The Genes We Lost Along the Way
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 20 พ.ค. 2024
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Our DNA holds thousands of dead genes and we’ve only just begun to unravel their stories. But one thing is already clear: we’re not just defined by the genes that we’ve gained over the course of our evolution, but also by the genes that we’ve lost along the way.
Thanks to these illustrators for their wonderful hominin illustrations featured throughout this episode!
Julio Lacerda: / juliotheartist
Fabrizio de Rossi: / artoffabricious
Jack Byrley: / bedupolker
This video features this Paleogeographic Map: Scotese, C.R., 2019. Plate Tectonics, Paleogeography, and Ice Ages, TH-cam video: • Scotese Plate Tectonic... .
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/1c... - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
Gene dies in the Palocene: "I'm not required"
Sailors in the 15th century with scurvy: "I'm sorry what?"
Old world ocean travel got no respect on this discovery.
Damnnn, that's true
Yeah you’d think if it’s a Fossil in our genes it would be able to Slowly be reactivated over generations as the issue it fixes becomes more apparent again.
Likely there's a limit to how much can be current and active on a chromosome. Vitamin c got bumped so we could have something better, like standing upright or iTunes.
@@laurahall5218 iTunes 😭😭
Lemurs watching us give up the ability to synthesize vitamin C and then catch the common cold: "Pathetic."
The cure to covid, get gulop back
Actually, I recall reading that there is a biochemical benefit we get from NOT having the enzyme which would catalyze the final step in synthesis of vitamin C. I can't remember where I read this or what the benefit is, and in any case it's technical and wouldn't mean anything to most viewers, but the enzyme which used to catalyze the final reaction in the multi-step biosynthesis of vitamin-C, which lemurs still have, also catalyzes another reaction which is in some way a little bit harmful. So IF a species or population has lots of vitamin C in its diet, and doesn't need to make its own vitamin C, then it's BETTER for that species or popuation to have that final enzyme deactivated by a mutation. So nature selects FOR that mutation, so long as the species or population can get vitamin C from its food. And THAT is why our mutant gene which makes us unable to make our own vitamin C has survived and persisted, even though we have to drink orange juice now.
So maybe we get the last laugh on the lemurs. They are paying a price for keeping their ability to make their own vitamin C.
Chimpanzees used to have handsike ours but evolved to become better tree climbers.
@@ColonelFredPuntridge Well maybe for other animals keeping that gene is quite beneficial for them. Hence why it remained present for them. But for us the story is different i guess.
@@josephdahdouh2725 Cost and benefits.
RIP Gulop. You would've made the age of exploration a bit more manageable.
Ity bity scurvy going to take you to Brazil.
@@deaconfetundes7888 what
Best narrator on the show. Her tone, speed and pitch is perfect which makes it easy to follow the information she is presenting .
Agree! She is one of the few that actually doesn't give me a headache, and also doesn't make dumb faces and doesn't talk fast.
Her accent seems to have the PIN-PEN merger, which makes her English a little difficult to understand for non-natives like me.
I like the guy who did the virus video as well
Agree!
@@luotuoshangdui I am a non-native fluent English speaker, and I like her accent and voice, as well. She is an amazing host!
“Maybe the real evolution was the genes we lost along the way”
F
Sodium Chlorophatium aB
sounds like a quote from a futurama episode
bro..
You're referencing XB2: Maybe the real Elysium was the friends we made along the made or so I thi k
I was gonna type “if we can resurrect uricase, can we use it as a medication to treat gout?” but then I googled and saw we’re already doing that! Yay science!
Seems like it could treat obesity as well.
Yay science
Probably using crispr 😌
Yeah ! Science Mr. White !
U seem to have the right type of mind to invent medicines make us of it :) !
This coulda been a several hours long video essay listing and discussing every single one and i woulda watched the whole darn thing. Great stuff
@@Noradory you're joking, right? get a freaking hobby, mate 🤣
same, i was actually sad she only talked about 2 of them, its so interesting
Yess!! PBS eons, please do another one on this topic!!! Or a podcast episode!!!
i'm an archivist and i realized now that our genome is actually the archive of our evolution
Pirates were probably really confused seeing 'Gulop.exe missing' error all the time
Gulop.dna
Sailors in general, really, as well as some explorers.
🤣
Wouldn't it be more of a dll than exe as it is an ancillistory library in the gene coding exe.
Wish we can find our Gulop.exe and run it.
I want my functioning genes back!
You have to have a free trial on life to unlock your genes
Lol no ☕🥄
some of*
...said BrundleFly
You want to call my genes manager, ma'am?
Pretty crazy how the game Ancestors nails this. When “leveling up” your early human you unlock genes that add benefits but you can only keep them past your generation if you spend points to “Lock” them in place. I didn’t realize how accurate that mechanic was until this video.
Reminds me of the game Spore
@@mikuenjoyerXD Spore was a magnificent game
The key is that it takes a long time and many generations.
Amazing game and teaching tool! It got my curiosity for human evolution quite satisfied!
@@frenne_dilley i think its on xbox
Outstanding presenter. Enthusiastic and obviously highly knowledgeable as well. You have the perfect voice for this! Loved it. (retired Biology teacher)
I think this is literally the coolest thing I learned
This basically means that we have untapped potential in our genes
It’s like having a superpower but it’s sealed away
I have the super power of making vitamin C by myself! *I am inevitable!*
(I am being sarcastic, but it's actually really cool)
The genes are lost, so actually, no. But there are potentials for new mutations to pop up, yes. They just won’t be quite the same.
The problem is with these Gene's if we did bring them back, they could have functional uses of course. But we would have to stop eating things with vitamin C in it because once you have a gene that produces it you would have to much if you continued to eat it. Which would likely cause it to go dormant again because we have no use for it, it may also lead to underlying health issues if we had excess C in our bodies.
@@gozzilla177 same as taking testosterone we stop producing it to maintain a good level. You could be right. But also I always have a saying. Nature is ALWAYS perfect no flaws the only time it’s flawed is when human touch it. Meaning if we lost those gene it’s because nature intended to. BUT I’m sure we could and will revive those genes by force or luck. Example if human start living on Mars or other planets they will be different, might be way taller or shorter stronger or weaker etc .. since gravity and environment of the planet will be different and are greatest asset is we adapt so we would adapt to that end and be different from earth human thus maybe resurrect those genes or create new ones true reproduction. Lots of possibilities for future
@@gozzilla177 more like our kidneys be working overtime flushing out the extra but we would have no canver
Remembering former Eontologist "Steve", who has become an Eons pseudo-gene. May you one day be resurrected and come back to us.
Wait which one was Steve? What happened?
@@ChombyChomp I think he was one of the eontoligists that submitted a joke or two, but stopped subscribing on patreon.
@@ChombyChomp i don't think anyone knows specifically, but i think he died. They stopped adding him to the end of the list of supporters.
@@astaldogal Word on the street is he's just a bit too poor to support at the mo.
Pseudo-Steve
I just found this channel recently.
And this is one of the first videos I watched.
Woah I'm overwhelmed by the clarity and precision of your content.
Thanks so much for doing this!
I'll probably watch all your videos in the near future.
I loved the way she was talking i could understand every single world she said even though i m not a native , her voice is angelic 💞
Thank u so much
I can imagine a science fiction story in where those and more dead genes can be reactivated to 'experience reality as how our ancestors did.'
Write it!
@Rill that's the title
What about deep dive VR where you can actually go and live like your ancestors.
Would be a lot easier than resurrecting the entire genome.
@@SujalRajput10 Animus
It’s called Assassins Creed.
As a software engineer it's very painful to realize that I have a code coverage of less than 10%
Why the hell is everything commented out? We need to remove it all and tag it *v1.10*
@@jeremybyington XD
In a serious note evolution doesn't clean up because with the right typos a new gene might rise from the scrambled mess of pseudo genes and dead viruses. In other words evolution is an old inefficient legacy code that turns typos into new lines of code by losing the comment lines XDs
That reminds me...
90% of your code is commented-out and left there as placeholders because for some reason your program wouldn't originally compile without them.
With no unit tests!
This episode is why I love this channel. It makes you think about things in a new way and ultimately become more curious. Keep up the great work.
This was a great perfect episode. Thanks PBS Eons.
I would like to thank mankind's top four most generous patrons: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and last but not least, Steve!
haha, you word-played and made a funny
Is anyone else lowkey worried about steve :/
@@abigailjohnson4299 YUP.
This is blatant Thymine-Uracil shaming and I won't stand it, smh.
No Steve, and Kallie has no braids. I don't know what to think anymore.
I can see the Vitamin C gene being activated articially in the future, would be very useful for space travel .
gene therapy is a fascinating thing to think about, but sadly with people still being caught up about gender and abortion the only way something like that will see the light of day is if the masses dont know about it
...And maybe there are other Vitamins we can make for ourselves with a little tinkering. 🧐
Good point! Totally
for now we're still trying convince people that cloning a black footed ferret is OK and nothing wrong with it
Honestly, it's not that difficult to get enough vitamin C, the other one though... Turning that uricase gene back on would be nice, being better at making fat isn't really an advantage anymore.
One of the most interesting videos in youtube! Your channel is an oasis! I can't get enough of it!
Outstanding distillation. I was turned-on to this channel by the dinosaurs and now that I am copyediting lesson plans for gene editing I'm happy to see that the platform has evolved with me. Great work PBS and my fave Kallie Moore.
We are not just defined by the genes we gained over the course of evolution, but also by the genes that we've lost on the way.
I liked this line.
Rip those genes
Legit read it as she said it
The real evolution were the genes we lost along the way
I wouldn't mind getting some of those genes working again. You never know what we might need in the future.
Maybe the real genes gained were the genes lost along our way lolol
Can we all seriously take a moment to appreciate how fortunate we are to have things like PBS?
We are so lucky to have a public broadcaster with a vast domain. It is universally accepted by our institutions to be something we need, and does stuff like have amazing people teach us new things and make learning easier than ever
That's an awesome comment by the way!! We could live in a place like North Korea where they totally dominate any kind of knowledge that they give to the public. I mean don't get me wrong I know some of that goes on here but not when it comes to this kind of thing.I really enjoy learning everything there is to know about the human body.
@@volkskrieg8735 lol more like cheerleader: Public broadcasting systems in many places around the world, such as the UK and Canada - and yes even in the USA - provide TONS of high-quality programming that would never have been made if all communication organizations were run by private companies. The for-profit marketplace has many drawbacks when it comes to deciding what gets produced and sent out to everyone and what doesn't. The kind of science programming this video represents, is a prime example: look what happened to commercial channels such as the History Channel... started off all idealistic and gung-ho with wonderful content, but gradually pandered to the lowest common denominator and now is 90% crap: Hillbilly Hand-Fishing Hour and Monster Truck Obstacle Course level.
@@perfectlypurepinkpompompan3467 no, i said Shill and i meant it.
For this I am thankful.
Donate to your local PBS station if you can. I grew up watching Nature, Nova, Mr. Rogers, Sesame Street, etc. I give them all credit for making me a empathetic and decent human.
Such a clear and informative presentation. Information packed and very easy to listen to. Thank you
I LOVE these PBS nature and science videos!! They literally go over YEARS of research and data and summarize it in minutes!! These PBS videos are so underrated!!
this vid takes "you are what you eat" to a whole new level
underrated 😂
Ya; quite impactful
Already said in veda
Kallie’s voice always carries a sense of wonder and excitement that keeps my attention... as if she can’t wait to tell you the next thing. Awesome work.
absolutely 🙏
Agreed. I like that it always sounds like one friend sharing an interesting story with us, not like someone reading something to us.
Exactly! Like that one teacher in high school that you wouldn't miss a class cause you liked her so much because she can pass on so much knowledge with such ease
simp
...agree...and this is the first time I've ever seen her let her hair down.
Nice.
This is the coolest thing I’ve learned in a while - thankful for videos like these! ❤
Fun fact: since the Platypus produces both eggs and milk it's one of the few animals which can make it's own custard.
The last time I was this early, I still had a functioning Gulop
i laughed too hard at this
That was a good one
Day made.
Haha this comment is gold ❤️❤️
Nice
So I have a museum inside my genes, I'm really happy to know that.
More like a cemetery but eh
If you had an Animus, you could access and explore that museum anytime you want!
@@Abominatrix650 hehehe nice
@@whoskamo8742 a museum is where history (death of the past) is stored
This may be the coolest video I've come across in months! Love it!
This is extremely fascinating. I'm optimistic of the coming tech from this study! Thanks PBS👍
Kallie without a braid really threw me for a loop at first.
Do you mean you came unbraided?
RIGHT
@@astaldogal That pun left me in stitches, just leave hair to catch my breath after that one.
I was wondering what was different... Thanks for point it out :)
I'm glad someone else pointed this out. Don't get me wrong, I'm here for the science but Kallie with her hair down is... kinda cute ;)
It's not just genes, humanity drags a lot of dead memes along too.
😂😂😂
Memes: The DNA of the soul
Just think - there are some people who are still playing The Game
Problem, evolution?
@@pluspiping frick you
Evolutionary genomics could become one of PBS Eons' focus. It's interesting, discoveries every year... And you're so good at explaining simply. Great channel, thanks
Activate my gulop and uox again
Just imagine what kind of awesome skin we could have had if gullop gene was still functioning and producing vitamin c
We wouldn’t need to take vitamin c
Just make sure you get enough vitamin C
We’l have skin like the lemurs.
@@drt4789 HAHAHAHAHAHAHA
@@drt4789 hahahaaha i would love that
all I can think about is that Doctor Who episode where the guy turns into a giant skeletal scorpion and the doctor just goes 'that machine reactivated lost genes' implying that somehow humans... used to be giant scorpions with human faces
Reject modernity.
*_RETURN TO SCORPION_*
@@yorukaadams940 All hail the great Scorpion King.
@@yorukaadams940 I'M WHEEZING
which season and episode ?
@@janedoe7666 S3E6 - 'The Lazarus Experiment'
You're a great teacher! So simple and clear on such a complex subject!
bruh this is insanely amazing that we can know this. Thanks Eons!
As Homer Simpson said: I'm not fat, I'm drought and famine resistant. I so want to experience the two types of bitter our tongues are blind to.
Also, the three types of smell our ears can't feel.
@@davidanderson_surrey_bc I’m sorry, what?
@@samhainlegge9563 Its true, and did you know your skin cant taste 90% of what it use to?
@@gozzilla177 …dang, that’s cool.
@@gozzilla177 wait our ancestors could do all that and also were tripping balls?
Maybe these genes are all the friends we lost along the way
lol XD
pour one out for the dead homiez.
I'm sad, bro. dead homies in my body
You are an excellent narrator. I enjoy listening. Bravo!! 👏🏽
Your explanations are easy to understand and make sense, even for a non english person like me. Thank you for this great and interesting video !
Me: Return to Monke
My genes: No
What about crab?
Genes: maybe 🤷♂️ we will see hehehe.
Quite literally, actually.
Turn me back to a fish
me: return to single cell?!
my genes: you bet your sweet bippy!
I’m gonna to commit turn back into singular atom
I have gout. Thanks to this ep, I can officially blame my ancestors!
I had also wondered!
Eat a bag of Bing cherries
My dad's family has a history of gout so I'm concerned
Thank to ancestors you are alive...
@@shashankkalambe3192 you gud bruh?
R.I.P. Susumu Ohno.
Feb 1st, 1928 - Jan. 13th, 2000
You Rocked! I Love a Great Mind!
I'am a non-native fluent English speaker, and I like her accent and voice, as well. She is an amazing host!
"How do genes die like this?"
Literally typos.
Pretty much yep!!! I'm stealing that That was pretty funny
Underrated
Part of my brain got more entertainment from this comment than another party of my brain feels was justified.
@@volkskrieg8735 Is that when pirates breed?
...
I'll leave.
I lost my jeans at the laundrymat
🤣🤣🤣🤣
The evolution is amazing, such a long journey of natural selection
I've been binging the channel and this is the best video! Watched it twice, intend to watch another twenty times in the next few days. Excelent work, wholeheartedly thank you from a brazilian viewer.
Imagine if every time your body started producing Vitamin C, you’d sense the faint taste of orange on the back of your tongue.
Toothpaste would stop tasting like mint. Sounds good.
i could be wrong, but that's not how I think vitamin C works
That would be funny but vitamin C' does not taste like oranges. Taste more like citric acid unless you go a mineral ascorbate. It's more stable than regular ascorbic acid anyway.
@@reob12 lol I was about to say something similar
Don't you just love it when every reply is from someone named Poindexter?
My background is historical linguistics so I kinda do things that are very similar to what you guys do: a deep dive into the past based on what remains of hundreds, thousands, and in this case millions of years of history. I really love everything involving reconstructing which is why I loved this video so much.
It's almost like magic. Beautiful ❤️
To think we are here because of beings living for the last million years. And to think it's our responsibility for the future.
The irony of how each individual is important, and yet means nothing in the larger scheme of things..
Just beautiful.
That was extremely interesting and very well communicated! Thank you.
My stupid self saw the title and I thought to myself, "yes, but how many friends did we make?"
Stupid selvs are always the nicest selvs
The UoX part intrigued me because as anyone who cared for reptiles, I know they're quite vulnerable to gout, more so than us. They also excrete a white goop made out of amorphous urates just like birds. So I looked it up and indeed, humans, birds and reptiles independently lost the ability to break down uric acid.
Wow, that's really interesting! Thanks for sharing. Not surprising birds and reptiles would have a shared method of eliminating it with their close genetic relationship. I'm glad us apes don't do this though lol.
@@bhartiparihar8151 I don't know...I have gout, and I'd love to be able to break down uric acid in my body. Gout is no fun.
Great episode. Genetic "archaeology" is quite interesting.
This is so dang cool & well explained. And the medical possibilities are enormous, as they are doing with the uricase gene. Love this channel--if I were still teaching, I'd be using it in my classroom
For me, one of the most educational of the series I've seen. Thank you, PBS Rocks. Always has.
Eons, Space Time, History of the Earth: 3 channels uploading on the same day. Oh my.
oh god. This channel is hidden gold. underrated and addictive
Past comments are really knowledge provoked and feeling very happy to appreciate the researchers and re-researchers(video makers)👏👏👏🙂
These videos are so well-made - the visuals, the writing, music, and of course the interesting content and studies themselves!
Great work. It's a real privilege to have science presented in such a convenient and engaging way! Thank you for this.
As a medical student, I'd abhorred reading Biochemistry. With such interesting context, I'm gonna love studying it now !
PBS Eons is an absolute treasure !
The part of research is sooo cool!
this is soooo interesting !! im super curious to find out what gets found out about these dead genes in the next few years
7:55 is not the structure of fructose. There shouldn't be a methyl on the left. This 1-O-methylfructose. Also unusual to show the open form but I'll leave that to you.
Thank you!
🤓
Me, a non-chemist: Yes
Methyl fructose doesn’t sound yummy
Good catch!
I don't know why but these videos are so educating and are so interesting, already been taught more in an hour from your channel than recent years of school.
This video is just amazing informative and truly amusing
.thank u
Beautiful narrative! Thanks 🙏🏽
When we lost the uric acid Gene we could have also lost the hair most of our hair so we could sweat and sweat out the uric acid.
Awsome point. It would be an excellent look ent study. Thanks for ur comment.
I don't know if we sweat that out. I mean I know we do but it's very very insignificant but it seems like you should be right and we should get rid of more of it that way. As compared to what comes out of our urine it's not even statistically significant. But then again your average person in good health does not have a lot of it floating around. That means urine is usually enough to do what it needs to do while it's treating it. Being able to do it through our sweat glands would be problematic to say the least if it was in large amounts.
Actually uric acid is excreted through urine. And I don't think decreasing amount of hair makes u sweat more , it should be the other way around as more hair means more heat which results in our body's cooling action that is sweat.
@@shersockholmes6261 What he meant was that having less hair helps sweat cool down the body because it flows easier, instead of it only wetting the hair.
Eliminating uric acid via sweat would be easier since it flows out of the body easier than if we had more hair, so it's not about sweating more but rather sweating more effectively.
And there's no other animal that sweats as much or as effectively as humans, that's actually one of our species' traits, so if the idea was to eliminate ANYTHING from our body via sweating, we'd be the best creatures to do so.
@@Burn_Angel Yup - like dogs. They can only pant. And that's why they can get heat stroke rather easily. Human is quite well adapted for heat and cooling down. We did use to hunt by running after (injured) prey and exhausting them. If I've understood correctly, the human body is actually better equipped for running than walking.
(Randominator infobank in my brain: Pre sturdy shoes we used to both run and walk toe first, not heel first. Our modern style of walking is super recent. Like the last 200-300 years. Would be interesting to know the effect that has on our back or knee problems etc.)
First video I've seen from this channel, what a JOY! Immediately subscribed and looking forward to viewing all of this fascinating content.
The background music till 1:50, well done team, it just hooked me to the video.
I often get scared because I know it's impossible to know everything there is to know, but this channel makes me feel like I'm getting SOMEWHERE at least.
some gene: *dies*
Monke: *Oh no!* anyways
This is one of those episodes that remind me why I'm subscribed to this channel... Incredible stuff!
What an amazingly executed video. Subscribed!!!
Fascinating. I love PBS Eons.
Our ancient ancestors: *Evolve for over 8 million years*
Modern day humans: Evolution isn't real!!!
Their DNA: *oh*
Literally everyone when Charles Dickens was alive
I'm interested in what part of this video you think shows evolution. There was no creation of new material/information. Just the reordering of older information. In a pundit square there are the initial letters. Those letters may be rearranged over generations, however no new letters are ever introduced. Instead where an ancestor might have had Aa you now have AA. Meaning you have lost the ability of the "a". You did not evolve but devolved. Instead of new letters being added into the pundit square you might actually end up with letters missing on certain branches. Natural selection is the opposite of evolution.
Great video! I’m impressed. There are a lot of inaccuracies even amongst geneticists on subjects like this but this was well researched and communicated.
This was awesome. I had no idea generic fossils even existed. Thank😊
Very very interesting . When I was doing my Human Biology ' A ' level back in 1995 we were taught that Vit. C synthesis is a 10 step process , but for some reason we had lost the 10th step conversion . Apparently animals who can still self generate have much better cardiovascular health and increase out to combat when they have an infection .
Just think if this could be switched back on to help with the heart disease problem worldwide .
Excellent episode. So well composed, written and delivered.
It’s like a video game equipping and discarding some items that give us buffs lmao
Thank you so much. That was so interesting.
If there isn’t one already, y’all should make this into a podcast on spotify!
So what I’m hearing is we need to defragment our genomes because there’s a bunch of useless data on it 😝
Or start looking through broken code for medical breakthroughs.
Also, the junk is a pretty good cushion in case you contract a retrovirus.
Trust me junk DNA is much more important than the 1% encoding proteins!!!
It's all about control and regulation
Even useless DNA is useful and “defragmenting” specific DNA would be incredibly risky
I’m keeping it. You never know. I might find something I want reactivated.
L. Warren Douglas wrote a book "Simply Human" that touches on this
That was brilliant - thank you Cally and Eons ❤️
I'm a biotechnology student, it was very informative video for me.
Whoa! This is so interesting!! Evolution is beautiful
Yeah, but the denim ones we have now are pretty ok too.
😂 👏
Lmfao
Now I know why Lemurs are healthier than me
Eat some damn fruit then
@@stephenpinel Ikr, but I forget 😢
It’s that damn Gulop
@@mochamuneca8093 exactly
I could watch this video 100 times and not get bored
This is the single coolest thing I have ever learned in my life