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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 ก.ย. 2018
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Fossilized footprints have proved that human ancestors were already striding across the landscape 3.6 million years ago. But who started them on that path? What species pioneered this style of locomotion? Who was the first to walk?
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References:
humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/h...
humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/b...
www.smithsonianmag.com/scienc...
www.nature.com/news/2007/0707...
Dericquebourg, P., Person, A., Ségalen, L., Pickford, M., Senut, B., & Fagel, N. (2015). Environmental significance of Upper Miocene phosphorites at hominid sites in the Lukeino Formation (Tugen Hills, Kenya). Sedimentary Geology, 327, 43-54.
Thorpe, S. K., McClymont, J. M., & Crompton, R. H. (2014). The arboreal origins of human bipedalism. Antiquity, 88(341), 906-914.
Harcourt-Smith, W. H. (2010). The first hominins and the origins of bipedalism. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 3(3), 333-340.
Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D., Lieberman, D. E., Likius, A., Mackaye, H. T., ... & Vignaud, P. (2005). New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad. Nature, 434(7034), 752.
Richmond, B. G., & Jungers, W. L. (2008). Orrorin tugenensis femoral morphology and the evolution of hominin bipedalism. Science, 319(5870), 1662-1665.
Begun, D. R. (2004). The earliest hominins--is less more?. Science, 303(5663), 1478-1480.
Lovejoy, C. O., Latimer, B., Suwa, G., Asfaw, B., & White, T. D. (2009). Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science, 326(5949), 72-72e8.
Lovejoy, C. O., Suwa, G., Spurlock, L., Asfaw, B., & White, T. D. (2009). The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: the emergence of upright walking. Science, 326(5949), 71-71e6.
White, T. D., Suwa, G., & Asfaw, B. (1994). Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature, 371(6495), 306.
Leakey, M. G., Feibel, C. S., McDougall, I., & Walker, A. (1995). New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature, 376(6541), 565.
White, T. D., WoldeGabriel, G., Asfaw, B., Ambrose, S., Beyene, Y., Bernor, R. L., ... & Hart, W. K. (2006). Asa Issie, Aramis and the origin of Australopithecus. Nature, 440(7086), 883.
Masao, F. T., Ichumbaki, E. B., Cherin, M., Barili, A., Boschian, G., Iurino, D. A., ... & Manzi, G. (2016). New footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania) provide evidence for marked body size variation in early hominins. elife, 5, e19568.
Almécija, S., Tallman, M., Alba, D. M., Pina, M., Moyà-Solà, S., & Jungers, W. L. (2013). The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Nature Communications, 4, 2888. - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
The defining feature that makes us human -- what sets us apart from other animals -- is we're the only species that isn't afraid of vacuum cleaners.
I have anxiety and actually can't stand to vacuum as it masks the sounds of approaching predators. Truly, hyper-vigilance. I took up the carpets and sweep a lot.
@Alexander Supertramp Human predators?
Vacuum cleaners actually bother me, I just ignore my gut reaction when using them.
@Alexander Supertramp the eyes are a remnant from our tree dwelling ancestors that were less likely to have a predator sneak up on them and more likely to die from a fall If a distance is misjudged.
@Scott Whatever other species act in ways that appear to indicate some level of empathy so not even that is uniquely human.
Just helping the guy wanting a video about "Pleistocene Australian megafauna and what it may have been like for the first aboriginal people who set foot on the continent."
Sounds like a neat video, let's make his wish come true!
Eric Sharp That’s exactly what I was thinking about. Yes please make a video about this PBS. Such an interesting topic. 👍🏽
And "butt hair" 😂
Call it "Pleistocene Australian Megafauna" then talk about something vaguely related for 9 minutes and 26 seconds. And record Steve's face.
L
0:07 "Imagine yourself in Tanzania, in Eastern Africa, more than three and a half million years ago"
* * STARTS SCREAMING * *
"This is so coo-" (sounds of being eaten)
Yeah no wifi and no weedman I wouldn't be happy.
Now where did I park the time machine...?
@@biohazard724 and your bones are found and misinterpreted.
Glad I wasn't the only one
While I love the videos on dinosaurs and ancient fauna the most, I'd really love to see a video about when more than one species of human coexisted, because that stuff is wild for me to think about.
The fact that I am part Neanderthal blows my mind.
@@Tazy50 I'm pretty sure they're just as much homo sapiens as you or I. Unless... you are a dog who has learned to type!
@@Tazy50 they're Homo sapiens. It's kinda racist to think that they're not like us just because they have differing physical features apart from yours.
@@Tazy50 the same can be said of pretty much all Non-African Homo sapiens. Africans have the least amount of ghost hominid DNA and are the closest to the original form of homo sapien before we mingled with neaderthals and denisovans
I agree 👍
I just want to comment this genuinely and from the bottom of my heart. I discovered this channel when I was around 7-8, it changed my entire life. I’m now the biggest nerd you will ever meet if you give me enough room to talk and I haven’t stopped since. Currently I’m graduating 8th grade and I’m going to a specialty high school for biology sciences. This channel got me from a religiously sheltered 2nd grader to a future paleoanthropologist. You guys truly rock
Could you please do a video on the evolution of human blood types & why they even exist in the first place??
Don't know but i found out that humans have less blood types than other animals including other primates.
Better immunity?
that's an interesting one
That actually makes a lot of sense, shadowmax889. Especially since i very recently found out that the X and Y sex chromosomes in humans are not universal in the animal kingdom. Birds have Z & W chromosomes! I would like to know more about animal blood types now.
Different blood types are probably just reminders that humans had very separate developmental characteristics, considering tribalism and whatnot, which led to different blood types, but we have fewer blood types than other primates because of that near-extinction event that almost wiped humanity off the face of the map.
But what do I know?
Mary Leakey's absolutely incredible, she's such a fantastic and inspiring scientist!
That tattoo though
Jk_ordean Neil what about it?
Yes! She has not gotten the recognition she deserves.
@@jk_ordeanneil3783 There's always one of you.
its the imposter from among us. not very chungus crewmate of you.
When did horns and antlers start showing up in animals? Which came first? Why? What's the benefit for growing them over life (horns) or seasonally (antlers)?
I think that generally, horns gravitate more towards selfdefense and protecting the herd where antlers are closer associated to ritual fights and display. I think the seasonal nature of antlers shows they serve during critical periods (mating season, but also food scarcity (female caribou)) and that there is still a benefit in not-having antlers (saving energy, escaping predators, reduced risk of getting tangled.
It seems like those rules are true, but don’t always apply to all animals. For example, there are lots of dinosaurs which had horns but none that we know of that had seasonal antlers, so the unique cost/benefit analysis of antlers versus horns might have applied differently to that type of animal or that ecological situation.
horns/antlers have one big job. showing the other sex that you are strong ans vital enough to waist energy on stuff like that. and if the other sex is convinced enough you will increase the chance to mate.
in the end it's all about the same basic rule. keep the species alive and always go for the best version of all.
Andrew G I looked up deer viagra and there were no articles I could find that told of people giving deer viagra... sad
@@dffndjdjd But Viagra doesn't have anything to do with testosterone or other sex hormones. It increases bloodflow. It's more of a blood pressure medication than anything.
Can you discus when hominids lost the majority of their fur/hair?
I think it's because it makes sweating more effective.
Perhaps it was a few different environmental pressures acting in concert with our ancestors' own behavioral changes related to their increasing neurological capacity, whereby increasing global temperatures selected for adaptive mutations causing less body hair, thus increasing the heat dissipation of sweat over a larger surface area of bare skin exposed to air, combined with increasingly complex tool use behaviors used to craft animal hide clothing which may have conferred an evolutionary advantage in intelligence in those same ancestors with less body hair because they were more likely to need to craft a solution to surviving cold nighttime temperatures or Northern climates after migration. It would be advantageous to be able to both sweat more efficiently during hot daytime temperatures and also stay warm in cooler nighttime temperatures, and the need to craft clothing to compensate for these temperature changes and hair loss would be associated with more capable brains. I'm *not* an expert in evolutionary biology so don't quote me on this potentially flawed hypothesis, but it's what I've come up with after reading your comment and doing absolutely no research on this. :)
Nova Science Now
video.aptv.org/video/nova-sciencenow-lice-and-human-evolution/
ດເ
ລດໃ@@metanumia
I visited the Olduvai Gorge Museum in Tanzania which close to where the footprints were discovered. Their anthropology exhibits on the discoveries of the Laetoli footprints and hominid skulls were amazing. The area has amazing history and it's definitely worth learning about!
Every time I watch a video about human evolution, It shows me another species of human. It's incredible!
You guys have such great topics.😃 and such informative content. It's amazing and I love it. You are pretty much the channel I was hoping to find on TH-cam, and I've been with you since the beginning, which is so cool.
Could you do an episode on how photosynthesis evolved(always been curious) or possibly one on Gorgonopsids, crocodilomorphs, or the Cambrian fauna, like hallucigenia. Love those last three. All very interesting, but then almost all prehistoric life is, like your videos🙂
The Creature Wonderful suggestions =)
You should watch ben g thomas
What about what pushed our brain size? The feedback loop between increasing brain size, decreasing infant development, and increased need for a supporting social structure and communication?
evolution does not exist. Go to hell
Micio Rosso so you deny that life changes with time? If evolution does not exist explain how bacteria evolved into superbugs by developing immunity to multiple strains of antibiotics.
I have been wondering if you would go deeper into the evolution of terrestrial life in arthropods. It has been loosely referenced in your previous videos but not addressed in depth yet.
30 years ago I was taught the savannah hypothesis and Lucy my grand-ma. And I was ok with that, it was logical. And now, thanks to your great PBS channels, I have other logical explanations, so many trails to think about :)
I like palaeontology : science of dead stuff is really a living science.
Big thanks to people who make the subtitles. I can understand English, but subtitles help a lot to really understand science ;)
I am a history teacher, I still teach kids about the Savannah theory and Lucy.
Reading it makes it stick better than just hearing it.
Try reading the aquatic ape theory. You can also see videos of chimps and bonobos wading in water.
I think this environmental change offers a better long term environment for bipedal adaptations than the Savannah hypothesis.
Our ability to swim (streamlined body) and breath underwater is a major adaptation and should be considered. I am not a scientist but I teach human movement and love archaeology and evolutionary theory (wife is an evolutionary biologist) and to me its worth the time to investigate.
@@nightofld "breathe underwater"?????
My favorite channel on youtube. You all do an amazing job with these.
A joy to watch and some serious quality content
What about the evolution of hair/scales/feathers? Or maybe how the first eyes evolved?
Yes, and include different types of hair like the hair that bugs have vs. mammalian hair and so forth.
Safron if you want a video on eyes find something by Richard Dawkins
Eyes evolved from light sensory organs, scales came from Amphibious skin which came from fish which came from invertebrates (the transition from invertebrates to vertebrates maybe even more interesting than the first things to walk on land, I wish it got more attention), hair and feathers both evolved from scales afterwards.
Im pretty sure they have already covered this topic.
@@maxsaviano3586 Hair is Scales
Human evolution is fascinating, great video! Always makes me excited for future discoveries
I'm picturing the faces of the others when the first one stood upright and walked as:
"WTF is that weirdo doing"?
Haha ... Exactly!! 😂 True!
Man, what an excellent job done on this video. Eleven minutes of sheer content. I had to look over to see if I was running at 1.5 speed. This will go onto my favorites list. I'll need to see it a couple of times and will have to have it as a reminder. Although it was in reality a montage of pictures, it seemed more like a video. It shows the logic of human development over millions of year. Most emphasis is on skull development while this forces you to look at it in a different way. You can just see human kind "stepping" forward from the distant past. Thanks to the narrator and all of those who helped put this together. MY next step is to find more PBS Eons like this. Thanks.
Most bigfoot sightings are probably actually an bear that is walking on it's two hind legs. They can do this if their front legs or paws are injured and it looks pretty crazy.
Or just a big backwoods guy wearing animal skins, semi feral people living away from society
@@chaosmarklar they exist ?
david chappel you think accounts would be completely accurate!
What about the bears claws?
@david chappel a 10 foot tall body builder with more hair than is considered normal for a human would look a lot like a bear in it hind limbs at a distance.
Now we need an Eons episode on neanderthals, us, neanderthals and us crossbreeding, and more - like our migrations and the development of domestication.
Crossbreeding began long before we met neanderthals. It started in Africa with all of the hominid species living there at the time.
pureblood Africans are the only race with zero Neandethol in their DNA meaning they left Africa before modern humans evolved.
@@razatiger22 And last I heard, there's six strains of Africans & only four of everyone else.
This the best channel on TH-cam. It helps me put things in perspective on a geologic scale. Thank you so much for your hard work!
Literally my favorite subject! What an amazing story of adaptation and survival...thank you so much for this amazing vid.
Love your nick
+PBS Eons
I would be very interested in learning about nails vs. claws: what came first, and what caused the evolution of the other? Things like that. If you could do that, I'd be very happy.
And now, some kissassery hehe: I have been following you since the very first episode where Hank introduced the show, and i have watched every episode since then. This puts me in a position where i can honestly say that Eons is the best series of its kind that i have seen in my life! Keep up the good work, fellas.
It also has to do weight, dexterity, and how an animal moves through their environment. Claws get in the way if you brachiate, and must grasp and release branches as you distribute your weight among them. Claws also limit your ability to use a precision grip..among other things. There are more reasons, but it is known that claws came first, and it was later that nails developed. Sadly this is actually a topic that cannot be covered properly in a comment section. There are a multiplicity of places that you can research that can give more indepth information should you so desire such. Good luck :)
Claws were around longer than nails, so they came first. Our ancestors had nails because they helped in grabbing branches more than claws. Dogs have really blunt claws because they can't retract them anymore so they're considered nails.
For some reason I read the title as "When We First Talked", a video about that would also be cool!
Most people have lost the ability to meaningfully talk/communicate today mostly staring into their phones (even in social gatherings among friends and relatives) and we have devolved to just "communicating" on Facebook, Twitter etc...
This would be closely related to the 'taming' of fire?
This video was *so* well done, thank you PBS Eons! I hadn't known about the found footprints, that is so cool!! Keep up the great work!
What species in prehistory had the ability to laugh (besides humans) ? Reading "Laughter in ancient Rome" by Mary Beard is making me question if laughter is a human only trait. She points out that mice "laugh" when tickled.
As soon as I have money, I'm totally donating to Eons. Thanks for another awesome video!!!!
Great question
It's Okay to Be Smart: Why Do We Laugh?
www.pbs.org/video/its-okay-be-smart-laughter/
@@agimasoschandir Great video! Frames my question up beautifully for Eons to enhance upon. Did only mammals (in prehistoric times) laugh? If so did it begin or develop with/from another trait and/or behavior?
Rats giggle in ultrasonics when playing and when tickled, too. I'd volunteer for that lab work. Love my pet rats
I absolutely love this channel! Greetings from Tanzania! 🤙🏾 🇹🇿
Greetings from Chicago, Illinois USA
Hello distant cousin
I love this channel. So cool learning about how we came to be.
There's also the Swamp Ape hypothesis, that states our early ancestors mostly lived in the trees, but used bipedal movement to travel through shallow water (such as you'd find in a flooded region, swamp or seashore) in much the same way as Orangutans do today. Standing more upright allowed us to both keep our heads (with breathing parts) out of the water and our hands free to grasp food items in the water (sessile shellfish, seaweeds, fish, etc.). The high protein & omega 3 fatty acids would have been highly valued & excellent brain food, & iodine (found in sea salt & seaweeds) remains an essential nutrient today.
Still love and think of the tree house my Dad built me when I was young...my daughters...love the treehouse We have today....but I also walked them down to store today..1k return trip.....upright..but sometimes..we grab branches
I am so thankful that this channel exists.
Can't help making the connection with evolution and raising my daughter. She learned at an astonishing rate. She was speaking two languages before she even knew her mother tongue fully. Children are the key to evolution. Adults came after.
Man you're a great parent for teaching your kid about science and evolution.
I love so much your work guys!
Thank you for existing :)
every time I see a notification for you guys my heart skips a beat. i love you, eons.
A very informative video, well presented. This subject has fascinated me for a long time. I look forward to seeing the next installment.
This is awesome! I'm really into evolutionary chains. Like, tracing back animal lineages to the strange and the dead, as well as to living creatures (including us). I'd love to see more vids like that! Also, I'd be really interested in seeing you tackle the cooked food=bigger brains hypothesis. I'm interested in knowing what you think about that.
I LOVE this channel and everyone who makes it happen and also people who support it... SUPERB!
Love this video. Glad to learn more of our ancestors.
I've always wondered if hominids standing up in the tall grass gave them a chance to see the lions who were waiting to eat them before the lions smelled them and therefore be able to have an advantage in their fight/flight response. This provides incentive to stand up, have sharp eyes, be able to think and plan, be able to talk with your mates, and be able to run like hell, and/or develop weapons to fight back.
My bio class is definitely gonna be watching this at tomorrows lesson!
Awesome vid. Been looking for a series to replace walking with cavemen. This is it. But I miss Robert Winston's moustache, it made me feel so cozy...
This is a great channel! I enjoy listening to all of you. Thank you
Mesmerizing episode ❤️, I was so involved to know our history... Please keep them coming. :)
This video is long overdue.
I NEED MOAR
Can you talk about how social interaction has evolved among humans and other social animals
Social evolution - Grunts, sign language, speech, gathering around campfire then it devolved to Facebook/Twitter etc.
You guys are helping me reconnect with my kid paleontologist! I would love to see an episode dedicated to how limbs and other extremities evolved across the animal kingdom, in particular, why the limbs of vertebrates and invertebrates are so remarkably similar in things like the number of joints. Is gravity a factor?
This video really made me stand up, look at my feet and walk, and be interested in it.
It’s always an amazing day when a new Eons goes up. ❤️
I literally wait for you guys to upload videos.
It's taking EONS for now.
We first talked on two legs to cross bodies of water. Spending time in the water would explain lack of thick fur and breathing control - which is strongly connected to speech.
We had a semi aquatic phase.
With sincere appreciation for your informative, educational and entertaining videos. Love 'em!!!
Absolutely fantastic video 👌
The Chad bipedal
Beautiful as always.
Love all the new content you guys! Keep up the good work! 😁
I had an entire university class on this topic. Still one of my favorite classes even considering how much of a mess the fossil record is
I've always been an anthropology buff, so this is a cool series. It's pretty basic, but a good intro. I was taught the Savanna Theory when I was in college. Always thought it was a bit of a stretch. The texts used to say early hominins (hominids then) stood upright to see over the grass and hunt meat. Turns out, there wasn't a savanna and we still don't know how or why our ancestors started walking on two legs.
Just sat down with a brownie and saw this was uploaded 😍 perfect timing!!
Always a great episode Eons!
Watch in like a month when this vid has over like 1milly
Another Awesome Video!
The 'Aquatic Ape Hypothesis' is also interesting as a possible route of bipedalism
Thank you again so much for another outstanding video and for your promotion of public education! Cheers! ❤️
I'm playing Ancestors and I'm at 7.5M years ago walking on two legs easy baby
Same here
Ya but if it was 7.5M years ago then why is it the 2000s?
@@suramiandthesevenstones8005 are you joking?
cats_areGreatTracy_ duben basic chronology?
@@suramiandthesevenstones8005 ... because there are years before 0 CE?
Humans are beautiful and worthy. They're so special to me
Well, yes but humans beings also destroy and cause suffering to others
@@alexanderg8466 all animals do that, Alex
Thank you. Beautiful video.
Gotta love all these epic videotitles
Part of me loves the fact that there are fossils of hominids that imply we evolved bipedalism before bigger brains. Humans are so arrogant in their intelligence that many consider it the first thing we would have evolved, before even the ability to walk on two legs.
I just like that there are now implications bipedalism came first.
This is a great video , thanks for uploading 👍🏆
Once again, a sublime video!
Thank you very much for the measured cadence of your narration. It is perfect for your video presentation.
Sahelanthropus - the oldest known biped.
...that... actually makes sense vis-a-vis the MGS5 mech.
I thoroughly enjoy these videos! One question I've been unable to find an answer to is what was the population size of these ancestors? Given a particular fossil, how likely is it that it was our direct line ancestor?
Interesting subjects and great presentation, thank you for what you do
I would very much appreciate an episode explaining the radiometric dating methods and any assumptions that are present.
My understanding is that the majority of radiometric dating assumes that the surrounds of a dated fossil have not had any of the radiometric salts washed away by water. If water removed any of the radioactive salts the dating age would be greatly increased.
Which is why they look for a crystal like a zircon. Essentially, it's a sealed box. Nothing in or out from the time of its formation.
Awesome video, would love to see a video on Basilosauridae and more of the Paleozoic era thank you
Other biped animals like birds and theropods, they have all same bones changes? Also why they become biped animals?
星凤星凤 I like doing the secs
Our way of walking is not unique because it's bipedal (every bird is bipedal too, also kangaroos an some rodents), it's unique in mammals because we hold our back vertical instead of horizontal when moving. That's very rare in animals. In fact, i can only think of another vertical-backed animal, the penguin.
Bipedalism is more energy efficient, maybe that's why.
Pbs eons, space-time , and it's ok to be smart are my favorite learning based TH-cam channels thank you for satisfying my bed to learn things on the daily basis
Fascinating-at all levels. Those family "trees" indicate to me that there are many, many more fossils out there, waiting to be found. Couple that with the brand new DNA technology, and I believe that the contributions from anthropology, paleontology, and micro biology will fill out the rough sketch of human origins with ever increasing detail.
Great episode, I'd really like to see an episode that talks about cross species interchange... Such as when Panama formed...I think it would be nice to highlight that species of animals stay put in one area, but rather follow the environment that closely resemble their original environment.
my favorite channel so far. #PBSeons please talk about contact between different hominins
also... please megistotherium
Fantastic channel, much better than most currently made educational content from similar outlets
Another banger. Keep it up ya'll. I love this stuff.
Hi PBS Eons!
Video on Pleistocene Austrailian megafauna and how it would have been for people at that time!!!
Heard a theory about an arborial feline that may even be the origin of the mythical drop-bear - would live to see how that fits with megafauna (or just know if it's total bunk - either works)
This channel is so awesome!
Great video! Thanks!
This episode has an especially great sound design :)
Oh!!! I have a necklace with O. Tugenensis' leg bone as the pendent from miniminuteman's series on ancient hominids! I love learning about the history of humans and how we interacted with others. This channel also does a great job of recognizing where fossils came from and the fact that they put the specific or semi specific names of indigenous groups is incredible.
Didn’t he also differentiate between hominid and hominin in the Sahelanthropus episode?
@a guy on a site on the internet idk if you're trying to rudely correct me or what but regardless of if I use hominid or hominin I'm still correct because both definitions include our ancient ancestors.
@@thederpypikachu9873 Alright, fair enough.
Oh wow. These videos are recent keep them coming!!
Episodes like this are why I subscribed
I'm extremely interested in how art, music, and belief in the supernatural/"gods" began. I know it's a lot more modern than most of your videos, but I've always wanted to know what the first music sounded like.
I would really like too see a video about nimravids and barbourofelidae plz,also I adore your videos :)
Amazing work as always Eons :) how about doing something on the evolution of bats and how they came about?
I love this woman. I love these programs. Carry on....
Wow!! Amazing video! Hey do you think you could make a video about the gondwanaian terrestrial crocodilomorphs? Like why they dissappeared and it relation with the gondwana breake up?
How's "When Seals First Swam" for a title?
I'm in the beginnings of my anthropology class in university, and these videos popped up into my recommended only a day after we began this topic in class! Very helpful ^.^
Impressed with the critical importance of the upright neck and periscope advantages then possible. That sets us on a path to increasing height and more open environment. We traded both running speed and climbing agility, but became very adept at judging ''safe distance'' tending taller and smarter through the ages.
Oh my god! A NEW VIDEO YAS #PBSEONSISLOVE
Dodo Bird
I thought your Extinct! Yes Dodo Bird is alivveee.