How Horses Took Over North America (Twice)
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 13 ส.ค. 2018
- PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to to.pbs.org/DonateEons
↓ More info below ↓
The ancestors of modern horses became so successful that they spread all over the world, to Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa. But in their native range of North America, they’ll vanish for 10,000 years. Until another strange mammal brings them back.
The illustration of Equus Simplicidens--also known as the Hagerman Horse--is by Roger Hall. You can check out more of Roger's work at InkArt.net
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Kelby Reid, Steph Summerfield, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan
If you'd like to support the channel, head over to / eons and pledge for some cool rewards!
Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - / eonsshow
Twitter - / eonsshow
Instagram - / eonsshow
References:
Fossil Horses by Bruce J. MacFadden
www.ajsonline.org/content/s3-1...
www.jstor.org/stable/4522989?...
chem.tufts.edu/science/evoluti...
www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fhc...
link.springer.com/article/10....
www.nationalgeographic.com/ad...
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
www.palass.org/publications/p...
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstr...
projects.iq.harvard.edu/spier...
www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscienti...
facstaff.uwa.edu/jmccall/Evolu... - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
![[UNCUT] ฝันรักห้วงนิทรา | EP.3 (1/4)](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/zVXAFD1OLZg/mqdefault.jpg)
You know as soon as the first horses landed in North America one of them had like a Deja Vu moment and was thinkin like "this seems oddly familiar, have we been here before"
The woman who wrote the Ga'hoole and Wolves of the Beyond books wrote another series on just that, Mason Cafua. Sadly it wasn't great, but hey, it was something.
what`s that series called? My friend loves those books and horses so it`d be a great series for her!
Mason Cafua reminds me of ice age the sloth he was to friggin funny 🐎
is this Initial D reference ?
@@Polopony20. horses of the dawn
Real horse fans remember when Eohippus was around
^
ugh i hate fake horse girls ://
The Armadilliest One ...
I'm now 65 years old....& have been a fan of horses all of my life & yet.. Although I'd learned about eohippus when I was quite young, I don't actually remember them per se !! [Unlike my late Mum, who once remarked quite casually as I was watching a tv documentary about prehistoric creatures, "Oh.. I remember the *archeopteryx* !!" forr which she was periodically teased for many years afterwards ! *spell check required* ?! 👍😀💕
Remember 😂
Only Eocene babies will remember...
this... explains a lot. i've always heard the apparently contradicting statements "colonizers brought horses to north america" and "horses were native to north america's large grassy fields" and i've always been so confused... which one is true?? both of them, apparently
Bradipo Panzuto no I do believe they were brought over to South America
It's a yes and no
yes the horse were native to america, but that specific variation of horse died out while the eurasian version did not. settles brought the eurasian version of the horse around the world and that is the horse we have today.
The variety of horse we have roaming wild in North America now is also very different even from its wild Eurasian ancestors. Domestic horses barely resemble their wild ancestors, in the same way a greyhound or a chihuahua barely resembles a wolf.
Bradipo Panzuto colonizers brought modern day horses
_"Chewie, we are home"_
-First horses on being brought back to North America by the Spanish (1525)
So the Conquistadors brought the horse to the new world? You are aware of the size of the ships, only room for maybe 1 or 2 horses and probably stallions to be able to carry a man with armor. And mostly exploited central and south america, so if they brought mostly stallions, where did the mares come from to have produced the thousands of horses found west of the Mississippi and north of the Rio Grande in about 200 years. Colonization of North America really got started with the Pilgrims landing in 1620, in other words in the time frame, the horses that the Indigenous peoples in the west, figured out how to domesticate the horse by the early 1700's. Remember history was written by Europeans not the Indigenous peoples.
@@patzeuner3362 What does that have anything to do with the original comment?
@@CalypsoRaven618 the claim of the horse being brought back by the Europeans, the horse was already here. History of the horse in the west was written by the western expansionist. For the horse to be in the thousands by the early 1700's in the west, the colonists would have had loose hundreds of horses. Check the colonial history and then do some math.
Some species of West African horses have been known to spontaneously change their sex from male to female in a single sex environment.
Pat Zeuner a lot of the wild horses in the western parts of the US can trace back their genes to Spanish horses. MANY ships came over, so while not many horses could be carried on one ship, a whole fleet of Spanish ships can carry a lot, plus there were tons of back and forth trips. And other countries brought horses too.
Hearing a hoof described as “one giant toe” made me more uncomfortable than I expected
lmao me too!
100% feel that
You got a big forehead
Technically, it's a giant toenail, which surrounds the terminus of the limb (known as the coffin bone).
Horses are really weird to be honest. Like look up a horse skeleton compared to a human skeleton. Also the hooves can fall off if their diet isn't right, and sometimes their lungs can bleed
This is by far, one of the best produced, well written and most entertaining channels on youtube.
DanBrohare must have been the porcine episode :)
If you like this, definitely check out Aronra's series about evolution!
Facts
100% Agree!
Yup
Equi passing the Bering Isthmus: _"We'll be back!"_ Equi coming back on ships with the Spanish: _"Meet our new allies!"_
Really fascinated. So horses are are a megafauna that came back to North America, unlike other megafauna like mammoths that died off completely.
I'd like to see a video on how birds like ostriches and penguins went back to being flightless and why it was necessary.
Penguins learned to swim for food. Swimming really well and flying really well aren't really compatible. So penguins learned to swim and thus list flight. It is not that different than the reason the ancestors of whales or seals migrated from land to the sea.
It is difficult to be very large and fly. The ancestors of Ostriches likely found size to be a more desirable trait, and so emphasized it over flight. Eventually, they lose flight all together.
krim7 aren't the fossils of the penguin ancestors that flew hard to come by?
logan cintron
Aquatic adaption and bipedal proficiency/ size necessity, convenience and efficiency in being larger/ more intimidating and physically capable.
@krim7
There is something very very strange about why Ostriches no longer fly (and it is something scientists have still not been able to fully explain). Because Ostriches are ratites. And ratites from around the world seem to have lost the ability to fly separately from each other. So it appears that ratites (Ostriches/ Emus/Cassowaries/Kiwis/Rhea/Moa/Elephant Bird/etc) evolved into their flightlessness multiple times. It is very strange. Their anatomy is such that even if they had wings of a suitable size and strength they would not be able to fly (a bone or bone modification is missing). So having this class of birds. evolve flightlessness separately, multiple times separately in a similar manner, is very mysterious/intriguing/interesting
@Creepy Closet. Yes, penguin fossils are hard to find. But a few have been found in New Zealand. (Giant Human-sized ones recently)
Why did the eohippus have a sore throat? Because it was just a little horse
stop
The Dude i don't know how!!! 😫
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHAGHAAHAAHAHAAHAHSHAHAHSHSHAAHAHZHAHSJDHASHDAAHWHSSGAHWHXUSSDOFHCPWOZGEOXAIADIDVIFSOJLFJSKjzkKKzzzldlflflfgjnznJsifjfjfjd
Shame on you.
Love it
When i first heard of this evolutionary path, it instantly became one of my favorite. There's just something so poetic about a species becoming common in almost every region in the world, disappeared from it's home, and then reappeared millions of years later, even if by there return they could be called an invasive species.
It seems they took revenge on the humans that helped in making them extinct in their homeland
The one thing that's not mentioned about the evolution of the horses hoof via wide open spaces that seemed relevant is that they never give up the ability to live in, flourish and traverse rough and mountainous places.
So horses are technically not an invading species in North America, they're a reintegrated species.
Well, they've been gone so long since they were naturally part of an ecosystem that I'm not sure if they should be considered native today.
In terms of ecology, its not that long.
Most species around will have adapted more for there presence than their absence.
The biomes favored by horses of 10,000 years ago are largely extinct. Without human domestication, horses might well have gone the way of the woolly rhino.
Modern horses are indeed an invasive species. They're much larger and more destructive than their Pleistocene ancestors.
What are you talking about? Grasslands are still a major biome in the world today, and feral horse populations in the US tend to need culling.
I think the Great American Interchange deserves a full episode. And why not one about the much bigger Columbian Interchange?
Didn't they make a video about the great american interchange already? Or am I getting confused with another channel?
Anyways, I'm sure they've at least mentioned it quite a lot and if they truly do not have a video on that already it'd be awesome to get one :3
As someone who used to read about this all the time as a young horse obsessed girl, I'm very disappointed to find out that it isn't pronounced "merry-chip-us". 9 year old me is quaking.
at nine years old I would call it merry-go-round
@@fartsquirel880 me too
I would love to see prehistoric tiny horses they seem so cute :3
Now do cows please
Cptjockitch or goats
And then Unicorns, that'd be great
I like the image of a cow, pig, and chicken stacked on top of one another
Yes! We want cows.
I'd rather do slim girls.
I would love to see a full video about grasses. You briefly touched on it here, but they're such an important group that shapes modern ecosystems that it's kinda difficult to imagine the world before they existed.
The evolution of dogs/wolves would also be pretty interesting. Maybe a video on different domesticated animals and their evolution.
Apparently, dogs evolved from a now extinct wolf species other than the gray wolf. But there are other extinct animals that paleontologists call dogs. I'd like to know more about that and if those dogs are related to our wolf-descended domestic dogs and African wild dogs.
jake naylor I’m pretty sure the extinct wolf was a grey wolf subspecies so...
@@Dodoraptor4 extinct grey wolf subspecies to be exact. Modern domestic dog doesn't came from any modern wolves subspecies.
hachi roku that’s what I meant
@@jakenaylor9138 yes, they found what perhaps could be the common branch of both wolf and dog. A perfectly preserved puppy 18,000 years old in Siberia's permafrost.
1st horse in the Americas: "-Feels just like Home!"
0:16
“Eohippus may be small just a half meter tall; but it’s also fast and well adapted to grass...”
Sick rhyme Blake! Keep it up.
Arya Pourtabatabaie If only he actually said grass
Seen a ton of wild horses in Wyoming basin on my CDT hiking trip. They are majestic af!
I'm from Wyoming. Did you go by the Pryor Mountain area in the Big Horn Basin? There's lots of wild horses there.
OnlineDater69 sorry for being pedantic but technically they're feral.
Brandon Allshouse Yes actually.
I agree with Gordon O'Gairbhith, horses in America should be called feral horses and not wild horses, as the later is endangered.
Must be awesome to see those horses running free and knowing the circumstances behind how they got there.
Every time I go hiking here in AZ by the salt river I see wild horses....Im glad they are back!
I love horses! Especially the East Coast ones on the outer Banks (OBX). You guys are so great about covering all cridders for Eons past.
Next on PBS EONS: How my Biceps Shredded My Shirt! 😂😂😂😂
Muscle Hank?
If Playgirl is still around, they need to give Blake a call
Better than nothing
Yeah they're trying to dress our guy hosting to not be so delicious to ogle!! EYES UP AND WATCH THE VIDEO & LEARN!! hehVs Misogynist I guess I'm a Androgynist?
"Blake if you weren't so sexy hawt beautiful I wouldn't have to ogle you and cat call in the video comments!! It's your fault."
Yes, it does sound stupid and wrong so shouldn't be done to anyone male or female. But the irony is funny.
I was thinking that, like wow that guys shirt seems to small.
One of my favorite hands-on paleontology experiences was filling in cladograms from Miohippus to Equus based on fossilized teeth. It sounds tame but I found it fascinating how quickly “horses” adapted to grazing in the fossil evidence itself
@Jackson Williams - It DOES sound fascinating.
I have a book that shows and explains the entire evolution of a horse. To watch a video explaining how they took over north america is very nice. Thank you
Without horses, we would have lost a war. Can't remember which war, but without using horses it would have been lost and some things would be very different today.
So apparently, according to the newer video horses were not domesticated in Botai, Kazakhstan at all, but instead in western Russia. I love that they bothered to correct their own mistake. This is how science works, beliefs and models change according to new available evidence. It's a beautiful process, in my opinion.
How differently would civilization have arisen if the horse had stayed and succeeded? The Old world would have never had chariots and the Mongol empire would never have existed. How many wars were won on the backs of the horse? The Romans? Would the Native Americans have domesticated the horse, or not? Would their societies growth have been expedited?
I AM SO CURIOUS!
People in old world would probably switched to some other domesticated animal, I mean when we can use elephants for warfare, other species won’t be too far-fetched, maybe mongols would went around Asia on camels or something like that. New world on the other hand would be pretty much different. Domesticated horses would mean that they would have something better to use for agriculture. And agriculture (staying in the same place) plus domesticated animals (living with animals in one place) means a lot of diseases. And lot of diseases and plagues over many generations means better immunity. If those first humans in America from ten thousand years ago didn’t wiped out those native horses their descendants in 15.century would be much more chill with the whole germ exchange.
I have seen theory that Native Americans domesticated the horse without help and without seeing a white man. But it hard to rule out that at least the idea that domestication was done traveled up on the trade routes.
true,some tribes have on their own domesticated the horse,
Chariot warfare, horse back massagers, and later cavalry especially after the advent of the saddle would all be gone. Donkeys and mules wouldn't be available for agriculture and related labor, though oxen can fill this niche fairly well as they often did & still do in places. So the effects I think would be a small decline in productivity across the world, a harder time for states to spread and defend their borders, a large hit to the effectiveness of archetypal horse riding "barbarians" that traditionally threatened and often toppled/ took over old world kingdoms. So perhaps greater local autonomy, especially inland, slower growing but longer lasting empires/ kingdoms , more gradual ethnic migrations and spread of technology and culture, and the race for alternative means of faster travel such as better sea and river-going ships, canal systems, better/ more direct roads, perhaps alternative domestication (beware the cow riders?). Would be fun to see, I envision a world where Rome and the Han dynasty share a border in the steppe with highly advanced marine and irrigation technology enabling their rule over the far reaches of their empires. Or alternatively a world of thalassocratic city states and local autonomy world wide
Yes, I think marine warfare would have determined the shape of the world. Powerful seafaring peoples (like the Norse) would have been the only kind of invaders to worry about. It would be an interesting alternate history nothing like what we would know today.
Your channel is absolutely awesome! Keep it up!
Wow, so horses we're originally from the Americas! I never knew!
Sort of ironic how they got hunted/eaten by humans, and then some different humans brought them back.
Camals to...
@@fog1962 many animal genus evolve in north america, but when extinct. Many go over land bridge into south america or asia, when they thrive there. It's crazy when north america is like cradle of many animal (mostly mammals) species, like Africa in the old world
@@muhamadsayyidabidin3906 primates actually evolved in north america lol
"Another strange mammal." That made me chuckle really heartily.
Another strange mammal is the name of my autobiography lol
Anyone else find that ending beautiful in a poetic way?
Love your channel! Can I suggest a video about cactii? I'm curious about how they relate to other plants, but I fear that maybe there are not a lot of fossil evidence about them :(
PF Sosa the plural of cactus isn't cactii. #stopLatinBS
Guillaume Jacky you are right, I learned another thing thanks to this video
That would be amazing! Living in AZ makes me wonder time to time how catus came to exist
Maybe not fossil evidence, but there should still be genetic evidence
Guillaume Jacky I like how cacti sounds though
Thank you, it’s 2:20am I was about to go to sleep but got curious about horses. Can now rest easy.
Absolutely gorgeous and enlightning work, truly greatful to have a nice one like this no TH-cam!
It is fascinating to see how horses made a slow journey around the whole earth. Just imagine how different our lives would be if the Bering strait had never turned into land!
Please do a video on the evolution of the australian animals!! Especially platypus. Thanks!!
Yes! And the camel! xD
Neptune - I've created a bird. It cannot fly, lives on the continent of snow, and "flies" under water. You can't come up with anything weirder, I'm sure.
Nature: - oh well... Hold my beer, dude.
Yeps it'd be interesting
Making a long story Short.
*A Duck and A Beaver fell in Love*
Platypus
Rafael Lopez it is a strange animal lays eggs and had a beak like mouth more like bird n mammal
I love your videos. Prehistoric animals was always a favorite topic of mine when I was younger. I love learning about lesser known prehistoric animals that are the precursors to our modern animal friends we share the Earth with today. Please keep these videos coming.
I love this channel so much! The millions of different worlds in the past are amazing!
So are we gonna act like this man isn’t gettin swole? Dude peep the gains man😂💪🏽
coolsub 20D yass. Omg the definition in his forearms amazing. Super attractive and super entertaining with all this history on horses
Woah!!! Steady guys! Reign it in and buckle up! Dismount your saddles... and ....... bareback? 😂😂
Keep it in your pants ladies.
Looks like we got two tickets to the gun show.
dad.dy
I love all of your videos! I'm a pre-K teacher and I bring a lot of what I learn here to work with me to share with my class. I have a little girl whose dream job when she grows up is to be a paleoentomologist -- she'd be totally blown away if one of your more kid-oriented shows did an episode on prehistoric bugs :)
I love these videos, they very informative, the art is beautiful, the music fits the tone of the scene and the people and their voices tend to be relaxing yet intriguing to listen too.
I think the grass family has been incredibly influential for different species, including our own...can you do an episode on Poaceae?
Including the Salem witches lol
Never knew a horse’s hoof was a single toe !🤯
I checked out some sites and it looks like if they fuse it must be very early on. By 65 days of gestation the limbs are easily recognized as a single bone and hoof.
I believe the hoof is actually the toenail.
@@zell9058 If you look at it better, you can see that the two other bones didnt disappear completely, they are just very thin, but you can still see the bones. By a few thousand years, those bones will probably disappear too
dare you too look up a newborn foal's hoof. its creepy! lol, also you can still see the remnants of at least one of those two other toes on modern horses. its called a Chestnut, and its on the inside of the legs just above the knee (front) or below the hock (hind). Idk if this is true, but i think the bump under their fetlock hair is the other toe (on the ankle)
please make a video on areas that have been isolated to their own evolution. like Madagascar!
BH Productions same with australia
And Washington DC, by the looks of it.
And the island dwarfism and development of swimming sail for Concavenator
Galapagos too
BH Productions and Maryland Chincateauge island one species lives on dry barren land the other side of the island beautiful and lush they won't go to the other side of island bizzare 🐎🐎🐎
Outstanding incredible content as always. Is a marvel being able to access this type of knowledge in this amazing way. THANK YOU for your incredible work!
Steve has supported so many of these videos. Thanks Steve!
Thank you for making this video, I've asked for it not long ago, I'm happy that you actually made it, and I didn't have to wait for it a long time! Love your channel!
I've long favored the horse (esp. the Mustang) as the mascot of America, rather than the bald eagle or even the wild turkey: it's a perfect symbol of the New World and the Old coming together to create something new and better.
The mustang is kind of an alternative symbol of you think about it, after the bald eagle and the bison which are official. The P51 was named after the mustang which in turn inspired the name for the car.
It's a vicious, patriotic cycle! ;-)
I mean I guess the mustang makes sense. It came over to America on ships and is a technical newcomer to the continent.
Except that the horse *evolved HERE first*. Didn't you watch the video?
Domesticated horses aren't the same species as the horses that died out in America.
When I was a kid my mother bought me a book where I learned about eohippus, mesohippus and other hippus family and because of that for a long time I wanted to be a paleontologist.
Just a thoroughly informative video, well presented! Thanks and continue this series!
I love the way y'all turn these subjects into captivating stories. Well done!
I drop everything i'm doing when I get a notification from this channel, I don't know what you're doing and how you're doing it but I'm hooked. Ok now to watch the video
Exquisitely done #PBSESONSISLOVE
This was the most mind blowing episode yet!!!
PBS Eons: making Hypsodonts hip again since, well, whenever you guys started this channel. You guys and gals over at PBS Eons are awesome. Keep on doing what you do.
I love this show. Glyptodonts would be nice to see fleshed out. Also, I've always been curious about early vascular plants during the Silurian, maybe Cooksonia. Thanks!
I loved the detail of this episode! Going in depth with the history of a single species and evolutionary pressures is incredible to hear from experts. Keep up the good work!
Another amazing video from this channel. Thank you.
Thank you guys for the show! I love your videos. I’m such a nerd for history and pre-history
This channel is overall so high quality! Just wanted to say I’m a big fan of the content :)
This channel is genuinely amazing. I get exited every time - crazy how often you upload considering the quality!
Wow I'm discovering so many Fantastic PBS channels in a matter of hours! This is my favourite so far!
This is my favorite TH-cam channel! I always learn so much!
Great episode, and I took the survey; I hope it helps!
Survey takes less than 5 minutes, help out some great programing!
These horses are brought to you by evolution and viewers like you,
Thank you.
Your videos are both informative and relaxing. And as person with Autism Spectrum with fixation to both animals and history it also ticks that box for me. Best stress relief for me.
Thanks for excellent videos and keep them coming. Your channel is one me favourites in TH-cam.
P.S. Unfortunally only support I can give you are likes and comments as me mental physical conditions forces me to live with lowly income of disbility pension.
Dude you are awesome! Love your concise delivery and clearly well-researched info. Thanks for the vid!
A very little known fact is that the Vikings also brought horses with them, and a few of them went feral and established a small northern population long before the Spaniards brought horses over to the New World. Also, early Russian trappers brought horses back over here from Asia. The Appaloosas bred by the Nez Perce were descendants of the Russian horses.
Topic suggestion: The invention of sleep. Cephalopods and humans both sleep, but aren't closely related. Is there a common ancestor that invented sleep or is it one of those developments that just happen repeatedly?
I know this one is tricky to answer from fossils, but so is the mitochondria question and you handled that one nicely. It is also tricky since you have to define sleep and even dividing cells appear to sleep just before division.
We would like to see a show about the Bering Land Bridge - how many times was it connected, proposed animal movements and such. Also would love an episode all about the Burgess Shale. Thanks.
I love these videos and I hope you guys keep making more!
Love you guys. Keep teaching me!
Aww yeah, more awesome stuff to learn, and at such great quality as well, tomorrow. It is, regrettably, way to late for me to watch this right now, but I'm sure that this will give me something to look forward to, as well as incentive to wake up early. Keep making this great content for a long time to come. I look forward to it.
I admire your self discipline.
Love these videos! Keep ‘em coming!
Loved this history of horses! Great refresher on early horses!!
I love this channel
Thank you for a great history 🙏
Great video! Thanks for excellent work!
This was so interesting and educational! Thank you so much I'm sorry I'm watching a year late and can't do the PBS audience survey :( but I liked this very much!
I’m in love with this series I love it
horses are cool
more such videos about how a certain species we know today came to be pls
Amazing explanation,as always!!Eons rocks!!!
Excellent summary. Thank you.
great video, and completed the survey!
You should make a video about the "Great American Biotic Interchange."
Thank you for this !!
Great series; wish they were longer & more detailed Thanks
I'm studying geology/paleontology at university. Really enjoy your videos. Keep it up. Maybe you could make a video on ammonites (paleo/meso/neo), the structure of their septa and how they became like this or what their advantages were.
I want a time machine just to go back an hug an eohippus. Who's a good little ancient horse? You are, yes you are.
I can confirm that if I were a time traveler I would hug all the cute extinct animals
This totally made me cry ;-; I love this video so much!!!
What a great video! Thank you :)
Rhinos and tapirs and horses. Oh my.
skoockum tapirs are the only ancient mammal that has a small long nose
The animals that bad noses like tapirs died out only tapirs survived
Bad noses?
If you're mormon, it's just rhinos and horses and horses.
I appreciate the pronunciation of "niche"
this
this
Bro love this channel and your delivery you are the man
I love this channel, please keep up the amazing work! Maybe you could do a video about other animal family trees too? This was really cool.
Fascinating!! Was just reading the section about domesticating animals in "Guns, Germs, and Steel".
Gun, Germs, and Steel has a LOT of problems. It's not entirely meritless, but you should reead other books that talk about thee stuff it misses or gets wrong too, likee 7 Myths of the Spanish Conquest, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, and 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
I LOVE THIS CHANNEL !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Excellent snapshot, thank you.
Amazing video, thank you!