The Most Famous Failed Experiment
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I talk about the Michelson-Morley experiment and then show you how it works in real life. I show you how to measure the refractive index easily using a laser and mirrors.
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But surely an experiment that was performed according to the method didn't "Fail" it just produced unexpected results.
Exactly. Getting unexpected results is important.
I suppose you could say that they failed to prove their hypothesis?
@@yeet1337 And exciting! So long as you're thorough and haven't neglected something, it's a chance to learn something new.
When hypothesis is different from result, we call it a failure. Sometimes getting unexpected results is helpful.
Getting unsatisfied result is also called fail
Failed experiment proved that the Earth is stationary.
Not even close. It falsified the aether hypothesis.
The shape of the earth has been measured thousands of times.
The rotation of the earth has also been measured. But not thousands of times.
Millions of times.
Every time a large airplane or helicopter starts up it uses optical gyroscopes to measure the rotation of the earth in 3 axis. The amount of rotation in each axis tells the latitude of the plane.
The modern aircraft industry absolutely relies on earths rotation.
@@MCToon this is completely false. Literally everything you just said is false. This comment is genuinely absurd. This is the behavior of someone that takes everything they are told for granted, or perhaps worse, potentially pushes false information knowing that others will take that information for granted.
For anyone that has a critical mind, i have a video having to do with cosmology that hones in with umpteen quotes from physicists on this subject to reveal the truth of it. This experiment did not "falsify" the aether hypothesis whatsoever; the aether was dropped (from mainstream) because the other option was to drop the Copernican theory, which had the full backing of the orthodoxy at that point. Einstein saved heliocentricism with his philosophy of relativity, which, rather hilariously, also inadvertently makes it so that the rotation of the Earth cannot be proved by anyone whom claims to be a relativist.
I'm not sure an experiment that produces unexpected results should be called a failed experiment. If the outcome is known with some certainty beforehand, isn't it a demonstration, like the one you performed in this video?
Good stuff, as always. Thanks for posting.
considering that the experiment showed that light has constant speed independent of reference frame, I would say its a very successful experiment. but I guess they call it a failed experiment because they wanted to measure the aether, so not finding it wasn't the expected result.
@@danilooliveira6580 Not the expected result. So, not a demonstration.
A proper experiment isn't to prove a preconception. If the results are in line with your thinking, great! If not, even better.
If only to illustrate what you have reason to believe, it's a demonstration. If that demonstration doesn't go as planned...back to the drawing board with valuable insight as a result.
It certainly can be, it all depends on the parameters and conditions they set to judge the success or failure of the experiment, so against those parameters and conditions it could certainly have been judged as a failed experiment.
Trying to argue it wasn't a failed experiment on some generic arbitrary values of what a scientific experiment is or is not, serves no purpose and would not be accurate.
@@Vector_Ze This is wrong. Every good experiment is to test a predefined hypothesis. If you fail to do so, the experiment failed. If you don't have a predefined hypothesis, you run into all kind of statistical problems and is considered bad science.
@@cherubin7th You're testing a hypothesis to determine whether or NOT it is true, not to prove it IS true. If you already know "it" is true, then it's a demonstration.
If the experiment shows your hypothesis was incorrect, that does not make it a failed experiment. It sheds light on the question at hand. It indicates that you need a new hypothesis, giving you a direction for your next experiment.
If you enter the experiment with the conviction that you are proving a 'fact', not testing a hypothesis, that prejudices the experiment...not good scientific technique.
It would be a failed experiment if it is not reproducible.
It's not good form to 'like' your own post, like you did, so I won't.
The Michelson-Morley experiment was a huge achievement back in 1887. While simple in principle, the details are daunting. Now I have to go and read up on how they got coherent light back then.
Thinking about it, how did they manage to get a monochromatic and coherent light source?
They didn't, they used an oil lamp. The low coherence length was quite a problem for the alignment, so they used a sodium lamp for that and switched back to white light in the actual experiment.
@@WouterVerbruggen Not sure hot it works with non-monochromatic light, guess my understanding of optics and interference was wrong. I though you'd only see the interference pattern with monochromatic light, but you are right, somehow they were fine with an oil lamp.
@@xl0xl0xl0 Light will always interfere, but having a long coherence length and/or being monochromatic will help a lot in getting a nicely visible interference pattern. It's all with respect to your system, like size, apertures, etc. Without access to a "good" light source, you can still get usable results if you cleverly design your setup.
Their apparatus was modified into a large underground tunnel where they managed to measure the rotation of the Earth. It is the Michelson-Gale-Pearson experiment. I think it is amazing that we can now make that measurement with a fiber optics gyro that you can set on your palm.
Okay, finding low-tech simple ways to show us these amazing things about the world around us is something you are just really good at, you really just strip experiments down to their basic principles, it helps a lot! I can only imagine how many junior high and high school science teachers must follow you. Thank you so much!
But in school they just use bunches of formula
I would not call a Michelson interferometer and a vacuum chamber low tech.
I mean - true. Maybe lowER tech. Or just simpler, I guess. @@Neo-vz8nh
Interesting note about the original Michaleson-Morley experiments: Although they could and did use monochromatic light (sodium flame) for calibration, they used white light for the actual experiment, so that they could use the colored fringes of the interference pattern. Apparently this helped them compensate for some of the vibrations caused by passing horse traffic.
That's so cool! Please make more videos about light interferometry, been really curious about it since the gravity wave detection a few years back. Seeing practical experiments like this really help people understand the mechanics of these experiments. Very cool. Thank you!
6:30 Does anyone else hear the phantom voice that sounds like it's saying "ya, know"?
yep
Yeah
I heard it and came to the comments to see if anyone else was talking about it and so far your the only comment I've seen about it
Thanks, it scared the hell out of me.
o9o
It was an experiment, but not a failed experiment. A failed experiment would have failed to represent reality.
That's right, the earth is standing still!
@@PineapplePappy
Not sure whether that was sarcasm, but yes, in the experiment's frame of reference it was.
The meaning is that it failed the expected proof.
@@louf7178
It's actually the expectation that failed.
@@rogerkearns8094 OK, I'm good with that; proof is an implicit object of the expectation.
Man! Took me back to my Physics undergrad days; Modern Physics was one of the courses I most enjoyed! My professor introduced these historical moments in such an engaging way!
Thanks for your content!
Did your professor tell you that Newtonian gravitation was out of date and had been replaced with Einstein and the effect is that gravity is no longer a force to a celebrate mass?
@@sleepingwarrior4618 There is not two different gravities. Thanks for proving that you know nothing about science.
@@Mandelbrot_Set no he didn't say that..
He's talking about the same gravity,but two different ideas about how it works
@@sandrawong6787 He is a flat earther trying to convince people that gravity does not exist. He believes that density is a force.
@@Mandelbrot_Set oh lmao
No maybe his professor was joking idk
Do you think the flexing of the acrylic vacuum chamber as the pressure changed affected the light beam?
Yes, at the very least he should have put the mirror on the other side of the vacuum chamber, but I'm not even sure if that would have been sufficient, since the table would bend from the added weight of the air.
Reading about the original experiment - no way we are seeing the effect of the vacuum here! They had a large piece of stone floating in a pool of mercury as a table, in a stone basement, and still they had interference from outside motion and vibration.
I was thinking the side wall of the acrylic was bending into a concave creating a lense. I didn't consider the bottom flexing of the acrylic moving the mirror but it definitely would have.
I am too stupid to understand anything you just said
@@BingusLord See the Michelson-Morley experiment Wikipedia article, and the kind of issues they had to fight.
Brilliant as always. I always learn and understand something brand new in every episode. Thank you action lab!
As always i never heared about this experiment but thank for sharing:)
This experiment showed that the earth is stationary 💯
How does passing light through a vacuum chamber show that the Earth is stationary?
In a parallel universe, this experiment proved that earth is the centre of universe.
And all galaxies are getting away from earth, so earth is the source of big bang.
Why earth is special? Because Jesus loved humans so much.
except it doesn't & we already know that it isn't sooo....
Great video! I really enjoy your content. To take this topic a step further, I am interested in an explaination of Michelson-Morely result when put in the context of the Sagnac experiment.
The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not “Eureka!” (I found it!) but “That’s funny …”
- Isaac Asimov
I remember doing the Young's double-slit experiment back in my engg days. Those fringes are so beautiful.
Hey Action Lab! Love your videos long time fan! Can you do a video on Galvanic Cells and Voltaic piles. What are the best metals for best results? What metals will last the longest through the redox effect? Also can you coat the metals with Hydro-phobic coating and still achieve the redox effect? What are the best catalyst fluids? What is the most powerful Pile you can make? What could you power with it? lights? toys? Tesla Coil? Thanks.
@The King Go find a kingdom before you call yourself "King" .
I believe that this is your best video within the last 2-3 months. Well done!
Hey Action lab!!! I love your videos a lot and learn new interesting things..... Opening the world of science... 😀😀😀 A small request from my side -->an you please make a working of HYPERLOOP and explain the mechanism of it😃
1:27
"Kamikoto is having their Valentine sale now..."
"Ah yes, what a better gift than a knife collection for Valentine?" -Serial Killer in love
I love educational videos like this ❤❤
Video aside, I love how much mileage you're getting out of that vacuum chamber!
story goes that he eats breakfast out of it
I just want one for the instant pickling 🥒
I was thinking the same thing.
This is WAY beyond my pay grade. You always do a fine job of explaining.
You are doing awesome video's keep it up...
The innterferometer it’s also the device used in to holographic making, and that refractive interference its one way to measure deformation in nanometric materials
Your videos teach me so much more than any of the educational institutes i studied at 💯🔥 another amazing video 🔥
exactly
Thanks for the video! Lesson learnt is that there's no failed experiment. It's only a failure of how to explain it correctly.
Thank you for properly explaining this experiment. So many people get this wrong
Thank you, I never new about this.
Michelson and Morley actually tried to build a gravitational wave detector, but decided to call it the search for aether experiment instead :D
The Michelson-Morley Experiment still lives on in modern FT-IR spectrometers. Instead of browsing through all wavelengths of radiation, which takes a lot of time, all wavelengths are measures simultaneously, with the intensity of each wavelength being calculated using interference and Fourier Transformation.
James, you make physics fun. This brought back some memories of U of M.
Waves travel through mediums. This is the intuitive reason behind the theoretical aether. The more we learn about the quantum world, the more we find we have a need to reinvestigate the possibility of an aether.
What I love about science is that nothing is taken for granted, not even Galileian relativity, which scientists have believed in for so long. If it wasn’t for this experiment, god knows how long it would have taken humanity to figure out special, let alone general relativity. Someone half a century later would probably be wondering why their GPS isn’t working correctly.
What effect does constant rotation (around the vertical axes, horizontal axes) or accelerated rotation have on your fringes? (Rotation will of course mechanically change the length of the optical paths, but I still wonder whether one would see something unexpected).
Since the mirror moved when you pumped the box down, how do we know the patterns aren't just from the mirror moving back to its original position as you allow air in? Where's your control?
I'm curious where did you purchase your interferometer from, and how much was it?
Very nice. My only complaint is saying a gravitational wave could pass one of LIGO's arms. The waves were 30,000 km -ish in wavelength, so both arms are hit. They're at 90 degrees, so one gets longer and one gets shorter, which doubles the signal....that's because it's tensor polarization, because gravitons are spin 2, unlike spin 1 vector polarization of light. It's all very geometric.
I was just stuck on tic toc for an hour and a half, I felt so dumb I came to youtube searching for The Action Lab 😂😂🤪
Who else notice the "They're moved" voice at 6:31 🤣
I think your set up could be showing the very slight flex in the bottom piece of polycarbonate from your vacuum chamber, that very small flex would change the mirrors distance and overpower the actual speed difference. Maybe do this experiment again but some how isolate the mirror from being effected by the walls or top or bottom of your vacuum chamber, or build a very strong granite or steel plate as a replacement for the bottom, those would have way less flex. Just an idea
With them knives and the darker-than-black suit, hes prolly gonna take the ninja route.
No one can test the speed of light in our current technology
what about the glass in between beam splitter and the vacuum chamber.. that will also change the calculation for refractive index..right?
What do GMO's have to do with destructive interference? Well even if they don't it's still crazy to to hear that at the 6:31 point of the video.
The Michaelson-Morley experiment is famous, not because it failed, but because it was a resounding success. It's purpose was not to measure the motion of the earth through the ether, or to prove the ether existed. It's purpose was to test the existence of the ether, and if it existed, to measure the earth's motion through it. The experiment was so successful because it was so well designed that its results were conclusive.
Very brilliant experiment
I really like the way he teaches physics with practical experience.
Nice! Real Physics at home. Lov' It. Thanks.
An experiment"s purpose is to test a hypothesis. The hypothesis failed, the experiment was a success.
I have made my research about these Kamikoto knives. They are made in China and their price inflation policy is very scamy. You can get those on amazon for half the price of their eshop.
And I felt for it. I guess I shouldn't trust anything this guy does for money. I am so mad
Light don't travel,. It just expands.
It's not a wave or photons!
It's just the instant of creation of space..
I was a bit unclear on some of the things you said, so I searched it up to find a more in-depth answer. A quora page came up, no surprise there. (The question was “why does light travel at the same speed from all perspectives”). The surprise came when I saw that the top answer was worded very similarly to how this video was explained. Using the same “the most famous failed experiment” phrase, talking about light (not) travelling through aether, the Michelson Morley experiment… I’m not sure, but I feel like I found the inspiration for this video.
Or I’m completely wrong. Yeah it’s probably that. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
its a extremely famous experiment, its not strange that different people talk about it in very similar ways. just like basically everyone describes the Schrodinger's cat the same way.
I saw your full sponsor without skiping it. idk why I saw it 😂
Can you make a video talking about how everything physical doesn’t have any color to it. It’s only when light is present that objects or anything has color because of reflecting a certain wavelength of the light hitting it, making it look a certain color. But without light nothing has any color at all. I think there is certain tests you can do as well by shining a different color flash light at a object that reflects a different color. Like shining a true red wavelength flash light on something that’s green.
why does the knife take several years?
The experiment says they used a sodium flame to align the mirrors, but used a regular oil lamp for the experiment. I'd be very interested in seeing how they ran these experiments before they had coherent, monochromatic light sources, to see how interference fringes are created with white light.
Imagine if he was our Physics teacher !😂😂
wow way cool, loved it
Light doesn't move, time emerges.
Wow ive literally been thinking about this for the last hour, then I jump on TH-cam and boom there it is.
There has been some question about if the speed of light has not been a constant and is slowing down, which would fit a universe subject to the laws of thermodynamics, entropy, etc.
A watch once wound up is running down.
It's nice videos and gets lots information
This is so awesome
Was gonna say I hope it wasn't Shroedinger's cat.
This is a genius demonstration.
dude, you are too good
0:56 Pun intended?
Can you please make a video on an experiment to trap light inside perfectly angled mirrors in a vacuum
I've missed one of your videos but I will find it.
That was one your best videos
So we're basically back to trying to detect the eather, right? Timespace bending gravitational waves and stuff
Shh...you can't say aether...call it...quantum foam, or whatever words they use now. The point is that since noone actually can describe what a field is, they use math to describe it's behavior, and continuously dream up new names to call it, without using the word.
@@charleshorseman55 bruh, that's what science is, innit? quantifying stuff and giving it names tho we don't really understand it, just like gravity. is it timespace bending? is it a field? is it super-strings conecting points in space through a higher dimension? who knows, but i can tell you how fast a feather and a hammer will fall in a vacum
You should look at the crush metric pen i would love to see the science behind it
I don't know how to feel about having a valentines discount on knives
I have a weird question, and I'm not sure how to adequately word it.
The speed of light changes based off of the material it moves through (air/gas/etc.). We also see that gravity can compress space-time, which makes it appear from an outside reference that light slows down.
My question is: does the photon actually slow down going through the medium, or is it just our perception from an outside reference that makes it appear that it slows down? In other words, is the speed of light constant from the reference of the photon regardless of medium?
For a photon, time does not exist. For it, everything is instantaneous, no matter that from our point of reference its journey takes millions of years.
When viewed as a wave, the medium interacts with the wave, shifting its phase such that the group velocity becomes smaller than c.
When viewed as a particle, the photon is constantly absorbed and reemitted, so the speed of "the" photon is an ill-defined concept. But between interactions with the medium (which in itself is a badly defined idea since we're not observing the photon continuously, but hey) the photon moves at speed c. Always.
@@landsgevaer I think if the photon passed through a glass in this way, you would not be able to see through it, because the re-emitted photon would continue in a random direction, making it look like a milk glass.
@@benedekl1171 I don't mean absorbed as by an atom, getting excited, and then re-emitted.
I mean that it enters an interaction with single electrons in the medium. When they leave that interaction, they retain the exact same wavelength and direction (otherwise 4-momentum would not be conserved). Apologies for being too succinct, and perhaps too graphic with the word "absorbed". The whole idea of photons having an identity before vs after is a bit queer.
But my point is, they don't freely travel, they interact along the way. So no reason why they would remain in step with a photon that hadn't interacted.
I tried adding a link but YT keeps removing it: google "Do photons actually slow down in a medium, or is the speed decrease just apparent?" on physics stackexchange.
Hello Action Labs.
If a Body following the Archimedes' Principle was in a void (a closed off cube or sphere) of fluid with no other fluids within it, with the body having fluid inside of it as well but not completly filled and beeing able to deform, would centrifugal force still affect the inside of the body?
Basically my Question:
If a human was put in a Pressure Suite and then into a fully filled tank of fluid,
with the Pressure Suite achieving Arichmedes' Prinziple (the body floats in the the water like a submarine, neither on the top nor the bottom),
How would the cube and with it the body react to centrifugal force?
Would it Increase the Expierienced G-Forces to the body, would it stay the same or would it even decrease them?
If the cube was put under centrifugal force, would the body move and lose Arichmedes' Principle?
Would the Pressure of the Suite need to be ajusted?
Would the body remain in Arichmedes Principle but rotate around one of it's axis?
How would the Pressure of the Fluid change depending on location in the cube/sphere?
What if there was no pressure suite but the body stayed floatin inmids the water, how would it affect it?
What if not a body but another sphere was within the first, with the same fluid but the smaller sphere was weightless and wouldn't pressure the innerfluid. Would it act like a Waterbubble within a watterbubble?
I thought of this because of Ace Combat 3 and it's COFFIN Systems.
Now, I guess if I finished school I'd know this but anyway, I hope you could feature these questions in a video or some physics literate answer in the comments.
Would be really interested, though I think I know most answers to it.
What I never got about this experiment is this: when the light reflected by the in-line mirror goes back to the splitter, why no light travels straight through the splitter (and then interferes with the light source) ?
i was wondering what these were i can see them on regular lights all the time but didn't know why there were moving waves coming off them
I missread this as the speed of sight and now I'm wondering.
Real video starts at 1:45
I read about this in a book 2 months ago!
"I just needa adjust my mirrors a little-" PANADOL CAN RELIEVE ALLERGY SYMPTOMS
put it vertical and turn it to measure the speed of light in different gravitational fields
Technically it would be the index of refraction of the lexan of the box, plus the index of the vacuum right?
The voice at 6:31 scared me, jesus
Didn't understand a single thing but
COOOOL
Not sure is 6:30 was an alternate experiment but that caught me off guard.
Lovely vid
When these devices are precise enough to make conclusions, that's the point. Michelson tried to improve his experiment until his final years, but could not get evidence for the aether theory. That is what we still do with bigger colliders; try to get evidence for different theories. Either we get convincing evidence or don't. The latter is a kind of failure, but is it really so? More could be found in future.
From the video I didn't get the point, what was supposed to happen? The dot looked like a slow down version of the television screen but what should be concluded from that?
Some people watching this and saw the ad about knives, dude we're scientist
I haven't totally given up on the ether yet.
What a coincidence. Just completed STR in college
When I was younger MANY, MANY years ago in elementary through most of high school I was taught the speed of light was absolute, it wasn't until later in physics I learned different.👍
The speed of light in the vacuum is absolute, though.
In some sense, that is "the" speed of light.
@@landsgevaer they changed it about decade ago, so it would have only nine significant digits. Basically the meter standard was changed.
@@landsgevaer What I meant was that the speed of light is not an absolute through many things other than a vacuum.
@@antiquatedflatulence1607 You would need to define "the" speed of light. You are talking about group velocity. That also depends on wavelength, just to mention a reason why it is ill-defined as "the" speed of light.
Wave velocity remains the same, actually (a sudden disturbance in the EM field does propagate at speed c, also through medium, but it changes its wave form). Information still travels at speed c. That is absolute (afaik).
The issue of units is a red herring; if tomorrow we switch to smoots per jiffy, that changes the value of c in our notation, but not the speed of light as a fundamental constant.
@@landsgevaer The speed of visible normal light through a vacuum (186,000/mps.).
This means I could measure the refractive index of various curry farts 💨 and prove that Masalas’ are less dense, and therefore nowhere near as offensive, as Vindaloos!
@Zaydan Naufal Whoooosh!
$300 for three kitchen knives. I'm good. Kamikoto can keep that.
The front end of a beam of light slows down in glass or water.. So how does the trailing beam still in the vacuum keep moving at 299,792,458 m/s when the front end has slowed down?
By compressing the waves. Like a slinky. That is why the wavelength in a medium decreases, even if the frequency stays the same.
The speed of light is also affected as a travels to the plexiglass of your vacuum chamber, when the introduction of a high vacuum cause the vacuum chamber to flex, and wouldn't that be responsible for some of the interference pattern movement?
That you could test by pushing against the plexiglass, similarly deforming it.
It would likely be a higher-order effect because the thickness doesn't change, and if it is close to perpendicular, even a slight tilt in angle is only a second-order correction.
since the thickness of the glass doesn't change it doesn't affect the pattern, it does move where the location of the beam is though.
@@TheActionLab I was thinking that it might change the angle at which the light passes through the glass, thereby effectively changing the thickness.
Action lab is the best channel
I very much like it when you upload more straightforward videos. All your videos are good, but some are ruined by clickbaity captions. Thankfully this wasn't.
Another thing I love about your videos is the bonus information at the end of a video. In this video it was the gravitational waves.
Fun fact, same interferometer was used to create a perfect sphere of silicon used to define avagadros number and subsequently the definition of one kilogram. However another method was eventually used.