then done with erosion technique and extremely precise grinding because the weight of each blade has to be exact so there is no vibration and imbalance.
Interesting
Ti-Al
Was it MTU Aero Engines? I worked there :)
Was it inconel or something exotic?
My dad used to work at Rolls Royce and they started doing single-crystal titanium turbine blades in the 80s or early 90s. The previous stage was getting the crystals to grow so that they were orientated along the length of the blade.
I have also heard of this! Seems like a lot of materials and a lot of time to fashion and create such a scientific war machine, but it also makes me wonder how the Germans got the time and materials beings it was the ending of the war!
This is the best chemistry channel on YT and the guy explains scientist's level stuff in basic and understandable form, kudos 👍.
i'll let periodic videos, nile red/blue and that bowtie guy know they need to up their game! 😃
That was incredible! You should do an episode about single crystal superalloy turbine blades. They're even more durable and the manufacturing process is super interesting. Might not be something you can demonstrate at home though.
Good luck with that. Most of the info on that system of manufacturing is still a very closely guarded secret
demonstrating that at home is very unlikely, you need very specialized machines. single crystal alloys arent necessarily hard to do as the alloy itself but rather creating the environment to cause the alloy to form a mono crystal is the issue.
@@ph11p3540 I hate trade secrets so much lol.
@@ph11p3540 Other than the black magic metallurgy the process for single crystal growth is simple enough in concept, it only gets fiendishly complex when talking about how you actually implement it. When the liquid metal alloy solidifies it will tend to solidify along an existing crystal. This means if you have the mold cavity tightly thermally controlled you can use a corkscrew shaped passage in the mold to start the cooling process. Before the corkscrew as the metal solidifies it forms many crystals as you'd expect but as it's solidifying up the corkscrew the geometry of it favors the crystal on the inside edge so by the end of the corkscrew that innermost grain has overtaken the others to form a single crystal.The hard part of implementing this is dealing with the precise thermal gradients, temperature control, vacuum casting, etc to actually keep the solidification process consistently along a single crystal growth boundary.
Bismuth is pretty good about growing large crystals, it might potentially work to show that corkscrew method working in bismuth although I don't know if there's an easy way to show grain boundaries in a solid piece of bismuth like you can with etching steel. It might be possible to make a plaster mold and demonstrate the difference between the corkscrew passage and no corkscrew on the crystal growth as an amateur.
For anyone interested in the topic there's this video that gives a bit of the history of turbine blade manufacturing, th-cam.com/video/1zHSK-Nlaz0/w-d-xo.html and an excellent video by AgentJayZ th-cam.com/video/jCb6-LGfeHg/w-d-xo.html
@@AndrewMerts 6:12am how would have know the metals cause such reactions.
😊
You're the coolest scientist on the internet right now 💯
Much better than what Nile Red has turned into. I wouldn't even call him a scientist or chemist anymore. More of a sh*t posting channel that lost its way. Thank God for Thoisoi2!
Thoisoi, applied science and Nilered are top tier science channels, wish Nile still made full videos tho
@@NotaWrxTrek Nile is more of a chemist lab science
100% hes got a cool science channel
Both Thoisoi and Nile are great but Nile still doesn't upload
I wish I was half as much of a backyard scientist as you. You are one of the best channels.
I remember my excitement as a high school student when I visited an engineering metals shop and was given a sample of an inconel alloy.
At one point I put it in a vise and tried to hacksaw a piece off....and tried is the word for it all right...
;^[}
Start by investigating what your real name is.
I’m an aerospace welder and we build the jet engines for cruise missiles and small private jets. It’s amazing the different materials and alloys we use.
used to work for PW ;-)
And what are these alloys?(and what are the recipes?(and what are the exact ratios?))
@@magicsasafras3414 don’t think I can tell you that hahahaha
Important correction: Young's Modulus (AKA Modulus of Elasticity) does not change much with temperature, the Yield Stress does. Hot steel is nearly as stiff as cold steel, but the amount it can deform elastically is much less.
Also, I don't think aluminum powder is capable of reducing titanium dioxide, I think you need magnesium powder for that.
Might be some temperatures and/or pressures where that changes, but yeah, for shirt-sleeve conditions titanium reduces aluminum, rather than the other way around.
@@awashburn6944 I guess I'm thinking that most metals are not used at temperatures where their young's moduli start to deviate much from their room-temp value, but you've got a good point for high-temp alloys.
This is among the best channels of its type on YT.
Well, thank you for all this information and your hard work. You do it right. The best channel for chemical perspectives. Thank you so much
Inco is fun. it welds like a stainless aluminum blend.
I worked at an electron beam welding shop for a few months and that would punch a 2"+ deep weld with a 0.02" heat affected zone. We were doing things like welding parts of the rotating assembly of 737 max engines and things like that. it was really fast too, like 100+ inches/min. at production speeds. if you tried to slow down, the weld would "fall out" because it was overheated. the beam would just slice right though and into the other side of the part. the whole process was done under high vacuum in a giant chamber, and the beam is steered with electromagnets. the welds would offgas inco and vapor deposit it in the chamber, so we had to swap out glass slides to see, and the lights inside the chamber were mirrors on the inside and just dull gray on the outside instead of you know... releasing light.
You've sent me down a rabbit hole
Electron beam welding sounds like black magic to my tig welding ass
@@embersaffron5522 lmao, I ended up leaving that job before I got trained (problems on their end)
But I got to tool around with the machines, and yeah, they are nuts. They operate in high vacuum, so the roughing pump was a 10" roots screw blower, and the main pump was an oil diffusion pump. It's as high a vacuum as you can get without lab equipment. The beam would collide with the air
Everything is done with rotation and oscillating tables, as the beam is fixed like a lightsaber. You're looking through basically a rifle scope mounted coaxial to the beam. The beam is shaped with magnetic fields and can be a fixed point, or made to spin in a circle, ellipse or a line. The tracer power to sight in is enough to etch material.
Cranked up, we had a 4" round billet of titanium they used as a focus blank and it looked like a church candle 🕯
My favorite part was that it made metal vapor deposits all over the inside of the chamber. Even the light bulbs were mirrors.... The wrong way (crunchy outside, all the light reflected inwards)
The scope had a piece of quartz on a slide so you could keep a clean section on the part
Thats absoutly incredible. I know a bit about electron beams on liek the sterilization and medical side. But to pump enough power to weld metal is so cool. Did they ever show off with ot to the newbie or anything?@@seldoon_nemar
Written by three Russian metallurgists, with a trove of experience in Al-Li alloy development and processing spanning many decades, Aluminum-Lithium Alloys (part of the Advances in Metallic Alloys series edited by D.G. Eskin) provides the theoretical foundations for melting, casting, forming, heat treatment, and welding of Al-Li alloys, so critical in the design of lightweight, high performance structural elements used primarily in civilian and military aircraft and aerospace in general. The book reviews the work done on Al-Li alloys since the 1960s until today,
Titanium constitutes around 30% of the aircraft's
Tu-160M2
Collier Trophy
I am pleased that your hand has healed. Your work and videos are great. I learn much. I study quantum physics and you teach me about the chemical side. Thank you.
In 1987 I was privileged to sit and listen to Chuck Yeager give a speach. And during the speach he spoke of the first time he ever broke the sound barrier. He said he done it while diving in a piston driven airplane.
As soon as I hear "Helloo Everybody!".......I know exactly what time it is. Thoisoi time!
I would love to see you attempt to forge this home made alloy just remember to heat it as you hammer it to prevent cracking. I'm a welder that have worked with many different human made metals, and I get quite a kick out of playing with new and unusual metals. Love the Chanel and this is yet another exelent video keep up the good work 👍
My right upper femur ball joint (hip) is an inconel alloy. Guaranteed not to rust, bust, bend, tear nor rip at the seams!
I love your videos but you missed one bit about the turbine blades that they are often grown from a single seed crystal to improve strength much like silicon wafers :)
If it involves thermite it's a chemistry win!!! Exciting reactions! 👍
Some more exciting than others, avoid copper.
Thank you! That is a lot of work you put into these wonderful videos. You are awesome!
Great visual demonstration. Thanks
"afterburner, when an engine works like a rocket" A surprisingly short, informative and useful description!!
I am a aerospace welder and I happen to be certified to weld 718 inco it's a neat metal
What's the pay range of said job and how much extra training over welder?
How about a follow up video covering crystal control when casting super alloys, how a cold block on one end of the casting mold and a hot kiln on the other end creates linear crystal growth, like a bundle of rods. The addition of a pigtail after the cooling block forces the multiple rods into mono crystalline structure. All of that happens before the solidification of the cast blade itself, which will be mono crystalline. Mono crystalline castings exhibit the greatest strength and stiffness of super alloy turbine blades.
The inability to create mono crystalline super alloy blades prevents the chinese j20 from achieving super cruise. If they want to fly as fast as Americans they need to use after burner, which gobbles up fuel and provide a great signature for heat seeking missiles. Making their stealth plane, non stealthy.
I appreciate your detailed answers. Do you know anything about DU depleted uranium ordnance?
The only thing I can think of that comes to mind is harder than inconel is an unpopped piece of popcorn
Great video, but that cat at the end was the icing on the cake. What a cutie!
I love your channel. Please don't ever change.
Superalloys are really inspiring
Did anyone notice the structure of Inconel. It looked very similar to the stones they used in building massive structures thousands of years ago. The stones they used were of all different shapes and sizes, and they were almost earthquake proof, because of that. His statement, saying that because of their shape, they were pretty much locked into place.
Strange how primative ape persons got lucky like that.
@@johndelong5574 this is a chemistry channel, put your racism away
@@snakewithapen5489 Your virtue is duly noted.By the way, what race are apes?
You can make a video about refractory materials such as Hafnium and Tantalum Carbide.
Really enjoyed your video Thoisoi. Thanks!
I have a handgun made with scandium/aluminum and titanium alloys and the thing is so light that it seems like a toy at 1st, but has very punishing recoil with full pressure loads. It's so light it uses a pocket clip instead of a holster 🤣
I certainly wouldn't carry it that way, handguns should always be carried with some kind of trigger protection.
@@logicplague2077 I can see how you would say that, but the belt covers the trigger and it's more secure than the expensive holster I bought for it, and other guns I've been carrying daily over the last 35 years, this one for 17. 👍
@@bendeleted9155 Fair enough, as long as it has something.
? What pistol is this? Not that I need an excuse to blow even more money on my firearm collection....
@@DropTheHammer556 S&W 340 pd models
I like the Aperture shirt, nice throwback to Portal and very fitting of the channel
Awesome work dude great detail and demonstrations
Inconel is also used as material used to grind other materials because of its toughness. There is however an issue, it looks like cast iron after it's been used for a while. The problem isn't cosmetic, the problem is if it gets recycled, the material won't melt into iron. The results are billets of iron that are unmachinable because the cutting tools keep being broken off.
It's a real problem
you'd think they used a magnetic separator... Inconel isn't very magnetic
Excellent presentation and the Comments are excellent too!
As always, very informative.
Great video, thanks.
As someone with an obsessive interest in making complex devices, I loved the neodymium magnet fix for the induction heater. I very much want to build my own induction heater soon, and I know it'll be far from the efficiency of a commercially available one, but it's nice to remember that whatever I end up making is in fact subject to the same laws of physics that those commercial ones are. That the potential problems those can potentially have aren't any more or less silly than the ones my DIY build will inevitably have.
Outstanding video as always, and your English spoken accent is a fantastic fit for the highly technical subjects covered!
Excellent video. Thank you
I was a gas turbine mechanic in the navy. Those little holes on that example you shows lets bleed air through and makes a cold blanket of air that insulates the blade against the heat keeping it from reaching those high temps.
Quite a brilliant introduction to super alloys. Thanks
I'm a machinist, and got a print for an in-house part to be made from non-magnetic stainless. Pick it from scrap, the supervisor said, so I picked my 25 mm bar and chucked it into my lathe, a South Bend made in 1930, leather belt drive and HSS tools. It burned the HSS, so I put a carbide tool in, and the carbide also burned up. Turned out, someone put a piece of 718 in with the 316L by mistake. The boss forgot where it came from, too! It was a whole meter long, it must have cost $1000! And he forgot about it! I got to turn this piece into refractory molds when an order came in for 718.
Best science channel in YT! 🙌🏽
Nice video about special alloys. Thank you Thoisoi2-san :)
excellent video, keep up the good work
Great video as always...
Straight outta this world performance and characteristics!
Extremely interesting video. Congratulations !
Some of the key improvements to Inconel, for use in the first jet engines, were made in England by Leonard Bessemer Pfeil. I've often wondered how his parents chose the name!
Not as bad as Isambard Kingdom.
@@trespire Kingdom was Brunel's mother's maiden name. Bessemer was a famous metallurgist (sorry if you knew that), Pfeil senior was an accountant.
I've heard a story that somehow some plant-touring Russian scientists stoled the material composition of that Inconel material by intentionally walking to the metal shavings at a lathe when a sample was being prepared for testing and then analyzed the shavings when they returned home.
@@davidschwartz5127 That's not a story. That is a well established trick to steal chips / dust / gold.
One way to prevent such industrial espionage is to provide "safety shoes" to visiting guests.
@@trespire Not as good, I say!
Great vid ! Thanks!!
Good job
Thank u for this informations
Thank you that was very interestimg.
From just the simplest of his tests of the metals it’s definitely showed that the carbon steel that’s most often what sword blades of decent quality isn’t the worst choice. Especially along with price. I can’t imagine what an actual sword blade of approximately 30-40in and 1.5in wide would cost made of the super alloy! Yet I would bet that it would last for a very, very, long time. Plus also hold its sharpness for longer than other metals as well. I am certainly NO metallurgist by any definition, but I do understand the basics of metals. This was incredibly informative! Thanks! I only wish I had the ability to work with such metals and forge them into various things. And it would cost a small fortune! And that’s only if I didn’t burn the house down too. Awesome video!
I'd like to see some experiments with the alloy you made vs that strip you bought. That was a cool termite reaction.
Termites be different over there...
@@guarami1 😁
@@guarami1 Hey. Don't make fun of my Canadian accent lmfao.
9/11 was the best example of a thermite reaction.
no point, he didn't get anywhere close to making inconel lol
at least he apologized to materials scientists, it's a big understatement that it's more complicated. As disappointing as it is for a youtube video, you can't make superalloys in your backyard. Unless you spent millions of dollars equipping your backyard..
This is like a Project Farm video! Love it
Awesome thanks for sharing
I used to make super alloys and vinadium is one of those rare ingredients used in turbine engines and we would induction melt under very high vacuum using oil pumps if that helps
I was expecting your cat at the end. I was not dissapointed. 😆 Thanks for this cool video.
I'm a big fan of F1. Can you make some video of the materials used there? Thanks!
Thank you for the share
Boss you are a great educator. Great Successes Many Blessings 🤘🏼
It would be nice to make kitchen tools and/or knifes with that super haloid. If you can, ask to your friend blacksmith to he can help you (I'd like to see what he could make). Very good video program as always. 😀👍
Inconel and other superalloys are not suitable for making knifes because they are too viscous and don't get sharp.
@@Thoisoi2 I see. Another elements that I thought are plates to cook fast food, pots and trays for oven. Do you think Inconel would be good for those things that are used in direct contact with flame? Thank you very much for your answer. 😀👍
@@FedeG86 Kitchen stainless steel is good enough and much more cheaper than superalloys. They are used primarily in special conditions.
I´m surprised that out of all the comments here, Thoisoi chose the one about kitchen utensils to respond to :D
Amazing video, well done :)
The pictures of the metal crystal structures was super neat!
The crystal structure shown was from a single crystal super alloy, not IN718. IN 718’s structure looks much more like a stainless steel, which isn’t surprising since it’s basically stainless steel with some of the iron replaced by Nickel. It’s technically an iron-nickel superalloys. The iron was removed in more advanced superalloys.
I work with inco everyday. It’s damned impressive material. Thanks for the video!!
Former sheet metal engineer.
"designed" a mold for "bending" the outer edge of Inconel 625 sheets so they could be welded into round tubes easier.
It had to be done in one go due to it hardening further with every cold deformation.
Also reprogrammed a laser driller to cut holes under a angle of 20° in the flat state of the sheet.
thank you thoisoi.
I would love to see you do "a Magma alloy" Video By melting down differnt stones together to see what you come out with. Like mixing Tigers eye, quartz,lapis lazuli,amethyst,Jasper,and Agate. As long as your foundry can get to Between 600 and 1,300 degrees Celsius you can melt rock. I am honestly considering getting a Propane Foundry to try this myself. Great videos man! Love the Science!
Very Interesting Video, Thanks For Posting. 👍
Great video!
Yea, great video again. Keep up the great work.
Nice to see a channel with so many subscribers not begging for money.
You should do a video on high-entropy alloys!
Really cool and interesting video!
A very impressive and interesting video.
Excellent video, cool shirt btw
Would this alloy help with Tellurium embrittlement for MSRs?
You should do some research into the strongest metal alloys ever: maraging steels
He never mentioned strongest alloy.
I think he mentioned it as heat resistive alloy
@@bapibarman7484 No im saying he should make a video on maraging steels aswell.
this super alloy is pretty close to it anyways
Drilling any stainless with a pistol drive doesn't work well, stainless tends to work harden really quick so it needs a high feed rate and not allowing the cutter or drill to dwell or it'll work harden straight away and won't cut
The ME-262 was the first but the Tommy’s think they were 1st!😂😂😂😂😂
The secret to powered flight, for the Wright brothers, was the aluminum engine. Previous attempts at a glider with engine used steel engines that were simply too heavy for the designs of that day.
The Wright brothers actually painted the engine black to try to hide the fact that they were isn't aluminum.
I have worked alot with machining inconel 718, if you want to drill it you need slow rpm
8:30 i cant wait to taste it!
Thank you' Great video!That's an incredible accomplishment! Im wondering if 'Graphene' in any way' is a possible 'additive advancer' of super alloys?! Thanks again! 🖖🌎🌍🌏🕊️
Beautiful video, Very educational, and by the way your English has improved 100%. Thank You.
I love termite reactions 👍
15:43...the blades of the compressor are each the opposite direction to the previous row.
Hold 2 child's windmill sticks, one in front of the other with the blades capturing the air orientated in the same direction and blow..then turn one of them back to front and blow again.
it makes a difference.
also, did you mention the single crystal metal casting process which is designed such that the metal crystals within the alloy form from a single crystal meaning all the metal's structure is aligned in a single direction makeing it incredibly strong in the orientation that the blade is fixed into the disc?
You had the right idea with the induction heater, only, you need to do it under a strong vacuum.
I fell asleep for some of it.
Also, electrosprak/EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining) technology used to drill the holes into the leading edge of the blade for the film-cooling process which happens while the engine is in operation is also pretty cool.
The blades of the rotors are in the same direction, the stator blades in-between the rotor blades are in the other direction. The stator blades were not shown in his animation.
it feels like they just mixed every element that has some good qualities and got a satisfying result
Hey, that’s chemistry/metallurgy. You can try to estimate the properties of a metal alloy, but you can’t be completely certain until you’ve actually made it
Why is zirconium oxide ceramics so tolerant of high heat and durability ??? Would you be able to clarify that question Thoisoi2. Very informative video Sir. Look forward to your scientific style fella too.
A very common alloy is aluminum/magnesium, used to make mag wheels for cars.
It was originally developed to build ships but an incident at the end of the second world war where a torpedo hit the engine room and the METAL ship started to burn.
They had all that metal laying around for years until someone started using it for mag wheels and I have not heard of a mag catching fire yet. . . .
Thank you for your program
TGC
Blessings:)
fascinating
Monel Inconel and Hastelloy because nickel keeps the metal in gamma prime phase.
Cobalt is key to everything. Cobalt is the only high temperature metal that can make all high temperature resistant and high temperature melting point alloying ingredients to dissolve completely together and having no alloying flaws in terms of unmixed particles of alloying ingredients.
I'm rrally curious to learn about the resulting composition, and the characteristics, properties (and microstructure) of your homemade alloy!!
I just visited the Wright Brothers hangar last week. Pretty cool stuff. That plane could be dismantled to fit inside.
Fascinating. I wonder how is its conductivity? Is there a mixed alloy as well that conducts better than pure copper or gold?
Instructions unclear .. now I have termites … 🐜
Seriously dude be proud of your cool accent, it’s so distinctive!
6:30 , reminds me very much of the videos that you see of thermite reactions on the TH-cam channel "The Gayest Person On TH-cam". He has posted many, many videos of different thermite reactions and is my go-to for thermite knowledge. He's a great friend to have as well. 😃
this is a really cool video
I had a plate of iconel similar to yours but a bit thicker. Ended up cutting knife blanks out of it with the waterjet cutter at work. That will slice and dice almost anything 🤓😁
how did you sharpen it?
The molecular structure of the superalloy reminds me of how the walls are put together at ancient south American sites with the irregular shapes that cants move past each other locked in place