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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 พ.ค. 2024
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The nitrogen cycle is essential to life on Earth, but biological nitrogen must be fixed before it can be used. Scientists aren't sure how the first nitrogen became available... but it might have been volcanoes.
Hosted by: Niba @NotesbyNiba (she/her)
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Sources:
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agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.c...
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.c...
www.nature.com/scitable/knowl...
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/ne...
www.sciencenews.org/article/v...
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/s...
gpb.pbslearningmedia.org/reso...
www.nature.com/articles/s4301...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
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2:30 it's aliens and turtles all the way down!
nitrogen pollution prevents symbiosis with fungus because lack of nitrogen is usually the signal that initiates symbiosis as fungus fox nitrogen for the tree in many cases. problematically, the relationship is not just about nitrogen, even though this is the trigger. fungus also increase the water-capacity of the soil/trees by a huge amount, so nitrogen pollution also predisposes trees/forest to more dryness during drought. Less fungus also means less sugars as well as less protection from insects, pathogenic fungus, and pathogenic bacteria. Less fungus also means less chemical communication between trees as many fungus bridge gaps between tree roots.
“No lightning today? What’s the matter? Afraid I’ll redirect it?”
Lesgoooooooooooo😭😭😭
"I'll give you lightning!"
Pfp checks out
Omg an ATLA reference 😃
I said.... EARTH BENDING STYLE
Sorry Hank but I've found a new favorite SciShow host
She way better than that other goblin.
@SciShow I think you found your next primary host. Something about hanks voice and cadence is just right. She has it too. I want to learn more from her.
They both talk to their audience rather than the camera.
Very expressive face too, comes across as very natural instead of forced like many others
Don’t make them forget about hank, he’s the reason I watch this shi😂
There's also a rare species of corn thats capable of nitrogen fixing. It has airal roots like most corn but this species has clear goo dripping from them. It turns out this goo is produced by the corn and houses bacteria that fixes nitrogen and drips down fertilizing the crop.
Most legumes also house bacteria which fix nitrogen.
It's still not the maize that does it though. It's the bacteria in there. By your logic even legumes fix nitrogen.
@@358itachi yeah that's what I said? It houses the bacteria.
fungi symbiose with trees based on lack of nitrogen in the environment, though this is the trigger this relationship ...
...can also contribute sugars during drought (usually it receives them from the tree).
... can protect trees from pathogenic fungus, bacteria, and insects.
...adds to the water carrying capacity by a statistically significant amount during drought.
...aides in chemical communication between trees.
Nitrogen pollution is enough to prevent this from happening. To me this might indicate that the nitrogen fixation for sugars came first and was a constant. The other elements are important to the tree, but they have never been selected for until now. We are witnessing a massive experiment in natural selection in the fungal kingdom. I would expect symbiotic fungi species to become parasitic in some cases, I would expect symbiotic tree species and individuals that more spontaneously form relationships with fungi to become more common, and of course I would expect lots of extinction.
It's pretty clear by now that without volcanism, life would not be so diverse and stable as it is. Another box ticked for early Mars too.
agreed only problem is I don't believe Mars has very much nitrogen so fixation might be a bit difficult
Cheers
So basically: we knew Volcanic Soil was exceptionally good farmland already. But now we're learning that being enriched with all the less available critical elements from the mantle is only the start of why it's so ridiculously fertile.
Niba is getting more comfortable in front of the camera. She's pretty awesome already. Thank you Niba!
Niba rhymes with ni-
She's gotta talk like 10-20% slower
@@Jacob-ly8vs Only for americans, I don't anyone else would have an issue.
I've never seen someone dance so much that doesn't seem to intend to do so. It would be easy to affix a music video over this having her singing to her dancing 😉😂
@@Jacob-ly8vs
English language is a foreign language to me, but I don't have such needs as you have. Besides, there's a playback speed adjustment available in YT for people like you. So what's the problem, actually?
Favorite host! She speaks very well
And her voice is better than sexophone. 😉
I think I'm starting to like this new video format. (You guys are awesome, thank you for another really cool video. )
Teragrams is the same as the much more familiar Megatonnes.
You’re welcome 😉
Two N _atoms,_ not two N molecules. I wouldn't call it 3 bonds, either; it's one triple bond, a little different.
Excellent presentation and presenter! 👍🏼
Great host! I hope she will host again.
Brilliant host! This might be the first Scishow episode you can watch on mute and still be engaged
This was really interesting to learn about and right on line with things I’ve recently been studying. Kudos to you and your team!
Your outfit is absolutely amazing btw
Which one?
Every one of them.
I really love the new set. Nice update
I wish you guys had explained how the old volcanic eruptions generated so much more lightning than more modern ones.
I'd guess that Earth was just more volcanically active at that time, plus billions of years with no life to disrupt the cycle meant it could just constantly accumulate. Modern volcanos do produce a lot of lightening, but we just don't get a ton of eruptions over the course of a human lifetime
A lot of super volcanoes were around, massive giant ones. Though later then starting life check out the siberian traps or even yellowstone.
Note that they were looking at deposits or relatively recent(geologically speaking) highly explosive volcanic eruptions from large caldera complexes so its not a matter of time but of scope the island of Ischia for example is a resurgent dome from a submarine large caldera complex that formed as a result of at least one powerful voluminous explosive eruption(VEI 7) during the Pleistocene. Currently the island is in the process of receding into the sea from deflation after its most recent eruption several hundred years ago. They didn't specify what volcanoes in Turkey they looked at as Turkey has a lot of volcanoes with a number of contemporary historical eruptions but they have had a number of Pleistocene aged ultraplinian eruptions as well as smaller but more frequent Plinian eruptions. Thankfully the last Ultraplinian (VEI 7+) scale eruption was Tambora in 1815 but they happen once every few thousand years on average typically with short term global impacts i.e. "year(s) without a summer". And it has been 26,000 years or so since the last VEI 8 "super eruption" occurred at Taupo.
The Volcanic lightning in question is typically a property seen in the powerful voluminous Plinian eruptions (or their much more infrequent larger Ultra Plinian counterparts) which eject tens to tens of thousands of cubic kilometers of rock in the order of hours to days in sustained eruptive columns. As the video of Ruang's Plinian eruption a month ago shows these towering plumes while they look dark in daylight are visible at night due to the prodigious amounts of lightning illuminating them from within. We can only imagine what the longer lived Ultra Plinian eruptions might have looked like.
You can occasionally get lightning with smaller more frequent Vulcanian and or Sub Plinian eruptions but that is far less abundant and those eruptive episodes are much more brief.
I think that, between the extreme size we believe ancient volcanos may have had and the obscene rate of volcanic eruptions during the Hadean and Archaen eons, Earth just experienced a massive amount of volcanic lightning. The fixed nitrogen was then spread about the globe by various processes.
@@TheRogueX As an important caveat we don't really know much if anything about what volcanic eruptions would have been like during the Hadean or to a lesser extent the Archean as little evidence remains of these eons there is some good evidence to suggest that tectonics of the Archaean were very different from modern Earth as the sorts of geological features found in the ancient cratons look nothing like geological features found later on in Earth's history. Hell some evidence looking at isotopic abundance of some of these oldest cratons has found that their signatures differ from that of Earth's bulk mantle which in combination with the extreme pressures and temperatures which these ancient early Archaean cratons formed under have been used to suggest they may in fact be differential melts which formed as part of the impact of several hundred kilometer impactors during the timespan traditionally referred to as the "late heavy bombardment". To say this is still a contentious area of study would be an understatement.
Additionally when considering volcanism that old the kinds of lavas which were able to form during the Archaean include far hotter things than basalt like Komatiite which are extremely fluid flowing more like water than what we expect of even the more fluid modern volcanoes(They are still more viscus than water but to a lesser degree than the difference in viscosity of modern hot basalts and ultramafic melts). This doesn't mean you couldn't get more familiar forms of volcanism juts that those kinds of melts would have been evolved melts derived from the cooling of hotter more exotic melts which no longer occur anywhere aside from maybe Io.
The Pompeii ref was gold.
Your diction is flawless! Reminds me of Connie Chung!!
How did nitrogen react with oxygen in earths early atmosphere when there wasn't any free oxygen at the time? I tried googling it but can't find anything definite other than there being a source of ammonia in the atmosphere too? If anyone can explain that'd be amazing
This is an important question which hits on many of the assumptions involved since we don't know what the atmosphere was like in the Late Hadean eon. There are too many unknowns for much more than somewhat informed guesswork to be at play with important unresolved questions such as do planets form bottom up (pebble/core accretion) or top down (disk instability driven direct collapse) and the related do planet's atmospheres generally evolve more via accretion, internal chemistry or outgassing loss and on what timescales do these processes operate?
For example in disk instability driven direct collapse planets or large planetary embryos would form from eddies within the turbulent gas and dust accreting to form the Sun collapsing under their own gravity these would be composed of the same materials as that eddy making the resultant embryos more analogous to how stars form with substellar bodies just rapidly losing their volatile components. This model is largely developed based on Large baseline interferometry observations of nascent star systems around actively accreting protostars and it is supported in the case of the Earth by isotopic analysis and proportionalities of Earth's water(hydrogen) and nitrogen relative to undifferentiated asteroid material of the type believed to be responsible for the formation of Earth the rare Enstatite chondrites and is strongly supported by the convincing Direct collapse Fossil Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth and to a lesser extent by gravity harmonic studies of Jupiter and Saturn performed by Juno and Cassini(the latter supplemented by years of ring particle observations). Because of this I lean more heavily towards disk instability driven direct collapse being the main driver of planet formation but this is far from conclusive as both processes have evidence suggesting they were likely at play in the Early solar system making it a measure of how much of each.
This matters because if planets didn't form bottom up the atmosphere can be a much more dynamic system and that isn't yet accounting for how the Lunar formation impact would have affected things.
Traditionally it has been assumed this would have left a barren rock but in higher resolution more computationally comprehensive simulations the impact is much more abrupt and fluid and thus is likely subject to temperature and pressure conditions which would have left much of the material which composed the resulting Earth Moon system in a supercritical fluid state rather than as a liquid or a gas. Supercritical fluids have no distinction between a gas or a liquid phase and when supercriticality is broken the fluid would split into gas and or liquid based on the present conditions meaning Earth might have never been naked in the first place. In such hydrogen and energy rich conditions it could very well be the case that ammonia was already present as a major constituent before the hydrogen atmospheric erosion allowed ammonia molecules to react and form into diatomic nitrogen gas.
Huzzah, Nitrogen!
hUZZAH!
I am such a simp for her
@@mcdelgado2208 it do be like dat doh
@@theonepristinemonk5528 respectfully of course
@@mcdelgado2208 of course
Cool video, thank you!
Thank you.😀
What about that bay in Venezuela that is struck by lightning hundreds of times every day? What if in the past there were more places like that?
It sounds like the lightning you're talking about (Catatumbo lightning where the Catatumbo River empties into Lake Maracaibo) is the result of a VERY particular set of conditions, which is why it's named for just one location we see it happen, whereas volcanoes are not rare, and we see evidence for the nitrogen fixation/lightning mechanism from the lightning strikes. A plausible hypothesis, but probably not as probable as the volcano-lightning hypothesis. It also sounds like the mechanism behind the Catatumbo lightning may result in partly from the methane derived from the swamps and bogs in the area, which would be putting the cart before the horse here.
@@jimberglund6979 So it sounds like the Venezuelan Lightning Storms are the wrong condition. But we're talking about an environment where the atmosphere is likely extremely dusty back then. So perhaps all that dust would see a massive surge in the number of lightning strikes? Or maybe some other tweaks to the dryer, more dusty and hotter environment is needed.
But the fact we know of two on Earth right now (Catatumbo and Volcanic Lightning), along with knowing about extensive lightning storms on the other worlds of the solar system suggests to me that there probably are a whole lot of environmental conditions which see quite extreme and frequent lightning storms on a regular basis. They just aren't anything the modern Earth environment allows even if some of the conditions which favour them might occur if we end up making Earth into the 'dystopian industrial worlds' we see in Science Fiction.
Which is sure to be a fun thing for our descendants: "Congratulations, you get to see what the early Earth's atmosphere was like without all that nasty lava everywhere. Don't you just love your daily dust storm, acid rain, clouds blocking out the sunlight and constant lightning strikes?"
3:27 the journal is called what?!
Hi Niba!
If you're at the very start of life on earth, do you NEED to have modern-day rates of nitrogen fixation? The current ecosystem is extremely complex, supported by the immense amount of nitrogen moving through it, but things started off far more simple. I'd expect the reason nitrogen-fixing bacteria evolved is BECAUSE the amount of fixed nitrogen was limited, not because the rate used to be at modern levels and then dropped.
Yeah, pretty much this! Demand for nitrogen was raised, and that brought on an evolutionary pressure for nitrogen fixation to evolve.
Really awesome content and discussion. However i am genuinely surprised that the 1952 "Stanley Miller-Urey" experiment was not discussed or even alluded too??
What needs to be remembered is how the volcanism on Earth today is nothing compared to the scale and longevity of volcanism during the 1st billions years after Earths formation. Truly massive volcanos all over the world all erupting simultaneously and for a few billions should generate quite a lot of nitrogen and organic nitrogen compounds flooding the seas with goo (amino acids and more..) as per Miller-Urey.
My reading about the Miller-Urey experiment at high school during the 1970s simply rocked me to the core and it was my kick start into a science-engineering career..
Born to love volcanoes!
How did the scientists conclude ozone is the source of oxygen atoms from isotope analysis?
From the number of neutrons in those atoms. The isotope of oxygen coming from the earth is different from the oxygen that is from the atmosphere.
@@Gelatinocyte2 i understand but how to conclude that those atoms were in Ozone form and not in Oxygen form?
@@snapeseveres Molecular oxygen in the atmosphere only exists now because we have plants and cyanobacteria that constantly produce it; back then, any oxygen that happens to exist would either be broken up into ozone, or absorbed by metal ions on Earth. Only ozone remains in the early Earth's atmosphere as a result.
It seems bacteria is very fast at adapting to new things, like for example the one that can break down certain kinds of plastics in the ocean, assuming they're real. Not sure how long we've had plastics but let's be generous and say it "only" took them 100 years to evolve into that. It's quite remarkable.
Wood is also polymers, as is the structure of fungus.
There have been oil seeps for a very long time, I imagine that some of the bacteria that breaks down crude oil can adapt to plastic.
4:39 ow, that whistle
"obviously volcanoes"
Always the go-to idea!
It raises the question, it does not beg the question.
Begging the question is making a circular argument.
If you like lightning, you should look into terrestrial gamma ray flashes!
So we get told that volcanoes can create lots of lightning, but yet none of the images of volcanoes shows lightning.
However, there are loads of videos of volcanic eruptions accompanied by massive lightning strikes.
The big question is, Why were there no clips of volcanic lightning strikes included in a video that the main topic is lightning strikes caused by volcanic eruptions???? 🤔🤔🤔🤔🤔
They'd need the rights to use those videos in this video, as it would be commercial use. Perhaps they couldn't get the rights or it would too much of a hassle or too expensive to do so.
There probably weren't any stock footage (non copyrighted/free to use) of volcanic lightning, unfortunately.
Nitrogen molecule is two nitrogen ATOMS, stuck together with a triple bond. Proofread the script please!
Volcanoes, of course!
those tiny little bacteria, always on work , no union, no health care, no wage and a lot of work till forever....
Lightning also binds nitrogen to O2
I was farmer ans seens it several times in crops growing better after bad wheater
0:50, not "nitrogen molecules", you mean nitrogen atoms.
How, or does, the high activity of lightning around Lake Maracaibo relate?
Where did the ozon come from? Splitting of water molecules?
So a planet could be better suited for life
Yep, We can mass Nuke Venus to terraform it, in only took around 1k-10k years until it is remotely habitable.
Mind you, Earth was barely habitable after 1 billion years of natural process.
How about a massive impact event? Like a proto planet hitting the early earth. That would have caused even more lighting
Not for long, and definitely not for long enough
The late heavy bombardment happened just before the window of time when life likely started, I was thinking the same thing. Lots of middle sized meteors might create a lot of NOx. I'm not sure if it works that way, so it's a good thing for SciShow and all the researchers that do the hard work!
Not three chemical bonds, but one triple bond.
Which is essentially three bonds 👀 otherwise itsy strength wouldn't be compared to '3' sigma bonds
@@Zaihanisme No, they are compared, because they are all chemical bonds. Also there are two types of single bonds; pi and sigma. Three sigma bonds is not the same as one triple bond.
Maybe there was a LOT more lightning back then.
这是扇贝听力前几天选的文章，简直太难了，精听听了4个小时才听完，绷不住了已经。
“The residents of Pompei would like a word”💀😭
Earliest life on earth? Made with lightning... REAL LIGHTNING! ARGHHHHH-CHAEA!
She needs to hold bells in her hands. She'd sound like a fire alarm.
Türkiye mentioned lets goo. Jokes aside nice video
Turkey is in English ... Türkiye is the Erdogan s#it...
Ok, but where did the ozone come from? Currently it is created from oxygen O2, but there wasn't much of it before life. Back to chicken and egg?
Could that be why volcanic soil seems to be so fertile for growing plants?
Not the only reason, not by a long shot. Have a look at everything else in volcanic soils
So all hail the volcano gods!😊
Thank you, volcanos. Now please don't kill us.
Who is this host?
Volcanoes emit many chemicals and element that seed the earth for habitation... in time.
Miller-Urey strikes again
2:00 Oh, so then it is chicken and egg hehe
.. well depends what you mean
You know it’s coming. 🐺🇹🇷🐺🇹🇷🐺🐺🇹🇷
Maybe you all should do how volcanism is extremely important to life and how it can make and break life. It’s clearly had a very profound effect on life on earth…good and bad.
UV radiation from an early and voltaile sun giving off multitudes of plasma discharges along the electrical field lines connected to Earth, and still are. Vast arc discharges across the earth's face would have resulted.
that is Armenia . ..
I ate Armenia
lmao the scarf is so bad i cant even hear her speak
How does nitrogen effect temperature of environment.
Exciting news! (One of the) Cradle(s) of human civilization and possibly the cradle of all life! What are the odds?
Ps to the Scishow editor/uploader.
Not Turkish or anything, but Türkiye recently asked the world to please use the native spelling. Still pronounced more-or-less the same but maybe a change in thumbnail is in order?
Volcanos that start life?
Sounds like Gaia giving birth.
LA LAND OF THE TURKS LESSS GOOO
????
60 Teragrams equals to 60 Megatonnes. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_prefix). 1,000 grammes are 1 kg and 1,000 kg are 1 metric tonne.
😆 no.
There's some missing steps in your story:
1. Nitrogen fixing volcanoes on sterile planet.
2. ??????
3. Life!!!!!!
why does she have a 9 ft long scarf wrapped around her randomly like a string lmao?
Which is right pronounciation? Data or data?
Say it in Greek
It really doesn’t matter. Pronunciation is dynamic. As long as the meaning is clear, don’t be prescriptive.
You jumped over how oxygen isotopes are connected with oxygen from ozone. You implied that ozone can only be made of certain, specific isotopes of oxygen, but did not support or explain this implied claim.
where's the bald guy?
Tell me the solution to the Fermi paradox is tectonic plates without telling me the solution to the Fermi paradox of tectonic plates
Volcanoes don't require plate tectonics, tectonics yes, but plates? No volcanoes can form without them the best example of course being the most volcanically active body in the solar system Io though Venus provides a second example.
So what you're saying is.. Gaia and Zeus got together and had a baby, and that baby eventually became us and everything else alive in the world..
Teragrams?!? Why in the world would anyone measure anything in teragrams?
Türkiye mentioned lezgoo Tengri teg tengride bolmuş Türk!
was excited since I have just recently learned that we have carboniferous fossils here as well and possibility of such older rocks was exhilarating until the end of the vid.
man my disappointment is immense
it's most likely didn't start life.
Wait a minute are we all born of Scientology
Maybe life didn't start on earth
shes so gorgeous
Second
1:34 You may have said " orgasms " instead of " organisms " or is it me ?
I noticed that as well, glad to know I wasn't the only one.
That looks like an expensive costume and mask of harmful phthalates.
Would the new host Niba please slow the heck down?! Please also stop flapping around with hands and arms so much!
Appears as if she wants to hit someone or fly away...
Please stop using the word "theory" colloquially when talking about scientific information... from a teaching channel...
She's too beautiful. I can't focus on the topic
Türkiye✅
Turkey❌
😊❤
Did you meant Turkey?
@@5fr4ewqthe country recently changed it's name to turkiye which is Turkish word of turkey
@@Thefarukcan I will acknowledge it when Kurdish people will be acknowledged.
@@5fr4ewq my roommates are Kurdish and I love and respect them. Also That's is true Kurds in turkey used to be second class citizen in some areas and maybe still going on. Hope everything will find peace soon
@@Thefarukcan turkey supported ISIS in order to genocide more kurds in syria, its a little bit more than "they used to be second class citizens in some areas" lol
Agriculture invented in Turkey
Civilisation was created in turkey
Prophet Abraham comes from Turkey
Monotheism was created in turkey
Life started in Turkey
Wait....it is all Turkey.....Always has been 🔫
How can you watch a channel dedicated to Science and comment such a huge amount of misinformation?
@@BRBS360 i did it for the memes and lols
@@BRBS360 seriously it is a joke....Wtf is wrong with you people....Also "misinformation"? I did not claim to inform anybody😂....i mean i can not help you if you actively hindering yourself from having fun in life.
all of those started before turks infested the area
@@andronom557 infested?...Sounds racist.
TURKIYE ⚪🔴⚪🔴⚪🔴⚪🔴🐺🐺🐺
TURKIYE MENTIONED
Dont start with such nonsense, this will needlesly overinflate turkish egos. Dont give them hope that their country is usefull - ever
Ah yes, counter nationalism with racism. Classy.
Your brain is the least useful thing around
All that is needed is Earth. People, along with their hate speeches, are unnecessary for this world. This is a science video and political comments are unnecessary, too.
man. just not thrilled with the new format. the asides seem forced, the set is meh. idk. bring back the old green screen and single camera angle plz
A bunch of unproven baloney.
More pseudoscience and speculations. Was this channel ever not nonsense? 🙄
No more absurd than your tinfoil hat wearers ideas.