India, China, and Southeast Asia: the Story of the Rise of Hindu States in Cambodia and Malaysia
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 26 มี.ค. 2023
- In this video, I will be exploring the history of the influences of India and China within the Southeast Asian states of Funan and Chenla in Cambodia, Champa, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia in the first millennium. As well as, its relationship to rise of India and China within Asia. Please join for this interesting history!
- บันเทิง
Man, I could talk all day about the history and contributions of ancient/medieval Southeast Asia, going over things most people wouldn't know.
First off, Southeast Asians did not enter the Indian Ocean trade after Indic influence, but had always been involved. The Austronesians in particular were master seafarers and introduced some of their seafaring technology to India, China, the Middle East, and Africa such as junks, double outrigger canoes, the lashed-lug technique, and catamarans.
Technologies like the fire piston and the blowgun were also invented in Southeast Asia by Austronesians and went on to influence/inspire the industrial deisel engine and the fukiya of Japan (the ninja blowgun).
The crossbow may have also been a Southeast Asian invention as there is some linguistic evidence to suggest it may have originated with Austroasiatic peoples (not to be confused with the Austronesians I mentioned earlier).
It's remarkable to think that, although Buddhism originated in India and most Buddhists in the world are Chinese, the largest Buddhist temple on Earth is actually Southeast Asian: Borobudur temple in Java measures 60,000 square meters according to the Guinness World Records.
Angkor Wat in Cambodia isn't merely the largest Hindu temple in the world, but the largest religious structure on the planet period, measuring 401 acres as per Guinness World Records.
Although Angkor Wat is a Hindu temple, architect Jacques Dumarcay believes it also exhibits Chinese architectural influence especially in its arrangement of galleries at right angles. Another example of Chinese influence in Khmer architecture is the guardian lion, which can be found in many Khmer monuments spanning from the Chenla period to the Angkorian period.
We often talk about Indian influence in Southeast Asia, but not so much about Southeast Asian influence in India. In addition to the seafaring technologies I mentioned earlier, Southeast Asia also introduced new advancements in hydraulic engineering; the Khmer Empire built huge reservoirs called barays which inspired the Cholas of India to build their own (source: "A History of India" by Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, page 160). Southeast Asia also introduced certain foods like betel nut, bananas, and cinnammon.
Just as the Cholas invaded Southeast Asia, Tambralinga of Malaysia invaded India. Of course, conflicts between India and Southeast Asia were extremely rare as their interactions were overwhelmingly peaceful.
A scientific paper published in 2022 found that most Southeast Asians have partial Indian ancestry, with the Burmese having the most at 12%. However, all Southeast Asians including Burmese form a genetic cluster with East Asians like Japanese and Chinese, whereas Indians form their own cluster. This might be surprising as most laymen might think Southeast Asians would lie halfway between Indian and East Asian, due to their heavily Indianized culture. But that's not what the researchers found. By the way, the paper is called "Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations."
Europeans did not introduce guns and cannons to Southeast Asia. Chinese did (they invented gunpowder, after all). Southeast Asia adopted gunpowder technologies from China and then manufactured their own centuries before European arrival. For example, the Philippines and Indonesia built pre-colonial cannons called lantaka and cetbang while Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia also developed their own gunpowder technologies.
Chicken is the world's most common source of protein, and nearly every chicken in the world today traces its DNA to the first chickens ever domesticated by humans. And where were the first chickens domesticated? You guessed it, Southeast Asia.
There's so much more I could talk about, but it's simply too much. Southeast Asian history is so criminally underrated when you consider all the things they accomplished and all the contributions they've made to the world.
Wow, that's a lot of fascinating information. Lots of interesting things I am interested in following up on. Thanks!
For the comment readers:
Many things in the high culture in Southeast Asia must be attributed to Austroasiatic influences, with mixes of Austronesian (Javanese, Balinese, Peninsular Malay, Sundanese, parts of Borneo and Sumatra are all varying degrees of 20-60% austroasiatic descent and ancestry, after intermingling and assimilating by Austronesians coming from Taiwan, note, there's no large scale migrations of AUSTROASIATICs AFTER Austronesians, they were already there BEFORE Austronesians).
And as we must emphasize CLEARLY: the culture is INDIGENOUS for us, but with SOME Indian and Chinese influence,
NOT Chinese and Indian culture, with Southeast Asian influences. Southeast Asians have their own achievements.
Buddhism and Hindu influences go much deeper than "Indianization, adopting." We can go further and say there's Austroasiatic influences well into central india and may have impacted Hinduism small cults, developments, and then they transferred and reinfluenced us by way of developed Sanskrit, Pali, and writing systems, religion, and more.
*With anything, we cannot just say "oh this influenced that" rather, there's part of this influence and development, then re influence and development.
We can even possibly connect Sindhu (south asia, india, indic region) and Sundaland ancient cultures. Sundaland is a sunken landmass that encompassed western SEA, and only sunk 10,000 years ago, and there is suggesting that Austroasiatics dispersed outward after Toba Eruptions and subsequent flooding. Keeping in mind, these two regions are in the same biogeographical, climate regions, so similar flora and fauna, and certain animal species, foods, spices, can be found here.
(Keeping in mind, negritos, hoabinhians were here already as well.)
Javanese and Khmer temples are very similar, as is Cham and Mon, Malay. It could be syncretic of indian ideas, but a strong indigenous concept, such as usage of Indian / Hindu gods carvings, and hindu stories and fables;
and even the equating of deities with native so called deities (like naga, serpent animism being equated with indian nagas).
And for those wondering about Thai culture: they use others without giving credit. And no. Indigenous Austroasiatic culture and clothing, crowns, and ideas are NOT Indian. Thai people are a mix of Mons, Khmers, Tai Kadai (Lao included), Burmese, Javanese, Malay, Chinese, Indian, Westerners, so they believe they are unique.)
I do not think there's chinese influences in angkor wat, it might just be coincidental.
There's serpent, and other things that are indigenous animism prior to Han Southward expansion.
OPINION:
And southeast asian buildings "look" east asian, because, SEAsians, are, genetically, east asian, they shared broad similarities, so houses and buildings with this like LAYERED outward going, rectangular, shaped buildings with spires and points and each part of the building going outward, being smaller than the centre, front, main part of the building
could very well be INDIGENOUS. It doesn't have to be Chinese influence. It could be SEAsian original.
Chinese style sinosphere buildings would be that of Korean and Japanese, Viet, Chinese.
But any building in SEA with spires, pointed edges, layered building style, stacked, it could be a remnant of ancient past broad cultural similarities and animism influences, fused.
Check: Minang Rumah Gadang (Indonesia), Bali building structures (the stacked ones),
Khmer native buddhist temples (which, Thai also used for the Wat Phra Kaew Grand Palace of Bangkok).
And many others.
@@sriparameshwara3855 I agree that Southeast Asian culture is basically its own thing. Despite being Indianized, Southeast Asia just looks and feels different from India. From the music, to the customs, to the local beliefs/ceremonies, to the clothing, to the food.
And yes, genetic studies show that Southeast Asians are essentially East Asians, or only slightly different.
That is, they cluster together in PCAs because they share similar genetic substructures. This could explain why many aspects of Southeast Asian culture are similar to East Asian culture (honorifics, calling complete strangers "brother/sister" or "aunt/uncle" or "grandma/grandpa"). They're basically the same "race" when examined on a broader genetic scale that includes Europeans, Africans, and Indians.
A common talking point I hear from some Thai nationalists iis that Thai culture was influenced by Khmer culture just as Khmer culture was influenced by Indian culture. But this misses the point because it doesn't take into account the DEGREE to which Thais/Khmers innovated upon their respective influences. What I mean is, Thai and Khmer culture are far more similar to each other than Khmer and Indian culture are. In other words, it appears that Khmers were considerably more innovative when it comes to absorbing foreign cultures and creating something new out of them, whereas Thai culture is very similar to the Khmers that influenced them.
For instance, Khmers created the largest religious structure in the world, the largest preindustrial city, the largest artificial reservoir before modern times (West Baray), and created their own numerals inspired by, but not identical to, Indian numerals (whereas Thai numerals are identical to Khmer numerals). Things like that. Of course, Thai culture is still its own unique thing from Khmer culture, but it seems obvious to me there's far more similarities between them and Khmers, than between Khmers and India.
I was reading your comment with interest but after readig the section on crossbows, im going to treat it with heavy caution. i think its well documented that the Chinese had blueprints of the earliest crossbow designs. Can you provide some sources to back up your claims?
Nice :)
Gupta Empire was Golden era in India's history
0:38 The caste system was not adopted because it was not part of Indian culture. It was imposed on India by the Portuguese and British.
Hinduism is pretty crazy, gives you a better understanding of the universe!
Great video! Southeast Asian history is very interesting
Thanks! I definitely agree
Accidentally came across this channel and this is such a gem. Southeast Asia is very underrated.
Very glad you are enjoying them!
Greetings from Native Khmer in Mekong delta, Vietnam ^^
cast is a Spanish word which was introduced in India by Britishers according to their divide and rule for policies according to them lohar ( Blacksmith ) and etc.
Interesting
Thanks for watching!
the reason why Southeast Asia region influenced by hinduism and budism culture.. becuz of their maritime technology and trading of Southeast Asia countries. who dominated trade in southeast asia, indian ocean, arab nation and madagascar during ancient times.
Actually Indian culture also influenced whole of East Asia
@@nikkifrozen3814only a bit
Hi, fascinating video! Could you make one elaborating on the topic of women rights in southeast asia? thanks in advance
Woman had rights , they were the mechants and traders in the community
Missed the part where the Trung sisters are Tai and the Tang exuded some of the most influence beyond its borders and received the most influence beyond its borders of any Chinese dynasty and was territorially massive.
"Vietnamese people's independence" be like: using T-54 tanks and heli to crush indigenous Montagnard rebels armed with primitive sticks and arrows who just politely requested a little landback from Kinh settler colonialists
thai people have been in south east asia since the bronze age. aristotle and julius caesar were thai
i must say this man 1000% better then all those google worker
Wow I don't know this I'm From Philippines 😳🥰🙏🥰
people like you know about western point of view of India making a video
Why Chola attack Srivijaya?
Some major inaccuracies from the Vietnamese section.
1. Đại Việt didn't exist until after Tang dynasty. So China didn't invade Đại Việt. It invaded Âu Lạc.
2. China already incorporated Vietnam into their territory since the Han dynasty, not the Tang.
Poor understanding of Southeast Asia history comes from a white soy Coldwar techno-orientalist. Although Vietnam was subjected for several Chinese invasions, Vietnam was still a imperial power of its own and there were numbers of Sino-Vietnamese wars power by 3 (10^3) numbers of Vietnam's aggressive wars against its indigenous Montagnard Cham Khmer peoples and weak neighbours Laos and Cambodia during the last thousand years. (Actually Graham's numbers of Vietnamese invasions if we counted every single land encroachments by Kinh settler chauvinists against indigenous Cham peoples during 1471-1945)
@Neicha Reich the indigenous Montagnard and Cham peoples are quintessential different from what you listed "Coptic Egyptians," "Greeks".
1: the copts and greeks are white christian Caucasians, they're privileged, literal presented in everywhere in the mainstream flow of white-centric biased history and audience. The Montagnards and the Chams are black indigenous Asian Muslims and tribalists, the level of marginalization and discriminations they have are googolplex times those of "indigenous whites"
Why do they called it Indianization? We dont call the spread of the yellw river civilisation cultural political and religious norms to Japan Korea and Vietnam as Sinacisation or the spread of Greek culture to Italy Western Europe as Hellenization although the spread of the Greek Cultural political elite in the East is called as such.
We do actually. Hellenization era is refered of the Near East where even Jesus and Jews in Palestine spoke Aramiac Greeks. Sinicization were used as a term, though for political reasons, they aren't used as much. Westernization was used in Meiji Japan.
For why do they called it Indianization is due to the most archaelogists of SEA at the late 19th and 20th century are initially Indologists experts in Sanskrit. The highly influential George Coedes, looked at SEA as an extension of Indian cultural sphere, which made sense when Sanskrit was used extensively in manuscripte till the 14th century and all the local letters derived from Pallavian letters. India wasn't refered to as a country, but more of as an area and a culture.
The terms fall out of usage, when it made more sense to see the local developments of SE/East Asian states without tying to Indian/Chinese states. Modernization replaced Westernization. Hellenization is still used, because it is easier to distinguish between when it was under Egypt, Roman, Persian, Byzantium, Arab, Crusaders and Colonial.
you are showing the wrong map of india
Naga soma is austronesian tribe
We were taught our beautiful cultures were influence a lot by India. Don't listen to those certain people
It's a very good presentation and interesting information but Cambodian don't like this. Cambodians say All Asian culture is within the walls of temple.🤣🤣👍
Only Thai people say like that 😎
😂
@@kimyeol4505 India and Vietnam speak as well, hahaha😂😂
@@ezmanotf3358 India and Vietnam, but Thai fake accounts.🙃🤣
@@kimyeol4505 Yes, that includes your temple walls.😂😂🥰