We have made Patreon ( www.patreon.com/FishBumpTv ) available for members who are interested in consultations on their projects. Thank you for your support!
I wrote a lot of notes while watching this, stopping and starting the video. After watching hundreds of fibreglass builds and repairs this past year I finally get what I need to know about the various resins as I begin my transom and deck rebuild. There's no way to say Thank You strongly enough. I've planned to start with repairing the helm, start small, make small mistakes.
It would be awesome if you tried to glue the different resins. Im about to do some repair on the outside of the keel of the boat and standing between vinylester and epoxi. thanks!
Just food for thought! In all the kit aircraft that is made of fiberglass. All that I ever knew has been made with Epoxy. Due to higher tinsel strength/per weight. Also, the durability. Never ever have I heard of the use of Vinyl ester or Polyester. I knew boats was Vinyl or Poly. Due to the use of molds and using gelcoats as the first layer in the mold. Quicker assembly time and also a lot cheaper in cost. I believe a one-off boat design for true performance. They are normally hand laid fabric and most time's epoxy. I know back in the day Ranger Bass boats was all hand laid woven fabrics. Not sure about epoxy for the risen though.
Great job Captain Joe. Your Videos are the best I have came across. Having the top quality Cameras and an actual camera man really gives you the Over the Top quality Videos. I would love to see an All about me video with the history of your Boating family. How much of the boat building does your family still do?
As a hobbyist that has built a couple of boats I can't get enough of your videos. I have learned so many things that I know I can confidently apply to my next build. Next time I'm vacationing in Gulf Shores I plan looking your place up and patronizing your boat expeditions. Thanks for sharing your vast knowledge .
This is just the channel I need, stationed out in Japan and starting a flats skiff for fishing here, was wondering if y’all could cover fiberglass on foam board trying to cut the weight down as much as possible. Keep the awesome vids coming!
Oh man! This is the video I have been looking for, When I fiberglassed a couple of boats I just went to a marina and bought some fiberglass resin and some woven glass cloth and went to work. Lately I have heard conversations about various resins and I wondered what they were and the advantages of one over the other. Again "thank you for doing these videos.
I'm glad I could help! Yes, there are many options out there, good,better, and best. I have really been impressed with the vinyl ester that we are using lately. Great waterproofing and adhesion, but completely compatible with gelcoat. But everyone has different needs, so it's good to have options. Thanks for watching!
I like that you found some resins available to the diy market. I’m A polyester resin man all the way having been in fiberglass industry years. The cost for diy resin is crazy high compared to industrial pricing. I guess you don’t remember the days when we had to use paste or powder BPO catalyst in sticky vinylester resins ( derakane) , ever since they came out with the AME2000 VE resin that used MEKP the VE world changed! The things I don’t like about using epoxy is it’s much slower too work with , it’s very expensive in small lots, It’s more toxic ,if you get it on your skin , espically when sweaty you can get sensitive to it permanently! Not good! Good video! Cheers Warren
This video is gold, probably one of your best. Thank you to get the time not only to present the resin with the Pro/cons but also test them on an actual laminate !
Epoxy can take 6-10 days to “fully cure” depending on ambient temp. But once it finishes it is much harder. Polyester will continue to cure for months (and shrink on a micro level) which is why it tends to have less adhesive properties. If I had to guess I would say that epoxy was 2-4 days old. Your videos are awesome! I will be subscribing to the patreon here shortly
Capt Joe, Another awesome video! This video really compliments our recent Patreon conversation! I appreciate how much your channel is helping me with my project boat!
Thanks for all the useful info, if possible please do a bonding test of the 1708 with diffrent resins to plywood and old cured fiberglass like in a old boat restoration.
Thanks @FishBumpTV , Capt Joe and Camera(wo?)man. Enjoyed the show. I use isothalic for molds, vinyl ester for below waterline, and epoxy for repairs or when I win the lottery and feel rich. When using some cloths, the binder does not melt with some epoxies. Styrene melts the binders well. When using vinylester, short shelf life can be an issue.
After watching this video I should have used a polyester resin and saved some money on my most recent project. Due to my inexperience I always buy epoxy resin for my projects thinking it is the best. I will certainly make a more informed decision on projects in the future. Thanks
I wish you the very best with your Ranger resto! Don't get discouraged, I have had a LOT of practice! The more you do it, the better you are going to get!
** to add. epoxy resin wont destroy foam, and is the go to for carbon fiber that will be naked. poly and vinyl ester resins are great for most everything, except laminating foam, unless some melting of the foam is part of the plan like bonding to the hull and ring deck. ive built boats, automotive body kits, and speaker enclosures out of poly / vinyl, its cheap and strong. when shaping foam for a pattern i use epoxy to seal the foam before applying more glass / body filler etc. ive used epoxy to seal counter tops, fill voids in lumber before milling into furniture, and for materials like carbon fiber / kevlar where the aesthetics of the materials are desirable. i had some gold carbon kevlar years ago that was pretty cool left over from gov boats.
@@drifter9425 youre not wrong, but its the only real option for clear resin. if clear isnt a factor than by all means use poly etc.. the carbon / kevlar boats ive built in the past were gel coated to look like any other center console boat and laminated with normal production resin. also, anything naked carbon is going to be expensive as all hell and probably well taken care of / covered. to mitigate uv damage.
Glad I found you a few weeks ago.... at 68 and downsizing a 5000 sf cabinet shop and doing a total wsstoration of a '69 42 Chris Craft commander.... Foam toe rail and with faux wood finish.... final 24 git grinding tonight before final glass ,, thanks for your channel!! \
Cutting and reshaping a SeaRay 4’ swim platform to fit my Californian. Watching and learning as much as possible before I choose materials. Now I’ve got to do some homework on vinylester.
Thanks for the suggestion! I can tell you from experience that epoxy and vinyl Ester resins are going to adhere the best overall. Hope this helps and I appreciate you watching!
Hey Uncle Joe! Another great video. I order my resin from US composites. Little cheaper than the others I have found. Ordering site is a bit archaic but the products are top notch. -Neil
Thank you for you consistent hard work making these videos! Remember the more you do the more people want, do please take your time and avoid burn out. Great Job. LadyD Cheers
Wow, thanks! I buy mine locally from a fiberglass distributor called Advanced Plastics. I think that they have several locations in the southeast. I will try to do some digging and see if I can find a online distributor for you all.
I used vinyl ester for wrapping and adhering the engine and tranny mounts on my Shamrock, which were then gelcoated. The only drawback is the short shelf life compared to polyester. It has to be fresh, and used promptly.
Some brands have better shelf life than others. I have been very happy with the vinyl Ester we have been using recently.Overall vinyl Ester is a great option where you need strength and waterproofing, and also want to finish with gelcoat. Thank you for watching and commenting!
Maybe adding an second sample that is stressed by grabbing from opposite corners and twisting back and forth. This may be more representative of forces that sections of the hull take between structural components. Like in a wash tube sea. I had a boat that buckled in above the waterline. No damage to the gel coat but damage on the inside. Delamination of the layers and strands sticking out around the edges of the damage. The damage was about 4 feet back from the bow. The manufacture had to repair the boat under warranty.
I buy it from a local fiberglass distributor, but I will see if I can find a online source for you guys that I can put a link to below the videos description. Thanks for watching
This has been very interesting. I'm planning on building a kayak very shortly. After seeing this video I now know what resin I will use. While watching this a thought came to mind, and I would like your opinion. This will probably be be very different than what is typical. Have you ever thought of applying a coat of contact adhesive to a plywood boat, and then lay fiberglass into the contact cement as a first layer?
Most likely it was built with a ortho polyester. The vinyl Ester resin is a really good choice for all around repairs. Many people also like epoxy, but it is not usually recommended that you use gelcoat over epoxy resins. Hope this helps, and thanks for watching!
Great video! I’m wanting to waterproof plywood for bottom of Jon boat. Sounds like vinylester would work good. Any problem with gluing carpet on top? TIA. Video was super in depth and informative!
Thanks! Yes, the vinyl ester is my go to all around favorite resin. I used it extensively in our hardtop build series recently. I also have a how to fiberglass over plywood video and a how to epoxy fiberglass over plywood video that you might find really helpful for your project. Hope this helps and thanks for watching!
Could you do a video or comment on boat flex allowances, areas and necessity? I am in progress on a transom replacement from rotten wood to Coosa on a 25' plus twin outboard glass bracket center console boat. I want to terminate my stern floor liner directly to the transom (via glassed in coosa bracing). It used to have a liner to transom gap, but I want to do floor drains via directly cut slots straight out the back. The previous gap there (pvc pipe out) was a major source of my leak that rotted the wood. If I bond the floor directly to the transom am I killing a necessary flex and may end up cracking floor, stringer or transom? I'm also planning to do a permanent glass and bolt bond of the engine bracket to transom. You have by far the best show on boat works and I appreciate your longer and encompassing demonstrations and explanations. I am doing the work and you are helping immensely. Huge fan here. Thank you!!!!!!!!!
Sounds like a great project boat you are putting together! We almost always glass floors to transoms, as well as glass splash wells and other structural parts together. There is always going to be some flex in fiberglass parts, but in my opinion you would want to minimize it. When parts flex alot, they usually fail at some point. There are several videos in our custom 29 boat building series that shows us glassing floors and splash wells, etc to the transoms. I am sure these videos would be helpful.Of course every boat is different, and you have to decide what is best for your boat. I hope this helps, and thanks for Watching!
@@FishBumpTV Appreciate that info. I've actually owned this boat 22 years and hope to have it another 22. I've been watching your 29 boat build but sometimes, like any other series on Ytube, it's hard to get the videos in sequence and find myself fishing for it. I know you can't usually make a link to the next video because at that point you haven't shot it yet, but maybe you could always have a link to the previous video so we know when we skip to far ahead. Had my semi pro glass guy helper with me yesterday and today (at $100/hr) and he's asking me how I've come up to speed so well and challenges me on some of it. It's because of you man. I wasn't fully on board some of his work and I went forward at 5 AM today before he got here and made some nice advances, like more glass structure in the transom and bracket areas where the bolts run through. And today we worked together and glassed and bolted the bracket to transom. It's better than ever. Many thanks and when I get through this I promise to send you some thank you $ too if the boat survives the beat down test run. You are awesome, keep it up!!!
@@tmc.318 Glad you are enjoying the videos! I recently numbered the boatbuilding series with episode numbers in order, so I hope that helps with any confusion. I Really appreciate you following the channel, and your positive feedback is very encouraging! I wish you the very best of luck with your boat project.
Very helpful content, I think the Vinyl Ester laminating resin is the way forward for me, thank you! I'm new to your channel and was curious, have you done anything on impact resistance, I remember hitting a floating stump once, fortunately we were in a aluminium boat, but I wondered how well my fiberglass hull would have held up in that situation?
Great video capt. Joe! I am in the fiberglass industry as well and am trying to get into mold making and I was wondering if you could offer any information or maybe a video on the whole process it would be greatly appreciated!!
Thanks! If you look back through the channel in our boat building series, episode 7 shows me building a console and leaning post mold. You might find that interesting. I am planning to build a hardtop mold for our custom 29 very soon, I will be making detailed videos of the whole process for you guys. Appreciate you watching!
Greetings from Romania! Your videos are fantastic! They are full of valuable and to-the-point information. I want to redo the walls and ceiling of a motorhome on a plywood substrate; what kind of resin and fiberglass do you recommend? Thank you very much!
Wow, thanks for watching all the way from Romania 🇷🇴! I really like the vinyl Ester resins for all around use. Epoxy resin might also be a option for your application. I think you could be happy with either. I hope this helps and best of luck with your motor home project!
Capt Joe and family Thanks for your comment just wanted to ask y'all some of these resins especially polyester say not to use below the waterline but not planning on leaving the boat in the water will be trailering home after each use some of these resins have their own secrets hopefully y'all may no what they are referring to in these products? Y'all take care moving forward!
I watched your video and loved it! But I'm hoping you can give me some advice since you obviously know what you are doing. I have a small 14ft fiberglass river boat from the 1970s. I replaced the transom about 4 years ago with two 3/4 pieces of plywood that I epoxied together and epoxied to the back skin. I used epoxy and some fiberglass cloth given to me to create a back skin. I'm about to remove the outboard motor and install a surface drive mud motor that is about 70lbs heavier. I want to beef up the transom. I'm thinking about using epoxy and adding around 3 layers of fiberglass cloth to the edges. I'm also thinking of adding a couple of 45 degree braces that will be secured to the transom and floor. My problem is that I am hearing all sorts of opinions on how I should do this. Some are saying just use csm soaked with epoxy, and others are saying use 1708 cloth.... I would love to hear your idea on what I should do.
Sounds like you have a solid plan overall! If you are using epoxy resin, and your goal is to add strength, then 1708 would be the way I would go on my own boat. The transom is an area that we always overbuild, when in doubt add another layer or two. I hope this helps and I wish you success with you project!
VERY GOOD INFO! I've been waiting for this to figure out what to do about replacing a 15' fishing boat floor. I was leaning towards epoxy but vinylester seems to be a better choice... as is the tacky polyester so I can put a grit paint down on as the last coat. Looking for a SIMPLE VIDEO on that sort of deal. High Tide boats are notorious for needing new floors after about 30 yrs (lol)... I've got one that is pending and now I feel better about what to do.
Great video! I’m building a new console for my older bass boat out of marine plywood and then glassing over it. Which solution do you suggest would be best for my project?
Thanks, sounds like a great project! I really like the vinyl ester resin for everything all around. Fiberglass warehouse also has a discount code for our viewers. It's Fish bump tv. Hope this helps and I wish you all the best with your project!
When I repaired my pool step I used 1708 and I believe epoxy resin. Then painted it with Total Boat gel coat with wax. That was 3 years ago and it has started peeling. From your previous episodes, you mentioned that you should never gel coat over epoxy. Could this be what’s causing the peeling? How can I correct this? The patch itself is strong and holding up well.
Was reading through past comments and would also love a video on fixing spider cracks. That seems very intimidating. Just a thought...maybe you can find someone with an old "project" boat to donate to the shop as a way to demonstrate different repairs/techniques. Best way to show us how to fix things might be to start with something broken haha.
I watched and subscribed. Question. I'm planning to build a truck bed camper. I'll frame with 2x2's and cover with 1/4" luan plywood. I want to then encapsulate the entire exterior with 1708 or 1.5 oz chopped mat. I clearly want to use a laminating resin. Fill the weave, let it tack up and then wet it again, let it tack up and then gelcoat it. First - am I on the right track? Second - what resin would you recommend? Third - would you use 1708 or a chopped mat? I know a boat will take a TON more stress than a camper in the back of a truck bed. Yes, camper will twist and bounce around, but boats get it from all angles all the time. Seriously interested in your thoughts!
Curious on the vinylester vs iso polyester shrinkage as I generally use either iso poly or epoxy. Post cure I find iso polyester leaves considerable fibre print through.
Is there ever a scenario where you would use different resins as you build up layers? you mentioned having 10 layers on the floor of your build, would you ever mix as you build up those 10 layers?
We usually laminate with only one type of resin, but sometimes you will do a vinyl Ester skin coat. I just wanted to show that many of these resins are compatible with each other, and can work together if that if what you had to work with. Thanks for watching
Great info, thanks, first I'm not a boat guy, I have worked with fiberglass in a factory making pipe, almost all was in house blended polyester resin, fast-forward to today I'm trying to figure out what kind of resin was used to make a large tank that had it's lid crushed, I have cut into a piece and I think it smells like polyester, is there another way to figure this out, thanks for any help.
Love the video. Good information! I have a question, which resin would you use on automotive ? I have some wheel wells I'm going to rebuild with fiberglass.
The epoxy that has some flex, would it be less of a liability on a transom? If it allows for flex, would the base of the transom become strained, or does it allow for the natural flex of said material to absorb the stress properly?
Thanks for all this info, very well done! Question though, you say the laminating resin stays sticky... for how long, is it permanently tacky? Are you suppose to put something that dries hard, and non-tacky on top of it? Sorry if I missed that info.
Glad you enjoyed the video! Laminating resin stays tacky for weeks in many cases. It is so additional layers will bond during the course of a long project. You can coat it with waxed gelcoat or finishing resin when you want a tack free surface. I hope this helps and thanks for watching!
What do you think about laying up a new floor using polyester for the first couple layers and finishing with vinyl ester? I'm using csm with 24oz roven.
Have some bamboo poles I'm going to turn into frog gigs. Read online and people recommended just using fiberglass resin. Any resin you recommend? Looking for a clear finish, not tacky, and flexible enough to bend with the bamboo.
I get the red dye at our local Advanced Plastics in Elberta, Alabama. Most fiberglass distributors should also have it if you ask for it. Hope this helps. Thanks for watching!
micro cracks under a microscope would be interesting. After repeated shock impacts. Got a problem on tesco food delivery van body, where fibreglass cracking above rolling shutter door. 5 year old.
Thanks for the suggestion and for watching! You might try reinforcing it with a stronger resin type. Vinyl ester or epoxy might be a good option for you. I hope some of the videos here on the channel are helpful.
@@FishBumpTV thank you! I was wondering that too after this video! Assuming to sand area down for grip, maybe apply new sheet of fibre glass? Was wondering if i need to cut and replace it. The cracks go up to the edge of plastic angle , so assuming i need to drill out rivet’s and remove edge angle so i can seal and cracks that probably go under it. I expect some photos are really needed to answer… its my trail of thought for now.
@@FishBumpTV finding all the videos very helpful. Watching all the details. Nice to learn it is right to seal up holes that gear goes though. Been doing that with glue in holes plywood for electrical cases for sound systems and similar projects.
not expecting free of charge advice btw! so no worries if no reply. just happy you posting so much detailed educational videos and your presentation and tone is so kind and pleasant, its makes me happy from watching.
Yes, good surface prep is important. I like to use a 36 grit grinder for material removal, but a small pneumatic angle grinder might be able to do the job. Our recent sanding and shaping video might be a good one to check out. Hope this helps, and thanks for watching!
I have fiberglass hydrohoist tanks I'm repairing (cracks and chips). I know that you mentioned that you don't use finishing resin, would it be necessary for my job? I plan to epoxy prime and bottom paint the tanks after the repairs are complete. Thanks for the help, your channel is super informative!
The vinyl Ester resin is the is going to be be the best for that application in my opinion. It bonds very well when used in repairs, it is compatible with csm or mat fiberglass and it is a great water and moisture barrier. I hope this helps and best of luck with your project!
Hey! I'm gonna have to ask this. Finding vinyl ester was a bit tough, but I managed to find some composite factories that produce it in small enough quantities for my personal use and it is cheap. I'm talking polyester resin cheap. Why would I ever use polyester resin when vinyl ester is just as cheap and also better (in that its not subject to osmosis and rot like poly). Is there any application where poly is "better" than vinyl?
Hi, I have a Honda Jazz. I want to manufacture a 24-tooth plastic gear for the side mirror myself. There are many chemical options available, but which liquid chemical should I use? I want to avoid the gear breaking while rotating, and I don’t want it to be affected by heat or cold. Please give me some advice, your fan is asking for your help.
Hey capt joe, just want you to know loving all the vidios learning a ton just picked up a 1993 sea ray express cruiser 250 sat for awhile came from lake michigan spent the last 2 years in lake O in florida. never been in salt water it only has 486 hours motor is sound hull is solid from research specs say it was made with vinylester resin wich is a good thing I suppose watching your vidio with the can of beans coud not be more true. the boat had a alot of decorative panels plywood wrapped with foam and vinyl and carpet glued to the glass I ripped it all out.one of the shelves had resin rolled on no rot, the other not coated rotten I want to cut the shelves off close to the hull and grind as close as I dare my question to you is can I use a laminating resin with mat on the curves I also want to epoxy some rips of plywood for mounting some under gunnel rod holders to mount on due I need to cure the poly before I go over with epoxy and 1708 or can it be tacky sorry for the long story just want to do it right. Thanks dan
Im trying to fix a transom that has delaminated in a small area. I was thinking of injecting a resin into the split from the top and then clamping. Would you choose vinylester or epoxy? Love your channel!
They could possibly both work. I might lean towards epoxy on this one though. Just be sure there is not any moisture in the delaminated area or nothing will stick. I hope this helps and thanks for watching!
No, not even vinyl Ester is recommended over epoxy. I do have a product I will be testing very soon that is designed to solve the compatibility problem between epoxy and polyester-vinyl Ester based resins and gelcoats, so stay tuned!
Joe thank you for the effort you put into your videos ,much appreciated. I have a quick question I had damaged the bottom of my boat on the ribs no holes would it be best to repair with 1807 or 1808 and use an polyester resin and then mix up a little apoxy resin and just apply over the repaired area to prevent water intrusion
Awesome videos , i have been binging on them. Are you still planning on doing a key west style t top video/series? And which rod holders did you use on the side of your console on the 29?
Thanks! Yes, I am still planning a hard top build series. The rod holders are from T and H marine. I hope this helps this helps and thanks for watching!
We typically use aluminum or poly tanks in our boats, but I would think that vinyl Ester might be a good choice. ThT is something you should do some research on before making a decision. I hope this helps and thanks for watching!
Glad you are enjoying the videos! The iso tooling resin and the vinyl ester are really good. Epoxy could also work, but you would have to use epoxy based fillers and primers if you choose to work with the epoxy. I hope this helps, and thanks for watching!
We have made Patreon ( www.patreon.com/FishBumpTv ) available for members who are interested in consultations on their projects. Thank you for your support!
Man, I’m ready for another boat, build series keep them coming!!!
That's the plan!
Dude, you definitely need a PROJECT FARM collaboration lol
I like it!
😂
That's exactly what I was going to say
I wrote a lot of notes while watching this, stopping and starting the video. After watching hundreds of fibreglass builds and repairs this past year I finally get what I need to know about the various resins as I begin my transom and deck rebuild. There's no way to say Thank You strongly enough. I've planned to start with repairing the helm, start small, make small mistakes.
Glad the videos are helpful! Thanks for watching
Joe I really like how you go into depth. Thanks for all the time you put into the videos hope all your clients catch big ones
Glad you are enjoying the videos and thanks for watching!
It would be awesome if you tried to glue the different resins. Im about to do some repair on the outside of the keel of the boat and standing between vinylester and epoxi. thanks!
Best of luck with your project!
Just food for thought!
In all the kit aircraft that is made of fiberglass. All that I ever knew has been made with Epoxy. Due to higher tinsel strength/per weight. Also, the durability. Never ever have I heard of the use of Vinyl ester or Polyester.
I knew boats was Vinyl or Poly. Due to the use of molds and using gelcoats as the first layer in the mold. Quicker assembly time and also a lot cheaper in cost.
I believe a one-off boat design for true performance. They are normally hand laid fabric and most time's epoxy.
I know back in the day Ranger Bass boats was all hand laid woven fabrics. Not sure about epoxy for the risen though.
Interesting! Thanks for watching and commenting!
The man is on other level🔥 he even knows the story overseas very informative 👍👍
Thank you very much!
Great job Captain Joe. Your Videos are the best I have came across. Having the top quality Cameras and an actual camera man really gives you the Over the Top quality Videos. I would love to see an All about me video with the history of your Boating family. How much of the boat building does your family still do?
Wow, thanks! Glad you are enjoying the videos. I appreciate the video suggestion, and hope to do something along those lines soon.
As a hobbyist that has built a couple of boats I can't get enough of your videos.
I have learned so many things that I know I can confidently apply to my next build.
Next time I'm vacationing in Gulf Shores I plan looking your place up and patronizing your boat expeditions.
Thanks for sharing your vast knowledge .
That's fantastic! Glad the videos are helpful and I really appreciate you watching and commenting!
This is just the channel I need, stationed out in Japan and starting a flats skiff for fishing here, was wondering if y’all could cover fiberglass on foam board trying to cut the weight down as much as possible. Keep the awesome vids coming!
Very cool! I will try to add some foam core construction content to the channel for you. Best of luck with your project!
@@FishBumpTV I would be interested for old van delivery bodes and insulated enclosure builds.
Oh man! This is the video I have been looking for, When I fiberglassed a couple of boats I just went to a marina and bought some fiberglass resin and some woven glass cloth and went to work. Lately I have heard conversations about various resins and I wondered what they were and the advantages of one over the other. Again "thank you for doing these videos.
I'm glad I could help! Yes, there are many options out there, good,better, and best. I have really been impressed with the vinyl ester that we are using lately. Great waterproofing and adhesion, but completely compatible with gelcoat. But everyone has different needs, so it's good to have options. Thanks for watching!
Another thoughtful informative and well laid out video. Wishing you continued growth!
Thank you!
I like that you found some resins available to the diy market.
I’m A polyester resin man all the way having been in fiberglass industry years. The cost for diy resin is crazy high compared to industrial pricing.
I guess you don’t remember the days when we had to use paste or powder BPO catalyst in sticky vinylester resins ( derakane) , ever since they came out with the AME2000 VE resin that used MEKP the VE world changed!
The things I don’t like about using epoxy is
it’s much slower too work with ,
it’s very expensive in small lots,
It’s more toxic ,if you get it on your skin , espically when sweaty you can get sensitive to it permanently! Not good!
Good video!
Cheers Warren
Thanks for watching, and really appreciate your thoughts and feedback!
Another awesome video Captain Joe, your content is excellent. Much appreciation as always 👍🇦🇺
Thank you so much 😀
This video is gold, probably one of your best. Thank you to get the time not only to present the resin with the Pro/cons but also test them on an actual laminate !
Wow, thanks! I really appreciate that!
Epoxy can take 6-10 days to “fully cure” depending on ambient temp. But once it finishes it is much harder. Polyester will continue to cure for months (and shrink on a micro level) which is why it tends to have less adhesive properties. If I had to guess I would say that epoxy was 2-4 days old. Your videos are awesome! I will be subscribing to the patreon here shortly
Thanks for your thoughts
Also some epoxy need to be cured in an oven. I hope this is not one of them.
@@koji71 I agree with you and use the proper method of all the steps you need start to finish!
👍🏼FGRP's strike exciting inspirations of building things.
Capt Joe, Another awesome video! This video really compliments our recent Patreon conversation! I appreciate how much your channel is helping me with my project boat!
Glad that the videos are helpful! Thanks
Thanks for all the useful info, if possible please do a bonding test of the 1708 with diffrent resins to plywood and old cured fiberglass like in a old boat restoration.
Thanks for the suggestion
@@FishBumpTV please
Good content, most people don’t know, or understand the difference in resin, nor do they know how many are actually out there, thank you
Thanks! I agree, I think most folks just don't realize how many option there are when it comes to resin selection. I hope this video helps!
Thanks @FishBumpTV , Capt Joe and Camera(wo?)man. Enjoyed the show. I use isothalic for molds, vinyl ester for below waterline, and epoxy for repairs or when I win the lottery and feel rich. When using some cloths, the binder does not melt with some epoxies. Styrene melts the binders well. When using vinylester, short shelf life can be an issue.
Glad you are enjoying the channel! I agree with your material choices, and I appreciate you sharing your experiences with everyone!
Gold Coast Yachts here in St.Croix only use epoxy to build their boats. Really hard to find one on the used boat market.
Interesting! Thanks for watching!
After watching this video I should have used a polyester resin and saved some money on my most recent project. Due to my inexperience I always buy epoxy resin for my projects thinking it is the best. I will certainly make a more informed decision on projects in the future. Thanks
Glad to help, and best of luck with your projects!
Thanks for all the good info. Making my own mold in school for a shallow catamaran.
Glad you enjoyed the video and I wish you the best with your catamaran project!
Just starting a restoration of a 1980 Ranger you make it look so easy it's not but without your advis it would be inposible thank you😂😂❤❤❤❤😂🎉🎉😂😅😊
I wish you the very best with your Ranger resto! Don't get discouraged, I have had a LOT of practice! The more you do it, the better you are going to get!
** to add. epoxy resin wont destroy foam, and is the go to for carbon fiber that will be naked. poly and vinyl ester resins are great for most everything, except laminating foam, unless some melting of the foam is part of the plan like bonding to the hull and ring deck.
ive built boats, automotive body kits, and speaker enclosures out of poly / vinyl, its cheap and strong. when shaping foam for a pattern i use epoxy to seal the foam before applying more glass / body filler etc.
ive used epoxy to seal counter tops, fill voids in lumber before milling into furniture, and for materials like carbon fiber / kevlar where the aesthetics of the materials are desirable. i had some gold carbon kevlar years ago that was pretty cool left over from gov boats.
@@drifter9425 youre not wrong, but its the only real option for clear resin. if clear isnt a factor than by all means use poly etc.. the carbon / kevlar boats ive built in the past were gel coated to look like any other center console boat and laminated with normal production resin.
also, anything naked carbon is going to be expensive as all hell and probably well taken care of / covered. to mitigate uv damage.
Glad I found you a few weeks ago.... at 68 and downsizing a 5000 sf cabinet shop and doing a total wsstoration of a '69 42 Chris Craft commander.... Foam toe rail and with faux wood finish.... final 24 git grinding tonight before final glass ,, thanks for your channel!!
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Glad to help, and best of luck with your project.
Cutting and reshaping a SeaRay 4’ swim platform to fit my Californian. Watching and learning as much as possible before I choose materials. Now I’ve got to do some homework on vinylester.
Thanks for watching
Great video. I would love to see the same resins tested for how well they adhere to plywood. Thanks so much for your time making these videos!
Thanks for the suggestion! I can tell you from experience that epoxy and vinyl Ester resins are going to adhere the best overall. Hope this helps and I appreciate you watching!
Hey Uncle Joe! Another great video. I order my resin from US composites. Little cheaper than the others I have found. Ordering site is a bit archaic but the products are top notch.
-Neil
Hey man! Thanks for the suggestion.
THANK U FROM MIMS FL, YES I AM WITH PATREON, AM REPAIR BOATS ,SMALL THIS IS ALARGE HELP.
Glad to help, and best of luck with your project!
Thanks, great video. Now I know what resin to use to repair my boat.
Would really enjoy seeing a sheer test. Appreciate your time to create and share your professional opinions on products and techniques!
Great suggestion!
Thank you for you consistent hard work making these videos! Remember the more you do the more people want, do please take your time and avoid burn out. Great Job. LadyD Cheers
Thank you! Will do! I really appreciate your comment!
That really helped with the difference between choice
You are the best on the TH-cam! Just wondering did you ever come up with a supplier for the red dye for the MEKP catalyst?
Wow, thanks! I buy mine locally from a fiberglass distributor called Advanced Plastics. I think that they have several locations in the southeast. I will try to do some digging and see if I can find a online distributor for you all.
@@FishBumpTV yes I wanted to ask you the same question 👍
Thanks Capt Joe and Logan. Tons of useful information as usual.
Glad you enjoyed it, and thanks for watching!
Thank you! I see a small project in my future
Best of luck! Thanks for watching
Putting a new deck on my boat very informative channel big help doing plywood glassed on both sides. thanks
Glad to help!
I used vinyl ester for wrapping and adhering the engine and tranny mounts on my Shamrock, which were then gelcoated. The only drawback is the short shelf life compared to polyester. It has to be fresh, and used promptly.
Some brands have better shelf life than others. I have been very happy with the vinyl Ester we have been using recently.Overall vinyl Ester is a great option where you need strength and waterproofing, and also want to finish with gelcoat. Thank you for watching and commenting!
@@FishBumpTV Ty for the tip!
Great content. I’m glad you’re doing this I’m not afraid to do some of these repairs on my own now!! Thank you
Glad to help
Thanks for being so thorough on your videos
Glad you like them!
Maybe adding an second sample that is stressed by grabbing from opposite corners and twisting back and forth.
This may be more representative of forces that sections of the hull take between structural components. Like in a wash tube sea.
I had a boat that buckled in above the waterline. No damage to the gel coat but damage on the inside. Delamination of the layers and strands sticking out around the edges of the damage.
The damage was about 4 feet back from the bow.
The manufacture had to repair the boat under warranty.
Good video Joe !! Any help you give us is appreciated
Glad to help
Thanks a good way of explains and a good video with ur fine voice.
Thanks for the kind words, they are much appreciated!
Can you tell us where you get your red catalyst dye? Keep up the great videos love watching!!
I buy it from a local fiberglass distributor, but I will see if I can find a online source for you guys that I can put a link to below the videos description. Thanks for watching
I may have asked a while back....
What would you use to cover a boat or camper made of foam board
Excellent Explanation Capt. Joe! Thank you for sharing your time and many talents! All the best! Chuck
Thanks a bunch!
This has been very interesting. I'm planning on building a kayak very shortly. After seeing this video I now know what resin I will use. While watching this a thought came to mind, and I would like your opinion. This will probably be be very different than what is typical. Have you ever thought of applying a coat of contact adhesive to a plywood boat, and then lay fiberglass into the contact cement as a first layer?
Glad you are enjoying the videos! No, I have never seen that done before. I think I would stick with resin personally.
How about 3M Bondo resin from lowes and such?
Another great video! I always learn something good from your videos.
Awesome, thank you!
Which resin do you think a sailboat made in 1967 was used? And what should I use for repairing. Thank you
Most likely it was built with a ortho polyester. The vinyl Ester resin is a really good choice for all around repairs. Many people also like epoxy, but it is not usually recommended that you use gelcoat over epoxy resins. Hope this helps, and thanks for watching!
@@FishBumpTV
Yes thanks, another question what is best fiber glass fibers for deck to hull joint repair 1708 or 1808 in 6 t0 8 inch strips
Great video! I’m wanting to waterproof plywood for bottom of Jon boat. Sounds like vinylester would work good. Any problem with gluing carpet on top? TIA. Video was super in depth and informative!
Thanks! Yes, the vinyl ester is my go to all around favorite resin. I used it extensively in our hardtop build series recently. I also have a how to fiberglass over plywood video and a how to epoxy fiberglass over plywood video that you might find really helpful for your project. Hope this helps and thanks for watching!
Could you do a video or comment on boat flex allowances, areas and necessity? I am in progress on a transom replacement from rotten wood to Coosa on a 25' plus twin outboard glass bracket center console boat. I want to terminate my stern floor liner directly to the transom (via glassed in coosa bracing). It used to have a liner to transom gap, but I want to do floor drains via directly cut slots straight out the back. The previous gap there (pvc pipe out) was a major source of my leak that rotted the wood. If I bond the floor directly to the transom am I killing a necessary flex and may end up cracking floor, stringer or transom? I'm also planning to do a permanent glass and bolt bond of the engine bracket to transom. You have by far the best show on boat works and I appreciate your longer and encompassing demonstrations and explanations. I am doing the work and you are helping immensely. Huge fan here. Thank you!!!!!!!!!
Sounds like a great project boat you are putting together! We almost always glass floors to transoms, as well as glass splash wells and other structural parts together. There is always going to be some flex in fiberglass parts, but in my opinion you would want to minimize it. When parts flex alot, they usually fail at some point. There are several videos in our custom 29 boat building series that shows us glassing floors and splash wells, etc to the transoms. I am sure these videos would be helpful.Of course every boat is different, and you have to decide what is best for your boat. I hope this helps, and thanks for Watching!
@@FishBumpTV Appreciate that info. I've actually owned this boat 22 years and hope to have it another 22. I've been watching your 29 boat build but sometimes, like any other series on Ytube, it's hard to get the videos in sequence and find myself fishing for it. I know you can't usually make a link to the next video because at that point you haven't shot it yet, but maybe you could always have a link to the previous video so we know when we skip to far ahead. Had my semi pro glass guy helper with me yesterday and today (at $100/hr) and he's asking me how I've come up to speed so well and challenges me on some of it. It's because of you man. I wasn't fully on board some of his work and I went forward at 5 AM today before he got here and made some nice advances, like more glass structure in the transom and bracket areas where the bolts run through. And today we worked together and glassed and bolted the bracket to transom. It's better than ever. Many thanks and when I get through this I promise to send you some thank you $ too if the boat survives the beat down test run. You are awesome, keep it up!!!
@@tmc.318 Glad you are enjoying the videos! I recently numbered the boatbuilding series with episode numbers in order, so I hope that helps with any confusion. I Really appreciate you following the channel, and your positive feedback is very encouraging! I wish you the very best of luck with your boat project.
Very helpful content, I think the Vinyl Ester laminating resin is the way forward for me, thank you! I'm new to your channel and was curious, have you done anything on impact resistance, I remember hitting a floating stump once, fortunately we were in a aluminium boat, but I wondered how well my fiberglass hull would have held up in that situation?
Awesome! Thank you! I have not done any videos on impact resistance, but I might do that in the future. I appreciate the suggestion.
Awesome video. Vinyl Ester it is! Any issues using it over polyester putty?
Thanks! The vinyl Ester and polyester are completely compatible. Best of luck with your project!
Great video capt. Joe! I am in the fiberglass industry as well and am trying to get into mold making and I was wondering if you could offer any information or maybe a video on the whole process it would be greatly appreciated!!
Thanks! If you look back through the channel in our boat building series, episode 7 shows me building a console and leaning post mold. You might find that interesting. I am planning to build a hardtop mold for our custom 29 very soon, I will be making detailed videos of the whole process for you guys. Appreciate you watching!
Thank you! I appreciate it! Keep up the good work!
Greetings from Romania! Your videos are fantastic! They are full of valuable and to-the-point information. I want to redo the walls and ceiling of a motorhome on a plywood substrate; what kind of resin and fiberglass do you recommend? Thank you very much!
Wow, thanks for watching all the way from Romania 🇷🇴! I really like the vinyl Ester resins for all around use. Epoxy resin might also be a option for your application. I think you could be happy with either. I hope this helps and best of luck with your motor home project!
So much great info. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
You are so welcome! Thanks for watching and commenting!
Great video. Would the epoxy resin be more impact resistant?
Thanks! Yes, usually in my experience the epoxy and the vinyl Ester are more impact resistant.
Capt Joe and family Thanks for your comment just wanted to ask y'all some of these resins especially polyester say not to use below the waterline but not planning on leaving the boat in the water will be trailering home after each use some of these resins have their own secrets hopefully y'all may no what they are referring to in these products? Y'all take care moving forward!
I watched your video and loved it! But I'm hoping you can give me some advice since you obviously know what you are doing.
I have a small 14ft fiberglass river boat from the 1970s. I replaced the transom about 4 years ago with two 3/4 pieces of plywood that I epoxied together and epoxied to the back skin. I used epoxy and some fiberglass cloth given to me to create a back skin. I'm about to remove the outboard motor and install a surface drive mud motor that is about 70lbs heavier. I want to beef up the transom. I'm thinking about using epoxy and adding around 3 layers of fiberglass cloth to the edges. I'm also thinking of adding a couple of 45 degree braces that will be secured to the transom and floor.
My problem is that I am hearing all sorts of opinions on how I should do this. Some are saying just use csm soaked with epoxy, and others are saying use 1708 cloth.... I would love to hear your idea on what I should do.
Sounds like you have a solid plan overall! If you are using epoxy resin, and your goal is to add strength, then 1708 would be the way I would go on my own boat. The transom is an area that we always overbuild, when in doubt add another layer or two. I hope this helps and I wish you success with you project!
VERY GOOD INFO! I've been waiting for this to figure out what to do about replacing a 15' fishing boat floor. I was leaning towards epoxy but vinylester seems to be a better choice... as is the tacky polyester so I can put a grit paint down on as the last coat. Looking for a SIMPLE VIDEO on that sort of deal. High Tide boats are notorious for needing new floors after about 30 yrs (lol)... I've got one that is pending and now I feel better about what to do.
Glad the videos are helpful! Best of luck with your floor replacement.
Maybe a post with FGWH with how they see their products being used.
Thanks for the suggestion
Great video! I’m building a new console for my older bass boat out of marine plywood and then glassing over it. Which solution do you suggest would be best for my project?
Thanks, sounds like a great project! I really like the vinyl ester resin for everything all around. Fiberglass warehouse also has a discount code for our viewers. It's Fish bump tv. Hope this helps and I wish you all the best with your project!
When I repaired my pool step I used 1708 and I believe epoxy resin. Then painted it with Total Boat gel coat with wax. That was 3 years ago and it has started peeling. From your previous episodes, you mentioned that you should never gel coat over epoxy. Could this be what’s causing the peeling? How can I correct this? The patch itself is strong and holding up well.
Thanks for a great channel👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻 Going with the vinyl ester💪🏻 Longer potlife as a bonus👌🏻
Awesome! Thank you!
Was reading through past comments and would also love a video on fixing spider cracks. That seems very intimidating. Just a thought...maybe you can find someone with an old "project" boat to donate to the shop as a way to demonstrate different repairs/techniques. Best way to show us how to fix things might be to start with something broken haha.
Thanks for the suggestion! We are working on getting a project boat in the shop soon for you guys. I appreciate you watching and commenting!
I watched and subscribed. Question. I'm planning to build a truck bed camper. I'll frame with 2x2's and cover with 1/4" luan plywood. I want to then encapsulate the entire exterior with 1708 or 1.5 oz chopped mat. I clearly want to use a laminating resin. Fill the weave, let it tack up and then wet it again, let it tack up and then gelcoat it. First - am I on the right track? Second - what resin would you recommend? Third - would you use 1708 or a chopped mat?
I know a boat will take a TON more stress than a camper in the back of a truck bed. Yes, camper will twist and bounce around, but boats get it from all angles all the time.
Seriously interested in your thoughts!
Do you have a video on flotation foam installation methods? Thank you.
I plan to make a flotation foam video soon for you guys. Thanks for watching!
Good, Video, any of these are compatible with construction foam board? I guess Epoxy? What about Acrylic Resin?
Thanks! Epoxy is likely to be the most compatible.
Vinylester for gas tanks only one to use.
Curious on the vinylester vs iso polyester shrinkage as I generally use either iso poly or epoxy. Post cure I find iso polyester leaves considerable fibre print through.
Is there ever a scenario where you would use different resins as you build up layers? you mentioned having 10 layers on the floor of your build, would you ever mix as you build up those 10 layers?
We usually laminate with only one type of resin, but sometimes you will do a vinyl Ester skin coat. I just wanted to show that many of these resins are compatible with each other, and can work together if that if what you had to work with. Thanks for watching
Great info, thanks, first I'm not a boat guy, I have worked with fiberglass in a factory making pipe, almost all was in house blended polyester resin, fast-forward to today I'm trying to figure out what kind of resin was used to make a large tank that had it's lid crushed, I have cut into a piece and I think it smells like polyester, is there another way to figure this out, thanks for any help.
Love the video. Good information! I have a question, which resin would you use on automotive ? I have some wheel wells I'm going to rebuild with fiberglass.
Thanks, glad you enjoyed it! The vinyl Ester is the best overall in my opinion. Hope this helps and best of luck with your project!
The epoxy that has some flex, would it be less of a liability on a transom? If it allows for flex, would the base of the transom become strained, or does it allow for the natural flex of said material to absorb the stress properly?
Thanks for all this info, very well done! Question though, you say the laminating resin stays sticky... for how long, is it permanently tacky? Are you suppose to put something that dries hard, and non-tacky on top of it? Sorry if I missed that info.
Glad you enjoyed the video! Laminating resin stays tacky for weeks in many cases. It is so additional layers will bond during the course of a long project. You can coat it with waxed gelcoat or finishing resin when you want a tack free surface. I hope this helps and thanks for watching!
What do you think about laying up a new floor using polyester for the first couple layers and finishing with vinyl ester? I'm using csm with 24oz roven.
Have some bamboo poles I'm going to turn into frog gigs. Read online and people recommended just using fiberglass resin. Any resin you recommend? Looking for a clear finish, not tacky, and flexible enough to bend with the bamboo.
The vinyl ester or epoxy resin would be the way to go. They have the best waterproofing properties. Hope this helps and thanks for watching!
Great video thanks for the sharing information. I got a question where you get the red dye I would like to get some for myself. Thanks appreciate it.
I get the red dye at our local Advanced Plastics in Elberta, Alabama. Most fiberglass distributors should also have it if you ask for it. Hope this helps. Thanks for watching!
Tanks
micro cracks under a microscope would be interesting. After repeated shock impacts.
Got a problem on tesco food delivery van body, where fibreglass cracking above rolling shutter door. 5 year old.
Thanks for the suggestion and for watching! You might try reinforcing it with a stronger resin type. Vinyl ester or epoxy might be a good option for you. I hope some of the videos here on the channel are helpful.
@@FishBumpTV thank you! I was wondering that too after this video! Assuming to sand area down for grip, maybe apply new sheet of fibre glass? Was wondering if i need to cut and replace it. The cracks go up to the edge of plastic angle , so assuming i need to drill out rivet’s and remove edge angle so i can seal and cracks that probably go under it. I expect some photos are really needed to answer… its my trail of thought for now.
@@FishBumpTV finding all the videos very helpful. Watching all the details. Nice to learn it is right to seal up holes that gear goes though. Been doing that with glue in holes plywood for electrical cases for sound systems and similar projects.
not expecting free of charge advice btw! so no worries if no reply. just happy you posting so much detailed educational videos and your presentation and tone is so kind and pleasant, its makes me happy from watching.
Yes, good surface prep is important. I like to use a 36 grit grinder for material removal, but a small pneumatic angle grinder might be able to do the job. Our recent sanding and shaping video might be a good one to check out. Hope this helps, and thanks for watching!
I have fiberglass hydrohoist tanks I'm repairing (cracks and chips). I know that you mentioned that you don't use finishing resin, would it be necessary for my job? I plan to epoxy prime and bottom paint the tanks after the repairs are complete. Thanks for the help, your channel is super informative!
Why are you using bottom paint?
@@fiberglassguru The are submerged in the water 24/7. I figured bottom paint would be the best option. Is there something else you would suggest?
The vinyl Ester resin is the is going to be be the best for that application in my opinion. It bonds very well when used in repairs, it is compatible with csm or mat fiberglass and it is a great water and moisture barrier. I hope this helps and best of luck with your project!
Good morning, excellent lesson!!!
Thank you!
Can you use Vinyl Ester Resin and fiberglass mat over fiberglass and epoxy that's already cured?
Hey! I'm gonna have to ask this. Finding vinyl ester was a bit tough, but I managed to find some composite factories that produce it in small enough quantities for my personal use and it is cheap. I'm talking polyester resin cheap. Why would I ever use polyester resin when vinyl ester is just as cheap and also better (in that its not subject to osmosis and rot like poly). Is there any application where poly is "better" than vinyl?
really great thank you for the help
You're welcome! Glad to help!
I cant find any videos on repairs on seadoo cm tech hulls skin or what to use to reinforce the inside
Hi, I have a Honda Jazz. I want to manufacture a 24-tooth plastic gear for the side mirror myself. There are many chemical options available, but which liquid chemical should I use? I want to avoid the gear breaking while rotating, and I don’t want it to be affected by heat or cold. Please give me some advice, your fan is asking for your help.
What type would a fiberglass service-utility bed be made of?
Hey capt joe, just want you to know loving all the vidios learning a ton just picked up a 1993 sea ray express cruiser 250 sat for awhile came from lake michigan spent the last 2 years in lake O in florida. never been in salt water it only has 486 hours motor is sound hull is solid from research specs say it was made with vinylester resin wich is a good thing I suppose watching your vidio with the can of beans coud not be more true. the boat had a alot of decorative panels plywood wrapped with foam and vinyl and carpet glued to the glass I ripped it all out.one of the shelves had resin rolled on no rot, the other not coated rotten I want to cut the shelves off close to the hull and grind as close as I dare my question to you is can I use a laminating resin with mat on the curves I also want to epoxy some rips of plywood for mounting some under gunnel rod holders to mount on due I need to cure the poly before I go over with epoxy and 1708 or can it be tacky sorry for the long story just want to do it right. Thanks dan
Im trying to fix a transom that has delaminated in a small area. I was thinking of injecting a resin into the split from the top and then clamping. Would you choose vinylester or epoxy? Love your channel!
They could possibly both work. I might lean towards epoxy on this one though. Just be sure there is not any moisture in the delaminated area or nothing will stick. I hope this helps and thanks for watching!
@@FishBumpTV Thanks again for all the help. You are awesome!
Enjoyed the demonstration
Thanks so much!
No gel coat over epoxy so could you epoxy then top coat with vinyl ester then gel coat?
No, not even vinyl Ester is recommended over epoxy. I do have a product I will be testing very soon that is designed to solve the compatibility problem between epoxy and polyester-vinyl Ester based resins and gelcoats, so stay tuned!
Thanks for your reply, I’ll be looking forward to the new videos.
Joe thank you for the effort you put into your videos ,much appreciated. I have a quick question I had damaged the bottom of my boat on the ribs no holes would it be best to repair with 1807 or 1808 and use an polyester resin and then mix up a little apoxy resin and just apply over the repaired area to prevent water intrusion
Awesome videos , i have been binging on them. Are you still planning on doing a key west style t top video/series? And which rod holders did you use on the side of your console on the 29?
Thanks! Yes, I am still planning a hard top build series. The rod holders are from T and H marine. I hope this helps this helps and thanks for watching!
What resin should be used to construct a fiberglass gasoline fuel tank?
We typically use aluminum or poly tanks in our boats, but I would think that vinyl Ester might be a good choice. ThT is something you should do some research on before making a decision. I hope this helps and thanks for watching!
I am going to build an 8 foot long by 36 inch high and 40 inch wide box. I think out of 3/4 inch plywood. What is the best supplies to have for this?
Thanks for the information.
Which one do you recommend for automotive exterior body kit applications
Glad you are enjoying the videos! The iso tooling resin and the vinyl ester are really good. Epoxy could also work, but you would have to use epoxy based fillers and primers if you choose to work with the epoxy. I hope this helps, and thanks for watching!