These are questions i would think to myself back in the classroom of my school. I am so glad at the power of internet to provide a relief to my questions. Life is a process of learning indeed!
that a mule or donkey is 'stubborn' is a human interpretation that has become a myth. the 'stubborn' reaction of these animals is actually their state of fear, which becomes worse the more brutal the people are with them.
@@nimaxx It's just a lil' joke, it's not meant to be taken literally! and it's not like I don't get what you're trying to get across, i perfectly understand what you're trying to say.
Get 3 coffins ready. My mule don't like people laughing at him. Of course if all you apologize I don't think it's nice you laughin. he gets this crazy idea you're laughing at him.And if you apologize like i know you're going to. Then i'll consider you didn't mean it. BOOM BOOM BOOM BOOM My mistake 4 coffins.
I love mules, if you know how to handle them they are great. You can teach them to plow and cultivate. If you give them enough room to turn, they won't if trained right , they don't step on the crops. Horses will often take a short cut and trample the end of the rows unless you're very careful. You have to watch them like a hawk.
Several of the big cats actually are able to produce at least partially fertile hybrids. There have been several cases of people breeding a tiger to a lion x tiger hybrid or a lion to a leopard x jaguar.
I will say from personal experience, the emotional communication of a horse and the independence of a donkey is highly useful. For centuries they have been used to lead herds of animals for that reason.
I'd say your body is only as smart as evolution needed it to be. Survival of what's "good enough" is all that's required. Pain and itchiness save our lives but like with everything, they have negative side effects; like spreading a rash, purposely shocking yourself, or opening a wound. Best to just realize our compulsions and resist the best we can.
2:25 That was a weird jump. The odd chromosome was always going to be unmatched since there's no other chromosome. It has nothing to do with pairs being made up of similar or different chromosomes.
3 ปีที่แล้ว +4
In meiosis, the homologous chromosomes pair each other by sequence complementarity. There’s no one odd chromosome either since the different chromosome number in each parent is the result of either a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes or a split of one chromosome in the lineage of one of the progenitors.
Always an exception....I remember an article in Western Horsemen magazine in the 70s titled Never Say Never about a female mule who reproduced several times, once with a Saddllebred stalliom.
Something I've been wondering about: How did species evolve different number of chromosomes? At some point, one member of the species would have gotten an extra chromosome. Hypothetically, a chromosome splits or maybe it is born with an extra copy due to meiosis misfires. Wouldn't that member of the species have non-homologous chromosomes from every other member of their species? Isn't this what makes mules sterile? Would two members need to have similar or analogous mutations to be able to breed a new species?
People with Down syndrome or trisomy 21 for example can rarely reproduce. There’s a very low chance so they’re most likely sterile like mules for the same reasons. So this applies for all the individuals.
I actually knew this but I love hearing conformation of my knowledge. Although the explanation wasn't technical it was easier to understand than the fu story of meiosis. Not to be confused with mitosis.
3 ปีที่แล้ว +1
Do you know why each pair of homologous chromosomes match during meiosis?
Emperor Vespasian smiled in Heaven at this video. There are horses and donkeys near the care home where my mother now resides, here in Wales, but I've never personally seen a mule or hinny in the UK. There's still time, I'm only 65.
No one else mentioning it, but mules have been bred because horses are more robust in build, aka "horsepower", but donkeys are more sure footed on narrow and inclined trails. The first ATVs? Now I wants my own Gub'ment Mule!
I grew up in western Missouri where mule breeding farms were common. Many thousands of miles were produced for the army in WW1. I've known a few hillbilly loggers who use mules for dragging fine veneer logs out of the woods.
It's a different world using mules other than machines. My old Dad in Kentucky kept a pair of mules till each passed any, using them for fencing chores. The strongest pulled a team wagon all by herself. We used her to haul out hay in the Winter to our cattle, and get a little garden plowing too. I still have her collar, hanes, and 3 blade plow in my basement. After I got big enough, I plowed tabacco rows for grass/weed control. You stirred up quite a few memories.
You know how our phones are listening to us all talk and you'll be talking about something with your husband or wife or friend about, let's say, lawn mowers. You're not looking for a new lawn mower but you're talking about a lawn mower and all of a sudden on Facebook and Instagram all your ads are about lawn mowers. Yesterday, my husband and I saw a mule at the veterinarian's office and since it was the first time either of us had ever seen a mule we spent a few minutes talking about mules and about why this particular mule had been gelded. And today SciShow has posted a video about mules. SciShow, are you listening to us through our phones too? 😬🤣 (Also, you know the next ad I see on Facebook is going to be for a lawn mower.)
My granddad used many mules in his day for farm work and family transportation. He vastly preferred them to horses because of their intelligence and stamina. However, he was well known for say, "Ain't nuthin meaner nor more useless than a stud mule." You get all the studdy behavior but without the benefit of an animal that can create life. So mules are gelded young.
A lot of hybrid cichlids within the same subfamily are fully fertile, they must have a consistent chromosome count. Members of the cat family tend to have the same or similar chromosome counts. Yet many hybrid cats have poor fertility or are abnormal. Why is it that chromosome counts in some families or animals e.g cats are very consistent? While in the distantly related dog family chromosome counts within modern canids are variable [sometimes even within the same species].
Good question I think it has to do a lot with what genes are on what chromosomes if the chromosomes that perform various functions have had their order changed or had parts get swapped etc. that would spell bad news for survival I would imagine but I don't think that is the full story. The age at which two groups diverged from each other is also important certain bears(brown bear & polar bear) and canids are known for viable offspring likely because they have only from an evolutionary perspective diverged from each other "recently"
I'll never forget one of the early Assassins Creed games (either AC2 or AC:Brotherhood) where Ezio finds a note that uses the phrase "infertile as a donkey" and it immediately killed my immersion.
OK. Serious? My Grandfather (WWI vet) had a farm. He bought a Mule because, Post war, army surplus Mules were as cheap as Indian motorcycles with side cars. They didn't "spook" around other animals. They lived forever (sort of) and they were very strong.
So if the chromosomes don't work for mules and hinny offspring to have their own offspring, what I have always wondered is how in tarnation does a horse and a donkey having a hybrid kid in the first place? 🤔
Not sure if any other comment was made before, but this would have been an excellent opportunity to explain gene introgression as ways to species diversification and speciation.
This is a masterclass in explaining everything so badly that people forgot the point you were trying to explain in the first place. It was something about dragons and your next boob job right?
Plant crosses do this sort of stuff all the time. Sterile (or more often just not very good) second generations are common from hybrids which seem great. Though it isn't always the second generation when the incompatibilities really start getting exposed... Damn complicated plants ;)
I think the other problem would be that while it would technically be possible to breed a fertile variety of mule, they'd likely all come from one bloodline, that bloodline having the requisite traits to be fertile. That would probably lead to all kinds of genetic problems because your entire breed would be even more intensely inbred than most domestic animals are.... which is saying a lot.
@Travis: Yes, I was gonna say, hybrid corn works like that. The seed co crosses different varieties of corn to make a hybrid with the best qualities of the source varieties. But the final hybrid is almost always sterile, meaning farmers can't reliably save a few hybrid seeds to plant later. They either have to buy more hybrid seed, or grow the source varieties themselves to cross into the hybrid (which takes more time, effort, and money than buying the seed). Seedless fruits are a similar story, though often their plants can be grown from cuttings. Though _that_ can lead to problems with genetic uniformity -- every plant of that variety is a genetic clone, so they're all susceptible to the same diseases.
@@AaronOfMpls Happens with some naturally occurring hybrids too, but yeah, crossing highly inbred lines makes it very likely the offspring of the hybrids will be messed up pretty badly.
Can you make a video about this: Why is a "left-over Chromosom" a big deal? Why is having another building plan (in addition to already enough building plans) a big deal for a cell/individuum? Is there a managing problem which results in weird proteins that don't work as intended? Does it have to do with expression / inhibition of certain gens? Would appreciate it!
Great video! I would love a video on how we humans have 46 chromosomes but our nearest living monkey relatives all have 48 (chimps, apes, and orangutans). Are there any theories on how this came about? Is the thought that our monkey cousins developed an extra pair after we divided from our last common relative, or did humans lose a pair during our evolution? And how would that work when it happened? Say an individual is born with the mutation of having a different number of chromosomes then their species population, it would seem difficult for them to reproduce (just like the mule and hinny), so how can individuals with the new chromosome number get numerous enough to become the new population?
3 ปีที่แล้ว +1
They didn’t lose anything. An individual with a whole pair of chromosomes less wouldn’t be viable. The chromosome number got reduced because two chromosomes fused together.
Many human beings have some Neanderthal ancestors (less than 2percent). How would this have been possible if Neanderthals were a different species? Just asking. I am genuinely curious.
The "route" of Genetic divergence is not currently known despite reasons to believe so; Correct work would get into such things as Dental Forensics to determine diet & Genotyping of Neanderthal · Smithsonian: Human Evolution Evidence » Genetics Ancient » DNA And Neanderthals » DNA: Genotypes And Phenotypes
Well, you have to keep in mind that the genetic distinction between phylogenies is something that we made up, it's not inherent to genetics. We dont have a perfect numbers based definition related to genes, species often just being defined as being different enough to be unable to interbreed. Organisms as they evolve drift slowly apart, with changes accumulating until two separate groups are different enough. However, what changes accumulate is different between different species, meaning there may be huge physical distinctions between two species, but they can still interbreed, or vice versa. This is the case with Neanderthals and our ancestors. They had been separated by time enough to be rather physically distinct from each other, but were still closely related enough to interbreed. Some theories even point to this ability as one of the factors that lead to the neanderthal extinction, with them being integrated to an extent into our ancestors species along with being outcompeted. Genetics is really interesting stuff!
It's very fascinating, not the sterile part but that there is a *chance* that it'll work. I wouldn't be surprised if it's the same story all over the universe. Something being very unlikely but then takes place. I think we can throw in life as it is into that mix as well.
With the mules that did breed, what were they bred to/with? Also, have there been any cases of hinny's breeding? And if so, what were the results for either mules or hinny's?
I’m curious how this applies to other hybrid animals: Grizzly/Polar bears, Wolves/Coyotes, Lions/Tigers. Is there something about Carnivora that makes hybrids more common and viable?
Members of canis are a good example of incomplete speciation. Under normal circumstances behavioral differences prevent mating between coyotes and wolves, wolves and dogs, coyotes and dogs. Jackals are too far physically removed from wolves and coyotes to hybridize with either, except in captivity. In captivity, though, wolves, coyotes, jackals, and dogs can freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In the Eastern USA, when wolves had been hunted to near extinction levels, coyotes moved in from the western states to occupy the now open niche that wolves had occupied. The occasional wolf still surviving in the area found it hard to find a wolf as a mate, so they mated with coyotes. The result is the highly adaptable and much larger Eastern coyote. Foxes, OTOH, are too far genetically removed to be able to form viable embryos when bred in captivity with dogs, coyotes, or wolves. Red foxes are not able to hybridize with grey foxes, as they are genetically incompatible, but red foxes can hybridize with arctic foxes to produce a sterile hybrid a lot bigger than either parent.
SciShow biggest mistake was assuming shorts of info would be as interesting without Greene as the host. Sorry guys, he MADE these vids what they are, with his energy and delivery.
Hi, I studied genetics university 20 years ago. There is one thing I've never been able to understand. In the evolutionary process, how do chromosome counts and other rearrangements happen? Horses and donkies have a common ancestor. At some point there was a mutation that changed the number of chromisones in one of the lineages. But wouldn't that individual no be able to breed with others in its population? Furthermore, individuals with that mutation would have to replicate so successfully that they surplant to original form. Di we know how this process occurs?
1) Some chromosome-number-changing mutations are quite common. For example, Down syndrome appears in the human population again and again. 2) Speaking about Down syndrome, quoting Wikipedia: ...Males with Down syndrome usually do not father children, while females have lower rates of fertility relative to those who are unaffected.[63] Fertility is estimated to be present in 30-50% of females... As of 2006, three instances of males with Down syndrome fathering children and 26 cases of females having children have been reported.[63] Without assisted reproductive technologies, around half of the children of someone with Down syndrome will also have the syndrome. So, if Down syndrome was advantageous, it wouldn't take long for it to become a new norm.
Very good, I have had Donkeys, Mules and Horses,and been around them maybe 50years plus, I like them all, for their differences, I think Donkeys are my favorite, because the lack of Respect, they may receive, they are the oldest domestic creature, Well treated, they are Loyal Intelligent, Hard working, self preservation, Companion, will guard Livestock,as good as Dogs (another incredible creature) Next Time someone Calls you a JackAss. Say Thank You, it's a Complement
It was not an important question in my life but I had to wait for an intelligent answer for 70 years of not being able even to guess. I can die in peace now, Thanx to you!🦄
Farming and animal husbandry terminology for the mule was incorrectly applied to describe a person of mixed ethnicity, specifically where one of the parents is of African ancestry and the other is not, which resulted in the, now outdated, Spanish term, _mulato._
Yeah, that’s what has been occupying my thoughts and giving me nightmares. Mules taking over the world. As a Fifth Grade teacher, I would explain to my class during the biology unit in science how and why mules are created and why they are sterile. We also discuss ligers, and beefalo. And wolves and dogs. And The Origin of Species. Because that’s Science.
I thought some cases mules can have off spring but will only carry their mother’s genetics. So if u mixed one of these mules with a horse u would get a pure horse. Not quite sure.
People who discovered horses can have offspring with donkeys but the offspring is sterile must've been so confused. I mean, the species look different enough where you wouldn't assume they would be able to crossbreed, it's like a deer and an antelope.
How evolution works with animals losing/getting chromosomes? I mean, donkeys and horses are relatives, so one of them have lost/get chromosomes in the past. It's probably mutation in genes. But like this video tells, if someone get mutation and get/lost chromosome, how could they get offspring? So how the mutation ends with the whole population?
Changes in chromosome number usually aren't caused by mutations, but rather by chromosomes either splitting or getting attached to each other. This happened between chimpanzees and humans.
![What Is A Mule? [Their Surprising History and Origins]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/urzZj3HpvgA/mqdefault.jpg)
Phew! I was really worried mules were taking over the world. Thank you SciShow. I feel much better.
Thought you were serious until I finished the vid
Hahahaha
Mudkip!!
th-cam.com/video/ZoSiquMuBM4/w-d-xo.html
This isn't a Mule but, it's one if it's parents
Close. What we really need to worry about is jackasses taking over the world.
But I think we're too late on that one.
There's a mule watching this rn realizing that his wife shouldn't be pregnant
Well.. Its still possible.. I mean there are few reports.. So may be be more optimistic ehh?
@@DrMateen36 Sorry bro, I'm sure he wasn't throwing an indirect on purpose.
😂😂😂
@@DrMateen36 Jokes. Have you heard of them?
@@DrMateen36 Yeah, good luck to convince the wider family with that...
Sic show giving us the answers to questions everyone wants to but no one asks
One of my friends loves how I know such obscure information.
@@tylerdurden788 Which friend? The one everyone calls 'The Narrator'?
the answers nobody wanted, but the ones everybody needed.
I asked
"Why does he call you donkey?"
"Oh, he aw- he aw- he always calls me that"
I could listen to her talk about animal breeding and genetics all day.
Coming on a little strong buddy
@@alexanderherzog3064 Understatement!
She is a great genetics instructor
i have an accounting exam in a few hours, i hope mules show up on the test
Did they...?
Did it?
@@Jake3eee @Arianna Silva sadly no but i still got a good score so im not mad
These are questions i would think to myself back in the classroom of my school. I am so glad at the power of internet to provide a relief to my questions. Life is a process of learning indeed!
Because they’re as stubborn as a mule when you tell them to have kids.
that a mule or donkey is 'stubborn' is a human interpretation that has become a myth. the 'stubborn' reaction of these animals is actually their state of fear, which becomes worse the more brutal the people are with them.
@@nimaxx It's just a lil' joke, it's not meant to be taken literally! and it's not like I don't get what you're trying to get across, i perfectly understand what you're trying to say.
Mules are so awesome. They're definitely smarter than either parent.
You heard of that story where the mule curb stomps a mountain lion that was hunting his dogs? True story 100%
That ain't saying much.
@@badger305 you act like a badger
I was speaking of the comment, "Mules are so awesome. They're definitely smarter than either parent."@@datt5698
@@badger305 too bad they are infertile huh!?
"My mule don’t like people laughing,”
-- Clint Eastwood
Dammit, I was going say that, lol!
Sister Sarah entered the chat
Get 3 coffins ready. My mule don't like people laughing at him. Of course if all you apologize I don't think it's nice you laughin. he gets this crazy idea you're laughing at him.And if you apologize like i know you're going to. Then i'll consider you didn't mean it. BOOM BOOM BOOM BOOM My mistake 4 coffins.
@@nottodayfolks4923 bravo
"He gets the crazy notion you're laughing at him." Now we know why, he's missing a chromosome.
I love mules, if you know how to handle them they are great. You can teach them to plow and cultivate. If you give them enough room to turn, they won't if trained right , they don't step on the crops. Horses will often take a short cut and trample the end of the rows unless you're very careful. You have to watch them like a hawk.
My mother's boyfriend uses mules to train horses.
@@SorenPenrose A good technique
I guess this also mean I can go out without fear of a horde of ligers suddenly showing up to kill everyone.
Horde of ligers is a magic the gathering card
I think big cats are much easier to hybrid. Chromosome count perhaps???
Napleon dynamite told me they have a high magic stat
@@AutoCrete that idiot tiger king was trying to recreate the saber tooth Tiger by cross and interbred big cats.
Several of the big cats actually are able to produce at least partially fertile hybrids. There have been several cases of people breeding a tiger to a lion x tiger hybrid or a lion to a leopard x jaguar.
I will say from personal experience, the emotional communication of a horse and the independence of a donkey is highly useful. For centuries they have been used to lead herds of animals for that reason.
A world run by hybrids, that’s Avatar. Platypus-Bears, Armadillo-Bears, Wolf-Bats, Badger-Moles, etc.
You forgot bears
@@finlayl2505 Just bears? Like Basco?
One piece did it first
Not knowing this all my life makes me feel like a jackass.
Hey SciShow. Why do we keep messing with things that hurt? Like a cut or a nail that is cut too short?
Oooooh good one! Upvote SoOoOoOoOoOo much.
=)
My guess would be pain releases endorphins, so the more you play with it the less it hurts. Idk
This
or you're trying to fix it, only to fail
I'd say your body is only as smart as evolution needed it to be. Survival of what's "good enough" is all that's required. Pain and itchiness save our lives but like with everything, they have negative side effects; like spreading a rash, purposely shocking yourself, or opening a wound. Best to just realize our compulsions and resist the best we can.
2:25 That was a weird jump. The odd chromosome was always going to be unmatched since there's no other chromosome. It has nothing to do with pairs being made up of similar or different chromosomes.
In meiosis, the homologous chromosomes pair each other by sequence complementarity. There’s no one odd chromosome either since the different chromosome number in each parent is the result of either a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes or a split of one chromosome in the lineage of one of the progenitors.
Always an exception....I remember an article in Western Horsemen magazine in the 70s titled Never Say Never about a female mule who reproduced several times, once with a Saddllebred stalliom.
Something I've been wondering about:
How did species evolve different number of chromosomes?
At some point, one member of the species would have gotten an extra chromosome. Hypothetically, a chromosome splits or maybe it is born with an extra copy due to meiosis misfires.
Wouldn't that member of the species have non-homologous chromosomes from every other member of their species? Isn't this what makes mules sterile?
Would two members need to have similar or analogous mutations to be able to breed a new species?
People with Down syndrome or trisomy 21 for example can rarely reproduce. There’s a very low chance so they’re most likely sterile like mules for the same reasons. So this applies for all the individuals.
Rose Bear Don't Walk is the best host!
Yuppers, just when we make a rule, we find out there are exceptions :3
@Patrick Hudson Hello there. I do hope you are holding those you care for close and helping those you can in this global insanity.
Biology: there is an exception to every rule, including this one ;)
Is it an exception or is it just a special case? Words words words
@@Joeydoesmedicine exceptions are where the fun is :3 Here's to more Adaming
Natue is full of exeptions humans make rules to make it easier to understand the world biology is often messy and ignores us.
I actually knew this but I love hearing conformation of my knowledge. Although the explanation wasn't technical it was easier to understand than the fu story of meiosis. Not to be confused with mitosis.
Do you know why each pair of homologous chromosomes match during meiosis?
@ I do not. I will research this. I am intrigued. My knowledge of genetics is several years old now.
This was interesting. I knew this was the case but I'd never known the science behind why. This was well explained.
My grandma owned mules only, she said that dumbest mule is smarter than the smartest horse
My grandparents would agree with her wholeheartedly.
Thanks. Finally a clear understanding of the facts
Emperor Vespasian smiled in Heaven at this video. There are horses and donkeys near the care home where my mother now resides, here in Wales, but I've never personally seen a mule or hinny in the UK. There's still time, I'm only 65.
No one else mentioning it, but mules have been bred because horses are more robust in build, aka "horsepower", but donkeys are more sure footed on narrow and inclined trails. The first ATVs?
Now I wants my own Gub'ment Mule!
Excellent job of explaining why the majority of mules sterile. You put a lot of University professors to shame.
1:26 "That's 31 pairs of chromosomes from the horse, and 32 pairs from the donkey."
No, that's 31 chromosomes from the horse, and 32 from the donkey.
I think I asked y’all about this last week! Thanks a ton for answering it! 👍👍
Rose Bear Don't Walk is adorable and smart!
That's really well explained....Thanks a lot..
I grew up in western Missouri where mule breeding farms were common. Many thousands of miles were produced for the army in WW1. I've known a few hillbilly loggers who use mules for dragging fine veneer logs out of the woods.
It's a different world using mules other than machines. My old Dad in Kentucky kept a pair of mules till each passed any, using them for fencing chores. The strongest pulled a team wagon all by herself. We used her to haul out hay in the Winter to our cattle, and get a little garden plowing too. I still have her collar, hanes, and 3 blade plow in my basement. After I got big enough, I plowed tabacco rows for grass/weed control. You stirred up quite a few memories.
You know how our phones are listening to us all talk and you'll be talking about something with your husband or wife or friend about, let's say, lawn mowers. You're not looking for a new lawn mower but you're talking about a lawn mower and all of a sudden on Facebook and Instagram all your ads are about lawn mowers. Yesterday, my husband and I saw a mule at the veterinarian's office and since it was the first time either of us had ever seen a mule we spent a few minutes talking about mules and about why this particular mule had been gelded. And today SciShow has posted a video about mules. SciShow, are you listening to us through our phones too? 😬🤣 (Also, you know the next ad I see on Facebook is going to be for a lawn mower.)
My granddad used many mules in his day for farm work and family transportation. He vastly preferred them to horses because of their intelligence and stamina. However, he was well known for say, "Ain't nuthin meaner nor more useless than a stud mule." You get all the studdy behavior but without the benefit of an animal that can create life. So mules are gelded young.
Donkeys are so short they have to build him a little ramp.
It's definitely been done, when the jack is a lot shorter than the mare.
"female horse and a male donkey"
"Lucky Bastard"
-A Single male horse
We need more of Rose she's good
Now mules are being cloned.
Wow, I’m so overwhelmed!
But can you crossbreed a donkey with a gorilla to make a Donkey Kong
A lot of hybrid cichlids within the same subfamily are fully fertile, they must have a consistent chromosome count. Members of the cat family tend to have the same or similar chromosome counts. Yet many hybrid cats have poor fertility or are abnormal.
Why is it that chromosome counts in some families or animals e.g cats are very consistent? While in the distantly related dog family chromosome counts within modern canids are variable [sometimes even within the same species].
Good question I think it has to do a lot with what genes are on what chromosomes if the chromosomes that perform various functions have had their order changed or had parts get swapped etc. that would spell bad news for survival I would imagine but I don't think that is the full story. The age at which two groups diverged from each other is also important certain bears(brown bear & polar bear) and canids are known for viable offspring likely because they have only from an evolutionary perspective diverged from each other "recently"
@@Dragrath1 all the modern bears [except the panda and spectacled bear] appear to be genetically compatible with each other.
I'll never forget one of the early Assassins Creed games (either AC2 or AC:Brotherhood) where Ezio finds a note that uses the phrase "infertile as a donkey" and it immediately killed my immersion.
come on people. im disappointed. what a half ASSed effort in the puns
OK. Serious? My Grandfather (WWI vet) had a farm. He bought a Mule because, Post war, army surplus Mules were as cheap as Indian motorcycles with side cars. They didn't "spook" around other animals. They lived forever (sort of) and they were very strong.
Nothing is great than seeing a great SciShow video
Also I wish y'all a great day
So if the chromosomes don't work for mules and hinny offspring to have their own offspring, what I have always wondered is how in tarnation does a horse and a donkey having a hybrid kid in the first place? 🤔
Attack of the Mules, soon in theatres.
In “Foundation and Empire,” The Mule conquered the galaxy but could not found a dynasty.
Please consider doing a video on permaculture and urban food forest.
Not sure if any other comment was made before, but this would have been an excellent opportunity to explain gene introgression as ways to species diversification and speciation.
Used to think mules were just a nickname for donkeys, I had not idea that they were two different things!
You must be from the city , cause you sure don't live in the country
This is a masterclass in explaining everything so badly that people forgot the point you were trying to explain in the first place.
It was something about dragons and your next boob job right?
Plant crosses do this sort of stuff all the time. Sterile (or more often just not very good) second generations are common from hybrids which seem great. Though it isn't always the second generation when the incompatibilities really start getting exposed... Damn complicated plants ;)
I think the other problem would be that while it would technically be possible to breed a fertile variety of mule, they'd likely all come from one bloodline, that bloodline having the requisite traits to be fertile. That would probably lead to all kinds of genetic problems because your entire breed would be even more intensely inbred than most domestic animals are.... which is saying a lot.
@Travis: Yes, I was gonna say, hybrid corn works like that. The seed co crosses different varieties of corn to make a hybrid with the best qualities of the source varieties. But the final hybrid is almost always sterile, meaning farmers can't reliably save a few hybrid seeds to plant later. They either have to buy more hybrid seed, or grow the source varieties themselves to cross into the hybrid (which takes more time, effort, and money than buying the seed).
Seedless fruits are a similar story, though often their plants can be grown from cuttings. Though _that_ can lead to problems with genetic uniformity -- every plant of that variety is a genetic clone, so they're all susceptible to the same diseases.
@@AaronOfMpls Happens with some naturally occurring hybrids too, but yeah, crossing highly inbred lines makes it very likely the offspring of the hybrids will be messed up pretty badly.
@@AaronOfMpls Except modern corn is the result of hybrids. 'Natural' corn is a totally different plant, really.
@@AaronOfMpls See also: Potatoes.
“DON’T TOUCH ME, I’M STERILE!”
Can you make a video about this:
Why is a "left-over Chromosom" a big deal?
Why is having another building plan (in addition to already enough building plans) a big deal for a cell/individuum?
Is there a managing problem which results in weird proteins that don't work as intended?
Does it have to do with expression / inhibition of certain gens?
Would appreciate it!
Great video! I would love a video on how we humans have 46 chromosomes but our nearest living monkey relatives all have 48 (chimps, apes, and orangutans). Are there any theories on how this came about? Is the thought that our monkey cousins developed an extra pair after we divided from our last common relative, or did humans lose a pair during our evolution? And how would that work when it happened? Say an individual is born with the mutation of having a different number of chromosomes then their species population, it would seem difficult for them to reproduce (just like the mule and hinny), so how can individuals with the new chromosome number get numerous enough to become the new population?
They didn’t lose anything. An individual with a whole pair of chromosomes less wouldn’t be viable. The chromosome number got reduced because two chromosomes fused together.
Many human beings have some Neanderthal ancestors (less than 2percent). How would this have been possible if Neanderthals were a different species? Just asking. I am genuinely curious.
Rajano
The genetic divergence wasn't that great to hinder fertile offspring.
Less genetic difference between Cromagnon and Neanderthal, compared to Horse and Donkeys
That question is a can of worms because it messes up the current political correctness going on lol. You can get into trouble..
The "route" of Genetic divergence is not currently known despite reasons to believe so; Correct work would get into such things as Dental Forensics to determine diet & Genotyping of Neanderthal
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Smithsonian: Human Evolution Evidence » Genetics Ancient » DNA And Neanderthals » DNA: Genotypes And Phenotypes
Well, you have to keep in mind that the genetic distinction between phylogenies is something that we made up, it's not inherent to genetics. We dont have a perfect numbers based definition related to genes, species often just being defined as being different enough to be unable to interbreed. Organisms as they evolve drift slowly apart, with changes accumulating until two separate groups are different enough. However, what changes accumulate is different between different species, meaning there may be huge physical distinctions between two species, but they can still interbreed, or vice versa. This is the case with Neanderthals and our ancestors. They had been separated by time enough to be rather physically distinct from each other, but were still closely related enough to interbreed. Some theories even point to this ability as one of the factors that lead to the neanderthal extinction, with them being integrated to an extent into our ancestors species along with being outcompeted. Genetics is really interesting stuff!
The Zebra is now very confused.
I always wondered about this. Fascinating. Well I watched the rest of the video and now my head hurts.
It's very fascinating, not the sterile part but that there is a *chance* that it'll work. I wouldn't be surprised if it's the same story all over the universe. Something being very unlikely but then takes place. I think we can throw in life as it is into that mix as well.
A horse and a donkey. Shouldn't it be called a honk.......Never mind.🤣😂🤦🏽
Beautiful explanation
I'm glad you addressed female mule fertility at the end of this video. I'm really surprised you didn't mention Haldane's Rule.
I would like to know more about the exceptions please
If you can, please help my soon to be evicted family
Only covid protections kept us safe. Go fund me in the descriptions of my videos
Love the content, and the host, she is so good with this kind of videos
At last , infinite gratitude, WELL DONE, I’m whinnying with pleasure.
With the mules that did breed, what were they bred to/with? Also, have there been any cases of hinny's breeding? And if so, what were the results for either mules or hinny's?
Wonder how
Much a breedable mule costs probably millions
will rose ever be on scishow!!!!
I’m curious how this applies to other hybrid animals: Grizzly/Polar bears, Wolves/Coyotes, Lions/Tigers.
Is there something about Carnivora that makes hybrids more common and viable?
Well a bluejay and a cardinal can't cross breed.
1) Same number of chromosomes helps. 2)Common ancestor for those is closer in time
Members of canis are a good example of incomplete speciation. Under normal circumstances behavioral differences prevent mating between coyotes and wolves, wolves and dogs, coyotes and dogs. Jackals are too far physically removed from wolves and coyotes to hybridize with either, except in captivity. In captivity, though, wolves, coyotes, jackals, and dogs can freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In the Eastern USA, when wolves had been hunted to near extinction levels, coyotes moved in from the western states to occupy the now open niche that wolves had occupied. The occasional wolf still surviving in the area found it hard to find a wolf as a mate, so they mated with coyotes. The result is the highly adaptable and much larger Eastern coyote. Foxes, OTOH, are too far genetically removed to be able to form viable embryos when bred in captivity with dogs, coyotes, or wolves. Red foxes are not able to hybridize with grey foxes, as they are genetically incompatible, but red foxes can hybridize with arctic foxes to produce a sterile hybrid a lot bigger than either parent.
L
The real reason why people know about Mr. Ed and not Francis the Talking Mule: Mr. Ed's children.
Imagine that animal thinking she is a rare case of fertile mule find out she's just an ugly horse.
Interesting! Thanks for the info. 🐎🐴
This explains some humans. Thank you i love this channel
SciShow biggest mistake was assuming shorts of info would be as interesting without Greene as the host. Sorry guys, he MADE these vids what they are, with his energy and delivery.
very informative. thanks
Our future mule overlords laugh at you. Muwahaha Hee haw.
I'm trying to take this seriously but "Donkey" is such a funny word.
How about the Spanish term "burro"?
Hi, I studied genetics university 20 years ago. There is one thing I've never been able to understand. In the evolutionary process, how do chromosome counts and other rearrangements happen? Horses and donkies have a common ancestor. At some point there was a mutation that changed the number of chromisones in one of the lineages. But wouldn't that individual no be able to breed with others in its population? Furthermore, individuals with that mutation would have to replicate so successfully that they surplant to original form. Di we know how this process occurs?
1) Some chromosome-number-changing mutations are quite common. For example, Down syndrome appears in the human population again and again.
2) Speaking about Down syndrome, quoting Wikipedia: ...Males with Down syndrome usually do not father children, while females have lower rates of fertility relative to those who are unaffected.[63] Fertility is estimated to be present in 30-50% of females... As of 2006, three instances of males with Down syndrome fathering children and 26 cases of females having children have been reported.[63] Without assisted reproductive technologies, around half of the children of someone with Down syndrome will also have the syndrome.
So, if Down syndrome was advantageous, it wouldn't take long for it to become a new norm.
male horse and female donkey seems like really mean to the donkey. like a chiwawa carrying a litter of great danes it just seems painful 😅
Thats one of the reason mules are bred rather than hinnies. Also stallions tend to be more fussy about their partners than jackasses 😂
Some donkeys can be quite large, while some horses are small.
Very good, I have had Donkeys, Mules and Horses,and been around them maybe 50years plus, I like them all, for their differences, I think Donkeys are my favorite, because the lack of Respect, they may receive, they are the oldest domestic creature, Well treated, they are Loyal Intelligent, Hard working, self preservation, Companion, will guard Livestock,as good as Dogs (another incredible creature) Next Time someone Calls you a JackAss. Say Thank You, it's a Complement
neanderthal and cromagnon, you know what im talking about scishow
Well dammnnn I definitely learned something new today. Short simple and well said information, thank you.
Freeze frame at 3:08 and 3:09 as she says "handful". ;->
It was not an important question in my life but I had to wait for an intelligent answer for 70 years of not being able even to guess. I can die in peace now, Thanx to you!🦄
Every male mule is thinking, bring on the babes! Whoo Hoo!
You always get weird stuff from donkeycrats, usually detremental
Very good Mam❣️❣️
Oh hey- less than a minute ago:) loving scishow!!!
Farming and animal husbandry terminology for the mule was incorrectly applied to describe a person of mixed ethnicity, specifically where one of the parents is of African ancestry and the other is not, which resulted in the, now outdated, Spanish term, _mulato._
Oh....I didn't know that!
And in Hungarian the word "mulato" is a pub where you get drunk so don`t know who is your mate...
@@xres1329 I mean. The prononciation is different.
Yeah, that’s what has been occupying my thoughts and giving me nightmares. Mules taking over the world. As a Fifth Grade teacher, I would explain to my class during the biology unit in science how and why mules are created and why they are sterile. We also discuss ligers, and beefalo. And wolves and dogs. And The Origin of Species. Because that’s Science.
Hipporiffs are the theoretical offspring of two fantasy species the griffon and a horse like mules are the offspring of a horse and a donkey.
Any one from India
By the way It's Really a good Information 👍
Did no one think of calling them "Honkeys"
We already took that name.
no mule apocalypse? what a bummer
I thought some cases mules can have off spring but will only carry their mother’s genetics. So if u mixed one of these mules with a horse u would get a pure horse. Not quite sure.
I believe in every proved case, that is true. Except one in China which was 3/4 donkey and 1/4 horse.
"Hey, did your horse give birth to a muel yet?"
"Nahh, I've got a hinny, hunny."
People who discovered horses can have offspring with donkeys but the offspring is sterile must've been so confused. I mean, the species look different enough where you wouldn't assume they would be able to crossbreed, it's like a deer and an antelope.
How evolution works with animals losing/getting chromosomes? I mean, donkeys and horses are relatives, so one of them have lost/get chromosomes in the past. It's probably mutation in genes. But like this video tells, if someone get mutation and get/lost chromosome, how could they get offspring? So how the mutation ends with the whole population?
Changes in chromosome number usually aren't caused by mutations, but rather by chromosomes either splitting or getting attached to each other. This happened between chimpanzees and humans.
This is wild I was just thinking about this the other day and I popped up in my recommended.
Are the donkeys and horses an example of convergent evolution or did an ancestor of both lose or gain a gene to create a separate species?