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My pleasure!

Thanks !

Thank you!!

Thanks for the feedback!!

Thanks a lot!!

Hi, I think the values of current are implied to be in nanoamperes. Nano is 10^-9 and pico is 10^-12 so you can multiply the currents by 1000 to get picoamperes. Let me know if that helps and if I understand your issue correctly!

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Sure! Basically, action potentials are conventionally explained as propagating from the cell body to the axon terminal. While that is true and applies to most neurons, some neurons express voltage gated channels in their dendrites that allow the propagation of action potentials. The reason why neurons generate action potentials at their axon initial segments is because this is where voltage gated channels are most concentrated and thus the threshold is the lowest. However, when the action potential is initiated, it can propagate back to the dendrites provided that it expresses the necessary channels. This property is particularly important for plasticity in pyramidal cells (the major type of neuron in the cortex). Let me know if that helps!

@@sciencewithtal thank you!

There are a bunch of ligands that differ across the body. In the brain: epinephrine/norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and glutamate all activate Gq receptors. In the periphery (heart, lungs, kidneys, etc.), there are also Gq receptors. I know that the liver has Gq receptors for epinephrine. There are also Gq receptors on blood vessels that get activated by angiotensin. There are obviously more examples but these are some of the key examples that came to mind!

Hi, sorry to hear that it makes you feel awful. I think you should bring up your issue to a doctor to get better guidance on how to manage it. In terms of the science, I want to mention that in addition of being an excitatory (NMDA in the brain) and inhibitory (brainstem & spinal cord) neurotransmitter, glycine is also a very important amino acid so it is pretty much ubiquitous in the body. As such, it is hard to pin point why your supplement makes you feel awful.

I saw another video on youtube about this and it might be because of to much chloride inside the cell instead of outside. When chloride rushes out of the cell after the binding of glycine it acts excitatory instead of calming.

@@christinefarneman4433 I guess this is a possible reason why but this is also something you cannot control (as far as I am aware). I still suggest you to get some medical advice!

Thank you for the feedback, glad you found it helpful!

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Thank you very much for the feedback!

My pleasure, thank you for the comment!

Hi, good question! This is something that I look into a bit deeper in this video about the Hodgkin-Huxley model (Hodgkin-Huxley Model of Voltage-Gated Channels Explained). At 11:39 to 13:34, what I try to illustrate with the sequential steps is that the current and conductance of sodium and potassium (which can be isolated from voltage clamp experiments) are drastically different. The reason why the sodium current happens first and closes quickly whereas the potassium current opens later and is sustained has everything to do with the kinetics of the voltage gated channels (which can be explained by the Hodgkin-Huxley Model). To answer your question more directly, the main factor that makes the current increase between -50, -20 and 0 mV for sodium is that since they are voltage-gated (VG) channels, the channels open a bigger pore with higher voltage and let more sodium ions enter, thus, leading to a higher current. For the +20 mV condition, recall that the equilibrium potential of sodium is about +60 mV so as the command voltage approaches that value, the sodium current diminishes since there is less net movement into the cell (let me know if you need clarifications on the equilibrium potential). On the other hand for potassium, its equilibrium potential is at about -80 mV so its current keeps rising. Let me know if this helps, thanks for the feedback!

@@sciencewithtal thanks a bunch!! all clear now, I will also give a look at the video you’ve mentioned

It is said that oxytocin can make people loyal. Have you ever extracted oxytocin?​@@sciencewithtal

​@@sciencewithtalAre you planning to extract oxytocin from ergot?

Thank you!

Thank you!!

Hi, sorry to hear that you have to go through that. I may help you in understanding the mechanism behind the medication you take and your insomnia but I think the best solution would be to discuss this matter with a health professional so you can get the appropriate help.

Thank you, I'll keep those topics in mind!

My pleasure, thank you!

Thank you, glad it helped!

Thank you!

Yes! Love your videos. Would love to see one on the visual system :)

@ishimathur1956 Thank you for the comment! To be transparent, as of yet I only have a bunch of drawings made for the other systems but not much beyond that :/ I am currently working on a pretty ambitious project that covers another aspect of human biology that will open doors to new topics. It is still in my plans to cover the other systems but it is hard to say right now when that will happen!

@MeowtheCat-jg7cx Thank you, I'll keep that in mind!

Thank you!

My pleasure, thanks for the feedback!

Im glad this video helped you, thanks for the comment!!

My pleasure!

Awesome! I'm glad the video could help you make sense of that !!

My pleasure, thanks!

Thank you very much!

You are right, 2-AG does get broken down by MAGL but that is to produce arachidonic acid (AA). You still need DAGL (diacylglycerol lipase) to make 2-AG from DAG. In my opinion the terminology for retrograde implies that the postsynaptic cell communicates with the presynaptic one; hence, since THC is not sent by the postsynaptic cell but rather comes from blood circulation, it is not technically retrograde signalling as compared to ECs. Some people may still call THC retrograde because it binds to the same receptors as ECs but I do not find this to be retrograde personally; it seems this issue may be one of perspective. Hopefully that answers your questions, let me know if I can help further!

@@sciencewithtal Thank you very much and I think you are right it seems there needs to be a postsynaptic release of some kind for "retrograde"

Good question, that was something confusing for me as well! Basically, if I reword what I mention in the video: we have a cell at rest at -60 mV, and now we clamp it to -70 mV. To do so, the voltage clamp will send negative charges to push the membrane potential towards -70 mV. Given that the neuron wants to stay at -60 mV, the neuron will open leak channels (IL) that will send positive charges inside to get back to rest and this is what you see on the readout as the inward/depolarizing current. In other words, with voltage clamp you are measuring the current response of the neuron and since it gets hyperpolarized, its response will be to open channels and depolarize to come back to the resting potential. Hope that clarifies your question, let me know if I can help further!

​Thank you very much! Crystal clear now.

Thanks a lot, appreciate the love!