7 Powerful Hand Gestures You Should Be Using

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 4 ต.ค. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 694

  • @ScienceOfPeople
    @ScienceOfPeople  3 ปีที่แล้ว +20

    Find out more in our full article on this topic: www.scienceofpeople.com/hand-gestures/

    • @youalreadyknow5039
      @youalreadyknow5039 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Hello…. I enjoy all your clips. I would like a copy of your book. However, I am unable to locate. Can you assist with any site or publisher I can order from. Much appreciated!!!

  • @atithipatel1243
    @atithipatel1243 7 ปีที่แล้ว +185

    This is literally the best presentation advice ever. And I mean it. Whenever I ask people for help on how to form hand gestures, they say it just comes naturally but it for me it doesn't. I have to actually plan my hand motions and this is exactly what I needed. Ily so much Vanessa.

    • @Poetry4Peace
      @Poetry4Peace 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thats too right for me too tbf needa incorporate them more specially the each hand for diff topic, heart one i love. How's ur gestures noow?

    • @ivel17
      @ivel17 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      I think i gets better overtime

    • @Poetry4Peace
      @Poetry4Peace 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@ivel17 yh juss need ppl to practice with n it'll happen au Naturali

    • @AlexCass1515
      @AlexCass1515 2 ปีที่แล้ว +5

      It’s not developed naturally. Those people just unknowningly are around people who use hand gestures and so it’s adopted. I learned my hand gestures and confidence and they go hand in hand. It’s hard to learn especially in uncomfortable situations but honestly. Best way I found was just to fake it until I made it.it’s hard to have a convo and not use my hands lol.

    • @ashleykindheartministries
      @ashleykindheartministries ปีที่แล้ว

      Exactly. I need to learn this too!

  • @ClayREZify
    @ClayREZify 8 ปีที่แล้ว +292

    Vanessa is *making ALLL KIIIINDS OF HAND GESTURES* right from the beginning. *All kiiinds*

  • @RedRubyrita1
    @RedRubyrita1 7 ปีที่แล้ว +96

    I wish I had your guidance earlier in my career. I'm a typical New Yorker and talk with my hands. I've always been so conscious of speaking with my hands and have been trying to hide it when in a corporate environment. Thank you for teaching me how to use my hands to enforce my expressions. I'm no longer try to hide my hands, but make it an effort to use them meaningfully. Thank you, thank you, thank you.

  • @SnobbyLion
    @SnobbyLion 8 ปีที่แล้ว +578

    I wish this chick had more time to say what she has to say. She sounds so rushed and the information is so good.

    • @renniegabriel
      @renniegabriel 8 ปีที่แล้ว +22

      +SnobbyLion : You just need to listen more quickly.

    • @dillonpaul1498
      @dillonpaul1498 8 ปีที่แล้ว +8

      That's soo true if her videos could be a little longer. That would be great

    • @Walamonga1313
      @Walamonga1313 8 ปีที่แล้ว +14

      Watch the video on .5 speed.

    • @adhr1t
      @adhr1t 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      lmao wat

    • @GregoryHeller
      @GregoryHeller 8 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      You can watch some of the videos that she has produced on her own, rather than the excerpted clips from the portland morning television show.

  • @QuranandAhadith
    @QuranandAhadith 8 ปีที่แล้ว +154

    you have condensed a lot of knowledge into a few minutes. extremely useful videos.

  • @helloolleh3668
    @helloolleh3668 4 ปีที่แล้ว +25

    1:43 "oh wow!"

  • @bonnett5463
    @bonnett5463 8 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Vanessa is a warm person with an empathetic way to explain (effective) communication with body language. She gets it and extends those concepts to her audience very well.
    Her methods work!

  • @33345_Kanza
    @33345_Kanza 10 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    Vanessa exudes a warmth that effortlessly envelops her audience, drawing them into the intricate world of effective communication through body language. With an empathetic touch, she navigates the complexities, unraveling the subtleties of non-verbal cues with remarkable ease. Her innate understanding transcends mere comprehension; it transcends barriers, resonating deeply with those eager to grasp the art of expression. Her methods? They're not just theories; they're proven pathways, meticulously tailored to guide, inspire, and empower her audience towards effective and impactful communication.

    • @ScienceOfPeople
      @ScienceOfPeople  10 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Wow, thank you so much for these thoughtful and kind words!

  • @joemama1171
    @joemama1171 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    1) numbers
    2) increase and decrease, little or big
    3) emotional (reach for heart region)
    4) groups and division (cuff hands)
    5) coming together
    6) okay
    7) you me and we

    • @mauia88
      @mauia88 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      6 is Emblems, not just Okay.

  • @krystalmorrison6679
    @krystalmorrison6679 7 ปีที่แล้ว +23

    huh, i already accidentally do all of these. i thought it was maybe annoying to the listener and was trying to stop, so it's good to hear that it's helpful to convey messages this way!

  • @vrrtvrrt5700
    @vrrtvrrt5700 8 ปีที่แล้ว +522

    The old lady sounds like her mind has been blown

    • @IdolEyes84
      @IdolEyes84 7 ปีที่แล้ว +44

      Haha it's really cute :) She's so excited about it, really genuinely interested :)

    • @tracey-leemaass8853
      @tracey-leemaass8853 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Mine too! :)

    • @noodlery7034
      @noodlery7034 6 ปีที่แล้ว +9

      Acts like her mind has been blown*

    • @cbbmusic
      @cbbmusic 6 ปีที่แล้ว +13

      Yeah, she partied hard in the 70's

    • @karenotte9763
      @karenotte9763 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      El Player21 phonies

  • @confluenceify
    @confluenceify 5 ปีที่แล้ว +21

    To be frank, I have been using none. This skill has had tremendous impact on my speaking style.

  • @anoniem012
    @anoniem012 4 ปีที่แล้ว +26

    She totally killed it!!! I want to talk like her! :O

  • @manfromnantucket9544
    @manfromnantucket9544 8 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    Vanessa is a pro, I've got to put this stuff to good use.

  • @TeshuvahBibleStudies
    @TeshuvahBibleStudies ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I learned more from this video than 3 years of experimenting on TH-cam. I need to practice this... thank you

    • @ScienceOfPeople
      @ScienceOfPeople  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Wow! That is great to hear. You are so welcome!

  • @thespokenword8540
    @thespokenword8540 6 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    This is so true. When my students were doing their oral French exam, I would first ask the question without using much emotion or hand gesture and most students didn't understand except for the top ones. However, when I used emotion and hand gestures and asked the very same questions almost every student could understand what I was saying. I could see the invisible lightbulb go off in their head. All teachers should know the value of this.

  • @chandlerbing7269
    @chandlerbing7269 8 ปีที่แล้ว +35

    i love you. thanks for sharing this.

  • @AngieAssem
    @AngieAssem 8 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    OMG! She seems a really amazing person! I would love to meet her one day.

  • @jdmthree
    @jdmthree 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    As a new presenter this information gives me great direction and encouragement to use my hands where I would otherwise not. Thanks! I'll be back for more instruction.

  • @muzammilaltaf2747
    @muzammilaltaf2747 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This video is fantastic! It highlights 7 impactful hand gestures for presentations. Whether emphasizing key points or connecting with the audience, integrating these gestures will undoubtedly enhance any delivery. Thanks for sharing these valuable insights

  • @user-bz1wh6xe4m
    @user-bz1wh6xe4m 4 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    1- numbers
    2- increase decrease
    3- heart region
    4- division
    5- bring things together
    6- emblems
    7- you me we

  • @oneminutedaily6394
    @oneminutedaily6394 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Can't believe this video has already been 6 years old, this is so helpful and informative. Thank you Vanessa !

  • @ambreenmurtaza8874
    @ambreenmurtaza8874 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    This is the best expansion to the strong hand movements; a speaker can do. It will assist with delivering a striking message in a respectable way. Splendid!

  • @ME-hr8dl
    @ME-hr8dl 7 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Watched this and then immediately went to watch the only TED talk that stuck in my mind: Amy Cuddy/ Body language 40million views. She's absolutely right! Her hands 'narrate' the whole story beautifully - amazing!! I knew I enjoyed the talk, know I know why it's so effective.

    • @mauia88
      @mauia88 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      40 million views? Unless you're mistaken, I can't find it. Link?

    • @ME-hr8dl
      @ME-hr8dl 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      mauia888 try this...👏 th-cam.com/video/Ks-_Mh1QhMc/w-d-xo.html

  • @txfreethinker
    @txfreethinker ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent video and I was just mesmerized by her hand gestures!

  • @syedawarda3627
    @syedawarda3627 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Takeaway: Great video! Hand gestures helps one emphasize certain points and strengthen one’s public speaking for sure.

  • @ElmaHoqueSharna
    @ElmaHoqueSharna 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    i am never tired of listening to you vanessa... i literally look for all of your videos .....

  • @IchigoMoon21
    @IchigoMoon21 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    That hand gesture when you try to remember things. Im glad I built that habit since grade school

  • @FranknStrength
    @FranknStrength 3 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Thank you Vanessa. Very pragmatic and down to earth advice. I just recently started to consciously notice the hand gestures. At a subconscious level I guess I did notice it because all people I found charismatic happen to use them a lot and now I started incorporating them on my everyday life.

  • @umarchow
    @umarchow 7 ปีที่แล้ว +81

    Pakistanis, Italians, Arabs are very expressive in the ways they talk and use a lot of hand gestures naturally

    • @acharich
      @acharich 7 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      loool yup..

    • @ankitkhare8526
      @ankitkhare8526 6 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      jhaanta

    • @karenbarella3116
      @karenbarella3116 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      We need to now different cultural customs.

    • @LacrimaPhoenix
      @LacrimaPhoenix 6 ปีที่แล้ว +6

      And I think maybe that's why you instantly grow to like them so much because it realllllllly feels so passionate when they talk. Good thing they do this :)

    • @lunarthefatcat2133
      @lunarthefatcat2133 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Israelis 2

  • @Mr.Oct___
    @Mr.Oct___ 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Vanessa always comes w/ some fun and powerful insights....Many thanks. Much appreciated.

  • @MIchaelSybi
    @MIchaelSybi ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What a precious gem of knowledge!

  • @I4NI_
    @I4NI_ 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    this women is correct, absolutely perfect!

  • @gauravsinghbedi6536
    @gauravsinghbedi6536 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you Vanessa Van Edwards...It's Really a wonderful knowledge you have shared....Thank You

  • @williamgerdvil1670
    @williamgerdvil1670 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I Learn a lot of practical people skills from your TH-cam channel. Thank you and your team for all your research Bill G

    • @ScienceOfPeople
      @ScienceOfPeople  ปีที่แล้ว

      You are so welcome! I'm glad you're finding our content helpful. ❤

  • @irfanquadri5843
    @irfanquadri5843 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This is awesome work, so nicely presented!

  • @Iamjahannah
    @Iamjahannah 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I have to give a self-introduction speech at a conference next week. Thank you so more for these amazing tips !! I truly will be using them.

  • @karthikrajgopal8627
    @karthikrajgopal8627 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    U r an expert in body language.. I m from India.. I love ur videos.. Pl concentrate on body language and non verbal communication videos.. From whatever I ve seen of u, I could make up that ur body language videos are straight from d heart.. I don't say that other videos are not good but body language videos are simply awesome.. I was a person who talked much in my early days only to ultimately notice that only empty vessels make more noice.. So I m in the process of learning gestures so that I can reduce talking.. U r helping me a lot in that aspect.. Thank u 🙏💕 mam

  • @spidolungu
    @spidolungu 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    She's giving examples when she quoted and also using her hands in every word she personally said. No pause at all! With that speaking pace! Every public speaker would agree that "pause" is important. I think this should be applied in hand gestures as well.
    I hardly can finish the 1st minute of the video without feeling (visually) over stimulated. On the other hand, I agree this is full of great information we need to know. Also to learn not using it too much, haha!

  • @inmaculadavlogs955
    @inmaculadavlogs955 8 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    wondeful tips, you are so geneours to share them. thank you so much!

  • @raquelmboya101
    @raquelmboya101 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I realize how hand gestures can ease tension and gets the audience attention. Very valuable tips.

  • @umtimo6854
    @umtimo6854 7 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    Great video! spot on. l 'm a school teacher and l can relate to what you're saying there.! Keep it up lady!

  • @waseembabar340
    @waseembabar340 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This is an amazingly insightful video. The first impression you get is being delivered by an expert

  • @lalafl200
    @lalafl200 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I saw Vanessa Ted talk yesterday and been obsessed ever since! She's been teaching me soooo much

  • @crystaljohnson5411
    @crystaljohnson5411 7 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Years ago, a little girl said to her mom, "Mommy, why does the lady talk with her hands?" That was the first time, I realized how expressive I was and how much I used my hands when communicating. Vanessa, thank you for sharing your findings.

    • @crystaljohnson5411
      @crystaljohnson5411 7 ปีที่แล้ว

      You are welcome. I have just come across the Science of People; however, I have insatiable appetite when it comes to understanding the mind and body connection. I am eager to learn all I can about how humans being work, and communicate. One of my favorite books is Power vs Force by David R. Hawkins, M.D., Ph.D. What were your thoughts on the book?

    • @sakthivel-oy4cg
      @sakthivel-oy4cg 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      you are so cute!!!!! too bad i cant show my hand

    • @crystaljohnson5411
      @crystaljohnson5411 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thumbs up works : )

    • @acharich
      @acharich 7 ปีที่แล้ว

      🔥🔥🔥

  • @babu_frik
    @babu_frik 7 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    this actually makes sense! amazing.

  • @PadmanabhaVyasamoorthy
    @PadmanabhaVyasamoorthy 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Never thought that gestures have so much to convey and make our speech more meaningful. Thanks

  • @Brian-rs4ug
    @Brian-rs4ug 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great Video.
    Tapping into all of people’s senses you possibly can, will impact your ability to influence them.

  • @mikenebgen4072
    @mikenebgen4072 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Wonderful presentation. Thanks.

  • @mike-yp1uk
    @mike-yp1uk ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Gestures hold attention but nothing beats good gestures that match like these. Awesome content

    • @ScienceOfPeople
      @ScienceOfPeople  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you! I'm so glad it was helpful!

  • @jeffmejia3556
    @jeffmejia3556 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Within in this first minute I was actually distracted by the overuse of her hand movements. I was watching more of her movements than what she was saying. She looked more like she was ‘signing’ for deaf people.

  • @simbamnubi
    @simbamnubi 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Asante sana, tc swahili way of saying thanks so much

  • @vadimdanko8423
    @vadimdanko8423 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    SUPER!!! will use it definitely

  • @2367J
    @2367J 8 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Can't wait to revise my written speeches to include the appropriate gestures. Very useful, thx!

  • @neinneinnein379
    @neinneinnein379 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks for the refreshing information, I appreciate it

    • @ScienceOfPeople
      @ScienceOfPeople  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you for watching. Hope to help in some way!

  • @jamesveal
    @jamesveal ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Wow, that was powerful Vanessa! You are incredible! I started practicing some of the hand gestures as soon as the video ended. Thank you for helping us become better communicators with person and on video. 🤟

    • @ScienceOfPeople
      @ScienceOfPeople  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      My pleasure! I'm so glad to hear you're going to practice!

  • @hypnoticsolutioncoaching148
    @hypnoticsolutioncoaching148 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you for the powerful and detailed explanation. You are really awesome. I love your blogs quick and to the point.

  • @DeejayLiam
    @DeejayLiam 8 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    love your videos Vanessa..a lot of amazing stuff!!

  • @sarah_meadows
    @sarah_meadows 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    This is brilliant - hand gestures that actually are natural and support the words, instead of distracting from what is being said. Thank you!

  • @randomxrandom139
    @randomxrandom139 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    I’m using those fantastic hand gestures, incredible influence to people, these really matters

  • @busker153
    @busker153 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    The way this host is reacting (paused at the 2:09 mark) is a lot like the way I find myself reacting to just about everything Vanessa shares with us. It really does make a lot of sense, but so does 2 + 2 = 4 after you have learned it.

  • @habeebrehman8242
    @habeebrehman8242 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    am glad I found this channel,

  • @MrAttariwala
    @MrAttariwala 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Extremely useful. Very well presented...

  • @frate.alberto
    @frate.alberto 21 วันที่ผ่านมา

    That was very good! And much better than many other videos I've watched!!
    👍🏻💪🏻🙏🏻

  • @_Szy__Mon
    @_Szy__Mon 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Ta Vanessa ma przede wszystkim świetną retorykę i dobry flow

  • @raghavgoel8340
    @raghavgoel8340 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Yeah Vanessa it would be an undoubtedly impressive and effective conversation which could help us to connect with others easily during conversation if we start using our hand gestures during Conversation.

  • @_Sedorikku97
    @_Sedorikku97 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I totally agree with her that hand gestures give the speaker more character and they just make the speaker seem more passionate with what they are trying to convey. Plus, I've noticed that most people tend to use less gestures when they are disinterested or angry.

  • @salmanashraf7
    @salmanashraf7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hand gesture is very important when you want to talk with some one or giving presentation.

  • @ryfreedman
    @ryfreedman 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your advice is invaluable!

  • @heartjoycoach
    @heartjoycoach 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you, Vanessa, for these powerful hand gestures. I have been using these gestures without realizing their power. Now, I can use them intentionally😊

  • @christiannebo6140
    @christiannebo6140 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very good, I wish I could memorize all the hand gestures

  • @ShubhamKumar-uf3gc
    @ShubhamKumar-uf3gc 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    thanks
    it is literally going to help me in my tommorows oresentation

  • @anothercomment3451
    @anothercomment3451 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Freemasonic non-verbal communication gesturing is being taught to the public as 'powerful'. No surprise. Tv Programming at it's best! THANKS! :)

    • @cacarter6145
      @cacarter6145 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yes, and the devil horns and pyramid seems to be the favorite for both TV and U-tube representing the worship of satan and money.

  • @HenriHodge
    @HenriHodge 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I always feel like I've learned a wealth of knowledge from all of your interviews. Thank you for helping us be more charismatic, I really appreciate it!

  • @christinan7183
    @christinan7183 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are amazing they should teach these things in high school and/or College 👍

  • @sunnisukumar
    @sunnisukumar 8 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Such good tips and reminders. Thank you, Vanessa.

  • @al4gears
    @al4gears 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Share more on hand gestures. You are awesome!

  • @kellybonanno
    @kellybonanno 5 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I talk with my hands a lot, this will really help me hone in on it what exactly to do with those hands during my talks and videos! Just finished your Udemy course, you are awesome! No jazz hands 😂

  • @jeansidor1304
    @jeansidor1304 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    FANTASTIC!!!!

  • @jdtatum8591
    @jdtatum8591 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent information!!

  • @tessjones5987
    @tessjones5987 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I think this eloquent and calming hand gestures. Some people are aggressive with their hand gestures and
    it is not as transitional into peace and thoughtfullness.

  • @chewbacag914
    @chewbacag914 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent explanation!

  • @shobhitahuja4524
    @shobhitahuja4524 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wonderful piece of value.

  • @mukeshmali1949
    @mukeshmali1949 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Really liked the seven tips.

  • @greghelton5509
    @greghelton5509 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    These are the best segments !!!!!

  • @vantejohnson7480
    @vantejohnson7480 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Excellent video!!! As a leader, as a person pursing public speaking, and charismatic person.... this is a phenomenal video that I would share to people wanting to learn about body language.

  • @k-fairy1869
    @k-fairy1869 7 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    So helpful! I find myself naturally doing the heart gesture, and now I know why it feels so good. :) Thank you for the thoughtful tips.

  • @gfraser1000
    @gfraser1000 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fantastic video and find these tips to be very helpful and useful.

  • @karmelitocdindonesia2124
    @karmelitocdindonesia2124 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you

  • @mattbishop9260
    @mattbishop9260 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very intelligent woman. Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us!

  • @shrfree5440
    @shrfree5440 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    i really need you in my life !!!

  • @BroughChatroom
    @BroughChatroom 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    I love this woman!!! I learn so much.

  • @thiagoaufy4443
    @thiagoaufy4443 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    When it hits her brain and she's like OOh ooH. Really good presentation by Vanessa

  • @dumbguy5435
    @dumbguy5435 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    I always wondered why I can't draw people to me with conversations even tough I'm an interesting person. Been searching for a while now and boom I just found out why. Very good video miss Vanessa and very helpful.

  • @webbgroupleadershipdevelop8190
    @webbgroupleadershipdevelop8190 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Vanessa you are a wealth of information and you’re awesome

    • @ScienceOfPeople
      @ScienceOfPeople  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thank you so much! Thank you for watching!

  • @dianaparadis2830
    @dianaparadis2830 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am so glad I happened upon this channel. I am in the talent industry and always need to learn new and easier ways to improve my skills. When the next audition comes, I have better tools to ensure booking more work. Why was I never taught this??? Thank you 😊

  • @Spiritus1130
    @Spiritus1130 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I knew i was lacking in the hand gesture department, this is just what I needed 👌

  • @GodricThe
    @GodricThe 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    i dont think i would manage those hand gestures in normal, unprepared conversation.
    you can see what she wants to tell you before she tells you.
    she is absolutely electric in this video, love it

  • @milliecolon8532
    @milliecolon8532 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    You are the best Vanessa I am addicted to all of your videos :) thank you so much for sharing your knowledge