Silver Cell Making Electrolyte with Silver Bars

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 18 ม.ค. 2025

ความคิดเห็น • 419

  • @Pablo668
    @Pablo668 ปีที่แล้ว +21

    I’ve said it before, but it’s nuts the amount of cement silver you have around the place. Always cool to watch these working with silver vids.

    • @ashchbkv6965
      @ashchbkv6965 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      It's truly more than the cement I have!

  • @mrtank1967
    @mrtank1967 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    You’re very easy to listen to and understand. As I’m not one that understands this. But sir I sure love your videos.

  • @riderofthewhitehorse
    @riderofthewhitehorse ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Silver will be the metal needed most for future projects. Stack, stack, stack. Refine, refine, refine! Great video.

  • @TrumpedUp888
    @TrumpedUp888 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You are a man with the tech! This is amazing how you make all that work. I've seen your end product , too. Your labor does produce a beautiful looking silver.

  • @ExtractingMetals
    @ExtractingMetals ปีที่แล้ว +7

    That cement silver “waste” accumulates faster than people can imagine. Especially when processing 10K gold. I actually save my cement copper and melt into bars also. I don’t refine it but might as well get a few hundred dollars for my impure copper waste.

    • @GoldenAura32
      @GoldenAura32 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Is that a simple process? I'd like to get into this in the near future.

  • @Sanzus2
    @Sanzus2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Always informative and fascinating! A heartfelt thank you for doing these videos!

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thank you!

  • @THR33STEP
    @THR33STEP ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Keep it up sir! More impure silver shot means more silver slimes. Refining the slimes are some of my favorite videos!!………Although stock pot refining is also. Maybe I like seeing trash turn to treasure but I know how much of a pain those processes are for you. Keep it up sir!!!!!!

  • @adam_clay
    @adam_clay ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Always so informative and precise, thank you for sharing all your knowledge!

  • @evebrassard3105
    @evebrassard3105 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    I have a question Kevin.
    Other than for demonstration purpose of potential contamination, why use commercially produced silver?
    You did state in a video a little while back, that you have had the pure silver you produce, already been assayed as 99.999% pure consistently.
    The quantity you are using here to produce electrolyte is a small percentage of the yield you get from the silver cell, I'm just curious as the reason of spending resources buying something you already have.

    • @greengoog22
      @greengoog22 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I was wondering the same thing. Seems like he paid a premium just for silver bars to make a video🤷🏼‍♂️

    • @ryanrickey5733
      @ryanrickey5733 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yes, same question. I thought you would use your existing silver crystals to make the electrolyte. I notice you and Mrs. Sreetips buy a lot of sterling silver. I would have thought you have plenty of silver crystals to use in your gold refining process. Therefore not needing to buy so much sterling.
      I will also compliment your thoroughness and attention to detail.

    • @pipeorganSI
      @pipeorganSI ปีที่แล้ว +1

      So at least we have seen that purchased silver in bars with 999 "purity" is not at all as pure as it is declared.

    • @LesFaul
      @LesFaul ปีที่แล้ว

      @@ryanrickey5733He sees silver as an investment and binge buys any silver he can get his hands on. He repeats it in almost all of his videos.

    • @menotume
      @menotume ปีที่แล้ว

      Because he can sell his silver crystals at about 1.5 to 2 times melt.

  • @stephenpalsha7100
    @stephenpalsha7100 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    I can't thank you enough for the knowledge you have shared with me! You are a gentleman and a scholar! #SreetipsForPresident

  • @Me-into-We
    @Me-into-We ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Ummm, quick question. So if your using the silver shot from your cement silver in the electrode. Then where did the pure silver you made into the electrode go? Cause you put a lot in there. Was it a necessary compound needed in order to make everything else work? Or does it also form out into crystals in the end? So there's no silver left in the liquid once it's done?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Ok, the 600g of silver in the electrolyte will slowly become depleted of silver because it plates out on the cathode as the cell operates. After a few days, I’ll add more silver nitrate to augment the silver concentration in the electrolyte. However, most of the silver that deposits on the inside of the cathode (stainless bowl) comes from the impure silver that I feed into the anode filter basket. Tomorrow morning when I go out there, the impure silver in that anode basket will have been digested by the current flow from the power supply through the cell. The current flow dissolves the impure silver in the anode basket, the dissolved silver passes through the filter and travels through the silver nitrate electrolyte and deposits on the stainless bowl. Copper also dissolves and passes through the filter but it won’t begin to deposit with the silver until it reaches about 60g per liter concentration in the electrolyte. That’s why the electrolyte turns blue as the cell operates.

  • @debcamp2359
    @debcamp2359 ปีที่แล้ว

    Its always a pleasure to learn more refining knowledge. Thx for the great content.

  • @josephcormier5974
    @josephcormier5974 ปีที่แล้ว

    This was an excellent description of the workings of the silver cell thank you for sharing this information with us six stars sir

  • @bustosricky
    @bustosricky ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks, this was the one question I had left out of the whole process.

  • @korpse6rinder
    @korpse6rinder 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    The comments are turned off on the new video. What do you think would happen if you ran it in reverse? If you molded a bowl from the silver shot and stuck a chunk of silver in the basket. Do you think it would grow one big crystal?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I don’t think anything would happen.

  • @Optimumlabsllc
    @Optimumlabsllc 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Amazing videos. I think I’m missing why you don’t use the pure silver crystals to make electrolyte. Also, what do you harvest in pure silver from?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      The electrolyte’s sole purpose is to provide a path for the silver ions that get dissolved in the anode basket to travel to the cathode, where they deposit as high purity silver

  • @youssefzouine8191
    @youssefzouine8191 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love your work. And the way things are explained. Thank you, sir, for this beautiful topic

  • @vancebradler1717
    @vancebradler1717 10 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Why did you use bars instead of your crystals for all of the proses?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  10 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      To demonstrate that you can

    • @vancebradler1717
      @vancebradler1717 10 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@sreetips thanks for the reply, your awesome and I love seeing what you do.

  • @travisnichols2485
    @travisnichols2485 ปีที่แล้ว

    Well the statement about the green electrolyte just answered the question I was just wondering in my head thank you sir as always gold standard of refining

  • @gossman75
    @gossman75 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    just curious. How much weight in silver shots do you produce when starting off with 968.9 grams? So far it's 30 ounces of silver? But what would your output be?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +4

      I’ll only get out in pure silver, what I put into the anode basket as impure silver shot, less impurities. For example, after about ten or twelve days, I’ll have added about 1.4 kilos on impure silver into the anode basket. When I harvest the pure silver crystal, I’ll get out 1.5 to 1.6 kilos of pure silver crystal. The extra silver comes from the 600g of silver in the electrolyte. No silver is being created out of thin air. I only get out what I put into the cell.

  • @ricknelson947
    @ricknelson947 ปีที่แล้ว

    Another great Master Class from Mr. Sreetips. Do you feel that you were taken advantage of from the silver supplier, or was the amount of copper within tolerance?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      It was just a trace, within limits.

  • @sherm3610
    @sherm3610 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Fantastic!! I really enjoy your videos. I was wondering if you have ever tried refining gold plated china. I have some broken pieces of a set that supposedly have 24 Kt gold on them. Could I send you some and watch you work your magic?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      It’s probably actual gold but the amount is so tiny that it’s not worth going after it.

  • @wrc1210
    @wrc1210 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    So am I understanding this right? The electrolyte you create from the "pure" silver bars is just to kind of jumpstart the process of purifying the copper-contaminated cement silver you recovered from the gold-refining process? If so, question: the amount of material contained in that little basket definitely does not look like the same amount of silver I've seen you harvest in other videos. Is that because you are constantly adding a little bit more cement silver to the basket as the cement silver is converted to pure silver crystal on the sides of the bowl so over time it adds up? What about the silver from the pure silver bars you used to create the electrolyte? Is that ever recovered?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      The sole purpose of the electrolyte is to provide a means for the dissolved silver to travel from the anode basket to the cathode where it deposits (on the cathode) as pure elemental silver. Some of the silver from the electrolyte gets deposited on the cathode as well, causing the electrolyte to become depleted of silver as the cell operates. That’s why I periodically add more silver nitrate. To both increase the physical level of the electrolyte and to replenish the silver concentration in the electrolyte.

  • @CLP_II
    @CLP_II 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you for making these videos Sr. Chief. Yesterday I watched the video where you explained how a silver quarter and buy a gallon and a half of gas. That is incredible. I never would’ve understood the value of metals if you weren’t have explained it that way. Thank you for sharing that knowledge. Can I trouble you with a question? I can’t find the video where at the end you called the gold company in Dallas and showed us how to sell the gold. What was the title of that video? Thank you so much. I ordered an electric gold tester to get me started. I too want to be able to spot a gold piece from ten paces. The tester will help me get qualified in gold recognition.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I think it was selling your gold to a big refiner.

  • @timsmith9645
    @timsmith9645 ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome video nice to see you put your silver cell in operation can't wait to see the results thanks for sharing sreetips

  • @Steelythestacker
    @Steelythestacker 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks again for an informative and entertaining video sir! My question, if I may, is how much copper would it take to make that color change you had when dissolveing those bars? Do you think those bars were true three nine fine silver? Thanks kindly in advance, and keep these great videos coming please!

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  8 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Probably less than a gram to turn it pale blue like that. Yes, I believe it was three nines.

  • @zackc3767
    @zackc3767 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    When do we get a time lapse of the silver basket?

  • @ericbeeman8717
    @ericbeeman8717 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Something u gotta try on a side project fascinating make purple gold 81.5% gold to 19.5 % aluminum mixed once it hardens up and u have it in bar shape it turns purple

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +4

      I’m a refiner. I work hard at separating the metals to get pure gold.

  • @marsbetelgeuse7599
    @marsbetelgeuse7599 ปีที่แล้ว

    It's really the best TH-cam channel I've seen about refinery. I'm watching every video 👌

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you!

  • @christianmcbain810
    @christianmcbain810 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Also how much nitric acid do you go through each month? I know reagents aren’t cheap but I’m just wondering about the volume of acid itself.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I use a case (six, 2.5 liter bottle) every six to eight months, depending on what I’m working on. For the silver, I use it to refine gold. So I’m killing two birds with one stone.

    • @johnmccormick650
      @johnmccormick650 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I say it every time you post a silver video that these are by far my favourites. There something magical about the silver cell, the colours and the way the crystal forms always fascinates me. Thankyou again for sharing your work.

  • @omicron0mega
    @omicron0mega ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks Mr. Sreetips, and meh, going to get copper in it anyway. If I may ask was that Chinese silver?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      No sure. Bought those from a private individual

  • @Critracer
    @Critracer 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    So I’m a little confused. You take pure silver and dissolve it to make your electrolyte in order to pull pure silver from your un-pure Is this so you can later pull the trace gold and Palladium from the slime that’s left in your cathode?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I made this video in response to those who asked what can be used to make electrolyte if you don’t have pure silver crystal. The sole purpose of the electrolyte is to allow a flow path for the electric current through the cell. And to facilitate the transfer of silver ions from the anode to the cathode.

  • @billseymourjr5472
    @billseymourjr5472 ปีที่แล้ว

    Another great video I enjoy learning more about how you do what you do.

  • @MaximZhukov-x8w
    @MaximZhukov-x8w ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Sreetips! ) I'm sure someone have already asked you this, but quick scan down the comments didn't reveal any answers, so here goes: Why do you melt sterling silver into granules instead of using it 8n its powdered form?
    It seems that it should be more efficient this way since the surface area of sterling silver in contact with electrolyte is considerably larger if you submerge powder instead of granules..

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I don’t feed sterling into the silver cell because it would quickly saturate the electrolyte with copper. Using cement silver powder clogs the filter and causes current flow to drop off rapidly.

    • @MaximZhukov-x8w
      @MaximZhukov-x8w ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@sreetips Got it, thanks!
      And I also must say that it has always pleasantly surprised me how often and how thoroughly and to the point you reply to comments - it makes your channel this much more special to me - good luck and keep up the good work! ))

  • @JamesKing-jw6hs
    @JamesKing-jw6hs 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Sree, sir just a few questions, I think I missed....so
    1: the solution,and ppm of silver in it, are what you are regrowing, via electrolysis?
    Or 2: is the solution, the motivation, I mean does it grow more than you put in?
    I'm really interested in this. As a novice jewelry maker. Thank you, thank you.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I only get out what I put in. The 600g of silver in the electrolyte provides a means for the silver ions to travel from the anode to the cathode. But some of the silver in the electrolyte gets depleted because it deposits out in the cathode as the cell operates.

  • @ZoonCrypticon
    @ZoonCrypticon ปีที่แล้ว

    @17:20 I assume, that the bucket with the silver weighs about 100 kg (minus 20% because it is loose powder -> 80kg). So you never take it from the table (except when almost empty) ?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +3

      I have three (a fourth started) of those buckets full of cement silver. I tend to get way behind on my silver and it builds up on me. Each bucket weighs about thirty pounds.

  • @SugarSandProspecting
    @SugarSandProspecting ปีที่แล้ว

    I have had that already when making electrolyte that it turned slightly blue while using older silver bars. Although it did turn clear after nitric was fully consumed. Bullion bars arent really as clean as one might think.

  • @gfhrtshergheghegewgewgew1730
    @gfhrtshergheghegewgewgew1730 ปีที่แล้ว

    judging from the silver cell anode basket filter recovery videos, there is definitely palladium present in the shot of the cemented out silver, but i'm really not sure where the palladium is coming from originally
    i guess the answer is probably just the jewelry and jeweler's scrap materials, but i wonder if it might be from the copper material instead

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Karat gold, especially white gold, is a known carrier of platinum group metals. When I inquart gold, the PGMs will tend to follow the silver and end up in the anode filter slimes.

  • @seanvanheusen2954
    @seanvanheusen2954 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Does nitric dissolve copper or silver faster and part two of the question which requires more or less nitric to complete the process thanks as usual a treat to watch yours videos

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Not sure which dissolves faster. But I know it takes a lot more nitric to dissolve copper.

  • @paulslund1
    @paulslund1 ปีที่แล้ว

    Does the silver in the silver nitrate also plate out as crystals, or does the resulting blue silver nitrate solution still have 600gm of silver in it when it's finished processing the silver shot?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      It gets depleted, plates out on the cathode, as the cell operates. I add more silver nitrate as the cell is running.

  • @jimwednt1229
    @jimwednt1229 ปีที่แล้ว

    What is your recourse for the copper tainted AG? I do remember you commenting on a couple of the bars of silver looking odd when they were first starting to dissolve.
    I wonder if Pouring silver into a mold that had previously been used to make copper bars would have left enough copper residue in the mold to Contaminate the silver .
    Assuming there's an innocent explanation behind the contaminated silver!

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      It was just a trace. If conditions in the silver cell are not kept within strict limits then copper can deposit with the silver and contaminate it.

    • @jimwednt1229
      @jimwednt1229 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips , i see. That's interesting. I didn't know that!
      Thank you !

  • @bfd1565
    @bfd1565 ปีที่แล้ว

    Should you have hit those bars with the torch to possibly burn off any oils that might have be used to prevent oxidation Sreetips?

    • @williamfoote2888
      @williamfoote2888 ปีที่แล้ว

      Silver shouldn’t have oils on it. Just keep sulfur bearing compounds away from it to prevent tarnishing.
      The silver that he dissolved should have been pristine.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Probably wouldn’t hurt anything. Just add an extra step.

  • @federicomunozcorrea1635
    @federicomunozcorrea1635 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi Sreetips,
    I have a question:
    In the silver cell, why do you have to melt the silver powder? wouldn't it be better to put it in the filter as cement powder?
    Thanks!

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      No, it clogs the filter.

  • @paulknight1879
    @paulknight1879 ปีที่แล้ว

    Love watching u work with gold and silver it is so awesome and amazing 👏 😀

  • @dawnjennings4864
    @dawnjennings4864 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Hi, I tried to leave a comment on your latest video. But no can-do I was going to suggest that it’s time for you to do a new gold plated refining video, mixed things up a little.🎉 anyways, I enjoyed your latest video on the Silver cell and hope to see another video soon on anything lol you have a great weekend🎉

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Dawn, I turned comments on. Somehow got turned off. Highly suspicious. Could you try to leave a comment under my latest to see if they are working now? Thank you!

  • @dirteinc
    @dirteinc ปีที่แล้ว

    Question.... If you already have pure silver laying around, why pay extra to purchase not pure bars from apmex???

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I bought those from a guy about five years ago. I prefer my silver crystal over those bars because my silver is higher purity. They were contaminated with traces of copper. After I run them through my cell then the silver will be free of copper. Plus, I did it to demonstrate that pure silver bars can be used to make electrolyte for the silver cell if you don’t have access to pure silver crystal.

  • @JUST1N888
    @JUST1N888 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great Saturday morning video thanks

  • @catch22frubert
    @catch22frubert ปีที่แล้ว

    Hey Sreetips. Just curious, the cement silver you get from refining gold is usually about 99% pure already. Is it really worth it for you to spend all that time and effort to turn it into silver crystal? I know I would probably just sell the cement silver by the Kg as 98% or 99% pure silver. You probably want at least some silver crystal because it sells well and it looks a lot better, but wouldn't it be more profitable just to sell the cement silver in bulk?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      If sold, the price of the cement silver is indeterminable. Please understand that I’m not trying to make a profit. I’m converting my paper dollars into gold and silver. Not for a big bump in price to make a profit. But rather to protect my savings from the money printers. When they print dollars it dilutes and destroys the value and purchasing power of the paper currency. Therefore, it makes no sense to accumulate dollars, that are declining in value. Makes more sense to store my savings in metals. Because they can’t print more gold and silver. For these reasons, I’m not selling any of my silver, unless I’m forced to sell it.

  • @cwkie3776
    @cwkie3776 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Just curious why purchase silver? Couldn't you have used the silver from your stash?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I did this to demonstrate that silver bars can be used to make the electrolyte.

  • @PleaseThankyou-fh8iz
    @PleaseThankyou-fh8iz ปีที่แล้ว

    What happens to the impurities in the silver, do they stay in the feeder baskets mesh/net?

  • @larrykester8593
    @larrykester8593 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Sr. Chief, the green liquid from the Nitric Acid boils during the gold filled refining is Silver and Copper, correct? Then I can pour it into my stock bucket and add copper to the solution. It then causes the silver to cement out on the copper and falls to the bottom of the bucket. What is the purity of the cement silver?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      About 98% or so

    • @larrykester8593
      @larrykester8593 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips So it’s good enough to use to feed the Silver Cell?

    • @larrykester8593
      @larrykester8593 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips Oh, and during my nitric acid boils, I would only put my heat up to about medium. Is that good or does it need to go up or down?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Correct

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Medium should work fine.

  • @LicenseToPlay
    @LicenseToPlay 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I absolutly love your channel. I live in canada and we can't get nitric acid here. Can the electrolite be made with something else ?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Yes, silver nitrate dissolved in distilled water.

    • @LicenseToPlay
      @LicenseToPlay 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      thank you for taking the time to answer my question@@sreetips

  • @m3Tesla
    @m3Tesla ปีที่แล้ว +1

    How often do you have to change the filter basket?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I put in a new filter for each run after ten or twelve days.

    • @m3Tesla
      @m3Tesla ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips I remember seeing you change one because it was getting clogged. Was that one likely less than 1 run old then?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Yes, if the current flow drops way off because the filter is clogged up with slimes, then I’ll install a new anode filter mid run through a batch.

  • @chamchawmaledg3273
    @chamchawmaledg3273 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    يمكنك تدوير غاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين من خلال شفطه وتمريره على الماء او بيروكسيد الهيدروجين

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  5 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Ok, thanks for the tip

  • @CLP_II
    @CLP_II 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Sr. I got to tell you how my first day of exploring went. Yesterday I went to the thrift store by my house. The worker inside said that they have a lady that used to work at a jewelry store come and test the gold they get. I came back when that lady was there so I could pick her brain. Turns out she was a YNSC that used to work at a squadron right next to mine. We were both in the Navy at the same time and now we both are doing the same thing here in Florida. It’s a small Navy. I thought you would get a kick out of that.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      That’s a great story. I ran into my old CO in a jewelry store once. And I went to a ships reunion back in June last year. It was very uplifting to see people that I got to serve with. Forty years later.

  • @jwebbM109R
    @jwebbM109R ปีที่แล้ว

    Where does the copper end up? Does it just accumulate in the anode basket?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      The copper dissolves and passes through the anode filter and accumulates in the electrolyte turning it blue. It won’t deposit with the silver as long as copper concentration is kept below 60g per liter.

  • @grayem76
    @grayem76 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I'm a little confused does the electrolysis take it out of the electrode and deposit on the dish or take it out of the water as well

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Most comes from the anode material. But the electrolyte becomes depleted as the cell operates because it gets plated out on the cathode.

  • @eddaniels9880
    @eddaniels9880 17 วันที่ผ่านมา

    how many times can you use the electrolyte if you use .999 silver completely throughout the whole process from start to finish?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  17 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      I don’t know. The electrolyte becomes depleted of silver as the cell operates. I never use the electrolyte more than two times.

    • @eddaniels9880
      @eddaniels9880 16 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @sreetips yes, it becomes depleted as I see you refresh it to keep the silver levels up, but when you use the impure silver shot, copper slowly replaces the silver in the solution. I had a thought that if you put pure .9999 silver castings in the anode basket that there would be little to no copper to be absorbed into the solution. Therefore, you could reuse the electrolytic solution as long as you rejuvenated it with silver nitrate to keep silver levels up to promote silver crystal growth. I have been slowly getting the materials together and I'm just buying .999 silver castings here and there until I have enough to do this. you could most likely do this yourself as you have a more than ample amount of pure .9999 silver crystals already

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  16 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      I’ve run pure silver crystal back through the cell a second time. Video of it posted on my channel. Since there’s no copper the electrolyte stays clear and colorless. I sent a sample off for ICP analysis. Came back greater than five nines fine pure silver.

  • @larrykester8593
    @larrykester8593 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sr. Chief, will Shop-Vac Type EE Dacron filter bags work just as well as the Craftsman filter bags? I found a 2-pack on Amazon for $12.99

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      I’d have to see them to give you a verdict.

    • @larrykester8593
      @larrykester8593 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips I tried to send you a picture, but comments won’t let me. I might try and send you the link to Amazon so you can see what I am referring to.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I looked them up, they look right to me. I buy mine at ace hardware. They went from $7.99 to $14.99 - why? Have they become more valuable? Or more scarce? No, it’s because the value of the money used to purchase them has declined by that much. This is a more accurate indicator of the real rate of inflation. Inflation is an expansion of the money supply (they print money out of thin air with nothing to back its value, and everything appears to go up in price because it takes much more of it to buy the same amount of stuff). Rising prices is the result of inflation (money printing) not its cause. And it’s just getting started.

  • @CLP_II
    @CLP_II 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hello Sr. I’m looking online at jewelry and I’m getting some mixed messages. Often people say that the items are gold over silver but then they show a picture of the stamped markings that say 14k. If it’s gold filled wouldn’t it say 14kgf? Thanks again

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      People make mistakes with markings all the time. The piece marked could be added to a plated piece. I’ve seen thieve stamp 14k on gold plated junk. Or maybe they added a 14k clasp and the rest of it is junk. All are to deceive the buyer. I’ve also seen a 10k clasp on a 14k chain. If it don’t look right then I’d pass. You can find much better deals at local resale shops, yard sales, and estate sales. Usually people online either know what they have and want full price. Or they’re trying to get something for nothing.

    • @CLP_II
      @CLP_II 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips thank you. I will definitely do that.

    • @CLP_II
      @CLP_II 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Am I able to send you pictures Senior Chief? I know you have like 200k subscribers and are probably busy all the time but often I’m interested is your opinion of how I’m doing. Thanks for your time.
      AM1 Pete

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Like anything else, you’ll get better at it the more you do it. No substitute for experience. We’ve done it for so long that I can tell a pieces of plated stuff from karat gold just by looking. I don’t have a way to receive pictures through my channel. Start your own TH-cam channel. Post a video of your stuff. Then I can see it. You never know, it might take off!

    • @CLP_II
      @CLP_II 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips wow. I never thought of that. Thanks for the idea. I’ll want to field day shop before I can do that. But I will. Thanks again.

  • @uncle_thulhu
    @uncle_thulhu 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Quick question about your silver recovery - what would happen if you used sodium chloride in the electrolyte instead of silver nitrate? Would ALL of the base metals crystallize out, instead of just the silver?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      In the cell we have silver as a nitrate. Adding any chloride to the nitrate will instantly convert the silver nitrate to silver chloride. So we want to keep sodium chloride (table salt) far away from our silver cell.

    • @uncle_thulhu
      @uncle_thulhu 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips No, I mean using salt water *instead of* silver nitrate solution, not as well as. Like, in normal electrolysis, with tin crystals, for example, they just use tin electrodes and saltwater electrolyte. Tin grows on one end and dissolves off the other (I can never remember which way around they go).
      Or am I misunderstanding what we're trying to do here?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      No, it won’t work. We want to keep table far away from our pure silver. My guess is that if tried, we’d end up with a salty toxic soup of silver chloride.

  • @pauloseibert
    @pauloseibert 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Sorry for a probably dumb question, but where does the copper that was on the silver shot go?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      It dissolves, passes through the filter, and accumulates in the electrolyte turning it blue.

  • @dustinscroggins3382
    @dustinscroggins3382 ปีที่แล้ว

    So then silver bars were not very clean and pure silver! What percentage of copper do you think was left in them bars??

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      Traces only. That was about one kilo of 999 silver. So as much as one gram of copper present would still be within limits. The solution would have been darker blue with one gram of copper.

  • @Chris-ch5nb
    @Chris-ch5nb 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Random question (because I’m tired, my brain isn’t working, and I’m too lazy to test or research myself):
    Silver cement- can it be detected with a metal detector? What about gold after dropping from auric chloride with SMB?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Both are metallic powder and should be detectable if sufficient quantities are there.

  • @someguy-k2h
    @someguy-k2h ปีที่แล้ว

    Woo Hoo! Another sreetips video. You made my weekend.

  • @antonschulte9150
    @antonschulte9150 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Do you still operate both silver cells parallel to each other?
    If so, are you actually reducing your stock of cement silver or do you still produce more cement silver with your precious metal refining operations thann you can / want to refine each month?
    Also it would be interesting if you could quantify your silver yield in a gold refining video one day.
    Just to see how much silver is alloyed in a bunch of karat scrap you refine, since the silver in the gold alloys is a way to make some profit, too - you only pay for the gold content of the scrap, all the silver is kind of a bonus

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I only have one running right now. I work at my hobby to get paid in metals. My profits are in gold and silver, not paper dollars. There’s silver in karat gold, but not that much. A hundred grams of 14k gold may contain about twenty grams of pure silver.

    • @wrc1210
      @wrc1210 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips But aren't you producing a lot of extra cement silver due to the inquarting process (as opposed to just the silver contained in karat gold)? I don't know if this was exactly what OP meant above, but I'm also kind of curious about the rate at which you are recovering all that silver you add for inquarting. Do you have a "backlog" of cement silver or do you generally recover the silver at the same rate that you consume it for gold refining?

  • @sukielou88
    @sukielou88 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is the kind of "mad" scientist i dreamed of being as a kid. Very cool.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +4

      I had a small lab set up in my basement in 7th and 8th grade. This is a carry-over from those days. I think I got away from it when I went to high school and discovered parties and girls. I was a terrible student, graduated (by the skin of my teeth) second from last out of about 480 students. I got a D in the only chemistry class I ever took.

    • @sukielou88
      @sukielou88 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips wooooooooooow! I guess the mad science never leaves you. Keep scienc-ing!

  • @ericboatwright8893
    @ericboatwright8893 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hello sreetips, I have a question if that’s okay. Got over 100lbs of xray film and been doing some test runs. At the stage where you add lye it turns black and add sugar and it stays black. Got it sitting over night to see what settles to the bottom of the beaker. Got any suggestions.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  10 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I did that experiment once about five or six years ago. Some X-ray film is thermal activated and contains no silver. I don’t know how to tell. I relied on the seller to make sure it had silver.

    • @ericboatwright8893
      @ericboatwright8893 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips ok, that being said, during the rinse it looked just like silver chlorite so guess I’ll look up what thermal activated residual looks like after being exposed to bleach. As always thanks for the info.

  • @sledgenwedge
    @sledgenwedge ปีที่แล้ว

    Here's a tip boss, fine steel wool. Works just as quick to take off permanent marker off of porcelain and glass and is a lot cheaper than carb spray!

    • @fieryvale
      @fieryvale 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      It's not good for the glass, though. In my experience it leads to slow crack development.

  • @RobinSoto-nb7th
    @RobinSoto-nb7th 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hello Mr Sreetips. Can I use pennies to inquart for gold? Tx.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      No

  • @MrRebar15
    @MrRebar15 ปีที่แล้ว

    *sreetips* Bravo well done, thank-you sir for taking the time to show us how it's done. GOD Bless.

  • @jayson8372
    @jayson8372 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you for sharing this, I thought my silver bars were pure, now I know better.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      That was just a trace, it only takes one gram of copper per thousand to turn it pale blue like that. The silver is still three nines, even though it’s got a little copper.

    • @apveening
      @apveening ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips But your silver is at least 4 nines and probably 5, maybe even better.

    • @Dean_F
      @Dean_F ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Sreetips is the "gold" standard in silver refining 😁

  • @waynegay5735
    @waynegay5735 ปีที่แล้ว

    curious, does the solution weigh the same or similar to the weight of the solid materiel plus the weight of the acids?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      A solution with silver dissolved in it will be much heavier than the same volume of solution with no silver in it.

  • @mwgary
    @mwgary ปีที่แล้ว

    I have a question. Why doesn’t the impurities from the shot contaminate the plated out silver in the sides of the bowl?

    • @williamfoote2888
      @williamfoote2888 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Silver plates at a certain potential. If you don’t have high dissolved contamination levels, the silver plates out preferentially.
      Any impurity in the shot silver remains behind as anode sludge in the Dacron bag.
      That sludge is going to be gold, palladium and copper.

    • @mwgary
      @mwgary ปีที่แล้ว

      @@williamfoote2888 Thank you 👍 I appreciate the explanation. Makes sense.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Impurities get trapped n the anode filter. The copper dissolves and passes through the filter but won’t start plating out with the silver until copper concentration reaches about 60g (copper) per liter. That why the electrolytes turns blue as the cell operates.

    • @mwgary
      @mwgary ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips I get it. And it explains the blue of the electrolyte. 👍

  • @johnmcdonald5298
    @johnmcdonald5298 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Is the silver more valuable as crystals or melted into high-purity bars?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      The crystals are impossible to fake. Bars of brass can be plated with silver and it’s almost impossible to tell, without filing into the metal to reveal the scam.

  • @CLP_II
    @CLP_II 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    In the metal refinement book they suggest to collect precious metals from dental scraps. Have you ever tried that? Thanks

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I have some. It will be coming up in a new video soon.

  • @rollwithtoby
    @rollwithtoby 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Does it also work if I buy 15% silver nitrate? Or how much stearling silver do I need to desolve in the nitric acid?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I’m not sure about that

  • @chrish1585
    @chrish1585 ปีที่แล้ว

    Just curious, but why buy silver to make your electrolyte when you have pounds and pounds of pure silver Cristal already? Is it something you picked up at estate sale?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      No, my silver crystal has already been through my silver cell. I bought those bars four or five years ago.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      The bars are contaminated with copper. After they get processed through my silver cell they will be copper free. Part of the reason I learned to refine silver myself. It’s the only way to be absolutely certain.

  • @paul3444
    @paul3444 ปีที่แล้ว

    I enjoy the science behind it and you explain it better than anyone on TH-cam, very professional and perfectionism, but have a question... How much silver are you actually using thru this process vs final yield? I am estimating a cost break down vs roi.
    Just a ruff estimate on what I see you used ruffly 38- 40 oz of silver to make a yield of 48.23oz of pure silver ruffly a $200- $250 roi (depending current price) just on this batch.
    I understand there is silver still in the electrolyte solution that can be recovered and reused for another batch. I guess my point is, is there a positive roi when you use all the silver electrolyte, and all unclean silver in the anode basket? I also understand with .9999 pure silver, selling that would bring a higher premium and that's where your profit real is. So, ruff estimating per batch about $250- $300 positive roi per batch based say current price? Again i understand that could be higher based on how much one is willing to pay over spot.
    My mind is turning and burning here.
    Sorry if Iam making my question complicated.
    Thank you in advance

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      No problem. What you’re wanting to know is: can this be done so that the refined silver can be immediately resold for a profit. And if so, can one make a living doing it? Unfortunately, I don’t know. I buy sterling silver at estate sales. I use it to refine gold. Then I recover the silver, run it through my silver cell, then harvest the pure silver and put it away and forget about it. I’d hate to have to do this for a living. It’s my hobby. But it’s starting to feel like work. I’m not in this for ROI. I’m in it to accumulate silver and gold. Gold and silver are real money, since biblical times. So I’m storing my savings in metal, not paper. If I need paper to pay bills or buy food then I can sell a little of my metal. Must be doing something right. We paid off over $200k debt in two years. And we don’t owe anybody anything. We have been granted some prosperity and we are thankful for that.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      I get back every bit of silver that I put in, less impurities. For every 100g of impure silver added (either impure shot or electrolyte) I get back 98g of pure silver. No silver is lost or created.

    • @paul3444
      @paul3444 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips Yes, I agree and follow the Bible as well. I but silver more than gold, to expensive for me per oz but I do buy a lot of .999 silver bars, rounds, shots etc.. not so much premiums because Iam in it for the weight, not really trading or selling in of it yet. But yes Silver has always throughout history used as real money. Converting dirty silver and refining it would bring in s higher premium like all your estate sale finds, pennis on the dollar. Then, refining that to a higher purity and selling to public or gold processor would make a nice return for your efforts. It's not that you're creating silver or gold but refining dirty metals to a higher premium which returns a higher $$ which you use to pay off debt. I see it. I know you wouldn't be putting all this time and effort in if you're weren't benefitting in some form which also bleeds over to store revenue and TH-cam ad revenue. It's hard to keep a hobbie from feeling like work but God has gifted you the wisdom, knowledge and understanding! I day keep creating that road of gold and city of gold! Its pretty cool what do and how you instow that wisdom to others if they choose! Thank you!

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Sterling silver can be held just like it is. Its value will track right on up with the bullion, so long as you don’t ruin the markings by trying to “melt it down” then its value becomes questionable. The only reason I refine the silver is because I use sterling to refine gold. Silver is a by-product of my gold refining. I recover the silver from that, melt into shot and run it through my silver cell. In powder form, the cement silver’s value is questionable. Be hard to get full price for silver powder whose value is indeterminable. After running it through the silver cell, the high purity silver is easy to price out, if you want to sell any of it.

  • @andrewbaker8805
    @andrewbaker8805 ปีที่แล้ว

    sreetips always cooking up awesome precious brews! Awesome post

  • @wolfgangricky
    @wolfgangricky ปีที่แล้ว

    Not much of a tint but enough to say what ? Pure Silver ? Ty for taking us along

  • @MikeGervasi
    @MikeGervasi ปีที่แล้ว

    What is the reason for going this route for silver crystal from impure silver instead of using nitric to dissolve the impure silver? Better result?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I did dissolve the silver on nitric. Then I recovered it and run it through my silver cell. I’m producing pure silver for my savings account. I’m not going to sell this silver unless I have to. The value of impure silver is questionable. But it’s easy to determine the value of pure silver.

    • @MikeGervasi
      @MikeGervasi ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips Yes as I've seen the market value for pure silver pales to Gold. Silver is a savings account while Gold is an investment.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Gold and silver are real money, since biblical times and before. They require no third party validation like fiat does, they stand on their own. They are not investments. Although people try to make them investments. I’m not in precious metals for a big bump in price. I hold them to protect my savings from the money printers. If I need some paper to pay bills then I can always sell a little of my metals.

  • @DavidDavis-fishing
    @DavidDavis-fishing ปีที่แล้ว

    Gooood afternoon from central Florida! Hope everyone has a great afternoon!

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      Goooood afternoon!

  • @dynorat12
    @dynorat12 ปีที่แล้ว

    ? what was the dark bits in it when you were adding your crystals to the solution.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      Good question. I’ve seen that before while dissolving pure silver from other refiners.

    • @dynorat12
      @dynorat12 ปีที่แล้ว

      could it be the oxidizing form the silver coming off I know later on it gets dissolved @@sreetips

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว

      Possibly

  • @MrCcfly
    @MrCcfly ปีที่แล้ว

    why you need to make silver electrolyte ? it wont work by using just distil water ?

  • @niagarajoe4402
    @niagarajoe4402 ปีที่แล้ว

    do you have any numbers about the return on investment? buying these bars to make the electrolyte, and the yield of silver in the end?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I don’t track expenses for each batch. I used these silver bars to show that it possible to do so.

    • @niagarajoe4402
      @niagarajoe4402 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@sreetips oh ok, I see

    • @UncalBertExcretes
      @UncalBertExcretes ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yea he said he would expect about 1.5kg from that electrolyte which contains 600g of silver so my guess is the silver in solution re plates on the bowl but whilst it's doing so you can feed impure silver and by the time the electrolyte is exhausted you end up with more silver than you put in.

    • @niagarajoe4402
      @niagarajoe4402 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@UncalBertExcretes I’m guessing he wouldn’t do it if it didn’t pay more than he put in…

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I’ll only get out what I put in, less any losses due to spills etc. the electrolyte gets depleted because it plates out on the cathode. I’ll get every bit of silver back out, but not more than I put in.

  • @teemoney9616
    @teemoney9616 22 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Why don’t you use your own processed silver for this?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  22 วันที่ผ่านมา

      I did this to demonstrate that pure silver bars can be used to make the silver cell electrolyte.

  • @lennyjanoff8533
    @lennyjanoff8533 ปีที่แล้ว

    ? If the test showed Blue Green or Black would you dissolve the silver in the Silver Cell?

  • @Caberbalschnit
    @Caberbalschnit 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Well since you turned off comments on your new silver cell vid, imma ask here. Just wondering what would happen if you switched the + & - to the silver cell. Im sure nothing good...but again just wondering.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I just checked. Somehow the comments got turned off. Please try another to see if it works.

  • @michaelotoole1807
    @michaelotoole1807 ปีที่แล้ว

    approx how much distilled water do you go throu in a month?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      About twenty gallons.

  • @milkom666
    @milkom666 ปีที่แล้ว

    thanks. very fun video. i know absolutely nothing about this subject. but, i love your videos nonetheless.

  • @christianmcbain810
    @christianmcbain810 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    First! Love your videos man keep it up please!

  • @stanleyulchIII
    @stanleyulchIII 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    If you can grow Silver Crystal, can you do the same for Gold and or Palladium??

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Yes, I’ve done electrolytic gold refining cell. But the gold is more nodular-looking. There’s a way to grow gold crystals that look like these silver crystals. But it’s an arduous process.

  • @tribble1
    @tribble1 ปีที่แล้ว

    It seems logical that some copper nitrate in the electrolyte shouldn't matter much since operating the cell will add copper to the electrolyte over time anyway.

  • @ArielleViking
    @ArielleViking ปีที่แล้ว

    Interesting that the electrolyte will be colorless when all the excess nitric is consumed 👍🏻

  • @JeffJeffers0n
    @JeffJeffers0n ปีที่แล้ว

    Given that my favourite part of a sreetips video is when the term "pure silver crystal" is said, I'd say this is my favorite sreetips video of all time 😃

  • @markmanning2921
    @markmanning2921 ปีที่แล้ว

    Does the amount of copper that was in some of those bars constitute fraud on the part of the producer?

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I don’t think so. Industry standard for pure silver is 999 parts per thousand. For the amount of silver bars that I had, that means there could have been one gram of copper in there and still been three nines. One gram of copper would be a lot darker blue. Trace amounts of copper only. That’s my opinion.

  • @SaiZenabi
    @SaiZenabi 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Sir GD day in gold solution,,I put excess smb but gold never precipitate,,what I gonna do on this,,,,

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Test with stannous

  • @MrCafitzgerald
    @MrCafitzgerald ปีที่แล้ว

    If your silver is so much purer that the bought bars why would you ever use the bars? I would just keep some of your own silver crystal on the side and feed that forward when in need of more electrolytic solution. I hope you just found them in a drawer somewhere and wanted to get them used up knowing the contamination issue.

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Bought those years ago. I did this to demonstrate that silver bars or rounds can be used for silver cell electrolyte.

  • @watchvideos9104
    @watchvideos9104 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I’d love to see you weight a beaker of pure water vs the desolved sliver beaker at equal ML to see how much heavier it is

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      It’s definitely heavier with silver dissolved in it.

    • @watchvideos9104
      @watchvideos9104 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips yeah I bet!! Can you determine how much sliver is in it just by the weight??

    • @sreetips
      @sreetips  11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Probably, but I don’t know how to calculate it.

    • @watchvideos9104
      @watchvideos9104 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@sreetips interesting lol now I got homework I guess 🤣