Nature is fond of good enough not survival of the fittest. Its more survival of good enough to make it to reproducing. And all the wacky stuff that can happen def help there chance. You can rn have human s that are XY, XX, X, XYY... we already got weird in humans.
@@iciajay6891 Yeah.. being able to reproduce in high enough numbers means this version of the animal is the version that fits the best into it's niche. Which survival of the fittest means.
@@SeanKula Certainly not. It's the resurgence of the drums of war, hate and intolerance that alarms me. More division, more hostility, more people in need. Disaster that can only be averted by united action, and that's not something that we humans do well. That's what concerns me. There's far more to fear than being told to "mind your manners" online. Back in the day, you didn't have to be told to show basic courtesy to people you've never met. The advent of online anonymity seems to have destroyed that.
@@danielharvison7510 yeah i wonder who's driving the division, certainly not the people whose modus operandi is to browbeat others into submission for being to the right of stalin
@@windumaster14 Yeah, look, if you're only looking at these events through a political prism and by taking sides in pointless, partisan conflict, you're making it worse. Burying the hatchet is an essential part of making peace. Can't do it without it.
@@charlesballiet7074 Down Syndrome comes from a having an extra copy of the chromosome 21. You’re right that it’s a chromosomal abnormality that causes it though.
@@Drexistential Modern medicine does, to an extent. People that would’ve died before they had the chance to have children and were saved by technology.
He’s a semiaquatic egg laying mammal of action He's a furry little flatfoot Who never flinched From a fra-ee-ay-ee-ay He's got more than just mad skill He's got a beaver tail and bill And the women swoon Whenever they hear him say ADRDRDRDRDRRD He's Perry, Perry the platypus
I thought they'd go there too, but ... do we know how they do it? Without that, not sure it belongs here (though something's niggling in my brain that they mentioned a species without an explanation for how :-\)
We do have humans that are XYY and X rn and ppl wrist 2 types of DNA ( chimerias) over 30 ( so far) types of intersex. I guess this is just the extention of the possibilities. We already get more them 50% DNA from our mother's. So the female body does not reject the fetus if it changes to male ( all fetuses are tech female, the male will change if the sperm carried the info to be male). Anyway, it is already skews to the female side.
I remember hearing once that “if there is one thing the history of evolution has taught us it's that life will not be contained. Life breaks free, it expands to new territories and crashes through barriers, painfully, maybe even dangerously, but, well, there it is.”
Yes, but evolution is a predictable random process. If it's useless? Lose it. If it serves a function like mating purposes, and/or survival purposes. Then expand upon it. Evolution of gender was based on survival, and use mainly. Survival of the species more than anything. How the gender acts, and looks is based on mating preferences. With those evolution of how a gender looks, and behaves is also done by evolution. This can be apply to humans as well.
The issue with the fragile Y hypothesis is that it assumes that there haven't been emergent factors that have given Y chromosomes stability. The Y chromosome degrades over generations, not over time, and so the presence of the Y chromosome in so many animals who should have run into the same issue by this point tells us that the fragile Y hypothesis is a question looking for an answer.
@@6Sparx9 She explained that if the y chromozone no longer existed there would be another sex determiner, so we lads were never going anywhere anyway 👍
That's the sort of question that would take years of research to find the answer to heck some unknown lab is probably doing research into the subject as we speak. So of course this random guy on the internet could definitely not give you a reliable answer but hey males would still exist yey 🙂
Ancient scientists would put a group of males with both testis in 1 group as a control and have 2 other groups. One that was castrated on left and one on right to find out.
That, and other weird critters would actually make some kind of sense. I blame Javik from Mass Effect 3, also for other weird animals like...those things...and those other things. Alright, Platypi are really quite weird. But we've also got Wombats and Koalas, right? And Kangaroos!
Best comment of the week for me lol it’s thee weirdest mammal that lays eggs and carry’s venom as well as many other traits that most mammals don’t have . They actually have the same hunting senses as a shark !!
There is another interesting species that has lost the Y chromosome in males known as the Amami spiny rat. Of course they have a different sex determining factor in place in the absence of SRY from the Y chromosome. In males there is a gene that turns on zinc finger proteins in order to turn the undifferentiated gonads into testes.
there wont be such change on humans, our “Darwinistic natural selection” is considerably slowed by globalization, losing Y chromosome is neither completely beneficial nor determinant to modern survival, we wont be mutating anything like these examples in the video why for millions of years that have never happened to any Apes but we Homo Sapiens will? this is delusion
What are you talking about? Science has killed the theory of evolution. That’s all it has ever been, a theory, not proven fact. The truth is, Ezekiel 37 was fulfilled in 1948 when Israel became a nation in one day. The next two chapters are coming after the rapture of the church. Believe Jesus died for your sins and God raised Him up on the third day, just as you will be raised up on the day of the rapture when the dead in Christ rise first then we who are alive and remain will be caught up with them in the clouds. We are the fig tree generation which means we are the rapture generation, started 73 years ago, the generation is almost up, we’re going home soon.
@@savedbygrace2940 what do you mean the theory of evolution is one the most tested and concrete scientific theories out there. You probably don't understand that to be a theory in science it has to prove things by itself it should be able to predict what will happen and it has time and time again. Spontaneous speciation has been observed countless times evolution predicts that that should happen and it did. Theory's are tested and remade based on the accuracy of their predictions. It's adapted a bit since Darwin's time yes but that doesn't mean science killed it. It's still one of the most well tested and most believed theory's out there if you don't believe evolution I worry for your critical thinking skills we have over 50 years of good solid data backing up evolution.
@@coldfire774 There are different descriptions of evolution, I am not disputing genetic changes and adaptions to the environment. I am disputing macroevolution which is not a proven theory. With speciation they separate into groups adapted to different environments, but overall they are still the same kind. Take the finches for example, they are still finches, and beyond that they are still birds. We find a variety within a kind, but we have never observed one kind become another. And the fossil record and living biodiversity don’t have any indication of transition stages of features, we see fully formed features like feathers and wings, very complex structures. Tell me why all fossils are already fully formed creatures, and there are no living organisms with almost functional features. All observed genetic advantages gained, suited to a certain environment, are degraded genes that change a feature. Like a long beak gene breaking and causing a shorter, stronger beak that can break harder seeds. And God designed every living thing for more or less the same environment(Earth), so for things that need the same kind of function, there is no need to invent entirely new code for those structures. That is the reason for so much similarity within dna, codons make peptide sequences, most of the sequences necessary for life are the same. Then there are genes that code for inheritable features. Mammals have bones and skin, muscles and so on. Each are similar, but slightly different, the dna would be mostly the same but a little different. Same designer, not common ancestors.
@@savedbygrace2940 what about the boney fish (no not dolphins and whales) they are technically "mammals" genetically but tell me a lung fish is the same "kind" as a horse and you've gone off your rocker. And yes we do notice in- between stages in the fossil record especially the transfer from cartilaginous fish to terrestrial animals. A lot of the work done now is done using genetics as a basis so I'd really recommend looking into that because the connections we have made go counter to what you'd initially expect but they are fascinating.
Or humans used to be sex determined by wetness and temp? And that things just changed. New DNA from a virus infection and that DNA stuck around, so our current y chromosome is from virus reproduction DNA?
@@ssgoko88 why can't it? Only takes one mutation, then for the numbers of said people with mutation to grow. Then all you need is for the change to just stick around. And with the many world wars and general killing of humans that settled on islands and other places to add to the ownership of another country. It's plausible that ability to determine sex based on wetness and temp is just simply dormant now? Especially since another species does currently have what seems to be a missing sex chromosome. So temp and wetness could be a backup in most species?
@@davidbass6780 the problem with it mate...for that thing random mutation to happen and affect us as a whole species, it need to happen simultaniously with the same pattern & route, so its not random anymore right? Why? Because even in 4000 years ago, human population already spread all around the world. So a single random change to someone in one part of the world wont change much and can easily get 'normalized' again by reproducing with most normal individual which for sure has more amount and more chance to spread their 'normal' unmutated gene, hence get rid of the said random mutation. For your scenario to happen, it need to be happen way earlier, where a whole human soecies is only newly emerge hence only has 1 variation and small amount of population, or the said mutation happen all at once, in every corner of the world, and happen to most population. Which is by definition is not so random anymore.
There are also cases where XX humans develop male phenotypes and XY humans develop female phenotypes. I think because it doesn’t really show any negative affect, there’s no real need to test for it so nobody knows how common it is, just that it is a possibility.
@@tinyrockyplanet8953 Some people think that just because you have the chromosomes of one sex means that you will 100% develop all of those characteristics and be 100% that sex. I just used phenotypes to mean the expressed characteristics that can be observed. If it had another meaning, I didn’t mean it that way (and I doubt that’s how it was meant when I learnt about it in college). What I’m basically trying to say is that there have been cases where people have XX and develop male physical characteristics indistinguishable from XY males and vice versa. But since it seems to have no impact on development, nobody really tests for it so we don’t know how prevalent have genes of the opposite sex is.
Why are you spreading misinformation? The scenarios you are describing are called srY detachment and/or deletion, and it can absolutely have ramifications.
@@cmh19xx The last time I heard about it was on a science related channel, where they said what I said. The only times I’ve heard anything about it being false have been when it comes to anti-LGBTQ people, so naturally I dismissed them, assuming that they were just looking for another avenue to be hateful. I’ll look into it more before saying it again.
@@TheKasimkageThats very true what you are saying but some moronic DNA testing companies dont understand that and refuse performing genetic tests-their statement"Women dont have Y chromosome". Also Pulaski turned out to be genetic woman.
Imagine if human sex was determined by temperature. Doctor: Would you like a male or female child? Mother: Male, please. Doctor: Sure thing. [turns on the heater to 85 degrees] It'll be uncomfortably warm, but you will get a male child.
I had a female “friend” in high school who would always bring up how the Y chromosome is disappearing and soon all men would be gone. And yes, she was the kind of girl who constantly complained about how single she was.
Two other interesting genetic setups are 1) several aquatic creatures change sex when needed, like Clownfish where each school is headed by a matriarch. When she dies the dominant male changes to female and takes her place. And 2) Some reptiles reproduce without contributions from a partner. Mourning Geckos are especially known for this as there are no males at all. The gecko reproduces by Parthenogenesis. It's been seen in some other lizards and some snakes. This is why I love science! There are so many variables and permutations. It never gets boring!
Fun fact, if a XY human is missing the SRY gene they develop as a female and they are able to give birth, completely indistinguishable form other XX females However if an XX human gains the SRY gene they develop as a male however they are infertile because the production of sperm is encoded in different genes within the Y chromosome, which they don't have. EDIT: There seems to be some confusion, XY humans who lack an SRY gene are not hermaphrodites, transgendered, futanari etc. They are indistinguishable from XX females, your own mother could be XY and you would never find out unless she got a DNA test. This is because all the information to become a women is in their X chromosome.
I didn’t know that there were intersex people who could reproduce! I’d only learned about the chromosomal combos that result in a sterile person. I love learning.
There's also times when people can have an extra chromosome or have only 1. XXX, XXY, XYY, X, Y. it goes on. It's much more interesting than my catholic school biology class made it out to be
this all gets even more wild when you get into reptile/amphibian reproduction. mourning geckos are almost all female and while they reproduce asexually, if there's more than 1 together they're more likely to lay eggs bc they will sometimes "mate" with each other and trigger each other to begin reproduction. and even though offspring are all technically clones of their mothers, mutations will sometimes create different features and there are rare occasions where they hatch infertile males! listening to reptile experts talk about genetics is always so interesting, nature is seriously so cool!! and the existence of some males along with there being distinct lines of genetic clones within the species implies that they used to reproduce sexually with male + female chromosomes and the male genetics died out (maybe similar to the y chromosome degrading), leading to the remaining females changing how they reproduce! reading about the exact process makes my head spin a bit so i won't try to summarize it as a non-expert but it's worth looking it up if you're interested in stuff like that lol. and this is why though i like mourning geckos i will not get one until i could handle breeding bc they will do it whether i want them to or not lmao!
9:50 - it has to stop recombining because there are 2 sexes but 3 combinations: AA, AB, and BB. There’s a huge pressure on a species to be 50% 50% male/female. So it has to disrupt the usual crossover for things to work?
So basically….the Y chromosome won’t be around forever but will be around for at least many thousands of years because it would take that long for the Y chromosome to evolve smaller and smaller until it disappears.
It's a hypothesis still. The Fragile Y-chromosome hypothesis. There are regions of the Y-chromosome that are very stable but the increase incidence of Y-chromosome aneuploidy might favour the fragmentation of the Y-chromosome in either translocation and fusions or a gene moving off the Y-chromosome. It's just a hypothesis.
Predicting the future of evolution is akin to predicting the weather in 10,000 years for a specific Tuesday. You assumptions will be based in present trends and ignore the factors you cannot predict to come up with possible conclusion based upon present trends. In other words, we don't really know and this conclusion isn't really science.
"Yo doctor I've had 6 girls, I want a boy. Could you help me out?" "Aw-yeah dude. It's gotta be that right nut. See like.... I'm pretty sure the right one makes boys. If we remove the left one, the only option is to have a boy." "Sounds 'bout right."
can we all just agree that the platypus was just some crazy experiment during whatever was involved with creation and it was just so cute they kept it around.
My theory...a duck and a beaver and the nicest nest/lodge and maybe a solar eclipse, lol. Positive vibes from New Hampshire, remember to be kind to each other and yourself during this pandemic and social crisis
"And THEN there are animals that completely throw a wrench into this neat two chromosome system..." -Rose Bear Don't Walk "Ah, if it isn't [the] platypus... What an unexpected surprise... And by 'unexpected', I mean... COMPLETELY EXPECTED!" -Heinz Doofenshmirtz
Yes, it's weird, and you didn't even touch the weirder parts; sequential hermaphrodism, unstable sexes (animals who can change sex during their adult lifetime due to environmental factors), haploid trees (conifers) and ferns, while their "gametes" (spores) are diploid, plants with more than 2 sexes, etc.
Yup, I have even heard of a type of deep ocean mulusc with seven distinct sex chromosomes, and every possible combination expresses different physical traits, only some combinations of which are mutually fertile, and the methods each sex use to have offspring are distinct too
The idea that a species can switch from w to y or vice versa seems a little mysterious to me. For that to happen it would mean that near the changeover point there would be males in the species that have two sly genes on different chromosomes. Yet that system would lead to a sex ratio of three males to one female by binomial distribution. Therefore I can see how quite quickly the w,y phenotype would quickly replace the former single y (y,0) or w (w,0) phenotype. Yet once that breeding population is established, how does it ever get back to a single male sex chromosome through natural selection given the competitive advantage in males of y,w over y,0 or w,0? If the answer is in total sex chromosome degradation, through failure of recombination, then this suggests that the presence of sly on a chromosome must also block recombination. That is something that could easily be tested experimentally with modern molecular biology. I guess other possible explanations are the w,y phenotypes are less fit than their w,0 or y,0 counterparts so this dominates the 3 to 1 ratio ensuring that with time the population settles back to w,0 or y,0 or finally one of the sly genes on the other chrmosome is silenced by epigenetic control?
The system where you get a female after fertilisation by a male is really interesting. It means there is a feedback mechanism on the ratio of males to females, probably leading to some kind of balance . If there are no males, no eggs get fertilised and a lot of new males get born. If there are a lot of males, most eggs get fertilised, leading to more females. I can imagine this being beneficial for the species if there is some kind of external factor that regularly leads to an imbalance in the male to female ratio. Very clever, evolution.
Clown fish are all born male then one becomes the dominant fish in the colony and becomes female. If she dies, another male takes her place complete with sex change. Finding Nemo didn't just have a dad, he had a dad who was transitioning into his mum.
I'm not quite sure of this but I heard that the original creator of the show actually created the song for Perry the Platypus just by going to Wikipedia for platypus and found the 'egg-laying mammals of action' sentence and use it as source of inspiration for the song
It's kind of interesting that the sex of tortoise fetuses can be set by turning a dial on a thermostat. And worrysome as the global "dial" goes up. Male tortoises may become rare and much needed.
I was a reptile breeder for a few years, and it effects many species. If you set the incubator at a certain temperature, you can almost guarantee what the outcome will be. Especially with lizards. But many snakes can be manipulated with temperature.
The theory that the Y chromosome is slowly degrading is pretty old, but I thought more recent research suggested it may not be as unstable as we thought. The fact that most mammals still have this XY configuration suggests to me the Y chromosome may not be doomed. Moreover, if the Y chromosome goes extinct, and other chromosomes take over the role as X and Y chromosome, wouldn't females then be left with just an extra chromosome as well?
Well other animals have different numbers of chromosomes so it really is more an individual species sort of thing and not a "hey they still have a Y going on". The Y chromosome may disappear it may never disappear. I would suspect at some point it was basically another X. The question would be what do the genes on the Y actually do? Are they redundant?
@@ginagetscreative At the moment the Y chromosome isn't redundant, it has some unique genes. You would think that evolution would prevent the loss of these genes, as males without a functioning Y chromosome can't reproduce. But what if the Y chromosome still becomes redundant? Then we may end up with essentially the XX-X sex-determination system. Nature probably finds a way to make that system work as well. Otherwise maybe other chromosomes will take over the role as sex chromosomes, which is quite cool I think.
Also our Y chromosome is still changing and evolving and has changed a lot in the past 1000 year alone. Might go evolution instead of degradation if we are lucky 🤔
And you didn't even get into how the genotype isn't even the end of the story, as the phenotype also depends on the hormones present during development, making it possible to have XX genotype but develop phenotypically male, or vice versa. Or clownfish, that can change during their lifetime if the situation demands it.
I had a snake that was in an enclosure by herself. She was one my favorite animals I had too. After I had her for 3 years, she popped out a complete litter of baby snakes. A real virgin birth and it threw me for a complete loop. Now this is a highly venomous snake and I am the only person that cleans and feeds her. So I'm sure that my wife and kids didnt put her in with a male. I called one of my friends that worked with snakes and probably knows more about snakes then I ever will and this here proves it. I asked him how in the world did my snake get prego man. He said that if a snake wants too, she can pretty much clone herself to give her species a better chance. This happens all the time and it just was the first time it happened to me.
Regarding the part about species naturally transitioning between different sex chromosome models (such as XY to ZW), wouldn't this make them a different species? ...true, they may still have the same physical appearance, but they (the ZW animals) would no longer be able to interbreed with the original (XY) animals. Right?
What makes a species a 'species' is determined by how people decide to catalogue & label them; a system that is changing over time. There are subspecies & even microspecies, depending on what part of taxonomy you look at. In fact, there's a lot of debate about whether the current mainly used taxonomic system should be entirely replaced.
If you take look at bears, brown, polar and both species of black bear can crossbreed and produce healthy offspring. In case of brown x polar this happens in the wild whenever they come in contact and we know that the offspring can reproduce further. Still we consider them separate species. I agree, the species definition isn't as simple as "can they reproduce of not?". However, if two groups CAN'T produce fertile offspring, i would say that it is a pretty strong argument against keeping them in the same species.
she mentions that there's usually a transition period while the switch happens so I assume there must be interbreeding? like the whole species can't just switch to ZW in one go. they still largely serve the same functions so
@@AndreaCrisp there is some speculation that the Red Wolf is really just a misclassified coywolf... That would mean that this hybrid has been around for a very long time.
One thing geneticists have discovered that is really cool is that genes work more like a computer program than a blueprint. With some genes being used over and over like subroutines in a computer program. One example is that the same gene is used to create all bones with knobbed ends from the huge bones in your thighs to the little bones in your fingers. A master control gene tells the bone gene how long to grow. This will make decoding genes far more complicated. As the interactions of when genes turn on and off are controlled by other genes and chemical cues in the biological environment.
I am more fascinated by the switch on/off of the genes. In a sense, it does indicate that we are what we are because some external environmental factor decided which way we must go each time we arrive at a cross-road.
@@meghdiip8503 why do we even have disabled genes when thwy are disabled. Why don't these genes just dissapear? Whats the point of having disabled genes?
The way I understand it they basically switched genders (as it wasn't that dependant on the sex chromosomes). So basically if you have XX male and XX female they get you some more XX children. And if it is XY male and XY female you can have both combinations as I assume YY won't work or be infertile
@@katefletcher5838 not always, that's up to a bunch of other metrics like receptor pathway spread I have XXXY, and my anatomy is mixed - most people with XXY don't get mixed physiology, so it's up to more than genes, but genes play at least some role
I would be surprised if no one ever tried that. There's far too many people who care, far too strongly, about the gender of their children. I would suspect that the results of most such "experiments" were ignored, and the ones that weren't ignored are the reason why that belief eventually died out.
When learning about X and Y chromosomes, we were talking about humans, so I only related it to that. I was surprised to find out later what different animals can have different "letter" chromosomes to determine sex.
@@kdjoshi726 The human sex chromosomes do actually have a bit of an X and Y shape. I saw it on a printout of my father's chromosomes he got after some test. Unless I'm mistaken, I don't think there were altered to look like that. I wonder if the chromosomes that are different letters have those approximate shames.
And this episode doesn't even cover hermaphroditic species or species that change sex over the course of their life, either because of age/size or social interactions. Nor does it cover chromosomal or developmental abnormalities where you've got too many (or not enough) sex chromosomes, or the ones you do have fail to develop normally. Sex determination is like color theory, as you learn more it alternates between seeming simple and impossibly complex 8)
Sex determination CAN be changeable, but I would hesitate to say this means it WILL change. The fact that all ants bees and wasps utilize haplodiploidy means their common ancestor probably did too; in the case of hymenoptera this means no change in sex determination from haplodiploidy for at least 200 million years. Funny though; last common ancestor of humans and the platypus also lived around 200 million years ago.
This is why science is what I choose to live by. Science is fluid, not rigid. When the information changes, the conclusions change. Basic, simple logic that works very well. Tangible things that can be tested and real world results that can be confirmed.
Wouldn't the fact that those Japanese frogs have different sex chromosomes prevent them from bearing fertile offspring, meaning they aren't the same species?
I'd guess they're closely related species with a known evolution history determined by geography, but sorting species out is complicated and stuff so idk
Species defined that way doesn't always work. Ring species are an example of how this definition breaks down. To put it simply, lets say we have five groups of animals A, B, C, D, and E. A and B can breed and have viable offspring. Same with B and C, C and D and finally D and E. However A and E can't breed with one another. If species is only determined by if they can breed with one another, are A and E the same species? You can argue both ways for this. There are a group of salamanders in California that are a ring species. There appears to be over a dozen other examples as well. Nature is very rarely cut and dry. Especially when it comes to life.
Fun fact: Y chromosome is not the real gene that creates a man, it is a gene called the Sry gene that makes a man which is normally located on the Y chromosome. As long as a fetus has the sry-gene and it is fully activated, then it will almost certainly 100% grow into a body with male gonads even if there is no Y chromosome.
Very interesting. I really enjoyed the host’s very professional presentation style. A lot of hosts on this channel talk way too fast. She was just the right speed. Thx. 👏👏👏
That picture of the little platypuses made me "awww" out loud. They're so adorable. I love them. Also. You said it well. Of course platypuses have to do something different. They are a unique animal.
@@OutandAboutwithTrev I know they have poison from a spike in the back of their feet or something if I remember correctly. I'm not positive where. I also think only the males have it, so 50/50 shot if I'm not wrong. I do think they are rather chill animals, though. If you are handling it correctly, you don't really have anything to worry about. Plus, that doesn't change the fact that they're adorable.
Worth noting! XYs don't always produce sperm in humans; some XY people have CAIS, which means they are completely unresponsive to androgens. This causes them to develop essentially as infertile women, with undeveloped male proto-organs. But yeah, the vast majority end-up as sperm-producing males.
Exactly, evolution is so random, if it’s a negative trait it won’t exist but if it’s neutral trait it will just stay and linger. Same with a positive trait but it will benefit. It’s very similar to the bacteria in our bodies!
The one for bees makes so much sense based on how the colony works. The Queen is the essential bee and she can create an entire hive on her own. First she makes the male bees and when they mate with her she can produce all of the female workers bees. Then the amount the bees are fed determines their size and role in the colony. Pretty crazy. A little bit gross, but the also don't seem to have so many mutations and genetic abnormalities as humans do. They can perpetuate the species without seeking varied genetic material. Humans on the other hand are designed to find mating with family disgusting and that is how we protect offspring from coming out all messed up. Like that king of Spain, Leopold?
the queen bee doesn't mate with her "sons" Typically before setting up a hive the in mating season. A winged female (Queen) will be pursued by winged males "drones" from different hives. If i remember correctly one or more will mate with the female and obviously they'll die. She will land, lose her wings and set up shop for the hive. She can retain enough genetic material to basically be pregnant for the rest of her natural life. The later production of drones is for the next mating season, and if she produces drones too early they'll be forced out or killed by the workers. They have no other purpose other than mating and can't even eat on their own. Another queen produced by her own mother won't usually be fertilized by drones in her nascent hive because that would be competitive and her "aunts" would either kill the offspring and/or the birthed queen.
I’m glad she continuously used the phrase ”scientists think…..” to explain their conclusions of what happened so that the listener realizes that these are just theories.
well yeah, any scientific conclusion is going to be what scientists think, until they do more research, and come to more conclusions, which again is what "scientists think". That's what science is.
Many people will take what is said at it’s face value even with such vague and uncertain language. It’s like propaganda to support some ideological fantasy.
Science has nothing higher than a theory. A scientific theory is not an idea or a hunch, it is a our best workable model that explains observed phenomena and provides predictability. More observations or information may and does change the prevailing theory. Real science is not set in stone. It's recursive in nature.
Can you do a video about Crohn’s disease? It’s looked over so often and I’d love to here more about it. (I was diagnosed with CD in 2018 and I’m still learning about it)
Oof, what I know of it comes from TV and a few games so I don’t know much, but from what I do know is it’s bad. (if it wasn’t the story writers making it worse than it really is to make the story more interesting at least) I hope you’re doing ok
...what I’m hearing is a narrow hypothesis... Ignoring the fact that Humanity as a whole is evolutionary trending towards smaller more efficient organs and traits, (and the potential connections with human domestication theory.) The statement that all Y Chromosome will disappear from the planetary genetic pool in its entirety at some point, is the equivalent to suggesting that the W, Z or X Chromosomes will disappear, or that all species will move to using the same system. No chromosome system type has a clearly disenable (and proven) superiority over any other type, and thus claiming that one will eventually reach ‘global dominance’ and replace the others is inaccurate. Between epigenetics and random mutation, tomorrow a blue hair, green skinned, 3rd sex child might be born. Currently claims that people ‘understand’ genetics to the point definitive statements can be made, are near criminally misleading. A better title would be ‘Humans might not use the Y chromosome forever (but it they don’t it might come back)’ with an emphasis that it MIGHT happen, and that these are relatively new theory’s that might be wildly inaccurate.
The biology prof I had in university told us of a member of his army unit who had fathered 7 daughters, no sons. During the analysis conducted to help produce a son, they discovered he was genetically female, though physically and fully functionally male, save for the lack of a son.
What syndrome are you referring to?! XX Male syndrome males exist but are reportedly all sterile. Just curious if maybe an un-sterile one exists or if that has been reported. (They have the SRY gene on one of the X chromosomes from a crossing over event, so are phenotypically more male than female).
@@sliglusamelius8578 There are at least cases of intratesticular spermatogenesis in XX males, so I wouldn't be surprised to find out there's one or two cases like this. With a purported incidence of 1:20,000, it wouldn't be too far-fetched.
I'd be willing to bet those girls weren't biologically his. Especially since anyone born with this condition is sterile. I'd like to know how long it took for his wife to become pregnant, too. She may have known something was up and got desperate for a child.
I could have sworn there was a study years ago that debunked the idea that the way why chromosome degraded like they thought? I remember it saying that it was more resilient than they had thought and robust error correction systems prevented such degradation.
@@nolandoehass1276 I was listening for the politics, but I never really heard it. After all, one of the main points I picked up was there IS a difference between sperm makers and egg makers, no matter how they form. Plus the fact that she didn’t make it sound like IF the Y chromosome disappeared that would mean men would too. In fact, she made it sound more like, if the Y chromosome did degrade enough, some other factor would take over. On top of that, she did say these things take a long time. In evolution, that means hundreds of thousands of years at least. By that time, the original species would be different. Because if it was the same, then the genome would be very similar and if it has lost a chromosome, or used a different set of genes to conduct the same process, then it can not be the same.
@Robert Brown Considering what passes for faux-women now, don't bet on it. Still, it's a good reason to send your sperm bank deposit through the microwave.
Why do your SciShow (and many other voice-edited videos) almost cut out any pause? It is audible, but that is OK, the problem is that it is hard to listen to and understand when there are no breaks, no pauses.
"Sex that develops based on temperature"
This gives a whole new meaning to "You're hot" and "We're cool"
And extinction by global warming.
Lmao
That’s how turtles 🐢 sex is determined
@@jordanmacleod3688 A naturalist: "Cool Dudes" and "Hot Chicks."---good way to remember. I think crocodilians are the opposite.
@@elultimo102 I thi k they're the same from what I remember cooler makes females
i swear, platypus was just a beta test enviroment for random traits, that somehow made it to live build by mistake.
Nature is fond of good enough not survival of the fittest. Its more survival of good enough to make it to reproducing. And all the wacky stuff that can happen def help there chance. You can rn have human s that are XY, XX, X, XYY... we already got weird in humans.
@@iciajay6891 Yeah.. being able to reproduce in high enough numbers means this version of the animal is the version that fits the best into it's niche. Which survival of the fittest means.
@@iciajay6891 Nah nature typically takes the easiest route of whatever just works. Futanari on the raise!
@@iciajay6891 Yes. Darwin is a tough teach, but most of his tests are "pass/fail."
@@iciajay6891 yes and this doesn't account for those who have XY but with a random or rare mutation. Even XY "egg producers"
My Y chromosome isn't small. It was just cold, that's all.
Nah it was dry didn't you read aristotle
LOL. How rude! :-)
u mean u r a reptile?
Wow... ^^ don't think they got the joke...
It was in the pool?
"On top of being semi-aquatic, egg-laying mammals of action..." is a nice little Perry the Platypus easter egg you laid there ❤️
Traveling ten thousand years in the future would be fascinating. Traveling ten million years in the future would be terrifying
Right now, I think about 100 years would be more than I could stomach!
@@danielharvison7510 yep. With political correctness and so on.
@@SeanKula Certainly not. It's the resurgence of the drums of war, hate and intolerance that alarms me. More division, more hostility, more people in need. Disaster that can only be averted by united action, and that's not something that we humans do well. That's what concerns me.
There's far more to fear than being told to "mind your manners" online.
Back in the day, you didn't have to be told to show basic courtesy to people you've never met. The advent of online anonymity seems to have destroyed that.
@@danielharvison7510 yeah i wonder who's driving the division, certainly not the people whose modus operandi is to browbeat others into submission for being to the right of stalin
@@windumaster14 Yeah, look, if you're only looking at these events through a political prism and by taking sides in pointless, partisan conflict, you're making it worse. Burying the hatchet is an essential part of making peace. Can't do it without it.
Bold of everyone to assume we'll still be human as we know it by that time
im pretty shure removing that last chromosome leads to downs syndrome
@@charlesballiet7074 Down Syndrome comes from a having an extra copy of the chromosome 21. You’re right that it’s a chromosomal abnormality that causes it though.
Why wouldn't we be humans?
Condoms stopped evolution.
@@TehMorbidAtheist Nothing stops natural selection...
@@Drexistential Modern medicine does, to an extent. People that would’ve died before they had the chance to have children and were saved by technology.
He’s a semiaquatic
egg laying mammal of action
He's a furry little flatfoot
Who never flinched
From a fra-ee-ay-ee-ay
He's got more than just mad skill
He's got a beaver tail and bill
And the women swoon
Whenever they hear him say
ADRDRDRDRDRRD
He's Perry, Perry the platypus
PERRY, PERRY THE PLATYPUS
TALKING 'BOUT PERRY
Aaagent P....
CALL HIM AGENT P!
Doo be doo be doo ba, doo be doo be doo...
The show got the color platypus appear under a uv light correct too!
The video mentioned in the title starts from 8:00
Thank you very much ❤️
Is that how long it took for her to her to explain how she was using male and female to avoid hurting feelings?
@@jesuslikedpie till 8 minutes she was explaining how is sex determined in humans and animals.
Underrated comment
Thank you kind human ☺️
@@EvanFerrao I’m part of the lgbt community. Why should this offend me/us, exactly? Also find a new joke
I'm surprised they didn't talk about animals like clownfish who can change sex on the fly. IIRC If the female dies, the male changes into a female
Nemo's Dad would have been Nemo's (new) Mom!
I thought they'd go there too, but ... do we know how they do it? Without that, not sure it belongs here (though something's niggling in my brain that they mentioned a species without an explanation for how :-\)
@@RNCHFND Depends where you apply the lipstick to pucker up. ;-)
Probably need some additional, uh, jewellery shall we call it?!?!
We do have humans that are XYY and X rn and ppl wrist 2 types of DNA ( chimerias) over 30 ( so far) types of intersex. I guess this is just the extention of the possibilities. We already get more them 50% DNA from our mother's. So the female body does not reject the fetus if it changes to male ( all fetuses are tech female, the male will change if the sperm carried the info to be male). Anyway, it is already skews to the female side.
@@rickseiden1 more like nemo's new wife....if we're being real...
I remember hearing once that “if there is one thing the history of evolution has taught us it's that life will not be contained. Life breaks free, it expands to new territories and crashes through barriers, painfully, maybe even dangerously, but, well, there it is.”
knew it was jurassic park
I love Jeff Goldblum lol
LOL
"Life uh, uh, uh, finds a **way**"
Yes, but evolution is a predictable random process.
If it's useless? Lose it.
If it serves a function like mating purposes, and/or survival purposes. Then expand upon it.
Evolution of gender was based on survival, and use mainly.
Survival of the species more than anything.
How the gender acts, and looks is based on mating preferences.
With those evolution of how a gender looks, and behaves is also done by evolution.
This can be apply to humans as well.
The issue with the fragile Y hypothesis is that it assumes that there haven't been emergent factors that have given Y chromosomes stability. The Y chromosome degrades over generations, not over time, and so the presence of the Y chromosome in so many animals who should have run into the same issue by this point tells us that the fragile Y hypothesis is a question looking for an answer.
ya hear that lads? we're saved!
@@6Sparx9 She explained that if the y chromozone no longer existed there would be another sex determiner, so we lads were never going anywhere anyway 👍
Are you saying you don’t trust science!? REEEEEE!!!!
@@HishighnessMrL Yes but would a male have the same traits as they do now? Men have a higher muscle density, larger brain volume, ect...
That's the sort of question that would take years of research to find the answer to heck some unknown lab is probably doing research into the subject as we speak. So of course this random guy on the internet could definitely not give you a reliable answer but hey males would still exist yey 🙂
I love that you put the sources in the description. Very few people do.
That "which testicle it came from idea" is actually really clever, I kinda wish they were right about it, it would make science funnier
Like a faucet with separate hot and cold water taps.
It would make gender-reveal party fireworks much worse though.
Ancient scientists would put a group of males with both testis in 1 group as a control and have 2 other groups. One that was castrated on left and one on right to find out.
@@yoface938 That was my first thought. Henry VIII would've had 1 fewer ball and 5 fewer wives.
@@TakaComics congratulations!!! It’s a left nut
Are we certain that the platypus wasn't dropped here by some alien civilization just to troll us?
Interesting - I always thought it was the Octopus was the alien pet left behind!
Nah, alien prank was actually how the Cambrian explosion happened, true fact
That, and other weird critters would actually make some kind of sense. I blame Javik from Mass Effect 3, also for other weird animals like...those things...and those other things.
Alright, Platypi are really quite weird. But we've also got Wombats and Koalas, right? And Kangaroos!
Are we certain all life wasnt?
Best comment of the week for me lol it’s thee weirdest mammal that lays eggs and carry’s venom as well as many other traits that most mammals don’t have . They actually have the same hunting senses as a shark !!
Genome: let’s get rid of this chromosome
Me: Y?
Thank you, I’ll see myself out.
I love this comment so much.
LMAO
nono, don't. good joke.
I laughed .. really I did.
👏
You did a great job explaining. Any person on the street would understand. Your amazing
There is another interesting species that has lost the Y chromosome in males known as the Amami spiny rat. Of course they have a different sex determining factor in place in the absence of SRY from the Y chromosome.
In males there is a gene that turns on zinc finger proteins in order to turn the undifferentiated gonads into testes.
The last part was hot. :)
@@nilo70 you like the sound of those zinc fingers? 😏
there wont be such change on humans, our “Darwinistic natural selection” is considerably slowed by globalization, losing Y chromosome is neither completely beneficial nor determinant to modern survival, we wont be mutating anything like these examples in the video
why for millions of years that have never happened to any Apes but we Homo Sapiens will? this is delusion
@@arsgoeboy if only Mr Bennett used a Y, then they would have had a son for the estate to pass onto, and his wife would not have demanded a marriage.
Yet another lost the Y in just the last few generations. They now determine sex based on how badly they want to be trendy.
Scientist: "At last! A simple system that explains sex determination."
Evolution: "Laughs in biology"
What are you talking about? Science has killed the theory of evolution. That’s all it has ever been, a theory, not proven fact. The truth is, Ezekiel 37 was fulfilled in 1948 when Israel became a nation in one day. The next two chapters are coming after the rapture of the church. Believe Jesus died for your sins and God raised Him up on the third day, just as you will be raised up on the day of the rapture when the dead in Christ rise first then we who are alive and remain will be caught up with them in the clouds. We are the fig tree generation which means we are the rapture generation, started 73 years ago, the generation is almost up, we’re going home soon.
@@savedbygrace2940 what do you mean the theory of evolution is one the most tested and concrete scientific theories out there. You probably don't understand that to be a theory in science it has to prove things by itself it should be able to predict what will happen and it has time and time again. Spontaneous speciation has been observed countless times evolution predicts that that should happen and it did. Theory's are tested and remade based on the accuracy of their predictions. It's adapted a bit since Darwin's time yes but that doesn't mean science killed it. It's still one of the most well tested and most believed theory's out there if you don't believe evolution I worry for your critical thinking skills we have over 50 years of good solid data backing up evolution.
@@savedbygrace2940
What are you smoking? Evolution is very much proven.. but blabber on all you like if it makes you feel smart..
@@coldfire774 There are different descriptions of evolution, I am not disputing genetic changes and adaptions to the environment. I am disputing macroevolution which is not a proven theory. With speciation they separate into groups adapted to different environments, but overall they are still the same kind. Take the finches for example, they are still finches, and beyond that they are still birds. We find a variety within a kind, but we have never observed one kind become another. And the fossil record and living biodiversity don’t have any indication of transition stages of features, we see fully formed features like feathers and wings, very complex structures. Tell me why all fossils are already fully formed creatures, and there are no living organisms with almost functional features. All observed genetic advantages gained, suited to a certain environment, are degraded genes that change a feature. Like a long beak gene breaking and causing a shorter, stronger beak that can break harder seeds. And God designed every living thing for more or less the same environment(Earth), so for things that need the same kind of function, there is no need to invent entirely new code for those structures. That is the reason for so much similarity within dna, codons make peptide sequences, most of the sequences necessary for life are the same. Then there are genes that code for inheritable features. Mammals have bones and skin, muscles and so on. Each are similar, but slightly different, the dna would be mostly the same but a little different. Same designer, not common ancestors.
@@savedbygrace2940 what about the boney fish (no not dolphins and whales) they are technically "mammals" genetically but tell me a lung fish is the same "kind" as a horse and you've gone off your rocker. And yes we do notice in- between stages in the fossil record especially the transfer from cartilaginous fish to terrestrial animals. A lot of the work done now is done using genetics as a basis so I'd really recommend looking into that because the connections we have made go counter to what you'd initially expect but they are fascinating.
So, maybe Aristotle wasn’t entirely wrong, he just had the wrong species…
Or humans used to be sex determined by wetness and temp?
And that things just changed. New DNA from a virus infection and that DNA stuck around, so our current y chromosome is from virus reproduction DNA?
@@davidbass6780 lol sure all that happened in a few thousand years
Or, maybe, he was a turtle
@@ssgoko88 why can't it? Only takes one mutation, then for the numbers of said people with mutation to grow.
Then all you need is for the change to just stick around. And with the many world wars and general killing of humans that settled on islands and other places to add to the ownership of another country. It's plausible that ability to determine sex based on wetness and temp is just simply dormant now? Especially since another species does currently have what seems to be a missing sex chromosome. So temp and wetness could be a backup in most species?
@@davidbass6780 the problem with it mate...for that thing random mutation to happen and affect us as a whole species, it need to happen simultaniously with the same pattern & route, so its not random anymore right?
Why? Because even in 4000 years ago, human population already spread all around the world. So a single random change to someone in one part of the world wont change much and can easily get 'normalized' again by reproducing with most normal individual which for sure has more amount and more chance to spread their 'normal' unmutated gene, hence get rid of the said random mutation.
For your scenario to happen, it need to be happen way earlier, where a whole human soecies is only newly emerge hence only has 1 variation and small amount of population, or the said mutation happen all at once, in every corner of the world, and happen to most population. Which is by definition is not so random anymore.
There are also cases where XX humans develop male phenotypes and XY humans develop female phenotypes. I think because it doesn’t really show any negative affect, there’s no real need to test for it so nobody knows how common it is, just that it is a possibility.
@@tinyrockyplanet8953 Some people think that just because you have the chromosomes of one sex means that you will 100% develop all of those characteristics and be 100% that sex. I just used phenotypes to mean the expressed characteristics that can be observed. If it had another meaning, I didn’t mean it that way (and I doubt that’s how it was meant when I learnt about it in college).
What I’m basically trying to say is that there have been cases where people have XX and develop male physical characteristics indistinguishable from XY males and vice versa. But since it seems to have no impact on development, nobody really tests for it so we don’t know how prevalent have genes of the opposite sex is.
Why are you spreading misinformation? The scenarios you are describing are called srY detachment and/or deletion, and it can absolutely have ramifications.
@@cmh19xx The last time I heard about it was on a science related channel, where they said what I said. The only times I’ve heard anything about it being false have been when it comes to anti-LGBTQ people, so naturally I dismissed them, assuming that they were just looking for another avenue to be hateful. I’ll look into it more before saying it again.
@@TheKasimkageThats very true what you are saying but some moronic DNA testing companies dont understand that and refuse performing genetic tests-their statement"Women dont have Y chromosome".
Also Pulaski turned out to be genetic woman.
@@vyor8837infertility yes and disphoria yes
Imagine if human sex was determined by temperature.
Doctor: Would you like a male or female child?
Mother: Male, please.
Doctor: Sure thing. [turns on the heater to 85 degrees] It'll be uncomfortably warm, but you will get a male child.
Ah yes, baking a child
why are they having sex in the doctors office
@@landawille7088 hmmmmm nice smell
@@landawille7088 like mum said when you were 4
Is this actually possible, and if so, is it practical?
A platypus, something that god decided to make instead of a griffon. God: Hmm, eagle/lion... Naw let's just make Duck/beaver.
If God gives us Griffons, it's all over for y'all.
True!
/snake
That sweats milk.
@@dinosore4782 He's very real. Here's proof: th-cam.com/video/MAkUa5Cz1Ok/w-d-xo.html
I had a female “friend” in high school who would always bring up how the Y chromosome is disappearing and soon all men would be gone. And yes, she was the kind of girl who constantly complained about how single she was.
She seems cool
@@DagazsYT I certainly thought so at the time
So an incel?
Lmao
@والد الهندوس That was the joke
Pseudo-feminists gonna quote this so so much!
Two other interesting genetic setups are 1) several aquatic creatures change sex when needed, like Clownfish where each school is headed by a matriarch. When she dies the dominant male changes to female and takes her place. And 2) Some reptiles reproduce without contributions from a partner. Mourning Geckos are especially known for this as there are no males at all. The gecko reproduces by Parthenogenesis. It's been seen in some other lizards and some snakes. This is why I love science! There are so many variables and permutations. It never gets boring!
I've read about cases of sharks reproducing by parthenogenesis as well.
Complexity makes this an extremely difficult human ability to perfect.
Not for clownfish tho
1) isn't that's what oysters & mussels do too?
@@mattbosley3531 Aren't sharks intersex tho?
Now we know why Marlin was trying to Find Nemo!
"Life uh...finds a way"
No scientist mess with the human DNA
For humanity it simply means our species will end
Nice reference!
@@SirNeutral some species can change sex, humans and most mammals can't
Needs more "uh"s
Fun fact, if a XY human is missing the SRY gene they develop as a female and they are able to give birth, completely indistinguishable form other XX females
However if an XX human gains the SRY gene they develop as a male however they are infertile because the production of sperm is encoded in different genes within the Y chromosome, which they don't have.
EDIT: There seems to be some confusion, XY humans who lack an SRY gene are not hermaphrodites, transgendered, futanari etc.
They are indistinguishable from XX females, your own mother could be XY and you would never find out unless she got a DNA test. This is because all the information to become a women is in their X chromosome.
Futanari on the raise!
@@BLOODKINGbro hot
I didn’t know that there were intersex people who could reproduce! I’d only learned about the chromosomal combos that result in a sterile person. I love learning.
There's also times when people can have an extra chromosome or have only 1. XXX, XXY, XYY, X, Y. it goes on.
It's much more interesting than my catholic school biology class made it out to be
Yup! I loved sci shows "there are 24+ biological sexes" video.
Humans are fascinating!!
She owes me a coke... When the platypus popped up, we both said "Of course" at the same time... I said jinx first haha
As someone with two Y chromosomes, genetics and it’s variation across animal species never ceases to amaze me.
Does that make you a super male?
@@TheRealMooHamHead69420 Exactly! I am a god amongst men...
Couple: "What's the gender doc?"
Doctor: ...
"Chad."
Couple: 👁👄👁
That's bad luck man, I hope you haven't had to struggle too much. It's like rolling the dice.
Do you mean XYY? I don't think you could even properly develop into a human without an X.
Of course the platypus would be a maverick.
Cant trust em'
@@BadCookWhoJudgesChefs Google doesn't think the comment is English lol. When I clicked "translate to English" it changed to "Can't trust me" lmao.
@@madcheshire240 i just did that as well lol
@@madcheshire240 no puedes tenerles confianza.
X: Did someone say "maverick"?!
this all gets even more wild when you get into reptile/amphibian reproduction. mourning geckos are almost all female and while they reproduce asexually, if there's more than 1 together they're more likely to lay eggs bc they will sometimes "mate" with each other and trigger each other to begin reproduction. and even though offspring are all technically clones of their mothers, mutations will sometimes create different features and there are rare occasions where they hatch infertile males! listening to reptile experts talk about genetics is always so interesting, nature is seriously so cool!! and the existence of some males along with there being distinct lines of genetic clones within the species implies that they used to reproduce sexually with male + female chromosomes and the male genetics died out (maybe similar to the y chromosome degrading), leading to the remaining females changing how they reproduce! reading about the exact process makes my head spin a bit so i won't try to summarize it as a non-expert but it's worth looking it up if you're interested in stuff like that lol. and this is why though i like mourning geckos i will not get one until i could handle breeding bc they will do it whether i want them to or not lmao!
amazing
I want to clone myself like a mourning gecko...
@@raincandy1653 why 😳
@@animeluver22113 bc that sounds less painful and dangerous than childbirth
@@raincandy1653 artificial wombs will solve that
9:50 - it has to stop recombining because there are 2 sexes but 3 combinations: AA, AB, and BB. There’s a huge pressure on a species to be 50% 50% male/female. So it has to disrupt the usual crossover for things to work?
So basically….the Y chromosome won’t be around forever but will be around for at least many thousands of years because it would take that long for the Y chromosome to evolve smaller and smaller until it disappears.
It's a hypothesis still. The Fragile Y-chromosome hypothesis. There are regions of the Y-chromosome that are very stable but the increase incidence of Y-chromosome aneuploidy might favour the fragmentation of the Y-chromosome in either translocation and fusions or a gene moving off the Y-chromosome. It's just a hypothesis.
Human will most likely evolve by that point and we would be considered not modern anymore.
More like millions of years, by which point 'we' won't be homo sapiens anymore anyway.
Predicting the future of evolution is akin to predicting the weather in 10,000 years for a specific Tuesday. You assumptions will be based in present trends and ignore the factors you cannot predict to come up with possible conclusion based upon present trends.
In other words, we don't really know and this conclusion isn't really science.
@@Casanuda yup who knows what the coivd vaccine will do to our dna. I got it and now I can move things with my mind.
Y chromosome is not small, it's definitely average size
y-yeah.. its quite average- actually a little large actually... very large...
my y chromosome isnt small, i just took a cold shower
@@lily_lotus_queen clearly u did not grasp the reference
@@benjaminmathew289 Pokemon X and Y?
@@NaraOfCambodia 💀nah
"Yo doctor I've had 6 girls, I want a boy. Could you help me out?"
"Aw-yeah dude. It's gotta be that right nut. See like.... I'm pretty sure the right one makes boys. If we remove the left one, the only option is to have a boy."
"Sounds 'bout right."
Some people actually did that in the 9th-11th centuries
@@thelordnaevis4946 Did it work?
@@captainclarky5352 obviously *not*
I hope the guy didn't try to rubber band his left testicle a month before procreating
his wife is like "wtf is this blue ball !?"
My left or your left, doc?
Oh dear!!! I hope that never happens during my lifetime!! Men are such majestic creatures! I love men!
Thank you
can we all just agree that the platypus was just some crazy experiment during whatever was involved with creation and it was just so cute they kept it around.
My theory...a duck and a beaver and the nicest nest/lodge and maybe a solar eclipse, lol.
Positive vibes from New Hampshire, remember to be kind to each other and yourself during this pandemic and social crisis
I concur. Now I want one. I’ll have it be my support animal.
Why would an omniscient god need to experiment?
@@dionysusnow that might be a silly question.
Imagine that. God talk on the scishow
"And THEN there are animals that completely throw a wrench into this neat two chromosome system..."
-Rose Bear Don't Walk
"Ah, if it isn't [the] platypus... What an unexpected surprise... And by 'unexpected', I mean...
COMPLETELY EXPECTED!"
-Heinz Doofenshmirtz
Yes, it's weird, and you didn't even touch the weirder parts; sequential hermaphrodism, unstable sexes (animals who can change sex during their adult lifetime due to environmental factors), haploid trees (conifers) and ferns, while their "gametes" (spores) are diploid, plants with more than 2 sexes, etc.
Hermaphrodites, when an abnormality to a species, is a malformation.
Trees are not animals. That's just not how any of this works.
IKR. I know that some fish species do this.
Yup, I have even heard of a type of deep ocean mulusc with seven distinct sex chromosomes, and every possible combination expresses different physical traits, only some combinations of which are mutually fertile, and the methods each sex use to have offspring are distinct too
Nature is whack
The idea that a species can switch from w to y or vice versa seems a little mysterious to me. For that to happen it would mean that near the changeover point there would be males in the species that have two sly genes on different chromosomes. Yet that system would lead to a sex ratio of three males to one female by binomial distribution. Therefore I can see how quite quickly the w,y phenotype would quickly replace the former single y (y,0) or w (w,0) phenotype. Yet once that breeding population is established, how does it ever get back to a single male sex chromosome through natural selection given the competitive advantage in males of y,w over y,0 or w,0?
If the answer is in total sex chromosome degradation, through failure of recombination, then this suggests that the presence of sly on a chromosome must also block recombination. That is something that could easily be tested experimentally with modern molecular biology.
I guess other possible explanations are the w,y phenotypes are less fit than their w,0 or y,0 counterparts so this dominates the 3 to 1 ratio ensuring that with time the population settles back to w,0 or y,0 or finally one of the sly genes on the other chrmosome is silenced by epigenetic control?
My thoughts exactly
The system where you get a female after fertilisation by a male is really interesting. It means there is a feedback mechanism on the ratio of males to females, probably leading to some kind of balance . If there are no males, no eggs get fertilised and a lot of new males get born. If there are a lot of males, most eggs get fertilised, leading to more females.
I can imagine this being beneficial for the species if there is some kind of external factor that regularly leads to an imbalance in the male to female ratio.
Very clever, evolution.
@Talsong Kingslayer He's talking about bees.
@@victordonchenko4837 we lost source of two only is a water and food source y
It seems throught my life girls were born more than boys still seems this way today at least here in america
@@spfein nah, look at the statistics. More boys than girls are borned.
I can only imagine how bad that would be for us females, as far as how we'd get treated. 😰
"You could talk all day about this kind of thing." Go on, I'm listening. This is fascinating
Clown fish are all born male then one becomes the dominant fish in the colony and becomes female. If she dies, another male takes her place complete with sex change. Finding Nemo didn't just have a dad, he had a dad who was transitioning into his mum.
I'm not studying biology, but I already knew about ZW chromosomes from falling down a Wikipedia rabbit hole about it, bc wow that is so weird and cool
5:37 'egg-laying mammals of action'
I laughed way too hard than i should...
I'm not quite sure of this but I heard that the original creator of the show actually created the song for Perry the Platypus just by going to Wikipedia for platypus and found the 'egg-laying mammals of action' sentence and use it as source of inspiration for the song
Thanks. This was a super interesting video. I sure learned a whole lot today!
It would be interesting to see if ZW-system frogs can still mate with XY-system frogs.
That was my question as well. And would the off spring be XY or ZW?
@@jenitoten2212 or XW
@@jenitoten2212 or ZY
@@jenitoten2212 or XZ
This is a very interesting question
That perry the platypus reference is why I watch this series, informative but willing to make you laugh.
Same
Scrolled down as soon as I saw it to see if anyone else caught that, hah..
Where? I missed it
@@dexterman6361 5:32 , It is perry's theme song.
Hanks shirts make me laugh.
It's kind of interesting that the sex of tortoise fetuses can be set by turning a dial on a thermostat. And worrysome as the global "dial" goes up. Male tortoises may become rare and much needed.
*sigh* There goes the species. Thanks, humanity!
So… just blame globull warming. Dye your hair green. Put on 200 lbs and you’ll become asexual by choice. Good luck with that.
@@davidclaudy4822 I'm not a tortoise.
@@typograf62 Well that’s a relief. With the feet the tortoises have, you’d be awfully talented to text on a phone or type on a keyboard.
I was a reptile breeder for a few years, and it effects many species. If you set the incubator at a certain temperature, you can almost guarantee what the outcome will be. Especially with lizards. But many snakes can be manipulated with temperature.
Imagine being the last guy with an XY chromosome meanwhile, everyone else around you moved to a new sex-determination system
We already do
@@haruhisuzumiya6650lol no
@@haruhisuzumiya6650 No...
The theory that the Y chromosome is slowly degrading is pretty old, but I thought more recent research suggested it may not be as unstable as we thought. The fact that most mammals still have this XY configuration suggests to me the Y chromosome may not be doomed. Moreover, if the Y chromosome goes extinct, and other chromosomes take over the role as X and Y chromosome, wouldn't females then be left with just an extra chromosome as well?
Well other animals have different numbers of chromosomes so it really is more an individual species sort of thing and not a "hey they still have a Y going on". The Y chromosome may disappear it may never disappear. I would suspect at some point it was basically another X. The question would be what do the genes on the Y actually do? Are they redundant?
@@ginagetscreative At the moment the Y chromosome isn't redundant, it has some unique genes. You would think that evolution would prevent the loss of these genes, as males without a functioning Y chromosome can't reproduce. But what if the Y chromosome still becomes redundant? Then we may end up with essentially the XX-X sex-determination system. Nature probably finds a way to make that system work as well. Otherwise maybe other chromosomes will take over the role as sex chromosomes, which is quite cool I think.
Also our Y chromosome is still changing and evolving and has changed a lot in the past 1000 year alone. Might go evolution instead of degradation if we are lucky 🤔
No. The X chromosome is not dependent on the y. The y, however, is dependent on the x
I think if males lost the Y, then every sperm would have an X.
Oh my god you actually threw in a Perry the Platypus reference.
Perry the Platypus?🤠
Where?
@@jamesolelo4406 5:30
Nah dude, the song writer actually took the line from the same wikipedia page of Platypus
And you didn't even get into how the genotype isn't even the end of the story, as the phenotype also depends on the hormones present during development, making it possible to have XX genotype but develop phenotypically male, or vice versa.
Or clownfish, that can change during their lifetime if the situation demands it.
I just wrote a comment about this but I had forgotten the exact species. Thanks!
Trans people!!!
If you told me platypusses can shoot lazers like a kiwi or teleport I would not be surprised
I had a snake that was in an enclosure by herself. She was one my favorite animals I had too. After I had her for 3 years, she popped out a complete litter of baby snakes. A real virgin birth and it threw me for a complete loop. Now this is a highly venomous snake and I am the only person that cleans and feeds her. So I'm sure that my wife and kids didnt put her in with a male. I called one of my friends that worked with snakes and probably knows more about snakes then I ever will and this here proves it. I asked him how in the world did my snake get prego man. He said that if a snake wants too, she can pretty much clone herself to give her species a better chance. This happens all the time and it just was the first time it happened to me.
They didn't call those worms oedipus worms? Missed opportunity there.
Truuuueeee🤣🤣🤣
be the change u want to see in the world u can absolutely just start calling them oedipus worms and maybe it'll catch on
By that logic, there’s be a whole lot of Oedipus animals (clownfish as another example)
@@waterunderthebridge7950 Oedipus was a clown to be fair 🤡 maybe they should be oedipusfish
Hahaha that's hilarious
Regarding the part about species naturally transitioning between different sex chromosome models (such as XY to ZW), wouldn't this make them a different species? ...true, they may still have the same physical appearance, but they (the ZW animals) would no longer be able to interbreed with the original (XY) animals. Right?
What makes a species a 'species' is determined by how people decide to catalogue & label them; a system that is changing over time. There are subspecies & even microspecies, depending on what part of taxonomy you look at. In fact, there's a lot of debate about whether the current mainly used taxonomic system should be entirely replaced.
If you take look at bears, brown, polar and both species of black bear can crossbreed and produce healthy offspring. In case of brown x polar this happens in the wild whenever they come in contact and we know that the offspring can reproduce further. Still we consider them separate species. I agree, the species definition isn't as simple as "can they reproduce of not?". However, if two groups CAN'T produce fertile offspring, i would say that it is a pretty strong argument against keeping them in the same species.
@@mg4361 wolves and coyotes have interbred as well to create a new species, the coywolf.
she mentions that there's usually a transition period while the switch happens so I assume there must be interbreeding? like the whole species can't just switch to ZW in one go. they still largely serve the same functions so
@@AndreaCrisp there is some speculation that the Red Wolf is really just a misclassified coywolf... That would mean that this hybrid has been around for a very long time.
"On top of being semi-aquatic egg-laying mammals of action..." 😯 Quick, somebody tell Dan Povenmire 😁
One thing geneticists have discovered that is really cool is that genes work more like a computer program than a blueprint. With some genes being used over and over like subroutines in a computer program. One example is that the same gene is used to create all bones with knobbed ends from the huge bones in your thighs to the little bones in your fingers. A master control gene tells the bone gene how long to grow. This will make decoding genes far more complicated. As the interactions of when genes turn on and off are controlled by other genes and chemical cues in the biological environment.
I am more fascinated by the switch on/off of the genes. In a sense, it does indicate that we are what we are because some external environmental factor decided which way we must go each time we arrive at a cross-road.
@@meghdiip8503 why do we even have disabled genes when thwy are disabled. Why don't these genes just dissapear? Whats the point of having disabled genes?
8:25 can the northern and southern frogs breed with each other? Should they still be considered the same species?
Such an interesting question and wish they tackled this question. Now I'm curious...
I wonder that as well
The way I understand it they basically switched genders (as it wasn't that dependant on the sex chromosomes). So basically if you have XX male and XX female they get you some more XX children. And if it is XY male and XY female you can have both combinations as I assume YY won't work or be infertile
I've asked this same question of homosapiens and Neanderthal.
Everyone else in my family is beautiful.
My genes: "lets try something different..."
@pavan way to make it dark. Poor Irvine. Just leave him alone.
The environment can effect your your genes react
Brilliantly delivered.
Also there's that part in humans where the SRY can rarely allele-swap during meiosis onto an x chromosome and you get a male with XX.
hey... how is your day going?
Would that lead to decreased reproductive function in the male then? Or possibly display certain female features or some level of hermaphroditism?
@@katefletcher5838 not always, that's up to a bunch of other metrics like receptor pathway spread
I have XXXY, and my anatomy is mixed - most people with XXY don't get mixed physiology, so it's up to more than genes, but genes play at least some role
@@rainjaydd8213 so what type of gamete your body produces if you don't mind me asking.
@@rainjaydd8213 you might have overall male body but with 2 Barr bodies? I'm interested to know about you. Tell me.
So aristotle was sort of right then since in some animals sex can be decided by temperature......
True. He was just talking about the wrong creature. XD
@@moondust2365 And the wrong temperature.
Yeah lots of animals can do that
It's honestly incredible how many scientific predictions Aristotle got wrong. This may be the only thing he ever got kinda right lmao
No. Sex is determined by individual identity and if you disagree you're transphobic.
5:28 A platypus reference?
5:31 A PERRY the platypus reference!?
The Y chromosome had been in effect for many millenniums. I don't think it's going away, not by a long shot.
Indeed, self recombination
Learning from these videos flosses the wrinkles on my brain
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Brain bleeding isn’t good. If your flossing causes that, seek a doctor!
@@colejohnson66 I always thought the warm feeling at the base of my skull was love
Bro thinking of this actually makes me cringe LOL
Imagine having wrinkles in your brain 🤓🤢🤡
2:24 I guess no man wanted to remove one testicle to test the theory
I would be surprised if no one ever tried that. There's far too many people who care, far too strongly, about the gender of their children. I would suspect that the results of most such "experiments" were ignored, and the ones that weren't ignored are the reason why that belief eventually died out.
When learning about X and Y chromosomes, we were talking about humans, so I only related it to that. I was surprised to find out later what different animals can have different "letter" chromosomes to determine sex.
Animals were given the different phenotype letters to distinguish from humans Ig. Or maybe from the whole mammalian criteria
@@kdjoshi726 The human sex chromosomes do actually have a bit of an X and Y shape. I saw it on a printout of my father's chromosomes he got after some test. Unless I'm mistaken, I don't think there were altered to look like that. I wonder if the chromosomes that are different letters have those approximate shames.
Not sure who the host is at the beginning but I love seeing other Indigenous people in the media, especially love the beaded earrings!!
Men are about to go extinct and here you're talking about earrings 😅
That gives a more romantic tone to the phrase "oh sweet summer child.."
And this episode doesn't even cover hermaphroditic species or species that change sex over the course of their life, either because of age/size or social interactions. Nor does it cover chromosomal or developmental abnormalities where you've got too many (or not enough) sex chromosomes, or the ones you do have fail to develop normally.
Sex determination is like color theory, as you learn more it alternates between seeming simple and impossibly complex 8)
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Wow you’re right 💯🤝
That's a different video
Edit: link- th-cam.com/video/kT0HJkr1jj4/w-d-xo.html
Don't forget parthenogenesis! And there are species that can switch back and forth.
Sex determination CAN be changeable, but I would hesitate to say this means it WILL change. The fact that all ants bees and wasps utilize haplodiploidy means their common ancestor probably did too; in the case of hymenoptera this means no change in sex determination from haplodiploidy for at least 200 million years. Funny though; last common ancestor of humans and the platypus also lived around 200 million years ago.
Haven't seen my last X; Oy! That was a mistake (& probly illegal in the state of Georgia).
This is why science is what I choose to live by. Science is fluid, not rigid. When the information changes, the conclusions change. Basic, simple logic that works very well. Tangible things that can be tested and real world results that can be confirmed.
Wouldn't the fact that those Japanese frogs have different sex chromosomes prevent them from bearing fertile offspring, meaning they aren't the same species?
I would also like to know this!
The definition of species is quite a bit more complex than "can they mate".
I'd guess they're closely related species with a known evolution history determined by geography, but sorting species out is complicated and stuff so idk
That may be but if you look up the definition of species they all mention being able to breed and create fertile offspring, so it's pretty integral.
Species defined that way doesn't always work. Ring species are an example of how this definition breaks down.
To put it simply, lets say we have five groups of animals A, B, C, D, and E. A and B can breed and have viable offspring. Same with B and C, C and D and finally D and E. However A and E can't breed with one another. If species is only determined by if they can breed with one another, are A and E the same species?
You can argue both ways for this.
There are a group of salamanders in California that are a ring species. There appears to be over a dozen other examples as well. Nature is very rarely cut and dry. Especially when it comes to life.
5:56, In case you were wondering, the correct plural form of platypus is platypuses and not "platypi"
*Platypeople.
and the correct "where" is were.
@@oatmeal3013 Crap, I always get them mixed up...
Platypussies
@@BanditLeader
do not
Fun fact: Y chromosome is not the real gene that creates a man, it is a gene called the Sry gene that makes a man which is normally located on the Y chromosome.
As long as a fetus has the sry-gene and it is fully activated, then it will almost certainly 100% grow into a body with male gonads even if there is no Y chromosome.
So can an XY be a girl if there's no sry gene?
She literally mentioned the SRY gene
Ur not a real man u dont have xy chromosomes / j
Chromosomes aren't genes, they just contain them.
Useful info. Thanks.
Very interesting. I really enjoyed the host’s very professional presentation style. A lot of hosts on this channel talk way too fast. She was just the right speed. Thx. 👏👏👏
5:42 platypuses are "mammals of action"?
That's the best thing I've heard all day.
@@hughdongnomy pass
That picture of the little platypuses made me "awww" out loud. They're so adorable. I love them.
Also. You said it well. Of course platypuses have to do something different. They are a unique animal.
You realise the Platypus can kill you....really.....
@@OutandAboutwithTrev I know they have poison from a spike in the back of their feet or something if I remember correctly. I'm not positive where. I also think only the males have it, so 50/50 shot if I'm not wrong. I do think they are rather chill animals, though. If you are handling it correctly, you don't really have anything to worry about. Plus, that doesn't change the fact that they're adorable.
That’s it boys. We’re a dying breed. Together we gotta hold out yo
I searched this up and found the answer in 10 seconds, but thank you for giving me the idea to search it up
I recently saw an article about a shark birth in a tank with all females. I'm not sure but I think that is somehow relevant to this.
oh, if that happens it's pathogenesis, go search it up
Worth noting! XYs don't always produce sperm in humans; some XY people have CAIS, which means they are completely unresponsive to androgens. This causes them to develop essentially as infertile women, with undeveloped male proto-organs. But yeah, the vast majority end-up as sperm-producing males.
Yes! Would've loved to see this mentioned in the video as a side note.
what is the percentage of people actually developing that?
Not always infertile. At least one xy woman has had a healthy child
@@CorbiniteVids Fascinating! Do you have a link to a story about her?
What would be interesting is whether that xy woman is more or less likely to identify as a male (transgender)
a bonus butt fact at the end of every episode? Who can say no to that!!?
I read your comment just as she said that lmao
Aristotle out here making people think a dude had game if they popped out only daughters lmfao
I love the way nature just doesn’t give a damn about our definitions and taxonomies. We’re listening to pop music and it’s off playing jazz.
For real. I feel like it's human nature to want to quantify our environment in simple terms with simple rules, but biology is anything but simple!
Existence is chaos, we are the only species that maintain order and control to make us feel that we have purpose and meaning…
Exactly, evolution is so random, if it’s a negative trait it won’t exist but if it’s neutral trait it will just stay and linger. Same with a positive trait but it will benefit. It’s very similar to the bacteria in our bodies!
It's not like we are making up rules, we are just going by what we observe.
And I love your description
5:32 “of action” nod to Perry the Platypus 🤣👍👍
Monotemes have 10 sex Chromosome. You go Perry
The one for bees makes so much sense based on how the colony works.
The Queen is the essential bee and she can create an entire hive on her own. First she makes the male bees and when they mate with her she can produce all of the female workers bees. Then the amount the bees are fed determines their size and role in the colony. Pretty crazy. A little bit gross, but the also don't seem to have so many mutations and genetic abnormalities as humans do. They can perpetuate the species without seeking varied genetic material. Humans on the other hand are designed to find mating with family disgusting and that is how we protect offspring from coming out all messed up. Like that king of Spain, Leopold?
the queen bee doesn't mate with her "sons" Typically before setting up a hive the in mating season. A winged female (Queen) will be pursued by winged males "drones" from different hives. If i remember correctly one or more will mate with the female and obviously they'll die. She will land, lose her wings and set up shop for the hive. She can retain enough genetic material to basically be pregnant for the rest of her natural life. The later production of drones is for the next mating season, and if she produces drones too early they'll be forced out or killed by the workers. They have no other purpose other than mating and can't even eat on their own. Another queen produced by her own mother won't usually be fertilized by drones in her nascent hive because that would be competitive and her "aunts" would either kill the offspring and/or the birthed queen.
7:10 that small 'yeah...' made me like the video
I’m glad she continuously used the phrase ”scientists think…..” to explain their conclusions of what happened so that the listener realizes that these are just theories.
well yeah, any scientific conclusion is going to be what scientists think, until they do more research, and come to more conclusions, which again is what "scientists think". That's what science is.
Many people will take what is said at it’s face value even with such vague and uncertain language. It’s like propaganda to support some ideological fantasy.
@@bonfist7277damn this comment didn't age well.
Science has nothing higher than a theory. A scientific theory is not an idea or a hunch, it is a our best workable model that explains observed phenomena and provides predictability.
More observations or information may and does change the prevailing theory. Real science is not set in stone. It's recursive in nature.
@@bonfist7277 Sounds like you have an echo chamber going on.
Can you do a video about Crohn’s disease? It’s looked over so often and I’d love to here more about it. (I was diagnosed with CD in 2018 and I’m still learning about it)
Oof, what I know of it comes from TV and a few games so I don’t know much, but from what I do know is it’s bad. (if it wasn’t the story writers making it worse than it really is to make the story more interesting at least) I hope you’re doing ok
I personally want to learn more about IBS and why the hell it has no apparent cause
Hi. I manage quite well with SCD diet. I am on this diet since December 2011. I hope you feel better 🤗🤗🤗
@@naryosh_ yes.
@@naryosh_ trust me if I become rich I'd invest half my money on research of cures for ibs, diabetes, ibd, ulcerative Cloris and other diseases
...what I’m hearing is a narrow hypothesis...
Ignoring the fact that Humanity as a whole is evolutionary trending towards smaller more efficient organs and traits, (and the potential connections with human domestication theory.)
The statement that all Y Chromosome will disappear from the planetary genetic pool in its entirety at some point, is the equivalent to suggesting that the W, Z or X Chromosomes will disappear, or that all species will move to using the same system.
No chromosome system type has a clearly disenable (and proven) superiority over any other type, and thus claiming that one will eventually reach ‘global dominance’ and replace the others is inaccurate.
Between epigenetics and random mutation, tomorrow a blue hair, green skinned, 3rd sex child might be born. Currently claims that people ‘understand’ genetics to the point definitive statements can be made, are near criminally misleading.
A better title would be ‘Humans might not use the Y chromosome forever (but it they don’t it might come back)’ with an emphasis that it MIGHT happen, and that these are relatively new theory’s that might be wildly inaccurate.
just trust the science, bro. Y chromosomes are sexist.
Thanks!
Great. Wish this could be shown in ALL schools. Wish this topic was a series.
The biology prof I had in university told us of a member of his army unit who had fathered 7 daughters, no sons. During the analysis conducted to help produce a son, they discovered he was genetically female, though physically and fully functionally male, save for the lack of a son.
What syndrome are you referring to?! XX Male syndrome males exist but are reportedly all sterile. Just curious if maybe an un-sterile one exists or if that has been reported.
(They have the SRY gene on one of the X chromosomes from a crossing over event, so are phenotypically more male than female).
@@sliglusamelius8578 There are at least cases of intratesticular spermatogenesis in XX males, so I wouldn't be surprised to find out there's one or two cases like this. With a purported incidence of 1:20,000, it wouldn't be too far-fetched.
HENRY THE VIII HOLY SHT
I'd be willing to bet those girls weren't biologically his. Especially since anyone born with this condition is sterile. I'd like to know how long it took for his wife to become pregnant, too. She may have known something was up and got desperate for a child.
That is 100% impossible. XX males and XY females are sterile
I could have sworn there was a study years ago that debunked the idea that the way why chromosome degraded like they thought? I remember it saying that it was more resilient than they had thought and robust error correction systems prevented such degradation.
you're right this is really leading into politics more than anything trying to say males and females are the same.
@@nolandoehass1276 I was listening for the politics, but I never really heard it. After all, one of the main points I picked up was there IS a difference between sperm makers and egg makers, no matter how they form.
Plus the fact that she didn’t make it sound like IF the Y chromosome disappeared that would mean men would too. In fact, she made it sound more like, if the Y chromosome did degrade enough, some other factor would take over. On top of that, she did say these things take a long time. In evolution, that means hundreds of thousands of years at least. By that time, the original species would be different. Because if it was the same, then the genome would be very similar and if it has lost a chromosome, or used a different set of genes to conduct the same process, then it can not be the same.
@@StixFerryMan Sperm makers and egg makers? You mean men and women?
@@StixFerryMan You are right.
There are two ways of analyzing this, like a man child on youtube or like someone who enjoys science.
@@Sserywrath🤭🔥
5:33 I definitely appreciate that Agent P reference
0:52 How can an unfertilized egg develop into any gender/sex?
7:40 I guess that answered my question.
Parthenogeneses
This sounded like a very excited nerd-out, and I love it
The first time I really heard "including the opponent's butt-crack at the end of each episode" at the end. Had to rewind for a second there.
Butt fact?
So anyone with Y chromosomes can be called an ‘Ancient-One’ .
And anyone without Y chromosomes can be called a "Survivor."
"i am legend"
@@abydosianchulac2 For one generation...
Yea or just not the strongest species
@Robert Brown Considering what passes for faux-women now, don't bet on it. Still, it's a good reason to send your sperm bank deposit through the microwave.
Why do your SciShow (and many other voice-edited videos) almost cut out any pause? It is audible, but that is OK, the problem is that it is hard to listen to and understand when there are no breaks, no pauses.