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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 27 พ.ค. 2024
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While the eruptions of the volcanoes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge usually don't trouble us, their birth was once responsible for ripping a supercontinent apart and creating the Atlantic Ocean that we know today.
Correction: 2:28 A change of 100˚C = a change of 180˚F
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Some eagle-eyed viewers caught something we missed! At 2:28 we give the conversion of 100˚C = 212˚F, which is true for temperature, but not true for a change in temperature! A change of 100˚C is a change of 180˚F.
Worse, you called this „temperature“ an excess „heat“, which is a common misconception mixing up temperature and heat, but it still hurts me a little as someone teaching student science teachers.
But overall, a great video with a cool topic!
Shouldn't heat be measured in Calories ? Temperature vs Heat.
@@michaelpytel3280 well, if you live in the 19th century, you can use calories for no particular reason. In the 21st century we use Joule as for anything related to energy, with heat being thermally transfered energy.
If it's temperature differences, they should technically be given in Kelvin, not degrees Celsius. IIRC there's also a Fahrenheit-scaled version of absolute temperature units, of which the name escapes me right now.
@@little_forest Thanks.
Whenever I see those animations of how we believe the continents drifted over time, it just blows my mind that it can be demonstrated in just a few seconds, but it must have taken thousands of collective hours to put together all the information needed to work out the massive amount of detail contained within.
I wish we split at the cratons not our current continent shapes
Decades, if not centuries of fieldwork. Paper maps and best guesses. And now with super computers we can run all that info to see if it matched our guesses.
I really wonder how correct that simulation is to what actually happened.
You need to thank Robert Scotese and his paleomap project 😊
Scotese!!!!
I was watching old videos of this channel and just realized I've been watching y'all since high school... I'm a doctor now and every new video still fascinates me 💛
Gratz for your doctorate!
Keep on learning
Well that's awesome!
6 years is a lot of time
Me too! Started early in college. Now I’m a doctor.
Stoppp I’m in high school right now, been watching eons for 3-4 years now and as I’m think about my future.. I’ve been considering going for a phd in evolutionary biology 😭😭 I’ve been looking for reasons to NOT spend lots of time in school not the opposite
I'm excited to hear about Earth getting a new supercontinent. It's always nice when the band gets back together for a new album.
????
😂
😂🤘🤘
A Magnum opus before their final extinction
Back in the past, they split due to "irreconcilable differences". I guess you could say they just drifted apart.
Sometimes Earth feels cute, sometimes Earth will delete later.
Control Alt Delete
Controls the type of life
Alters that life and land
and can
Delete that life
all at the same time
Delete you? Yes, at any given moment!
@@Alexadria205 who hurt bro
Rawr xd
@@Alexadria205did yo parents say ur a disappointment like chill man
It still makes me bug eyed as a Millennial, that I can learn all this fascinating info and just take it for granted, and yet my parents in their mid-60s are older than plate tectonics being widely accepted in science. Incredible how knowledge accelerated in that time.
I'm 70 and sometimes I feel older than plate tectonics. 😂
Actually, I remember reading as a kid in a science book in our school library that one of the leading theories for the origin of the Pacific Ocean (because it's so big) was a collision with another planet. It was half right - a collision did result in our Moon after all, though at the time Earth was a ball of flaming rocks.
we have learned more in the past 30 years, than the past 200 years, it is all being proven and accepted
That's why a lot of hippies believe in Atlantis and Lemuria and other stuff, because the going hypothesis at the time was that landmasses sink.
Plate tectonics is a theory, which handy fit into books, but it is ok for melenials brains.
Ah yes, Pangexit
This should be top comment 💯🤣😂
😂
Pangexit means Pangexit
To think, just 50 million years after the most devastating mass extinction in Earth's history, caused by a massive basalt flood eruption, said events happened again! The Triassic couldn't catch a break, starting and ending with catastrophe!
And therefore it had the opportunity to enjoy the weirdest animals in our entire evolutionary history. 🦕
I wonder who the next dominant species are going to be.
These two more famous flood basalt eruptions as well as two others associated with the Carnian Pluvial event, linked to the Wrangellia flood basalt eruptions and associated mass extinction around 230 Ma, and the Capitanian mass extinction event 262-259 Ma linked to Emeishan Traps are likely all linked together in origin. The latter of which was only recently with more precise dating determined to be a distinct extinction event from the more famous Great Dying some 7 million years later with the lack of a prolonged recovery period likely contributing to the severity of the mass extinction that followed. There is also a slightly earlier Permian mass extinction which isn't well understood in terms of what caused it which when combined with the Carboniferous rainforest collapse as a result of Pangaea's formation brings the total of Pangaea associated mass extinctions to 6.
In essence with these flood basalt eruptions it seems to have taken 3 rounds of failed super continental break up before one finally succeeded.
While the reasons behind the break up have yet to reach a consensus Geochemically their melts are all similar and have geochemistry's analogous to the more primitive melts of Mt. Paektu a volcano which we now know is fairly uniquely driven by compositional upwelling of saturated sediment enriched hydrated mantle forced out of the stagnant subducted Pacific slab as it undergoes recrystallization at the Mantle Transition zone.
Notably Mt. Paektu produced the Millennium eruption of 946 a high end VEI 6 possibly low end VEI 7 eruption. The ash layers from ice cores are notable for the lack of a strong sulfur dioxide spike a trait only seen contemporaneously with the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai eruption and like that eruption the high amount of water is likely the culprit causing the sulfur dioxide released to react with water and combine into sulfuric acid though as a subaerial eruption that sulfuric acid would have been injected into the atmosphere directly. The Millennium eruption was also notably immediately followed by the Medieval warm period in the Northern hemisphere which has been linked to the northwestern Pacific notably the same part of the world where Mt. Paektu is located. In other words water may very well been the driver for all of these events and the aforementioned eruptions which broke up Pangaea and the previous long lasting Supercontinent Rodinia. (Pannotia was breaking up as soon as it formed or alternatively could be considered two minor supercontinents sliding past each other and so it never experienced this kind of cataclysmic break up). Incidentally the Cryogenian glaciations have been linked to Rodinia's break up which again had the same relatively unique volatile enriched magma chemistry notable for its extremely high levels of phosphorus compared to typical magmas.
Incidentally it is an unsolved question how much water these magmas had when they started we know it is quite high likely well above the 1-7% water by weight typical of subduction melts but was it 10%, 20%, 30%, +...? We don't know but regardless of the value it would have been bad for life especially given the land locked conditions of a late supercontinent with very little of the hospitable coastal and continental shelf habitats effectively minimizing the livable land area. There is a reason why some paleontologists have taken to blaming Pangaea itself for these mass extinctions. Supercontinents are hell for life.
In the end the Triassic began with a mass extinction experienced a smaller mass extinction part way through and then ended in a mass extinction. Its hard to say life was ever thriving during the late Permian and Triassic as pretty much every time life started to recover a new disaster occurred with extinction levels staying well above background rates at even the best of times, it was only in the Jurassic after Pangaea had finally truly ended increasing the hospitable continental shelves and costal land areas that life really began to recover.
@@kellydalstok8900 I think after this it's Dolphin World
@@Dragrath1 TLDR
Living in the Permian and the Triassic is truly an extreme sport
I had to stop doing the Permian my sinuses were dried out all the time
The Holocene aint gonna end pretty.
Living life generally is an extreme sport.
Deep history is formed by huge and horrible mass extinctions.
History is formed by wars, famines and pestilences in this order. Just open up a conscise history encyclopedia. It is basically a list of horrible wars and it's battles, sprinkled with uprisings, coup d'etats.
I didn't mind it.
@@patreekotime4578 We already facing Holocene Mass Extinction tho
The Faults in our Crusts
That wasn't the squirrel from the Ice Age?
This is the immediate effects that was happened after that damn squirrel turns the earth's core
Lmfao
Glaciers aren’t tectonic plates.
@kiuk_kiks he breaks more then just glaciers with that acorn. He flies a space ship with that thing
his name is Scrat XD
Pls do an ep of when India was an island during the cretaceous period before it slams into Asia.
Me too . I am interested in the connection between the Deccan traps and the extinction of the dinosaurs
Same here
6:22 ouch. They really went for it, saying the quiet part out loud. Eons has reassured me that the next iteration of sapient life might overcome our mistakes when they get their chance.
Hears the word 'crust' , is lost in dreams of pie for next 5 minutes 😶
forbidden cobbler
This was a great video, I love seeing what incredible things we've learned about so long ago. FYI, the temperature conversion at 2:28 (100 C = 212 F) is only true for actual temperature, not a change in temperature like you are talking about. Adding 100 C (or 100 K) is equal to adding 180 F.
100C = 374K.
@@rimbusjift7575 not for a change in temperature, adding 100 C is the same as adding 100 K
I was going to say exactly this, but I shouldn't be surprised I wasn't the only one to notice.
That is correct! A change of 100˚C is 180˚F! Thank you for watching so closely!
@@Ryan-fi4qp
Ah... missed the "change".
Pangaea Proxima in 250 million years: WE ARE SO BACK!
We don't have that degree of certainty about the future of plate tectonics.
I remember that Kurzgesagt once made a video about how volcanoes are the serial killers of earth, possibly responsible for many of the mass extinction events that has happened. It's crazy to see a video from Eons talking about lava and the correlation with an extinction event.
Why is that crazy?
Yeah, why would that be crazy?
Interesting. I remember being told the Atlantic would continue to spread, and the Pacific would close and that would make the new supercontinent.
Spent the first few minutes trying to figure out what the earrings were before realizing gleefully theyre tardigrades (i think)
Yay! New Eons!!!
I remember in grade school in the 60s noting how Africa and South America looked like puzzle pieces that could be put together and being told it was coincidental. Plate tectonics was just starting to be widely accepted and I personally don't think my teachers had a clue about it. Cheers....
Michelle really improved her hosting skills a lot since she joined the team, way to go!!
I used to live in Raleigh, NC. When traveling between home and college along Interstate 40, I happened to notice that there was a long series of abrupt rolling hills in Durham and Chapel Hill. Curious about their geology, I learned these highly eroded hills are a series of filled-in rift valleys (called the Durham Basin) that formed in the Triassic from the breakup of Pangaea, part of a long series of rift basins that extend from South Carolina north through New York City to Nova Scotia called the Newark Supergroup. It's utterly wild to me that between ~220-190mya, these quiet, pine-forested hills, now dotted with sprawling McMansions from 2000s housing bubble, was once an active rift valley likely lined with lava-spewing volcanoes, dike swarms, and rift lakes.
Are those... tardigrade earrings?
(I love them)
I thought they were brains.
I want a supercontinent so i can take a train to Europe
Just need a bering straight bridge and you could go from the bottom of south America all the way to the UK but it will never happen the USA actively discourages trains/mass transit.
@@michaelmayhem350 how does America discourage trains when they use Amtrak ?
Gross
@@animallover7072 I'm not sure if you're in the USA and never ridden amtrak or in EU & think that amtrak is comparable to trains in modern countries but your comment is really funny.
@@michaelmayhem350 I live in America and I’ve never rode Amtrak. Lol
I don’t know much about trains.
That study hall program sounds awesome, i live half a mile from ASU and have been thinking about going back to school. I'm probably going to start at community college, but that's awesome
Mind.....Blown. As usual.
Love learning new stuff thank you.
It's beautiful to think this planet will go on for much longer and keep changing and changing, and imagining how it will all look on such a scale. The universe is truly breathtaking.
Isn't it crazy that we might cause the same impact as the biggest geological event on Earth in less than a hundred years?
O BOY we are on the move again seems like only a few days or millions of years ago we got here thank you stay safe ALL thank you
I thought the Permian-Triassic eruptions were the largest volcanic eruptions in the last 600 million years. But this video, around 3:00, says that the Triassic-Jurassic eruptions covered the largest area in lava.
Question:In what sense was the Permian-Triassic eruption larger?
Total volume of lava? Total cubic miles of all material ejected from the Earth, including ash?
Question: What was the volume of the material erupted during both periods?
It’s probably area covered by the eruption vs. amount of material erupted. The CAMP covers a far larger area, basically all of the coasts around the Atlantic. The Siberian traps cover a smaller area but the amount of lava in them would have been more. The CAMP is like taking all of the volcanoes of the pacific rim and considering them one eruption. It’s a huge amount of territory.
Duration is also a factor. Siberian Traps likely occur for 2 million years while the CAMP only lasting over 600,000 years
I love every hosts unique style! They seem genuinely themselves.
Beautiful video. Nice that you mention the probable future subducting boundary in front of the Iberian peninsula.
this series is so well done, thank you!
Beautifully done! Thank you 👏👏👏👏
It's got to be truly incredible to watch something as vast as a continent split and reform over the billions of years...I hope when I die I get to go into Spectator Mode and watch the Earth shift like this over the aeons.
Imagine the ocean on the opposite side of pangaea. Frightening!
Panthalassa!
Say It's Name......
The Pacific is already terrifying as it is
The waves 🌊 must have been sky high.
that's what a supercontinent is, all the land is on one side of the planet
Gonna need a bigger boat
Hey I love these vids and just wanted to say the subtitles are greatly appreciated!
Very nicely presented and a fascinating bit of natural history! 🤗
There’s also some recent research that Slab Pull on the west coast of Pangea, where the passive margin of the continental crust of Pangea and the oceanic crust in the Pacific Ocean was different than what is presented in traditional models (I.e the Faralon plate). And what was actually going on was that during the breakup there was westward subduction, with Slab Pull assisting the breakup.
Is this a fellow Zentnerd I spy? Anyways yeah the onset of major subduction out in Panthalassa was likely huge for actually driving the true break up. That said the tenure of true supercontinents does seem to involve a duration of prolonged reduced tectonics slowing down the nutrient cycling. The kinds of magmas associated with the break up of supercontinents are strange being abnormally rich in phosphorous and other light elements with the only contemporary analog volcano in terms of magma composition being Mt. Paektu which thanks to seismic tomography we know derive sits melt from the oversaturated mantle above where the stagnant Pacific slab is undergoing recrystallization. This likely played a role in these events and the 4 associated flood basalt eruption which occurred during Pangaea's tenure. If I had to guess the magma likely helped drive the onset of major slab pull which then took over as the dominant driver of splitting the continents apart.
@@Dragrath1 hahaha. Guilty. I’ve watched almost everything Nick has posted. But the Baja-BC series, specifically showing Karin Sigloch’s work blew my mind. I’ve always been skeptical of the breakup of Pangea having to overcome the push from the Faralon.
Your explanation is amazingly detailed. Love it!
@@PlayNowWorkLater There is so much fascinating stuff out there and the Karin Sigloch and Robert Hildebrand episodes/material were so mindblowing they sent me on a major research binge. Trying to piece together the likely picture of all the competing models with the new data is so interesting and somewhat complements my academic background in physics.
The picture of ocean plates we have been taught increasingly seems overly simple with the oceanic crust looking to more or less be the thin oceanic crust formed by lowered pressures and temperatures being merely the skin of mantle convection cells that arise primarily from slab pull downwelling.
Its clear the main player is subduction but the deep structure of major mid ocean ridge systems compared to other minor ocean ridge systems seems to be complicated and part of the picture. I suspect its the pile up of slab material which is increasingly dominant in driving the cycle after all the Large Low Sheer Velocity provinces down in the mantle appear to feed the deep rooted mantle plumes and some other work has shown that contrary to the standard picture these plumes do move generally converging with mid ocean ridges and feeding into these systems in some way. A complicated thermochemical convection system mainly powered by water.
Generally across disciplines if something looks simple you probably don't have the full picture. I like that Nick takes dives into those depths letting us know about them but generally not getting so deep that you get lost in the depths.
I do think the Bretz Ice age megaflood livestream A to Z series this past winter was a bit too long winded for my taste (over 3 hours long for some of those) I hope he can keep the next one a bit more focused even as it is allowed to wander with the direction of new revelations/ data. The amount of old historical notes and records was amazing but it was a bit to much all at once.
and here I thought the Siberian Traps eruption was the largest volcanic eruption... turns out that it was only about 2/3's that of the CAMP
What if another of these eruptions occurs and lasts for a long time.
I’d love to see an episodes about Rhynchosaur and those crazy cheek bones!
Awesome video, thanks for sharing Eons :)
"started slowly at first, for about 30 million years" time is crazy
Dinner is early today, huh
Excellent presentation. Thank you for sharing.
This has become my favorite time period to learn about. :D
I really enjoy this topic. Thank you for covering it.
0:20 When i visited my neighbouring country Finland years ago, i realised it sits mainly, if not entirely, on granite as compared to where i live that has thick crust of limestone despite being not too far away from each other and it made me wonder if Finland was never properly submerged under water. This simulation of continental drift confirmed my thoughts
Getting scoured by glaciers also helped
@@ellenbryn Any neighbor of Finland probably also got scoured.
A terrific video that was superbly written and narrated. Dang, I wish I had video explanations like this when I studied earth science 70 years ago.
As always. Well done. Thank you.
thank you for interesting video
PBS is truly our natural treasure
Should we interpret the spreading causing the volcanism or the volcanism causing the spreading? Are the continents being pushed apart, or are they pulled apart allowing magma to gush to the surface?
At subduction zones, there is volcanism because the subducted ocean crust is saturated with water, and the water lowers the melting point of the rocks at-depth. But you don't see plate rifting at volcanic arcs at subduction zones. Does that imply seafloor spreading is more of a pulling action? Is water also part of the melting there or is the mantle hotter there?
Is mantle material welling up at the mid-ocean ridge, then diverging into convective cells to the east and west, and the continents are being dragged along like a conveyor belt?
Pulled apart, surely. Pressure in rising magma can be relieved by its flowing up and onto the surface of the plates.
Two sides of the same coin, it depends on the perspective
This channel kept me entertained during the pandemic
I love this channel.
Mercury gasses sound pretty unpleasant!!
Awesome vid love you guys
can't wait for the next pangea updates.
Yeah, the Devs been lazy for too long
Love the episode, Michelle! Welcome back. We haven't seen you in a while. How about an episode on migration patterns on our favorite Dinos. The evidence and whether it was due to "cold" seasons or breeding. Later, Professor.
Pangea's creation and death is by far the most fascinating thing in evolutionary history to me, both geologically and biologically. The heat, the pressure, I can't even imagine! It's so astounding. IMagine the world without the Atlantic. Yeah, I can't , either.
it's really just one big world ocean, we just give it names to split it all up
4:43 That almost looks like something from the opening credits of the first Willy Wonka movie. Y'know, with all the chocolate being made?
I love how what is now called the state of Michigan is so easy to see on the map @1:41! Mainly 'cause I live there!
I've seen models of earth's shape (sans water) TODAY, but man, I want some models of pangea-era earth sans water
I too sometimes have brief, CAMP eruptions
absolutely incredible amazing wonderful outfit thank u michelle for blessing us omg
Can we hurry up with forming the next supercontinent? I’m tired of always having to fly places. It would sure be nice to drive from Texas to Africa to Australia and be able to stop at all the roadside attractions.
Well, if you build a bridge over the Bering strait (about the same size as the currently existing longest bridge), then you could already get from Texas to Asia, Europe and Africa (ignoring that a few strips of road are kinda unsafe due to wars and stuff). Australia would require a few very expensive bridges and tunnels across the Pacific / South Asian islands - not sure how feasible this is - are you okay with taking a ferry instead? After that we only have to close that tiny jungle gap in Mesoamerica and build a little bridge from South America to Antarctica and ... voila! You can go to every continent by car! That of course leaves a few pesky island nations which are too far out to build a bridge - Madagascar, Hawaii, Guam....
@@KonradTheWizzard I’d prefer that things be closer together. Having all the continents squished back together would be a lot more convenient. Plus, I’m not a fan of cold weather, so driving across Alaska and Дальний Восток России. Once the Gulf of Mexico is squished back together with Africa, it’ll be a much shorter and warmer trip by car. Guess I should get my car’s A/C fixed first, though, as the interior of the new supercontinent will probably be a giant, hot desert.
The middle of a supercontinent is not that nice. Think climate of central Asia, only more so. Mostly dry and alternating between too hot and too cold.
I enjoy supercontinents. Looking forward to the next one.
This is so fascinating, paleontologists are some of the smartest people on earth for real. How do you even begin to investigate what’s under the ocean, let alone the ocean itself. And you can even tell when the Atlantic was birthed? Wow 🤩
they can track where the crust is moving, and work backwards to see where it came from, that's how we know what Pangaea and other supercontinents looked like using data models
@@danielzhang1916 I see, but still, continents are gigantic
I love love love this series! You do such a great job. Wish I was on the team!
Siberian traps are related to bigger volcanic event that CAMP.
Siberian traps are linked to Perm-Triassic extinction 252 million years ago.
I love your geology content!
This was so interesting!!!!
I keep catching these early. I must have done something right.
Thanks!
6:20 "roughly as much as humans will by the year 2100" 👀 They took aim, fired, and DID NOT miss with that shot! Goodness!
YAAAY a new video !
I had to laugh when I saw the Great Lakes in the Pangea splitting animation. I am sure there are many mistakes, but that one caught my eye immediately.
Is it a mistake or there to give a reference point? I'm thinking the latter.
Thank you
The supercontinent, long united, must divide; long divided, must unite. Thus it has ever been.
so cool , would be cool to see it
Question: Do we think that the increase in mutation rates helped some species survive the events that caused the mass extinction?
Seeing the time lapse of how Pangea broke apart reminded me of a moving baby in a radiograph
With so many toxic gases and materials on earth, it is a miracle that lives were ever able to take hold.
Tectonic upsets aside, love that outfit. Very copper.
It always fascinates me how it wasn't until 70s that they started to figure all this out, while pretty much all elementary school kids seeing the atlas for the first time can tell that the continents fit into each other like puzzle pieces and that something sus must have been going on there.
Plate tectonics started being discussed in the 10s actually. The first theory of continental drift was based on the same argument of "they fit together".
As for why it wasn't considered or even accepted until way later, the main reason is that people didn't accept the idea of the crust being fragmented
As any man can tell you, just because it fits, doesn't mean they should go together
Happened to me over 50 years ago. It's a bit of a boggle to the mind that what I assumed as a 10 year old was "discovered" or solved decades later.
@@jacobgame2757😂
we have learned more in the past 30 years, than the past 200 years, it's just being proven in front of us
It's hard to wrap my brain around the use of terms like sudden and rapid, when talking about processes that tool millions of years.
But I can't wait to see what the Earth looks like ten million years from now.
Geological time scale is crazy
4:43 the lava flow looks like Jabba the Hut for a second 😂
Iceland is now splitting apart which is causing lots of volcanic eruptions there
No. Iceland is STILL splitting apart. It is just the north end of the mid-Atlantic ridge where it comes out of the water.
Also, iceland splitting isn't causing volcanos.
Volcanos are causing the split.
It’s _always_ been like that.
The animation of India forming the Himalayas looks so aggressive.
It was!
it's like two cars slamming into each other, the force and pressure pushes the ground up
How long did it take for this tectonic activity to create an ocean? A question that makes you realize the relation of time.
RIP to my Plagiosaur homies
I mean I guess it makes sense logically, but hearing someone say out loud that the Atlantic Ocean has an age just hits all wrong.
“How old is your ocean?”
There's a rift forming in Eastern Africa, spreading the land just like this.
Seems to be a smaller spread, will probably end up being more like Iceland in activity than a whole new ocean forming.
Either way, fascinating stuff.
Can we get an episode on the evolution or story of the Myotragus? I think it would be soooo cool
Woah didn’t know all that was connected 😮
More geological ! It is refreshing to move thoughts outside our little lives! Chemistry is also great but I’m a beginner
7:33 Lavos... it was Lavos that broke up Pangea...
Yesssss!
Well, the Reptites were pretty pissed :P
Who???
Wish me luck to find the heat source, I really need it :))
@eons, what are those earrings that Michelle is wearing - fuzzy polar bears?
I like the idea of walking across all the continents