Runit focuses on being a small, modular, and portable codebase. In the init role, Runit is split into three stages: one time initialization, process supervision, and halting or rebooting. While the first and third stages must be adapted to the specific operating system they are running on, the second stage is portable across all POSIX compliant operating systems.[5] The 3 stages can be configured through 3 executable files (they are usually shell scripts) named, respectively, 1, 2, and 3.
Runit is a reimplementation of the daemontools[3] process supervision toolkit that runs on many Linux-based operating systems, as well as BSD, and Solaris operating systems. Runit features parallelization of the start up of system services, which can speed up the boot time of the operating system.[4]
Runit can be used either as a drop-in replacement[6] for sysvinit, or as a service supervisor (with sysvinit as the parent PID 1 process which runs processes specified by the inittab file, or some other init system).[7] The RubyWorks stack of software able to run Ruby on Rails incorporated Runit into its suite.[8]
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several additional init implementations have been created, attempting to address design limitations in the traditional versions. These include launchd, the Service Management Facility, systemd, Runit and OpenRC.
OpenRC is made up of several modular components, the main ones being an init (optional), the core dependency management system and a daemon supervisor (optional). It is written in C and POSIX-compliant shell, making it usable on BSD and Linux systems.
The core part of OpenRC handles dependency management and init script parsing. OpenRC works by scanning the runlevels, building a dependency graph, then starting the needed service scripts. It exits once the scripts have been started. By default, OpenRC uses a modified version of start-stop-daemon for daemon management.[10]
SysV init (a.k.a. simply "init") is similar to the Unix and BSD init processes, from which it derived. In a standard Linux system, init is executed with a parameter, known as a runlevel, which takes a value from 0 to 6 and determines which subsystems are made operational. Each runlevel has its own scripts which codify the various processes involved in setting up or leaving the given runlevel, and it is these scripts which are referenced as necessary in the boot process.
During system boot, it checks whether a default runlevel is specified in /etc/inittab, and requests the runlevel to enter via the system console if not. It then proceeds to run all the relevant boot scripts for the given runlevel, including loading modules, checking the integrity of the root file system (which was mounted read-only) and then remounting it for full read-write access, and sets up the network.[18] After it has spawned all of the processes specified, init goes dormant, and waits for one of three events to happen: processes that started to end or die, a power failure signal,[] or a request via /sbin/telinit to further change the runlevel.[21]
systemd is a modern alternative to SysV init. Like init, systemd is a daemon that manages other daemons. All daemons, including systemd, are background processes. Lennart Poettering and Kay Sievers, software engineers that initially developed systemd,[22] sought to surpass the efficiency of the init daemon in several ways. They wanted to improve the software framework for expressing dependencies, to allow more processing to be done in parallel during system booting, and to reduce the computational overhead of the shell.
Systemd's initialization instructions for each daemon are recorded in a declarative configuration file rather than a shell script. For inter-process communication, systemd makes Unix domain sockets and D-Bus available to the running daemons. Systemd is also capable of aggressive parallelization.
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Runit focuses on being a small, modular, and portable codebase. In the init role, Runit is split into three stages: one time initialization, process supervision, and halting or rebooting. While the first and third stages must be adapted to the specific operating system they are running on, the second stage is portable across all POSIX compliant operating systems.[5] The 3 stages can be configured through 3 executable files (they are usually shell scripts) named, respectively, 1, 2, and 3.
Runit is a reimplementation of the daemontools[3] process supervision toolkit that runs on many Linux-based operating systems, as well as BSD, and Solaris operating systems. Runit features parallelization of the start up of system services, which can speed up the boot time of the operating system.[4]
Runit can be used either as a drop-in replacement[6] for sysvinit, or as a service supervisor (with sysvinit as the parent PID 1 process which runs processes specified by the inittab file, or some other init system).[7] The RubyWorks stack of software able to run Ruby on Rails incorporated Runit into its suite.[8]
Runit is the default init system of:
antiX (Debian based, since version 19)
Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre (since Dragora 2)
Void Linux[9
Veduvast
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several additional init implementations have been created, attempting to address design limitations in the traditional versions. These include launchd, the Service Management Facility, systemd, Runit and OpenRC.
OpenRC is an available init system and/or process supervisor for:
Artix Linux (some consider it the default[8])
Devuan[9]
Parabola GNU/Linux-libre
OpenRC is the default init system and/or process supervisor for:
Alpine Linux
Funtoo
Gentoo Linux
Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre
Maemo Leste
Nitrux
OpenBSD
OpenRC is made up of several modular components, the main ones being an init (optional), the core dependency management system and a daemon supervisor (optional). It is written in C and POSIX-compliant shell, making it usable on BSD and Linux systems.
The core part of OpenRC handles dependency management and init script parsing. OpenRC works by scanning the runlevels, building a dependency graph, then starting the needed service scripts. It exits once the scripts have been started. By default, OpenRC uses a modified version of start-stop-daemon for daemon management.[10]
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SysV init (a.k.a. simply "init") is similar to the Unix and BSD init processes, from which it derived. In a standard Linux system, init is executed with a parameter, known as a runlevel, which takes a value from 0 to 6 and determines which subsystems are made operational. Each runlevel has its own scripts which codify the various processes involved in setting up or leaving the given runlevel, and it is these scripts which are referenced as necessary in the boot process.
During system boot, it checks whether a default runlevel is specified in /etc/inittab, and requests the runlevel to enter via the system console if not. It then proceeds to run all the relevant boot scripts for the given runlevel, including loading modules, checking the integrity of the root file system (which was mounted read-only) and then remounting it for full read-write access, and sets up the network.[18] After it has spawned all of the processes specified, init goes dormant, and waits for one of three events to happen: processes that started to end or die, a power failure signal,[] or a request via /sbin/telinit to further change the runlevel.[21]
Init scripts are typically held in directories with names such as "/etc/rc...". The top level configuration file for init is at /etc/inittab.[20]
systemd is a modern alternative to SysV init. Like init, systemd is a daemon that manages other daemons. All daemons, including systemd, are background processes. Lennart Poettering and Kay Sievers, software engineers that initially developed systemd,[22] sought to surpass the efficiency of the init daemon in several ways. They wanted to improve the software framework for expressing dependencies, to allow more processing to be done in parallel during system booting, and to reduce the computational overhead of the shell.
Systemd's initialization instructions for each daemon are recorded in a declarative configuration file rather than a shell script. For inter-process communication, systemd makes Unix domain sockets and D-Bus available to the running daemons. Systemd is also capable of aggressive parallelization.