How a 555 Works as a Timer.

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 21 พ.ย. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 828

  • @dougtaylor7724
    @dougtaylor7724 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +436

    Back years ago when I taught myself electronics I bought one of the multi purpose board kits you can use to make 200 or so projects.
    When I played with a 555 that was the most amazing chips ever. Make timers to turn on and off at different times.! Once made a timer that took a month to turn on. After calculating the resistance and caps it was put in the living room and did nothing. Just sat there waiting to trip on. The wife thought I lost my mind. One Saturday about 4pm it came on. The timing was about 6 hours different from what I calculated. But, it was amazing a $1 circuit went off that close after 32 days. And I made it do that! The wife really thought I had lost it then. 😂

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +52

      Haha! Brilliant! that made me laugh, thank you.

    • @jasonbender2459
      @jasonbender2459 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Your timer was 99.24% accurate. Well done. Your wife does not deserve you.

    • @jagmarc
      @jagmarc 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +29

      @@dougtaylor7724 In the late 70s a colleague did a industrial controls dosing pump driver which used a simple RC timer with insane long period and being inexperienced, he didn't realise after it left assembly line no one in Functional Test wanted to wait a week ten days whatever it was. So the boss had to change the timer to something actually measurable and added a CMOS divider IC patched under PCB. We called the guy The 555 Kid after that.

    • @Mike-H_UK
      @Mike-H_UK 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +19

      It is normally not a good idea to try and make very long delays (say greater than an hour) with a 555 directly because leakage in the capacitor tends to dominate the operation at such low charging & discharging currents, and the circuit is very sensitive to noise close to the comparator trip points. Adding a divider (as also suggested) makes operation much more dependable. Still, I had great fun s a kid learning these things for myself!!!

    • @Patrik6920
      @Patrik6920 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Fantastic...
      ya u can do all kinds of fun stuff with just a very few chips...

  • @tookitogo
    @tookitogo หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    I have kinda hated the 555 for decades because I could just never really wrap my head around how it worked. This is the first time it’s been explained in a way that makes sense. Well done!!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment. I'm glad you found the video useful.

  • @newmonengineering
    @newmonengineering 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +311

    This is the best explained 555 timer video ever. I understand what it does already high level and how to figure out the numbers but I have never seen all the internals so completely discussed and stepped through like you did. Brilliant work! Absolutely love electronics so throughly explained with real world results like this. Keep it up! And thank you for a more indepth understanding.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +15

      Many thanks for your great comment.

    • @qlue7881
      @qlue7881 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      I agree
      I've been doing electronics as a hobby since the late '80s and read many articles on this IC
      Today I understood, for the first time, why a 555 can't give perfectly symmetrical square waves

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

      @@qlue7881 thanks for the comment.
      A video on how to achieve 50% (or higher) duty cycle is coming, if that's what you mean.

    • @paidaki11
      @paidaki11 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      😊😊👍👍🙇🙇🙇🙇🙍🏾‍♂️❤😅❤❤😮

    • @stevencaskey8502
      @stevencaskey8502 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I learned ot 0 years ago at a Junior College
      Great professor.

  • @Enderbro3300
    @Enderbro3300 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +191

    PLEASE I am BEGGING explain op amps like this. I feel like a BARELY understand them and this video made me feel like I can explain a 555 to a toddler!!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +66

      Hi. Yes, an Op-Amp explanation will be essential content for my General Electronics collection. It is on my long list to do.

    • @JamesHarr
      @JamesHarr 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      I think this is an excellent explanation of op amps, at least when they don't have any direct feedback loops. Op amps get weird (and interesting) when there is a feedback loop involved.
      I can't remember who explained it or even the specific circuit configuration, but when the feedback loop is involved, "the opamp will do as much as it can to equalize the input voltages" and that's what stuck with me.
      I look forward to Paul's explanation of opamps because I think it'll be even more clear than that.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      @@JamesHarr challenge accepted 😲

    • @JohnDoe-lg8dr
      @JohnDoe-lg8dr 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      @@JamesHarrThe way that I learned op amps was that the op amp has variable gain internally and through magic will change the output voltage to make the two inputs equal. Then assuming the two equal inputs, you can find the desired output voltage. Slap on a capacitor or inductor and you now have an integrator or differentiator

    • @diverbob8
      @diverbob8 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Excellent Suggestion....Op-Amps are analog devices, so they can be amplifiers, and used in combinations, they do so much more.

  • @MrThedennisblack
    @MrThedennisblack 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +158

    It’s exactly this kind of thing that we dreamed the internet would do for us - let people freely share their talents and knowledge with each other. Great explanation and video! Taking the time to briefly explain how the comparators worked and how the flip-flop worked is the exact kind of thing someone who doesn’t have natural teaching ability would have skipped completely.

    • @jaykoerner
      @jaykoerner 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      You just have to wade through the ai generated fake videos, completely lose your privacy to multiple gigantic corporations and be completely unsure if your even talking to a real person since 25% of Internet traffic is scammy bots and another 25 is supposed good bots

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      Thanks. I find sharing knowledge to be very rewarding. All your comments make the effort all worthwhile.

    • @arosnett
      @arosnett 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Word!

  • @terencepurdon9155
    @terencepurdon9155 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    I am an Electrician; the inner workings now make a lot more sense , got the fundamental's of electronics but never really applied my mind , a great lesson . Thank You.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Excellent! Thanks for watching and thanks for the comment.

  • @rosyspex
    @rosyspex หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    'PNP Points In, NPN Never Points In' Just wanted to thank you for helping me understand that better. Also the best 555 video I've found.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@rosyspex great, glad you liked.

    • @tookitogo
      @tookitogo หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      The mnemonic that stuck with me is “PNP - points in proudly”.

  • @katelikesrectangles
    @katelikesrectangles 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +44

    this is the first time this chip has ever made sense to me, i never understood what it was doing inside. it was always explained to me as how to *use* it, not how it *works*. thank you so much!!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      That's Great!
      More videos on the 555 coming, so make sure you Subscribe. 😀

    • @katelikesrectangles
      @katelikesrectangles 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@paulpkae oh this was an insta-subscribe for me, you've solved something that's been a mystery at the back of my mind since the '90s, where i felt like it was just my fault for not getting it. and i just never realised it could actually make sense

  • @terrywawro2951
    @terrywawro2951 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    It's been decades since I fooled around with a 555. Thanks for the great explanation. Very clear and detailed.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for watching! And thanks for your comment.

  • @garysenier2440
    @garysenier2440 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Is it just me? I understand every piece of the internals of the 555 as it is being explained. I can understand how one component works with the next component. I can sorta understand the relationship of 3 components. After that my brain is just not big enough to put it all together. There is just a certain amount of complexity that is inherent to electronics. It could not be presented any better or simpler terms. This was a great video. I don't see how it could be explained any better. At some point I feel like I have to give up and just accept how it is used as a basic building block in circuits.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Thanks for the great comment. Electronic circuits can at first seem daunting, but they are only really a collection of simple building blocks put together.

  • @toolman.dustin
    @toolman.dustin หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    Great video. Back in 1977 I was a diagnostic technician with a computer line printer company in Woodland Hills CA. The product was a very complex electro mechanical machine loaded with 555 timers. The 555 circuits were one of the highest failing components in the very complex machine. Frequently the capacitors would fail but sometimes the 555 would fail. Over time the design engineers began replacing the 555 timers with counters as they were more reliable and more precise. Excellent video, Thanks.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for sharing! Glad you liked the video.

  • @AnarchistArtificer
    @AnarchistArtificer 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +17

    I have very little experience in electronics, so no idea why the algorithm offered me this video, but I watched the whole thing, learned a bunch and thoroughly enjoyed myself. That says a lot about the accessibility of this video

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Wow, thanks!

    • @Argoon1981
      @Argoon1981 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Almost the same here, I add seen videos about this subject before but not a electronics guy my self and I did learned a bunch with this one, even thou I don't think I will ever use this knowhow, at lest it demystifies computer tech to me.

  • @karlsangree
    @karlsangree 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +55

    This might well be the best explanation of an electronic component I have ever seen. This is "Electronics for Dummies" which is exactly what I need. I just went to his main page hoping and praying that he had a complete "Learning Electronics" tutorial but alas...😥

    • @robr4662
      @robr4662 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      More like electronics for someone who is casually familiar with how electricity works. If someone was truely uneducated about any electrical theory, this video would be useless. That being said, this video explaining a 555 timer is better than any other video I have seen on the subject.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +14

      Hi thanks for the comment. My channel is quite new and small at the moment, but I have much bigger plans for it. and any more videos will be coming.
      Please make sure you Subscribe if you want to support. Thank you.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@robr4662 thank you.

    • @JohnVance
      @JohnVance 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@paulpkaeSubscribed, thank you!!

    • @nicholasittzes7224
      @nicholasittzes7224 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I hate to burst your bubble, but you’re not a dummy. 😁

  • @emmaarcher
    @emmaarcher หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    makes me feel old , i was playing around with 555's 50years ago. but interesting talk

  • @arddel
    @arddel หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Fantastic video, thanks. Brings back memories. The 555 was a jack of all trades. Maybe you could do a follow-up on all its other uses.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Thanks for watching and many thanks for the comment. More 555 videos coming....

  • @brainforest88
    @brainforest88 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +41

    I am 61 an I am used the chip when I was 17. Didn‘t know this chip is still around. Nice!

    • @c1ph3rpunk
      @c1ph3rpunk 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      It’s still all over the place.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

      Still going strong and now manufactured by many companies and in various form factors, TTL, CMOS. There's even a dual 555, namely the 556.

    • @rfymf
      @rfymf 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      60 y. o. here... same.
      Designed and built a digital clock around it at 15. With the additional 74something nand gate ttl chips, it
      had the accuracy of 1 min per hour,
      and drained C batteries in a couple of hours...

    • @numbr6
      @numbr6 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Of course it is still around! I've got a bunch of them in my drawer of digital chips, along with my TTL and CMOS series chips. I first started tinkering with this chip from the TTL Cookbook, author Forrest Mims published by Tandy/Radio Shack. I've still got my copy of that book along with a bunch of chip pack cardboard "data sheets" stapled to the inside cover of of this book. Back in the 70s/80s, getting data on chips was hard. You kept those precious package data backs, and was very familiar with the Reader's Guide to Periodic Literature, and microfiche film at libraries to get data. Now it is just a Google search away, or a visit to Digikey! Technology has made some things easier.

    • @ezemeza1363
      @ezemeza1363 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I am 31 and getting started into electronics. This chip is very useful and cheaper than programming and Arduino

  • @djenning90
    @djenning90 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    This is the clearest explanation of how the 555 timer works, that I’ve ever seen!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  12 วันที่ผ่านมา

      That's great. Many thanks for your comment, much appreciated.

  • @gedtoon6451
    @gedtoon6451 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    Great in-depth video on the 555 in astable mode. A follow up video could cover monostable mode. This would explain why the designer of the device didn't just connect trigger and threshold together inside the chip.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      Thanks for your comment. I do intend doing some follow up videos to this.
      My very next video however is going to be a review of a nifty digital microscope.

  • @billdevany3303
    @billdevany3303 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +24

    your addition of the color gradients was a real game changer for me. thanks for this. Well done!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      Thanks. An additional bit of effort can make a lot of difference.

    • @tookitogo
      @tookitogo หลายเดือนก่อน

      I find them really useful too!
      There’s an online electronics simulator called Falstad that uses gradients for voltage and animation speed for current, and I find it extraordinarily helpful in understanding how circuits work.

  • @gorgonbert
    @gorgonbert 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    This is the first time I actually have a feeling I understood how this thing works. Thank you 🙏 (I’m a total noob)

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks, glad you found it useful.

  • @spcraftsman2656
    @spcraftsman2656 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    So the timer part is the RC circuit, and the 555 is essentially an elaborate device that is doing the switching and the discharging of the RC circuit. I see. Just a disclaimer, I came into this video as someone who knows what the 555 is used for and what the basic electronic components do (and a healthy bit of microcontroller electronics too, I suppose), and right now I am confident I can, with what you covered and two potentiometers replacing the resistors, drive a servo. Before this, I would've been forced to program a dev board like an arduino or ESP to do it. Thank you for making this video! It's as simple as it needs to be without dumbing it down to just a set of instructions.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Thanks for the comment.
      Micro controllers are great fun, but also a stepping stone into the wider world of electronics. In most circumstances, using electronic components to achieve your requirements is normally the better solution.

  • @RFGSwiss
    @RFGSwiss 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    using this chip for 20 years and still learned something new. thanks!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Great to hear! Thanks for watching and taking the time to comment.

  • @Savan_Triveda
    @Savan_Triveda 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Finally someone explains the 555 in depht. Everything else I saw here about the 555 was only confusing gibberish. Thank you.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks, glad you found it useful. Hopefully you Subscribed :)

  • @athousandprojects
    @athousandprojects 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

    I think this is the best video about how a 555 works I've ever seen.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Thanks so much.

  • @AnimationGoneWrong
    @AnimationGoneWrong 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    I have to say this is THE most well done, clearly explained explanation of a 555's operation I have ever seen... and I've seen a LOT! I especially liked how you showed the actual charge/discharge of the capacitor on your 'scope. Nice touch! It's nice to see you explain that, on it's own, the chip is NOT a timer at all... it requires external components to become one. I had also heard that the designation (555) came from the 3 5K resistors in the voltage divider chain. I hope whoever invented this wonderful chip got some HUGE recognition for it. It has probably had the longest useful life of any chip on the planet! Over 50 years!!!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment, much appreciated.

  • @dfunited1
    @dfunited1 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I love stumbling on subjects I forgot I had learned. This whole video brought me back to 20 years ago learning this from Mr. Guerin.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Glad you likes it. Hope the memories were good ones :)

  • @KatyInesSB
    @KatyInesSB 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +18

    Never see a video about 555 well explain. Amazing. Keep me on screen to understand this chip, and how they work.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad it was helpful!

  • @sharkbaitsurfer
    @sharkbaitsurfer 5 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I've had a little book called 555 and it's applications for literally decades - never got around to reading it, now I am seriously going to read it - yours is probably one of the best, if not the best explanation of electronics I have ever encountered.
    SUBSCRIBED!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Brilliant! Thanks for the comment and especially for Subscribing too.

  • @techtopics5782
    @techtopics5782 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    this is honestly the best explanation I have seen on the 555 and its operation. The explanation + visuals + calculations + breadboard + scope with comparison = awesome. I like that math!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@techtopics5782 thanks.

  • @deniskdenisk1985
    @deniskdenisk1985 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This is one of the cleanest explanations in an electronics video that I've seen, fantastic work!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad you enjoyed it! Thanks for the comment.

  • @Mitch3D
    @Mitch3D 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Thank you for this explanation and demo! I only really learned how to do microcontrollers with electronics so finding out other uses for simpler components is useful. One use for the 555, instead of a capacitor and voltage divider, you could use a thermistor to vary the threshold voltage based on temperature and tie the output to a relay to turn on a heater, you have made a simple bang-bang control loop.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Thanks.

  • @TheRandomDave
    @TheRandomDave 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Adding my voice to all the others...absolutely brilliant job explaining and demonstrating the 555 timer.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad you liked it!

  • @lowrider6419
    @lowrider6419 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I've always been interested in electronics but as a kid it was hard to get all the right components. Now I've grown up and watch this video at 3am, I guess it's never too late to start learning a new hobby, thank god nowadays you can get any components and there are great channels like yours that help a lot.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad you liked it, even at 3am in the morning :) Thanks for the comment.

    • @AlbertSA3
      @AlbertSA3 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I played with electronics a lot as a kid and throughout highschool courses. Now at 61 with more free time on my hands I'm picking up where I left off. 😉
      Great video!
      First time I really understood what's going on behind each pin and what I can use it for.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@AlbertSA3 Great stuff. Hope it sparks some interesting projects for you.

  • @philmann3476
    @philmann3476 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Wow, this brings back memories. When I was fresh out of school in the late 70s and an engineer with Motorola, I was assigned the task of designing a test fixture to ensure that capacitors installed in antennas under production were within limits. The solution I came up with was to use three 555 timers with two of them using precision components at both ends of the allowable capacitance range. The third timer operated with the capacitor to be tested. The idea was that if the capacitor under test was within limits, its 555 timer would trigger after the one operating at one end of the range, but before the one at the opposite end. If the capacitor under test was within limits, additional logic circuitry would turn on a green light, and if it were not, a red light would come on. It worked and I got no complaints from the factory, but, even now, always wondered just how accurate it was.

  • @tedbastwock3810
    @tedbastwock3810 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

    What an amazing video. I have watched probably 2 dozen 555 videos recently, none are better than this. Visuals are great. Was also a very good explanation. You managed to make an entertaining and informative video on something that already has a lot of videos on it but with a unique and useful twist. E.g. I never took the time to figure out exactly how the astable mode works, and I'm very glad you walked me through it here. I haven't seen anyone else do that, and I'm glad you did. I cant wait to see see your other 555 videos that you mentioned at the end. Thanks for sharing.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Many thanks for your comment. More videos coming......

  •  3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    You're probably fed up already by all the praise, but you're such a great explainer. On top of that, your visualisations are very clear and super informative. Brilliant channel! I wish I had an electronics teacher like you back in my uni days.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I will never get fed up of positive comments like yours. It inspires me to continue on, thank you.

  • @remi3741
    @remi3741 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    like in the comments already i to never saw a video so well explaned about an electronic divice. fantastic. i wish more people would do it like this on more components or cicuits. its fantastic for biginners and hobby. thank u so much.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      thanks so much for your comment. I'm glad you found it useful.

  • @ivolol
    @ivolol 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    You can tell a lot of passion was put into this video to make it a clear explanation with lots of visual aids. Congratulations.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Many thanks and yes you're right, it was a lot of work to compile, but overall quite enjoyable and rewarding.

  • @tsetsefly4538
    @tsetsefly4538 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Great video, explained better than my tutor 30+ years ago.. Just for laughs a quote "The 555 timer IC's name is said to come from the three 5 kΩ resistors within the chip, but the designer, Hans Camenzind, says the number was chosen arbitrarily. Camenzind said that the name was chosen by Art Fury, the marketing manager, who thought the circuit would sell well." I would say to that if the designer says so then so it is i have always gone by, the early chips actually had a very small 555 engraved somewhere within. Also to note there are much better and stable oscillator chips, but obviously much more expensive. 555 is great for hobby work, when you start to get into exact frequencies then you require more sophistication.. Loved this video..

  • @shader26
    @shader26 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Needed a refresher course on the 555 and wow..did I get one. Excellent tutorial and graphics, hands on. Explained well and perfectly and real time experiment. Thank you!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks, glad you enjoyed. Please be sure to Subscribe. More 555 videos coming and I will be ramping up on this channel in a few months time.

  • @flyddw
    @flyddw 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    That was the absolute BEST explanation of the 555 chip. As a wannabe EE major in college - I gave up on the math and continuous curves and chose CompSci instead. However - if you were my teacher, I definitely would have stayed in.
    Brilliant!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Fantastic! Thanks for your comment, much appreciated.

  • @MarkALong64
    @MarkALong64 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    That was an enjoyable trip down memory lane :) I once met a very excited chapin the gents of a Southampton pub who had designed the timer circuit for the hot air hand dryer using an NE556 and for some reason, he really wanted to explain the circuit to anyone who would listen.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      From my experience, those hand dryers must have the wrong size capacitors in them then . 😆

  • @craxd1
    @craxd1 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    A good lesson for electronic students on solid state logic. Well done. When I went through school, everything was shown on a blackboard.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment,

  • @donkeymedic
    @donkeymedic 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    This is by far the best explanation of the 555. I struggled to understand it , but this made it clear.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment, much appreciated.

  • @developersteve1658
    @developersteve1658 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I'm a software engineer who is trying to learn electronics. After a fair bit of research, I have to say this video has done the best job so far of giving me that "aha!" moment.
    When you asked what component could be used to charge/discharge, and I correctly guessed capacitor, I couldn't help but fist pump in excitement!
    Thank you for your work. I look forward to learning much more from you.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Great stuff! I have now visions of your joyous moment :)

  • @heph4estus570
    @heph4estus570 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    NPN - never points in, PNP - points in is actually brilliant sir. I will remember this forever

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Great! Glad it helped.

  • @ALEXANDERKYRKAS
    @ALEXANDERKYRKAS 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    A Masterpiece for electronics engineering teaching. Bravo!!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Wow, thanks!

  • @scpvrr
    @scpvrr 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    You are a terrific instructor. This was the first video of yours that I watched. I learned a lot. You earned a subscriber.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Many thanks for your comment and more so for Subscribing,

  • @javiermitchell7073
    @javiermitchell7073 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Really well explained. This must have been one of the most " mysterious" circuits I came across when I was a youngster!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks. Glad you enjoyed.

  • @dustinduncan2444
    @dustinduncan2444 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Brilliant video. I was surprised that I could watch this length of video on the venerable 555 and not find my mind wandering. It's a testament to the ability to teach and keep people engaged in the content.
    I really appreciate breaking down the pins and how they are related without just glossing over why a given pin is connected to a specific point in the circuit. The color coding of the internal and external voltages along with the logic level changes definitely made it easier to follow what was going on.
    Bonus points for building up the bench demo from a couple LEDs to the oscilloscope traces that took the diagrams from a simulation to the real world.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for your comment. It took quite some effort to put this together to be honest, but I am please with the outcome, especially all the comments like yours. Please remember to Subscribe, if not already. 😁

  • @kapsabet3
    @kapsabet3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    The very best of lectures
    I have listened to so many no one matches your style and ease of understanding. Thank you thank you thank you.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks and welcome.

  • @tlum4081
    @tlum4081 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    i once worked for a small company whose main "electrical engineer" only knew relay ladder logic. I designed a simple 555 circuit operating in a sequence to signal solenoid air valves to open to blow dust from a multiple dust bag system into the waste bin. Worked like a champ. They thought it was the cat's meow.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Brilliant!😄

  • @markramsell454
    @markramsell454 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I used one of these for a 1Mhz clock on a 6502 board I made. It worked just fine. Nice description, very thorough.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Very nice!

  • @bradhayes8294
    @bradhayes8294 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    As a mechanical engineering student back in the 80's I used a 555 chip to build an adjustable triggered timing circuit to control a pull-type solenoid that would open a modified mechanical diesel fuel injector to inject a fuel consisting of a methanol/coal slurry into a small, single-cylinder ICE.
    The control circuit input trigger was a 5 VDC voltage pulse produced by an optical encoder and a wiper mounted onto an external camshaft extension. The trigger signal would occur when the piston was at TDC. It had a series of thumbwheel switches that allowed the fuel injector opening/closing times relative to TDC to be set and changed.

  • @CraigsWorkshop
    @CraigsWorkshop 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thanks for making this video! I had 3/4 of an idea how these chips worked, but now it's crystal clear. You are a great teacher.
    I hope you keep making these vids. Cheers!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for watching and the comment, glad you found it useful. Yes more videos are coming, so make sure you Subscribe too 😁

  • @LonnonFoster
    @LonnonFoster 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Brilliant explanation! It's not often I find any material that blends theory and practice so well. Your shifts between diagram, breadboard, and oscilloscope are beautifully timed in the video; this is the clearest I've ever seen a 555's operation described. Thanks for taking the time to craft such an excellent video!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad you enjoyed and thanks for the great comment.

  • @lamp007
    @lamp007 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Best video and explanation I've seen on all of TH-cam, and much much much better than anything from University. Especially with the Images and gradients. Subscribed!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad it was helpful! And thanks for Subscribing.

  • @jeffspaulding9834
    @jeffspaulding9834 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

    People say it wasn't named after the 5K resistors because that's what the inventor of the 555 said in an interview. It was named by a marketing fellow who thought "555" was catchy.
    Brilliant video, BTW.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      Yes, I have heard that too, but for me it seems too co-incidental.
      Thanks for the comment.

    • @matousejem
      @matousejem 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Maybe the marketing fellow saw the schema and got the idea.

    • @peircedan
      @peircedan 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@paulpkae You may think it is too coincidental but it don't know any reason to think it is not a simple coincidence. Historically there was no logic for how these early ICs got their number designations. As far as I know it was generally mostly chance. The 556 is essentially two 555s in a single package. There is no difference in the resistor voltage divider. I don't recall hearing anyone speculating where the name came from back in the 70s or early 80s. No one questioned where 7404 got that designation either. Engineers just like to number things.

  • @diverbob8
    @diverbob8 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    That was fun...like you, I was there at the dawn of digital circuitry and having build dozens of 555 circuits, I immediately realized the purpose of your click bait. I congratulate you on your patience in following through the explanation of how it works. Somewhere around here is a red book with about 100 555 projects from turn signals for a motorcycle to windshield wiper auto sweep, etc.
    Very effective post...Great Job!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks, glad you like it.

  • @drbone4287
    @drbone4287 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    wow, best explanation of 555 ever. GJ! And great visuals! If people in schools explained things like you do, i just might have finished it xD

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Wow, thanks! Great comment.

  • @bazzatron9482
    @bazzatron9482 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This is a brilliant explanation of how the 555 can be used and _why_ it functions as it does. I appreciate you showing them in animation as well as on the bench and with the scope. I wish I had this instruction when I was in school.
    This all being said, you didnt really dive into your thesis on why this chip "isn't a timer". I'd say that this chip is similar, conceptually, to the escapement mechanism of a clock if used in such a circuit. It can convert an analogue oscillation into a digital count, and even if it can only count to one, isnt that the absolute basis for timing? In any case, the bait worked and I'm here for it, have your engagement, I'll be back for more no doubt 🤣

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment.
      Controversial thumbnails jump out at people and grab attention 😄 The main purpose of the video was to demonstrate how the internal building blocks work, in conjunction with the components you install around the chip, to make it into a timer.

  • @johnnydingo8680
    @johnnydingo8680 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Is he daft? Nah just telling the truth 😊 Brings back many memories playing with 555 timers. Great presentation. 👍👍👍

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Many thanks for the comment. Hope you have not stopped playing with electronics, you are clearly still interested.

  • @rv6amark
    @rv6amark 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Well done. Good graphics, good explanation. Every time I work with a 555, I have to relearn how it works. Now I know where to go for that information.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks 👍

  • @YodaWhat
    @YodaWhat 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

    It is worth mentioning that the Control Voltage *pin, #5, is also known as the Pulse Width Modulation pin.* I have had great fun playing with that function, even turning a CMOS 555 into a Digitial Mode audio amplifier with pin 5 as the audio input! A couple of extra components are needed beyond the usual few for a simple timer: an external transistor to make the duty cycle 50% ON and 50% OFF, plus an inductor to knock out the high frequency elements of the output signal, and a small capacitor on pin 5 to give DC isolation from the audio source. I set the oscillation frequency to be 2 MHz, which is only possible with the CMOS 555. That meant each wave of the audio input was _in effect_ 'sampled' 100 times (for 20 kHz audio), and 100,000 times (for 20 Hz audio), giving high fidelity to the *_implicit_** A-to-D conversion* and to the audio output. 🙂

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Thanks for sharing your knowledge.

  • @hankcohen3419
    @hankcohen3419 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Brilliant! It makes me admire the engineer who thought this up in the early days of digital electronics. Also confirms that all electronics is analog.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Thanks for the comment.
      Yes all electronics can be said to be analogue. A 1 or 0 is only a voltage threshold at the end of the day.
      Just to add, from my experience, everything also always boils down to Ohms law if you drill down enough.

  • @coriscotupi
    @coriscotupi 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I learned about the 555 in the late 70s. By then, I had played with the usual configurations (blinking LED, speaker sound, etc). Shortly after, a photographer friend asked me if I could build him a timer for his photography enlarger lamp. He wanted it to be controllable from just a few seconds to well over a minute, with strictly repeatable results. So I had this crazy idea, which I wasn't totally sure that would work: I wired two rotary, 10-position switches and associated potentiometers (trimmers, actually) in series so that the resistances of "high-value" (tens of seconds) trimmers would be added to that of the "low" (seconds) trimmers. And it worked, too. With that arrangement, I could set the switches to any discrete time interval between 0 (lamp on for only as long as the start button was pressed) and 99 seconds. The 555 timer output was routed through a transistor to a 120V relay, which drove the lamp. The photographer friend used this for many years, and I still think it was one of he coolest things I've made as an electronics hobbyist.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Thanks. Sounds like a great little project that has stuck in your mind all these years.

  • @gunblad3
    @gunblad3 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Where were you when we were learning circuits…. Thanks! Enjoyed learning what they should have taught us

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad you enjoyed it!

  • @joedfazio
    @joedfazio 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I designed circuits using 555 timers back in the late 80’s. Thanks for the memories! BTW the 556 is twice the fun 😊

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks, glad you enjoyed it.

  • @sneaky_krait7271
    @sneaky_krait7271 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    What an explanation, would love to see you explain stuff like PID-controls and DC/DC bi-directional converters

  • @AvastAntiPony9445
    @AvastAntiPony9445 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Ok now it makes tenfold more sense to me why it's called a 555, genuine surprised i haven't heard anyone explain it till now, and that everyone calls it a "timer" chip.

  • @rogueninja1685
    @rogueninja1685 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Until this video, I always thought the timing mechanism was a constant somehow and explanations of the 555 never pointed out the required external components to make it work. Capacitance and resistance was all it ever was and now I feel like I have a good handle on the whole thing. It's amazing how many blanks this single video filled in, particularly the noise capacitor

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Great! Glad this video has helped fill in the gaps.

  • @peterwadham7965
    @peterwadham7965 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I agree this is one of the best explained 555 timers vides that I have seen, I remember looking at the timer at college and it seem difficult to understand as we had was the RS data sheet written by electronic professors

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks. Brilliant comment, encourages me to produce more....

  • @jerrywright9657
    @jerrywright9657 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    In 1980 I used a thermistor in the timing circuit to produce a temperature sensitive pulse duration. That pulsed a milliwatt CW transmitter so I could remotely get temp data by monitoring time between pulses. That got implanted in free ranging woodchucks so we could monitor location and hibernation status.

  • @GrandsonofKong
    @GrandsonofKong 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Great description and video!
    555 was developed by Signetics founded by some former Fairchild Semiconductor Engineers (like Intel was). I worked at National Semiconductor (just around the corner from the Signetics Plant) and we called it the "Triple Nickel" at least in our department(Test Engineering) when NSC decided to second source the 555. Still have a Signetics Apps Book on my bookshelf and a very useful chip when the only option was a bunch of TTL Logic to do timing when you could get away with only a few external components back in the day.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment and your interesting history insight.

  • @mistaecco
    @mistaecco 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I've never stuck through with properly learning electronics on this level, but have found reasons to solder and build anyway. This was brilliant. Perhaps I'll end up brushing off one of my kits!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad you liked and thanks for the comment.

  • @SusanAmberBruce
    @SusanAmberBruce 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    You put a lot of effort into this video, thanks, I hope you are not discouraged by the lack of interest

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Thanks. It was indeed a lot of effort. I just hope people enjoy the results. Thanks again for your comments, much appreciated.

    • @tedbastwock3810
      @tedbastwock3810 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Lack of interest? You commented 3 hours after it was published. Give it time, Im sure this vid will get a lot of views .. or at least it should, considering how good it is.

    • @esra_erimez
      @esra_erimez 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@tedbastwock3810 I could not have said it better myself. This is by far the best explanation. I think this video will go viral

  • @odbo_One
    @odbo_One 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This is the first IC I grew up learning. It all took off from there, good times. I may relive that. I still have at least 10x 555 and 10x 556 IC.

  • @grahamsopp
    @grahamsopp 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    The first chip I ever played with, because it was useful, and cheap (I miss Maplin) . blew a few up. know it inside out, upside down and backwards. This is a great explanation to the next generation of 555 users.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      In my trade, Maplin was a handy local store for whatever construction site we worked on, if you needed something urgent. However, the walk from site to the nearest Maplin soon become known as "The Walk of Shame" because it meant you had not planned your works properly.😆

  • @Plumpkatt1
    @Plumpkatt1 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Although my mind is mush watching this video I actually really understand it the way you explained it at the end. I just stumbled across the video and it seemed interesting especially the way you explain. I love seeing your real world example after your lecture because it lets me see it in action which I need to be able to get an understanding.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad it was helpful!

  • @spark_coder
    @spark_coder 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This is by far one of the best explanations for an electronic component that I've ever seen.
    Your intro burst my ears (I was wearing earphones) but it was totally worth it for how good this video was and how well I was able to understand what you were teaching.
    Thank you for this video ❤

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Thanks. Yes a few people have mentioned the intro volume. I had tweaked by OBS settings prior to recording to try and improve the clarity and forgot to normalise my intro recording.
      Other than that, I'm glad you made your way through it and found it of use.

  • @fshieldsii
    @fshieldsii 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    First time you've shown up in my feed. Your explanations and presentations are so good that I've subscribed!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Brilliant! Thanks for subscribing.

  • @Mark1024MAK
    @Mark1024MAK 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Very nicely explained 👍 In fact, I rate this video excellent. I found myself watching all the way through even though I already knew how it worked. And have used it in many circuit configurations. Including an opposite polarity one shot monostable pulse generator (to generate a reset pulse for another chip). The number of different circuit configurations shows how flexible it is.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Many thanks for your comment.

  • @alexcrouse
    @alexcrouse 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    I once found a single chip circuit board controlling the water level in a tank. Very very old system. I asked the maintenance grey beard why they had a microcontroller instead of a PLC. He laughed. "That's a 555!"
    With some resistor magic and a variable resistor on a float, they set the low level to report 3v, and the high level to 6v, and the 555 triggered the fill valve.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Thanks for sharing. I'm sure there's been millions of different 555 implementation types over the years.

  • @WarrenOsborne-n3x
    @WarrenOsborne-n3x 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I remember back in the 70's with my father in his ham shack bread boarding a nixie tube light sequencer based around a 555. Thanx for the memory.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Great stuff!

  • @thb40
    @thb40 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    excellent explanation of how the 555 works.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks! 👍

  • @squelchtone
    @squelchtone 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    As a visual learner, this helped me a lot.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Great! Glad it helped.

  • @JohnVance
    @JohnVance 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I finished Ben Eater's 8-bit CPU and wanted an even more in-depth explanation for the timer, and your video was fantastic. Also had no idea those jumpered resistor network boards existed!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Wow, that must have been a rewarding project to have completed. I have watched Ben's videos too and fascinated in seeing the building blocks of a computer assembled and running on breadboards.

  • @gregf9160
    @gregf9160 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    My father, an electronics engineer said "PNP = Piss _in_ Pot (arrow points in) NPN = _No_ Piss in Pot (arrow points out)" when I was learning this stuff as a kid.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Brilliant! 😄

  • @stargazer7644
    @stargazer7644 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    What an excellent explanation of the 555!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Many thanks. I am working on the next follow up 555 video this very moment.

  • @halb1282
    @halb1282 26 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Simple concise valuable explanation. Easy to follow, easily understandable; it all makes sense now. Thank you. Look forward to future videos.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  26 วันที่ผ่านมา

      @@halb1282 great! Thanks for your comment. Much appreciated.

  • @karlwimheese1587
    @karlwimheese1587 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    you are a fantastic teacher! The explanation of the internal workings is brilliant.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment. Glad you liked it.

  • @robandsharonseddon-smith5216
    @robandsharonseddon-smith5216 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Loved it. Took me back to my teens in the 80s. I never understood it then tho. More like this please

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Thanks for the comment. More videos coming....

  • @KonstantinDeak
    @KonstantinDeak 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    First video I've seen of yours and its great. Very clean, no blurry camera stuff, WELL explained, excellent format of diagrams and bench testing. Liked and Subscribed!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Awesome, thank you!

  • @user-fed-yum
    @user-fed-yum 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I remember using the 555 on a game that I made, forty years ago, to win my school science competition. Amazing how long they (and me) have been around.

  • @Mikael5732
    @Mikael5732 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    A good beginning explanation of the 555. Thank you for your time in presenting this lesson. Will follow up with the other lessons you offer. Thanks again! 👍🏻

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Glad you enjoyed it!

  • @GeekRedux
    @GeekRedux หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Fantastic video! Very clear, well-paced explanation of what's going on. The only nit I'll pick: You're not consistent about whether input voltages have to exceed the reference voltages on the comparators or just equal them to change output state.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment.
      The various datasheets differ in this context, but to be honest it's pretty irrelevant. The comparators are so sensitive that the condition of having the exact same voltage on both pins would be almost impossible to achieve for any notable period. There will be many unwanted influences on the circuit causing small fluctuations in the voltages all over the place.

    • @GeekRedux
      @GeekRedux หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@paulpkae Well, I _did_ say I was nitpicking 😄 But again, I'm really impressed with the quality of your instructional videos. The clarity of your graphics, the explanations, explaining things when needed and not before... It's all very top-notch. It's a bit of a shame you're competing with the rest of TH-cam, because there was a time you could have sold videos like this on the educational market for a good sum. Looking forward to more!

  • @BoukeGroenescheij
    @BoukeGroenescheij 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Wauw, even though there are over 300 reactions telling you this is the best explanation ever seen, I'll just add another one. What a great explanation, one of the best 30 minutes on TH-cam :-). Thank you for sharing, I've subscribed!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Great! Thanks for watching, the comment and even more for Subscribing.

  • @anonamouse5917
    @anonamouse5917 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    If only this could have been packed into a 5:55 video it would be platinum tier.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      🤣

  • @Ancipital_
    @Ancipital_ 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thanks, I will need to watch this a couple more times to completely understand it. I'm a bit new to elecronics!

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@Ancipital_ thanks. And yes, watch a couple of times or more and it will sink in.

  • @jimf2525
    @jimf2525 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I may be wrong, but I thought this was a perfect video. I’ve never given that compliment before, though, to be honest, Veritasium deserves and others deserved it. Great job. No one should ever replicate this video.

    • @paulpkae
      @paulpkae  3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks for the comment. Much appreciated.