Exporting Earth
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 5 ก.ย. 2018
- In order to terraform new planets, we will need to be able transport entire ecologies & ecosystems through interstellar space in the future. Today we will examine how we could build and maintain such environments inside vast arks, generations ships able to colonize our galaxy, and the challenges these starships will face maintaining not just stores of DNA and genetic material but living organisms which depend heavily on other members of their species and other species to survive and thrive, not least of which is human ourselves.
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Credits:
Exporting Earth
Episode 150, Season 4 E36
Writers:
Isaac Arthur
Editors:
Darius Said
Gregory Leal www.gregschool.org/
Jerry Guern
Konstantin Sokerin
Laura Graham
Mark Warburton
Matthew Acker
Sigmund Kopperud
Stuart Graham beyondnerva.wordpress.com
Producer:
Isaac Arthur
Cover Artist:
Jakub Grygier www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier
Graphics Team:
Darth Biomech www.artstation.com/darth_biomech
Fishy Tree www.deviantart.com/fishytree/
Jarred Eagley
Jeremy Jozwik www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_...
Katie Byrne
Ken York / ydvisual
Krisitijan Tavcar www.miragedereve.com
LegionTech Studios
Sam McNamara
Sergio Boterio www.artstation.com/sboterod?f...
Narrator:
Isaac Arthur
Music Manager:
Luca DeRosa - lucaderosa2@live.com
Music:
Dracovallis, "Golden Meadows" dracovallis.bandcamp.com/
NJ Mandaville, "Intrumental Background 1" / nj-mandaville
Kevin Macleod, "Infinite Wonder" / @incompetech_kmac
Chris Zabriskie, "Candlepower" chriszabriskie.com
Kai Engel, "Endless Story About Sun and Moon" www.kai-engel.com/
Lombus, "Amino" lombus.bandcamp.com
Aerium, "Windmill Forests" / @officialaerium
Epic Mountain, "Rising Sky" / epicmountain - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
Just hit me that this is episode #150, admittedly 150 isn't 100 or 250 special and our chronology is a touch arbitrary, but it's hard to believe we've done 150 of these already :) Here's to 150 more!
Let's do some _rough_ math for that.....
150 episodes
~ 30 minutes per episode
150 x 30 = 4,500 minutes = 75 hours = *3 days and 3 hours*
I'm new to this channel, so I've got _plenty_ to catch up on.
There all special...but congratulations on #150 isaac
Best channel ever!
Congratulations on #150 - know get to work on the next 150!!! More seriously this has to be one of the best channels of its kind.
Great job Isaac, your video's are fantastic!
In the year 3000 there will be a Brilliant course on how to manage recently Re-sleeved elephants, the future is weird.
in that case brilliant would become a filesharing site because we would directly download that knowledge into our brains. we wouldn't need a time consuming and effort intensive course to learn that.
Why waste brain space downloading the course? Just access the hive knowledge file via the Bi-Fi.
@@7lllll Better than having a chip jack installed in your head.
Being an ecologist in the future is going to be an awesome job. Habitat creation from the ground up...
omg ikr
Fucking brilliant epic privegelge to even come near to a project like that... a privelage so great you are locked in with it in a zone of progress and genius wellbeing.. and are responible for maintaining that peace in a fun and good manner. Good luck! God be with you. Just does not hurt to say. Thank you for giving it your best!
I imagine that far in the future we may possess the capabilities of engineering entirely new species to fulfill specific ecological roles in specialized alien biomes.
@@couchgrouches7667 It might come in handy..
But..
It is obviously best to treat such matters with extreme prejudice and educated respect in a big open discussion.. never ever let private hands on such privelage.. duh.. I assume..😉 for you are responsible for your actions... ect... and some peeps are simply ill the brain so... no to privatized new life creation inc.. we have all seen that movie lol!
Great point you made. Mhm.. we have to be careful and tread lightly on such matters for we might accidentally tread on theyre dreams..
Gl hf!
Hell yeah man sign me up!
"...elephants are the most space demanding..."
Am I the only one who immediately started thinking about exporting whales?
One thought I've had about "terraforming" is that it isn't all that desirable for advanced civilizations. An intelligent species is, by its nature, very adaptable.
So instead of copying ecosystems from earth wholesale, it might be more like human-aided panspermia.
Imagine a microbe (or set of microbes) with a massive genome containing genes from thousands of species. You then design it to be an absurdly persistent extremophile and fire pods at potentially habitable environments.
The pods could handle much higher accelerations than a colony ship and could even be built on von-nuemann architecture. Such that by the time a "human" colony ship arrives in a system, it'll already have been visited by a seed pod millennia beforehand.
Sure the life that could develop in that time would probably be really simple and essentially alien... But it would at least share our biochemistry and would likely have already developed new adaptations we could iterate on.
Turn an apparently dead galaxy into one teeming with life so our gardener ships have something to tend to.
I've been recently thinking about the same thing and wondering when we as humans will start gathering up some of those microbes that are living on the outside of the space station, allow them to flourish, and send pods full of them to every planet and moon in our solar system, It might take millions of years for them to mutate into the kind of life forms we have on Earth but at least we would of spread life out from our planet before humans disappear just incase we somehow destroy ourselves before we manage to colonize space, I feel like this is our true purpose as the human race and is why we are here, is to help life spread outwards among our solar system, I'm not sure about sending it to other star systems just yet because we can't be to sure that microbeal life hasn't already started there but eventually I can see us doing that also, especially if we are in space colonizing other star systems
Leaving planets intact is still a waste of material as you can create more living space by breaking planets up and making giant spinning stations out of the material where you can also set the gravity that you want.
This seems like a really great way to contaminate the universe with microbes that can adapt to our biology.
Cool idea, but that seems like a good way to create some weird "alien" virus or bacteria that could cause a plague on the new colony.
@@laikkelynnehoard4972 Perhaps we would leave planets/star systems untouched so that we could colonize them safely.
The tsunami on the O Neil cylinder would be a paradise for surfers and they could go around the cylinder without stopping!
lol, I'll have to remember that if we ever get around to that episode on sports in space
The Alpine cylinder would be one of my favourite zones, the variation in gravity as you descend would add an whole new level to the winter sports. Sure would be nice to take holidays in all the different environments, I suspect tourism would be a big part of the interstellar colony fleets attraction for would be colonists.
Neat, well as the craft that was shown the tsunami would slam into the ends of the rotating cylinder likely blowing them out and venting the atmosphere. But if the ship was built like a paint roller I guess you could transfer the force into a rotational one which would have its own problems but the surfers would be happy.
The waves would be really weird in a way I can't instinctively picture due to the competing forces involved from multiple acceleration vectors. This craft would house the most unique experience the sport has ever seen.
Ooh. Yes please!
I was at the Raw Science Film Festival a few years ago, people who were trying to start a space sports game league were there.
Kind of a small point I know but, at the beginning you alluded to zipping an image incurring some data loss. This is actually not (necessarily) true! Zipping is a lossless data compression method; it will never distort the data being compressed. What you're most likely thinking of is the Jpeg format; that incurs loss, even at "100% quality", takes about 10 generations of saving and resaving an image before some pixels are just barely noticeably corrupted. Zip needs to be lossless because, while a few barely altered pixels is okay for most images, but even 1 altered bit in a program could mean it won't run at all.
From the descriptions I have heard of how JPEG works, the introduction of errors is likely to be idempotent, because a decompressed image has exactly the distortions that compression introduces already present. So recompressing an image unchanged with the same parameters as before doesn't change anything (parameters here includes the exact table of the numbers you divide the magnitude of the cosines by).
He was referring to the data lose when you transfer from analog to digital. Yeah, Fourier transforms.
Kitty Beans b
Actually gzip is a format, It actually supports several compression algorithms and the utility actually tests them on a sample of the data provided to determine which algorithm is most likely to be the most efficient, it does have a flag to try lossy algorithms. Not all gzip utilities are the same, some have proprietary algorithms in addition to the open sourced algorithms.
The water problem can be solved by enclosing the ocean for the duration of acceleration, couldn't it?
It's the same as a firetruck going around a corner. If it is half-empty, the water will go up the side and try to topple it. If it is full, the water won't have anywhere to go and won't change the centre of gravity.
Mammals need air.
Oil tankers have walls inside to prevent the oil from sloshing side to side having it's mass throw the ship around.
A hab ring, or segment of that ring, would have islands to control the water sloshing around. It would not have to be a deep "ocean". Also a system could be put in place to provide currents. Like the filter on a fish tank, or swimming pool. I would not think you would put a whale in the biom either. Save teh DNA for teh new planet, or giant O'Neil cylinder you make after you get there.
You bring up an important point. Most, if not all of us, of us need work to do. We are builders, explorers, inventors, etc. by nature. Some work can be done by perfecting artistic skills. But, I think the animals during the middle of the voyage of 100+ years will be essential. I think plants also fall into this category. That would be my choice, personally. So, I think you will have gardens, just like animal sanctuaries - not because they are necessary, but because we need the work.
It is odd. So many people are worried about Robots are taking our jobs. I see robots as allowing us to be more able to choose the job we want. Sure, robots make our underwear. But, is that your dream in life, to make whitey-tighties 8 hours a day?
Another excellent episode!
I have a friend that works on a team of programmers who are writing software that will be able to determine what software you need and write it from it's observation of the kind of work you perform. they are estimating that 80% of their companies coders wont be needed in 3 years. that's several thousand 80k+ jobs plus all the managers and directors those people report to who make even more. it's not just replacing menial labor with sewing machines and combines any more.
It is replacing servants with computers. What we used to call Masters and Servants are now called Employers and Employees. We are a nation of Masters (shopkeepers.)
""To found a great empire for the sole purpose of raising up a people of customers may at first sight appear a project fit only for a nation of shopkeepers. It is, however, a project altogether unfit for a nation of shopkeepers; but extremely fit for a nation whose government is influenced by shopkeepers."
- Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations[6]"
Yes, servants are at risk of the needs of their masters. I guess that I am in the 20% of coders that will still be working because computers can only crunch numbers, not think. But, for those of who can think, computers are not a threat. There are at least 100 businesses (opportunities of being a Master) that I would like to start. The USA has so much opportunity to own your own business that it is staggering. Of course, the rub is, the first 5 years you have to work a minimum of 80 hours per week and survive on oatmeal, rice, and potatoes. That is what stops most people.
A generation ship would also be great for astronomy and an excellent place to focus on microgravity manufacturing. There would be no shortage of things to do given that enough resources were sent with the ship and if the Project Orion external nuclear fission drive or the subsequent fusion variants were used, you could carry entire asteroids worth of resources with you both as shielding and as resources. If, it's a fleet of generation ships, the resources of the fleet could very well exceed what's accessible from the surface of a planet or moon and hence the fleet itself would be a preferable colonization destination than any exoplanet hence the gardener ship concept.
If mothership have build as flexible city traveling to the Orion, we will meet more friends and discusses various types of starships.
Once again I'm humbled and inspired by how awesome this week's episode of S.F.I.A. is. Isaac, this channel just keeps getting better and better. Thank you for the weekly inspiration and reminder of what we could be.
I’d love to see a herd of elephants in a space habitat when the spin stops and the gravity goes away
*panicked trumpeting*
Painted pink!!
Stopping the spin of such a large structure would take a lot of energy. The artificial gravity would be very hard to just stop simply because of inertia.
That's like... unedited cartoon cruel man. The kind of funny that you feel guilty laughing at. But you can't hold it back because..... it's just too damn funny lmao, the comedy version of the train wreck effect.
@@ENCHANTMEN_ it's space! If your not in there watching or have some kind of video feed it may aswell be a silent movie D:!!
I could watch Elephants just doing their thing for hours.
Indeed. They are a magnificent mix between being grand and cute.
@@nealsterling8151 hence the term gentle giants
Isn't there a channel for that?
I am more of a sucker for swarm insects to be honest, but each to their own!
Do a video on retirement planets! Like lower gravity for joints and what not.
Oh man, recreational aging and diseases! A bit more grim than Isaac usually handles, but I'd watch it just as merrily!
@@KariAlatalo Thanks! Just an inevitability in a universe that Isaac has created. I like to hear it from a kardashev two point of view.
I’d be surprised to see a civilization that is capable of specializing entire planets for retired ppl but still have no idea on how to stop aging...
Heinlien's future history series covers that - especially the works that show the moon & mars as fully colonized.
By time we would have planets for the aging, we won't have aging humans!
Talking of exporting earth, there's a Bob Shaw short story about exporting earth's art treasures... The aliens that do this send our Raphaels and Rodins through a portal and give us trinkets in return, such as cigarette lighters that still work when you drop them in a swimming pool. Great channel.
The animations you make are just getting better and better, well done.
Already better than you see on many made for TV documentaries.
Thank you Isaac for another interesting and wonderful video!
Great video. Humans will definitively have to build spacecrafts better than the Avalon, in the movie 'Passengers', which btw I recommend watching !
The Exoplanets Channel Do you wanna be a part of the dirt industry?
The Exoplanets Channel nice channel you have there. Subbed and will be liking and sharing your vids on our site.
That was an interesting ship design, but those diagonal torus rings made absolutely no sense. Two or three "normal" torus rings would have made more sense for a number of reasons. Though I realize that producers need to come up with a "new" ship aesthetic for each new film for dramatic reasons that don't make scientific sense...
We might need multiple giant spaceships to carry ecosystems and antique items from our history. One ship DEFINITELY WON'T cut it! It would probably take a spaceship at least as big as Russia to carry a few thousand people and a few of every other species on Earth. A majority of the species of plants and animals might have to be left behind. Each ship could have an ecosystem, there might be a desert spaceship, one with a tropical ecosystem inside, another with a grassland and afew lakes and rivers, etc.
@@libertopaeurekananarch7562 maybe a ship for every nation with a recreation of their usual biome(s) in the ship?
I love that your videos don't assume an FTL technology be used to colonize new grounds.
Also, I found this video quite insightful on how we would take Earth species along with us.
I now live in Japan. I am SO greatful for your episodes. Thank you!
I live in Sweden.
I live :)!
I dead in death.
What brought you to Japan?
I also live in Japan and I watch all the new videos on ArFridays !
This week has gone by at an absolute snail's pace and sucked every minute, despite being only a four day week for me. Then I saw the notification and remembered it's SFIA Thursday, and my day got much much better.
What I don't get is the basic premise that people want to make some effort to go to other stars. Wouldn't people living in space simply continue living and building and distributing new habitats, using fusion power and materials found out between stars, until THOUSANDS of years later, the civilization has expanded far enough that some people start noticing they're closer to some star that's not the one where their ancestors evolved? And, would they even care? Their descendants thousands of years later, who actually start drifting occasionally into other solar systems, would just consider them to be more space and material for habitats.
The vast majority of people are not going to go anywhere. Most Danes still live in Denmark when they die. There are also many people who want to launch out into new places.
Yeah, at some point in development you would imagine a kardeshev 2.1 civilization that is a cloud of ships a light-month wide, and with so many fusion reactors, it makes more energy than its home star spews out.
Ahah! You have found the solution to the Fermi paradox! There is no real need to colonize whole galaxies, we would just expand so slowly that we would find ourselves drifting off to other stars.
Time will no longer be an issue. Nor will they need to escape overcrowding. It will be solely a question of resources, and imperfect recycling, so they double the ships/habitats when they want to.
Lukas Aurelius, How does that help with the Fermi paradox? The galaxy should be covered in drifters.
Exactly, the idea of colonizing the surfaces of other planets and moons are just the limited imagination of the current public. Space colonization should be about colonizing space in large city to continent sized habitats. Whether of not you find a habitable planet is incidental and little more than a curiosity, all that's necessary is finding the occasional asteroid, comet or moon for raw resources to build more habitats.
I love how you name everything "critter", haha
As a marine biologist and ecologist, this Isaac Arthur take on my day to day life is a welcome hybrid! Thanks :)
Today's Topic: Space Elephants.
I wait for your newest video uploads like it's a midnight premier for the most popular and anticipated movies in a theater
16:49
Isn't water pressure dependent on gravity though? Like at .5g doesn't the pressure at any given depth go down?
A lot of the deep water species need specific exterior pressures or they...don't end wel
Depends. in an o neill cylinder you control the pressure. Just add pumps that try to push in more water in a cylinder that is completely filled with water and you can make any pressure you need or want by dialing in the power of the pumps to the desired level, just like they do with the water-mains in your city. And you can basically do the same thing for air, though you would need a much larger extra air supply to feed the pumps with because air is compressible unlike water.
But the maximum pressure you can get does depend on the strength of your outer hull though.
Another fantastic video Issac! Your work keeps improving weekly. I hope to get on your level someday.
Looks quite well put together IMHO, production-wise anyway, I've never really played Stellaris or KOTOR though so I can't really say.
It's my writing that is the weakest point for my story based empires. Your writing along with the visuals in your videos is damn impressive. I'd imagine it takes hours to write one episode.
Oh yes, though for me the main writing phase is fairly short, I tend to do stream of consciousness so I sit and type till I'm done, anywhere from 4-7 hours, surrounding that is a ton of prep time, research, brainstorming, editing later, etc and about half the time junking it and starting over, but the core time typing isn't too bad. Visuals just improve as you get access to more resources and experience editing it, can't advise on writing, it's so different for everyone based on their style and genre or topic.
Congratulations and happy 150th episode! This was a brilliant followup to the first "Generation Ships" episode. You added lots of great details, responses, & considerations to the earlier material and the comment threads we had there. Thank you so much for the followup, and I'll be looking forward to more as they come up along the way. Given how possible these ships are with technology already on the design boards today, I think this will be a major first step in spreading to the outer solar system and eventually across the stellar gulfs. If we act wisely, the time and resources are already there, just waiting for us to deploy them :)
Elephants! In! SPAAAAAACE!!!
One of my favorite episodes so far :)
Issac I think we need to terraform the Earth right now :-(
Great video as ever
I don't really watch TV or even very many movies. Most of my down time is spent watching TH-cam videos... You are hands down, my favorite.
Isaac Arthur - creates a 30 minute video that becomes the basis of entire universities in the future. That sounds about right..
Man I really hope infinite life extention comes within my life because man do I want to see this stuff happen
@@doedee1536 well I think if we get a couple hundred years, we can probably go way beyond that as well. Once you have a start, innovation should follow I hope.
@@doedee1536 yah there is probably some end to it, but maybe you could refresh it once you get towards the end or something like that. I'm not too into the whole how it works though, I just hope it comes in the next 30 years
indefinite life extension instead of infinite life extension
+Doe Dee
Why not? What are you basing this off of?
Plus. Who REALLY gets this technology? A average bloke like you or me? Hah
Always a pleasure to get videos as good as yours to listen to while working
Great video as always. Man I swear your videos keep getting better and better by the month!
Exporting all of Earth?
That tarrif will be yuge!
Hey, mars has been screwing us for decades now. It's time to stop giving them everything they want.
yuuuuge*
Really liked this episode. Just finished reading the Poseidon’s Children trilogy by Al Reynolds, so completely on board with using elephants to colonise the Galaxy alongside people!
Man, this is episode 150 and I've watched/listened to every episode and some of them many times. That's so much time spent enjoying the content. Thank you Isaac for hours of the best content on TH-cam.
So early today!. I just finished eating, then comes Arthursday.
BTW. Congrats on the 150th episode. 300k subs coming in very soon.
Every Thursday my narrow views of time, space and human possibilities are expanded! Thank you Arthur !
Your episodes just keep getting better 150 and still awsome content thanks for all your time.
deep and awesome vid. thanks SFIA
Yes, I’ve been waiting for a video like this : )
Another amazing and mind bending episode! Thank you Issac for putting in so much effort and work for us the viewers. Thanks for sharing and as always Keep Building👍
Keep up the good work issac and team.
Another tremendous arthursday. Thanks for all your hard work.
Happy 150 video milestone!
Arthur, your channel has enriched my life and I am sure many others with its' optimistic but grounded hope for the future. This hope is something we direly need in the turbulent times we live in today, so please stay healthy and keep it coming for the next er... I would say at least couple of thousand years. Much love ❤️
As always, excellent thought provoking video!
Brilliant video thanks for that :) all very interesting and correctly stated as far as I can tell. Your the best dude
Best program on TH-cam! Thankyou for sharing your wonderful work.
There are some nice videos of Sharks enjoying being hugged by people!
Thankfully videos can easily exported anywhere, so we can spread Isaac's glorious content throughout the universe
You make Thursday's so great. Thank you!
Congrats on 150 Issac! Another fantastic video, cant wait to watch the next 150! If we had the tech to build these ships, Ai, Robots etc I'd like to guess that would could just build a sleeper ship for the animals so they need next to no space each other than a box. Then just keep them on ice while in orbit as terraforming happens, they'd just need a few baby sitters during the trip.
Thought provoking as always!!! 👍🏼👍🏼❤️❤️❤️❤️
Love your work Isaac !!! Truly amazing :)
An upload?!
BRB .. have to cook dinner first.
No true Arthursday without having dinner while watching the episode ....
YES even last weeks episode !
That tounge eating fishparasite tho .. that was a tough one....
'that would be boring' not ' that would be impossible'. I love this channel
Saw the Patreon notification and came right away. Thank you Isaac for what I'm sure will be another great video.
Happy Arthursday everyone!
These videos never cease to amaze. I was a Science Stream in High School student and I am a Mechanical Engineer, so I've got the grasp of the fundamental concepts, but the level of imagination and the detail of the explanations just blows the mind.
This music and opening line is SO damn good. Well done sir!
thanks again. another wonderful trip through lands had had never considered.
Next topic: how you would want to program an "Agent Smith" for your Elephant Matrix.
5:10 Putting beavers on spaceships is just looking for trouble. Beavers are like honey badgers with an engineering degree.They managed to shut down a water sanitation plant in my city - they didn't like the sound the outflow pipe made, so they dammed it up.
Kim Stanly Robinson's Aurora. The colony ship had two large rotating habitation rings. The rings were segmented into different environments. Savanna, tropical, steps, desert and so on. The people living their adapted to a culture for that environment. All the wile keeping their education.
The ship was a generation ship, and it had an AI managing the ship.
You are my favorite futurist on TH-cam. Thank you!
Great video and your speech has improved a lot too!
Awesome video as usual.
Thank You Isaac 🖖
When you said herds of robotic antelope with lap grown meat on them it made me think of a bunch of terminator antelopes.
Thanks for uploading, I’ll be donating platelets tomorrow, so I’ll save the video for it.
Another great ep, Isaac Arthur!
We'll probably have wildlife parks in space well before we're ready to colonize other stars, so we'll have a few decades (or centuries) to figure it out, and not have to learn on the way to Proxima.
I actually don't imagine our population expanding that much beyond 10-11 billion people. Once Africa, South America, and South Asia have industrialized and have access to advanced medicine and reproductive facilities, along with quality education, the population growth in those regions will slow down. I think in the future, when we are building Orbital habitats that can sustain millions of people each, we will actually have a steady state population that will enjoy more resources and land between each person. As we expand out into space and gain access to abundant extraterrestrial resources, we will be able to sustain our population's demands without much effort, and with very little impact on the ecosphere of earth and other habitats. If you create an environment similar to earth on a megastrucutre like a ring-world, each individual out of those billions of people could enjoy perhaps thousands of acres of land to themselves.
14:32 IS ANYONE HERE A MARINE BIOLOGIST??? The sea was angry that day, my friends.
LOL!! We need an emergency golf ball-ectomy!
Thanks so much for all your efforts. I look forward to your videos every week. i just wish we were already colonising space the way you describe.
Man! I love forgetting it's thursday and then BAM!! New VIDEO!!
Katie Byrne's graphics are always amazing and take your videos to the next level. The others are fine, and illustrate your point well enough, but hers really capture my imagination so much that I find I'm tuning you out to watch the graphics, and I need to rewind to see what I missed.
Great episode.
Thanks Isaac
Simple solution to the O'Neil tsunami problem. Take a page out of Arthur C Clarke's literal book, and freeze the water while you accelerate. Just keep your animals in smaller tanks for a month of acceleration, then thaw the water and let the ecosystem run for the duration of your journey. Just watch out for hurricanes as the air warms up...
My favorite part of Thursday!
Aren't you over thinking this Arthur? I mean you could just tell a drunk carpinter and his family to build a boat and to put 2 of each animal there and done!
Foolproof incontestable plan!
I never considered the societal implications of seeding other planets with Earth fauna. Brings to mind the possibilities of cryo storage. Hopefully that may become an option.
Also, I am amazed! You even made the advertisement interesting. lol. First time I haven't skipped ahead.
Thank you for your insights. Jim.
Just finished KSR's novel Aurora, which tackles (quite pessimistically) a lot of the issues surrounding this topic. Excellent timing to get an alternate viewpoint. :)
Elephants don't have packs.
Elephants have herds.
chrisrus1965 herbivores are generally herds. Carnivores are generally packs. Good catch.
A herd of pachyderms ...
Maybe elephants will be carnivorous in the future?
That sounds like horror movie material...
Apparently a group of elephants is called a "parade".
I would have suggested "encumbrance".
Isaac Arthur at 13:28 and following . . . not be done by heartless jerks. Indeed!
Hi Isaac. I love your videos. Keep them coming. I also wanted to let you know, it's "across", not "acrossed".
Congrats on the 150'th episode Arthur
Fun fact @ 2.20 Isaac is talking about the earth not being a closed eco system because the sun and moon affect it a lot.
Actually most raindrop are seeded by space dust (dust left over from micro meteors disintegrating and space dust dropping down) because raindrops need a seed impurity for the water vapor to condense into water or ice crystals (depending on the temperature. Mostly ice crystals if I remember correctly). Without it you just get super cold water vapor. Just like without impurities in water you heat up you can get super heated water which can blow up when disturbed, which can cause a class of distilled water heated in a microwave to instantly change into steam and engulf your hand if you take it out to soon after the microwave is done.
So when it rains, it's literally space raining down on you. :)
I wonder if exporting animals from Earth to another planet is key to terraforming a near earth like planet. We always envision us and machines doing it but the creatures who life with us are heavy influencers as well.
The music at the very end was awesome! In the future videos, can you play the music for a minute or two longer? I think that will totally sweeten the deal! ☺️
Issac Arthur always keeps his ideas, clever as they are, kept within the limits of physics as we know it today. This understanding of things like the Standard Model (a few flavors out there) have served us well. However, with an expanding cosmos, we have little chance of reaching anything beyond the closest stars-if that. Having said this, with the discovery of entanglement experiments and Einstein - Rosen bridges (same thing) there is a modest amount of theoretical work done by physicists concerning transverable wormholes. Its all work on paper essentially, but having said this, FTL travel isn't as impossible as it once seemed. We don't need negative matter or energy, or exotic matter, as it turns out. But we do need a god-awful amount of electricity to push a Millennium Falcon through one of these. We also better have a secondary wormhole opener, to push our trusty crew back to the old solar system-unless we like one-way journeys? What is the cost in producing one of these suckers? Well, one early estimate had it where we had to burn on Jupiter mass up to get the Falcon over the threshold. This has since been revised downward many times by different physicists. I'd say, unless super-AI comes up with this, it will be many centuries before we Star Trek-way past Century 23. I still love IA's brainy ideas.
The idea of uploading is often discussed in relation to further possibilities. It would be great to hear a discussion on the Proposed mechanisms of uploading.
Okay, I don't generally like to multipost, but the more I think about it, the more I think that terraforming planets is both unnecessary and undesirable except as a long-term experiment in wild evolution. Once you can make O'Neill cylinders, you would be better off just making more of them. The minerals/metals from even a small planet could make enormously more living & ecology space than the surface of that planet, and you would control factors like gravity, climate, etc. Planets are messy, relatively immobile, and subject to stellar lifespan. Mobile habitats, on the other hand, can go wherever the space/energy is good for them.
For that matter, if you wanted to orbit a star to collect free solar energy, you would pick a red dwarf that will last for trillions of years, and there are tons of those available. At this point in the star-formation period, we are only at the 1% point in their lifespan.
This is a valid solution to the Fermi Paradox. Once you come to this conclusion, interstellar civilization would be undetectable as long as they didn't crowd a given system so densely as to noticeably dim the host star's light. If the cylinders/habitats were running on fusion power, and/or if they were insulated enough for their internal operations to maintain a stable temperature (which wouldn't take much), there would be no reason to keep them near a star at all. There could be bazillions of them drifting in open space around the galaxy, and our current technology wouldn't have a clue for spotting them.
Given the sensibility that "if I can think of it, so can the aliens" we can expect the galactic civilization to be a loose confederacy of independent space-faring ecologies that are not particularly tied down to any particular solar system. They might dip in to snag a few free resources from a star system, but there's no reason to be any more anchored or dense than that. Once a civilization hits the sustainable habitat stage, they would be better served by spreading out rather than clumping together, and the interstellar voids have room enough for all.
To understand these post-scarcity/post-conflict situations, you have to fully embrace the concept. There is zero need or use for greed or empire when you can just slurp up a few space rocks and get whatever you need, and recycle what you have for the next time. Most sci-fi ties itself down to 19th century Malthusian colonialism in ignorance or denial of the unlimited resources of nature. In reality, there would be no motivation for it when you could be richer in quietly dispersed peace than you could in obvious war. "Space is big... really big... I mean, you might think it's a long way down to the chemist, but that's nothing compared to space..."
This doesn't make for a dramatic, conflicted storyline. You don't get heroes and emperors fighting for a throne. What you do get is maximum life and maximum enjoyment for the maximum number of people. It's the natural way for things to progress.
If you're only looking to transport say, two humpback whales through interstellar space, I can think of a ship that's been specially retrofitted just for that job. Going far? No problem, this ship has a warp drive. Don't worry about waves due to accelerations - this baby's got an inertial dampening system. And if you were to encounter hostile aliens, it has a cloaking device to hide as well as disruptors and photon torpedoes to fight your way out of even the toughest situations. Best of all, if you want to check on your whales during the journey, no problem - the walls are made of transparent aluminum for easy viewing!
One damned minute, Admiral!
I think the ideal configuration for a rotating habitat is a beaded torus made up of a ring of domes. Each dome would have it's own independent power generators and life support systems for multiple redundancy, and could replicate a variety of diverse regions like tropical, tundra etc. Each dome would have an artificial sky which is a HD video screen with a fusion lamp that traverses the dome to create a day/night cycle and a sprinkler system to create rain. Some domes could be configured as islands with a central land mass surrounded by a moat to replicate the sea.
Arthursday strikes again , great episode Issac. Can you do an episode on Void ecology
I wonder of we can increase the radius of the orbit of earth around the sun so that as the sun expands and increases in brightness, the earth continues to be in the habitable zone.
Yeah we've talked about it in a few episodes, most recently the collab with Joe Scott.
Yes. Taking advantage of the moon as both barren rock and a massive somewhat rigid body. If you put a fusion based drive on the moon’s sub-earth point and ran it pushing thrust in the right direction, you could quite simply move the earth out at a rate of 0.5% per 100M years. I.e, 0.5 miles per year.
helix427 - of course!
Alternatively, nearby mirrors for which light pressure balances Earth's gravity. They don't direct light at Earth so Earth only feels their gravity not any extra light pressure. This gradually changes the orbit.
The current proposal to enlarge Earth's orbit is to manipulate a near Earth asteroid so that it crosses Earth's path just ahead of Earth in it's orbit thereby acting as a gravitational tractor increasing Earth's velocity in it's orbit. The danger is that a miscalculation could result in the asteroid hitting the Earth. Another proposal is to place mirrors on the surface of the Earth and reflect the Sunlight in such a way as to accelerate the Earth in it's orbit but as the Sun only shines during the daytime, this would also change Earth's spin unless you place the mirrors in the polar regions.